December 2015 LEBANON
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Motives, Methods, and Timing a Thesis Submitte
INTERSECTING INTERVENTIONS OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL POWERS IN THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND TIMING A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY İNCİ BİLGİN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JULY 2018 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Özlem Tür Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assist. Prof. Dr. Derya Göçer Akder Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Muzaffer Ercan Yılmaz (Uludağ Uni., ULU) Assist. Prof. Dr. Derya Göçer Akder (METU, ARS) Assist. Prof. Dr. Şerif Onur Bahçecik (METU, IR) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : İnci Bilgin Signature : iii ABSTRACT INTERSECTING INTERVENTIONS OF GLOBAL AND REGIONAL POWERS IN THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR: MOTIVES, METHODS, AND TIMING Bilgin, İnci MSc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Derya Göçer Akder July 2018, 106 Pages Following the spread of the Arab Uprisings to Syria, a civil war broke out between Syrian opponents and government; consequently, thousands of people have died, injured, and been displaced. -
Examples of Iraq and Syria
BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Fall 2017 The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria Zachary Kielp Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Kielp, Zachary, "The Unraveling of the Nation-State in the Middle East: Examples of Iraq and Syria" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3225. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3225 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Zachary Kielp December 2017 Copyright 2017 by Zachary Kielp ii THE UNRAVELING OF THE NATION-STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST: EXAMPLES OF IRAQ AND SYRIA Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, December 2017 Master of Science Zachary Kielp ABSTRACT After the carnage of World War One and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire a new form of political organization was brought to the Middle East, the Nation-State. -
Inter-Agency Q&A on Humanitarian Assistance and Services in Lebanon (Inqal)
INQAL- INTER AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON INTER-AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON (INQAL) Disclaimers: The INQAL is to be utilized mainly as a mass information guide to address questions from persons of concern to humanitarian agencies in Lebanon The INQAL is to be used by all humanitarian workers in Lebanon The INQAL is also to be used for all available humanitarian hotlines in Lebanon The INQAL is a public document currently available in the Inter-Agency Information Sharing web portal page for Lebanon: http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/documents.php?page=1&view=grid&Country%5B%5D=122&Searc h=%23INQAL%23 The INQAL should not be handed out to refugees If you and your organisation wish to publish the INQAL on any website, please notify the UNHCR Information Management and Mass Communication Units in Lebanon: [email protected] and [email protected] Updated in April 2015 INQAL- INTER AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON INTER-AGENCY Q&A ON HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES IN LEBANON (INQAL) EDUCATION ................................................................................................................................................................ 3 FOOD ........................................................................................................................................................................ 35 FOOD AND ELIGIBILITY ............................................................................................................................................ -
Lebanon National Operations Room Daily Report on COVID-19 Wednesday, December 09, 2020 Report #266 Time Published: 07:00 PM
Lebanon National Operations Room Daily Report on COVID-19 Wednesday, December 09, 2020 Report #266 Time Published: 07:00 PM Occupancy rate of COVID-19 Beds and Availability For daily information on all the details of the beds distribution availablity for Covid-19 patients among all governorates and according to hospitals, kindly check the dashboard link: Computer : https:/bit.ly/DRM-HospitalsOccupancy-PC Phone:https:/bit.ly/DRM-HospitalsOccupancy-Mobile All reports and related decisions can be found at: http://drm.pvm.gov.lb Or social media @DRM_Lebanon Distribution of Cases by Villages Beirut 81 Baabda 169 Maten 141 Chouf 66 Kesrwen 78 Tripoli 35 Ain Mraisseh 1 Chiyah 14 Borj Hammoud 5 Damour 1 Jounieh Kaslik 1 Trablous Ez Zeitoun 3 Raoucheh 2 Jnah 8 Nabaa 1 Naameh 2 Zouk Mkayel 1 Trablous Et Tall 3 Hamra 6 Ouzaai 1 Sinn Fil 1 Haret En Naameh 1 Nahr El Kalb 1 Trablous El Qoubbeh 7 Msaitbeh 3 Bir Hassan 1 Horch Tabet 1 Chhim 3 Haret El Mir 2 Trablous Ez Zahriyeh 2 Ouata Msaitbeh 1 Ghbayreh 13 Jisr Bacha 1 Daraiya 3 Jounieh Ghadir 4 Trablous Jardins 1 Mar Elias 3 Ain Roummaneh 15 Jdaidet Matn 3 Ketermaya 15 Zouk Mosbeh 7 Mina N:1 1 Sanayeh 1 Furn Chebbak 6 Baouchriyeh 4 Aanout 1 Adonis 7 Qalamoun 1 Zarif 1 Haret Hreik 42 Daoura 2 Sibline 1 Jounieh Haret Sakhr 5 Beddaoui 1 Mazraa 1 Laylakeh 2 Raouda Baouchriyeh 2 Barja 9 Kfar Yassine 1 Ouadi En Nahleh 1 Borj Abou Haidar 3 Borj Brajneh 11 Sadd Baouchriyeh 3 Jiyeh 2 Tabarja 1 Camp Beddaoui 1 Basta Faouqa 1 Mreijeh 2 Sabtiyeh 5 Jadra 1 Adma Oua Dafneh 8 Others 14 Tariq Jdideh 5 Baabda 4 Deir -
The Everyday Saver
2018- 2019 The Everyday Saver The Student Union at Notre Dame University-Louaize (NDU) is proud to present its updates on their project: THE EVERYDAY SAVER It’s time for students, faculty, and staff members to benefit from the discounts stated below while handling your valid NDU ID Card. Terms and conditions: Discounts provided in restaurants cover the bill. Discounts are not applicable with any other promotion, offer, combo or event. Discounts should be noted on your arrival or booking to avoid confusion. Please note we will keep you updated on new upcoming offers. Restaurants AL SANIOUR 40% DISCOUNT SARBA/09222551 AM-PM 25% DISCOUNT ZOUK MIKAEL/09226622 BEIT EL SOKHN 20% DISCOUNT FROM MONDAY TO FRIDAY KASLIK/81644133 BEYT SAHEBNA 30% DISCOUNT JAL EL DIB/04724655 BLUE IVY 35% DISCOUNT MONDAY TO FRIDAY TILL 7PM, 30% ON SUSHI EVERY FRIDAY JEITA/09238472 BUFFALO WINGS& RINGS 20% DISCOUNT KASLIK/09936935 BURGER KING 15% DISCOUNT ONLY JEITA BRANCH/09224898 THE BURGER SHOP SPECIAL OFFER BALLOUNEH/09233502 CASA DELL’OLIVIO 20% DISCOUNT TAYYOUNEH/01395013 CHEZ MICHEL 10% DISCOUNT FAQRA/09300060 CHINA BOX 10% DISCOUNT EXCLUDING ONLINE DELIVERY KASLIK/09910471 DIEZE 25% WEEKDAYS, 15%WEEKENDS GHAZIR/70112344 DOUGHLICIOUS 20% DISCOUNT DINE-IN ALL BRANCHES/81271111 EL SOMBRERO 20% DISCOUNT DINE-IN ADONIS/81779664 GELATO SHOW 20% DISCOUNT, DINE-IN JOUNIEH/09642150 GO BURGER 15% DISCOUNT ZOUK MOSBEH/81414888 LA PARADERA 15% DISCOUNT BYBLOS/76737666 LE GOURMET BURGER 20% DISCOUNT ZOUK BRANCH 09271118 LE KIMONO 20% DISCOUNT KASLIK/09211999 LORD OF -
Lebanon National Operations Room Daily Report on COVID-19
Lebanon National Operations Room Daily Report on COVID-19 Monday, August 31, 2020 Report #166 Time Published: 21:30 PM 17,308 167 12,330 Total registered cases Deaths (Active Cases) since Feb.21 1,364 15,944 7 New Deaths 11,984 346 Leb Expats Locals In home Isolation Currently hospitalized 4,811 438 Recoveries 27 250 New Cases Mild Cases in the Cumulative Mild Cases Past 24 hrs 3 435 624 Leb Expats Locals Cases registered among 3 96 medical staff In ICU in the past 24 Cumulative In ICU hrs 513,000 4 Conducted PCR tests in Cases registered among labs since Feb.21 medical staff in the past 4,052 24 hrs PCR tests conducted Lebanon Internationally tests for locals in the last 24 hrs (in labs) Total registered cases 17,308 25,458,160 1,394 PCR tests conducted Total deaths 167 851,693 tests in airport in the 0.96% 3.34% past 24 hrs Percentage of deaths Number of recoveries 4,811 17,763,448 *The Above data was last updated at 10:00 PM Number of Cases by Location • 4035 case is Under investigation Beirut Cases Matn Cases Tripoli Cases Batroun Cases Ras Beyrouth 2 Baouchriyeh 1 Beddaoui 7 Chikka 1 Manara 1 Beit Chaar 9 Mina Jardins 3 Other 1 Raoucheh 1 Bikfaya 1 Mina N:1 1 Nabateih Cases Hamra 6 Borj Hammoud 4 Other 18 Deir Zahrani 1 Msaitbeh 5 Daoura 1 Bab Raml 3 Habbouch 2 Mar Elias 3 Dbayeh 4 Trablous Qoubbeh 4 Houmine Tahta 1 Zarif 1 Dekouaneh 3 Tabbaneh 6 Jbaa 1 Mazraa 3 Dik Mehdi 1 Trablous Tall 1 Jibchit 1 Basta Faouqa 2 Jall Dib 1 Kfar Jaouz 1 Tariq Jdideh 8 Jouaniyeh 1 Mineh Danieh Cases Other 1 Ras Nabaa 2 Mansouriyeh 4 Bakhaaoun 1 Zefta -
The London School of Economics and Political Science
The London School of Economics and Political Science The State as a Standard of Civilisation: Assembling the Modern State in Lebanon and Syria, 1800-1944 Andrew Delatolla A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2017 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledge is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe on the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 101,793 words. 2 Acknowledgements This PhD has been much more than an academic learning experience, it has been a life experience and period of self-discovery. None of it would have been possible without the help and support from an amazing network of family, colleagues, and friends. First and foremost, a big thank you to the most caring, attentive, and conscientious supervisor one could hope for, Dr. Katerina Dalacoura. Her help, guidance, and critiques from the first draft chapter to the final drafts of the thesis have always been a source of clarity when there was too much clouding my thoughts. -
The Lines That Bind
THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT ANDREW J. TABLER, EDITOR THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT Andrew J. Tabler, editor THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. Policy Focus 151, December 2016 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this pub- lication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2016 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 Design: 1000colors Cover image: 1916 map by Royal Geographical Society, annotated by Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot. CONTENTS List of Maps iv ANDREW J. TABLER 1 Introduction FABRICE BALANCHE 3 The Levant: Fragmentation and Remapping MICHAEL KNIGHTS 26 Iraq: Identifying a Steady State DAVID POLLOCK 32 Ending a Century of Subjugation: Sykes-Picot’s Kurdish Legacy DAVID SCHENKER 38 Jordan: Resilience and Stability amid Persistent Challenges SAM MENASSA 46 Lebanon, Sykes-Picot, and U.S. Foreign Policy SONER CAGAPTAY 53 Turkey Faces Its Toughest Tests GHAITH AL-OMARI 58 Palestine: State Institutions Before State Lines DAVID MAKOVSKY 65 Israel’s Enduring Struggle over Land BRIGITTE CURMI 70 The Arab World in 2016: Bringing the State Back In MARTIN KRAMER 79 Repairing Sykes-Picot Contributors 86 MAPS MAP 1 19th Century French, British, and Russian Imperialism in the Mediterranean 6 MAP 2 The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 8 MAP 3 Population of States under Mandate, 1922 10 MAP 4 The Levant after 1919 Versailles Treaty 12 iv ANDREW J. -
Board of Directors Branch Network General
BOARD OF DIRECTORS BRANCH NETWORK Mr. Walid RAPHAËL Mr. Zafer CHAOUI To reach Banque Libano-Française branches, please dial (01) or (03) 79 13 32 Chairman Mr. Philippe DORÉ or the Short Number 1332 Dr. Samer ISKANDAR Mr. Elie NAHAS Mr. Habib LETAYF • Accaoui • Khaldeh Chairman Mr. Philippe LETTE of Group Banque Libano-Française Mrs. Raya RAPHAËL NAHAS • Achrafieh • Kousba Dr. Marwan NSOULI • Bar Elias • Lebaa • Batroun • Mansourieh • Bechara El-Khoury • Mar Elias GENERAL MANAGEMENT • Bir Hassan • Mar Takla Executive Committee • Chyah • Mazraa Mr. Walid RAPHAËL Chairman and General Manager • Dahr El-Ain - Koura • Mazraat Yachouh Mr. Elie NAHAS Chairman of Group Banque Libano-Française and General Manager • Dbayeh • Miziara Mrs. Raya RAPHAËL NAHAS General Manager • Dekwaneh • Mreijeh Mrs. Hoda ASSI Assistant General Manager • Dora • Nabatieh Mr. Elie AOUN Assistant General Manager Mrs. Josephine CHAHINE Assistant General Manager • Dora - Bourj-Hammoud • Rabieh Mr. Philippe CHARTOUNY Assistant General Manager • Galaxy • Reyfoun Mr. Maurice ISKANDAR Assistant General Manager • Gefinor • Saïda Mr. Georges KHOURY Assistant General Manager Mr. Marwan RAMADAN Assistant General Manager • Geitawi • Saïda - Boulevard Mr. Charles SALEM Assistant General Manager • Hadat • Saïfi Business Development Divisions • Halba • Sami El-Solh Branch Network Mr. Marwan RAMADAN • Hamra (Main Branch) • Sin El-Fil Corporate Banking Mrs. Hoda ASSI • Hamra - Maamari • Sioufi Middle-Market Banking Mr. Elie AOUN Treasury and Capital Markets Mr. Georges KHOURY • Haret-Hreik • Sodeco Private Banking and Wealth Management Mr. Charles SALEM • Hazmieh • Tripoli - El-Mina International Mr. Maurice ISKANDAR Loan Remediation Mr. Moustapha ALWAN • Jal El-Dib • Tripoli - Tebbaneh Retail Banking Products and Marketing Mr. Ronald ZIRKA • Jal El-Dib Centre • Tripoli - Tell Cards Services Mrs. -
Loubnani Merchant Network
LOUBNANI MERCHANT NETWORK Merchant Name Branches Mechanism Joue Club Verdun Achrafieh Beirut Souks Le Mall Dbaye City Center Hazmieh 10% CASH BACK City Mall Le Mall Sin El Fil Mansourieh Ghazir Librairie Stephan Achrafieh Furn El Chebak 5% INSTANT DISCOUNT Grand Cinemas Grand ABC Achrafieh Grand ABC Dbayeh Grand ABC Verdun Grand Saida - The Spot Grand Las Salinas - Enfeh LBP 2,000 INSTANT DISCOUNT UPON CARD PRESENTATION (2D MOVIES ONLY) Grand Galaxy - Beirut Wild Discovery Gemayze Verdun Kaslik Zahle $10 DISCOUNT UPON CARD PRESENTATION Fadi Sport Feytroun Faqra 15% CASH BACK LTB Le Mall Sin El Fil Le Mall Dbayeh 10% CASH BACK Jack & Jones/ Aley Vero Moda City Mall Beirut Souks Hamra City Center Hazmieh Le Mall Sin El Fil Beirut Mall Tayouneh 10% CASH BACK Tripoli Zahle Zalka SAIDA The Spot Choueifat Mike Sport Elissar Haret Hreik Jbeil Le Mall Saida 10% INSTANT DISCOUNT Le Mall Sin El Fil Verdun Cascada Mall United Colors of Benetton ABC Verdun Elissar 10% CASH BACK Zouk The Loubnani 10% cash back feature won’t be available at City Centre Hazmieh Benetton shops from from the morning of 27/06/2019 until 31/08/2019 at midnight. Broumana Furn El Chebak Jbeil Koura Tripoli Tyr Tripoli Saint Tropez 10% CASH BACK Zahle Elissar The Loubnani 10% cash back feature won’t be available at Saint Tropez shops from the morning of Zouk 27/06/2019 until 31/08/2019 at midnight. WAW Design Clemanceau 5% INSTANT DISCOUNT Nippon Sushi Tabarja 10% CASH BACK Sushi Ko Zalka Hamra Zouk City Center Hazmieh 10% CASH BACK Reyfoun The Spot Choueifat Cascada Mall -
Category Partner Offer Phone Number Address
Phone Category Partner Offer Address number Formula Wedding Car 10% à 20% 01/502290 Sin El Fil, Beirut 20% on time and Lena Car 01/364656 Gefinor, Rotana Hotel, Clemenceau Car rental milage only Perfect Choice Wedding 03/940101 Jdeideh Highway Sin El Fil near Hitachy 15% discount 70/999597 Center Cars 01/901782 www.perfectchoiceweddingcars.com 71/086680 15% Sadat Street, Hamra, Beirut, Lebanon Cookielecious 03/335020 5% on products or Gou 10% on cooking 03/828409 Sofil, Achrafieh, Tabaris classes Between 5% and 15% or free Plates + 2 03/535017 Zahlé Shoumou3 Glasses (Bride & Bride Caterer Maid) Decoration 15% discount on wedding venue rental 70/888429 Jdeideh The Catering House for free at Deir El Kalaa 03/265576 Country Club 10% discount on 01/972555 Pavillion Royal Biel, downtown, Beirut Sofil Catering packages 15% discount on all 71/111429 Mar Elias, Independence crossing Chocolate Elsa Chocolate products 01/375985 Ghostine Fireworks 15% 03/882770 Amshit, Jbeil Fireworks 20% Discount or 20 03/716171 Zahlé Hallak Fireworks volcanoes for free Le Bouquet 10% 01/480500 Sin El Fil, Beirut Flowers TerraFlora 10% 01/501550 Horch Tabet, Beirut -15 to 20% discount on all home furniture (ready) -60% discount on upholstery fabrics -20% discount on curtain fabrics -Additional 5% discount on already 01/755100 Kantari, May Ziadeh St, Future Bldg Furniture Assad Daoui & Co discounted items at the showroom -10% discount on wood works and custom made furniture: Kitchens, doors, wood decoration, dining rooms etc... up to 20% excluding 01/570007 Mar Mikhael, Nahr, Beirut Afteem Est special offers - Up to 20% discount on the purchase from Beytech brand on small home Home appliances appliances,sport,built- in products, IT & AV's, Jdeideh, Mirna Chalouhi highway mobile accessories. -
Explosion Beirut Total Population by Cadasters
Lebanon: Explosion MA011 v1 Beirut Total Pop ulation by Cadasters (March 2020) Zouk Zouk Mousbeh Zouk Mousbeh Jaaita El-Kharab (21047) (21047) Deir Mar (2489) (11037) Aabda el Mchammar Haret Deir (0) Tamich Zakrit Qornet El-Ballane El-Hamra Fraikeh Lebanon Mazraat Deir (5181) (1512) (1249) (1032) Aaoukar (3663) (1197) Dik El-Mehdi Mazraat Chaouiyeh (2570) Mazraat Syria Dbayeh El-Hdaira Beit Yachouaa (848) (5393) (3498) Ech-Chaar (8561) Hbous (5530) (373) Beit Beit Chabab El-Kekko Naqqach Mtayleb (7340) (6144) (1717) (16659) Aain Aar Aain (1608) Aalaq Qornet (1733) Chehouane Antelias Approximate Blast Location (11635) (20890) Aatchaneh P! (1475) Menqlet Bhersaf Mezher Jall Ed-Did (2788) (2978) Total Pop ulation (March 2020) Beirut (14766) Nabay Dahr Es-Souane 0 - 5,000 Central District (3506) (102) Bqennaya Bsalim El-Matn Medawar 5,001 - 10,000 Ain Aamaret (4030) (2963) (3853) Minet (12799) el-Mreisseh Chalhoub Zalqa Majzoub 10,001 - 15,000 el-Hosn Marfaa (19578) (11398) (6846) (2010) Jouret Mzakkeh (4157) (1363) 1 Byaqout El-Ballout (2679) km Remeil Qennabet ﺑﯾروت 20,000 - 15,001 Bourj Hammoud (4967) (2302) Saifeh (42579) Broummana 20,001 - 50,000 Zoukak el-Blatt (116509) Jdaidet Ras Beyrouth (18839) (5899) (1599) 50,001 - 100,000 (62974) 2 El-Matn km (23832) Bachoura 100,001 - 200,000 Baouchriyeh Roumieh (17959) Broummana Aayoun Achrafieh (4173) 200,001 - 500,000 3 (97957) El-Matn El-Matn (87668) km (11702) (881) Distance from blast location Moussaytbeh Masqa Fanar (127507) (1751) Note: Population data derived from 4 (15379) Facebook updated on March 4 2020. km Mazraa Dekouaneh (140726) 1,000 Furn (36856) Ech-Chebbak 5 Meters Aain Saadeh (29184) km Deir mar (6420) Zandouqa Qsaibeh Sinn El-Fil Roukoz (37) Baabda OpenStreetMap, Lebanese Arabic (53999) (3059) (1185) Institute, Facebook Connectivity Lab and Mkalles Qordata Center for International Earth Science (1794) (354) Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia Chiyah University.