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2002 Diel and Seasonal Habitat Use by (Cyprinella lutrensis) Shyi-Liang Yu National Penghu Institute of Technology, Taiwan ROC

Edward J. Peters University of Nebraska–Lincoln, [email protected]

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Yu, Shyi-Liang and Peters, Edward J., "Diel and Seasonal Habitat Use by Red Shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis)" (2002). Papers in Natural Resources. 504. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/natrespapers/504

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Natural Resources, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Natural Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Zoological Studies 41(3): 229-235 (2002)

Diel and Seasonal Habitat Use by Red Shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) Shyi-Liang Yu1,* and Edward J. Peters2 1Department of Leisure Management, National Penghu Institute of Technology, Penghu, Taiwan 880, R.O.C. 2School of Natural Resources, 12 Plant Industry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0814, USA

(Accepted April 29, 2002)

Shyi-Liang Yu and Edward J. Peters (2002) Diel and seasonal habitat use by red shiner (Cyprinella lutren- sis). Zoological Studies 41(3): 229-235. Fish distribution and microhabitat use were quantified over a 24-h period 15 times from July 1988 to October 1990 at a site in the lower Platte River, Nebraska. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of availability on habitat use by the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) and to describe variations in red shiner use of depth, velocity, cover, and substrate by seasonal and diel periods. Day-night collections showed a difference in selection or avoidance of depths and substrates in summer. Red shiners selected depths of less than 30 cm during the night and fine substrate during the day in summer, and avoided depths from 30 to 60 cm during the night and coarse substrate during the day in summer. Red shiners consistently selected slow water (< 30 cm/s) and avoided fast currents (> 60 cm/s) during both day and night times in summer and fall. Results suggest that current velocity is a major factor affecting distributions of red shiner in the lower Platte River. http://www.sinica.edu.tw/zool/zoolstud/41.3/229.pdf

Key words: Microhabitat use, Cyprinella lutrensis, Current speed.

Changes in flow conditions in many streams of optimum collecting hours is essential for fishery and rivers are thought to be a major limitation to studies as well as for seasonal comparisons. fish distribution (Bovee 1982 1986, Schlosser Despite the importance of diel and seasonal 1985, Nelson 1986, Wesche et al. 1987, changes of habitat availability on fish distribution, Heggenes 1988), because flow fluctuations are few researchers have included these kinds of usually associated with rapidly changing available comparisons in their studies, or else have empha- depth, velocity, cover, and substrate in habitats. sized only game species such as trout (Campbell Available habitats fluctuate over diel and seasonal and Neuner 1985, Harris et al. 1992, Shuler et al. periods, which also can influence fish distribution 1993). and abundance (Neu et al. 1974, Campbell and The red shiner is one of the most abundant Neuner 1985, Bovee 1986, Nelson 1986, Shuler et and widely distributed species in mid-western al. 1994). Peters et al. (1989) developed habitat prairie streams of the US (Cross 1967, Pflieger suitability criteria for red shiner (Cyprinella lutren- 1975, Lee et al. 1980, Maret and Peters 1980). sis) and other fishes in the lower Platte River Matthews (1986b 1987) and Matthews and Hill (Nebraska, USA) and noted that diel and seasonal (1979a 1979b) summarized its distribution, habitat changes of availability influence fish distribution. use, and thermal tolerance. In this study, we Many studies have shown differences in catches examined changes in habitat availability for and of species over 24-h periods or seasonal fluctua- use by red shiner across seasonal and diel peri- tions in abundances (Hobson 1965, Mendelson ods. Our objectives were to (1) determine the 1975, Craig 1977, Kelso 1978, Helfman 1981a, effects of availability on habitat use by red shiner, Hubbs 1984, Matthews 1986a, Adams et al. and (2) describe variations in red shiner occur- 1988). rence with respect to depth, velocity, cover, and Matthews (1986a) suggested that knowledge substrate by seasonal and diel periods.

*To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Tel: 886-6-9264115 ext. 3106. Fax: 886-6-9277290. E-mail : [email protected] 229 230 Zoological Studies 41(3): 229-235 (2002)

MATERIALS AND METHODS between utilization and availability, then 95% Bonferroni confidence intervals were computed to The study was conducted at North Bend determine which specific habitat types were used (Dodge Co.) on the lower Platte River, Nebraska. more or less frequently than expected use. To cal- The Platte River in eastern Nebraska is wide, culate confidence intervals, we used the formula: braided, and shallow with sand and gravel sub- strates. Water at the study site was as deep as Pi - Z(α/2k)[Pi(1 - Pi)/n]0.5 ≦ Pi ≦ Pi + 105 cm, and current velocity ranged from 0 to 100 Z(α/2k)[Pi(1 - Pi)/n]0.5 (Neu et al. 1974) cm/s (Peters et al. 1989, Peters and Holland 1994). Surface water temperature ranged from 5 where to 32.25 C. Fish and habitat data were collected at North °Bend on 15 occasions in July, October, Pi = actual proportion use of the ith specific and November 1988; June, July, August, October, category, and November 1989; and March, May, June, July, Z(α/2k) = the table value corresponding to a August, September, and October 1990. Sampling probability tail area of α /2k, began at 1200 and continued every 3 h for a 24-h α = 0.05 in our calculations, period. Samples correspond to seasonal phases: k = the number of categories, and spring (March-May), summer (June-August), and n = total use. fall (September-November). Habitat selection (+) was used to indicate that Fish were collected using 2 x 4-m electrofish- habitat use was proportionally greater than avail- ing grids (Bain et al. 1985, Peters et al. 1989). We ability. Habitat avoidance (-) was used to indicate measured depth, current velocity, cover, and sub- that habitat use was proportionally less than avail- strate at the middle of each grid immediately after ability (Neu et al. 1974). shocking because turbidity precluded observation of individual fish positions. To organize the mea- suring procedure at each site, we set up a 100-m RESULTS transect perpendicular to the bank. The position for the 1st grid on the transect was randomly cho- Log-linear tests of depth use by red shiners sen in the first 10-m from shore. Subsequent grids indicated differences by diel (χ2 = 4.96, p < 0.05) were positioned (long axis parallel to flow) at 10-m periods, but not with season (χ2 = 2.81, p > 0.05). intervals along the transect line. After at least 30 Depth use by red shiners showed no selection or min, each grid was shocked with a 120-V, AC gen- avoidance in spring because Bonferroni proce- erator for 30 s. Fish were collected in a 6.35-mm dures require count data to be greater than 0 in (1/4") mesh bag-seine held downstream of the more than 1 habitat type (Byers et al. 1984). Deep grid. Fish from each grid were identified and enu- water (> 60 cm) was not available in spring, pre- merated in the laboratory. A graduated wading sumably due to high flows in spring or low sam- rod equipped with a pygmy current meter was pling efforts because only 1 set of samples was used to measure water depth (cm) and mean collected each in March and May. Red shiners water column velocity (cm/s) at 0.6 of the depth. selected shallow water (< 30 cm) and avoided Cover types were determined visually and coded depths of from 30 to 60 cm during the night in as none, instream, outstream, and combined summer (Fig. 1). In summer, red shiners were cover. Substrate types were silt, sand, and gravel. more frequently in shallow water at night than in We further reduced cover and substrate to 2 cate- the day, and were less frequently at depths of from gories because some habitat types were not avail- 30 to 60 cm at night than in the day. able in the data: cover (with cover, without cover), Velocity in habitats used by red shiners was substrate (fine substrate, coarse substrate). independent of seasonal (χ2 = 2.12, p = 0.55) or Log-linear tests of independence were per- diel (χ2 = 2.13, p = 0.34) periods, but different pat- formed among habitat use, seasonal, and diel terns of velocity use occurred in summer and fall. periods. The SAS (SAS 1985) PROC CATMOD Velocity in habitats used by red shiners was pro- was used for computations. Chi-square good- portional to availability in spring (Fig. 2). Red shin- ness-of-fit analyses were used to test null ers selected slow water (< 30 cm/s) and avoided hypotheses that habitat use was in proportion to fast water (> 60 cm/s) during both day and night in availability (Neu et al. 1974, Miller 1981, Byers et summer and fall (Fig. 2). Additionally, red shiners al. 1984). If a significant difference was found avoided moderate water speeds (30-60 cm/s) dur- Yu and Peters - Habitat use, Red shiner, Platte River 231 ing the day in fall. We did not perform Bonferroni dent of seasonal (χ2 = 2.25, p = 0.32) and diel (χ2 tests for night times in spring because only 1 habi- = 1.51, p = 0.22) periods. Substrate use by red tat type appeared in the data. shiners was proportional to availability in spring Cover use by red shiners was independent of and fall (Fig. 4). Red shiners selected fine silt and seasonal (χ2 = 3.60, p = 0.16) and diel (χ2 = 1.02, avoided coarse substrate during the day in sum- p = 0.31) periods, but cover use differed in fall. mer. Bonferroni tests showed no selection or Cover use by red shiners showed no selection or avoidance in day times in spring because only 1 avoidance during either day or night times in habitat type appeared in the data. spring and summer except 0 counts for night times in summer precluded any Bonferroni tests (Fig. 3). Red shiners selected habitats with cover and DISCUSSION avoided habitats without cover during both day and night in fall. Habitat selection tests which account for Substrate use by red shiners was indepen- availability showed that red shiners selected

40 A 25 A 30 A spring 20 spring 20 summer 15 summer 10 10 fall fall 5 0 0 100 100 200 200 300 Availability Use Availability Availability Use Availability 300

400 400 <30 30-60 >60 <30 30-60 >60 Depth (cm) Velocity (cm/s)

25 B 40 B 20 B 30 15

20 10 5 10 0 0 100 100

200 200 Availability Use Availability Availability Use Availability 300 300

400 400 <30 30-60 >60 <30 30-60 >60 Depth (cm) Velocity (cm/s)

Fig. 1. Depth availability and use by red shiners during day (A) Fig. 2. Velocity availability and use by red shiners during day and night (B) times in spring (March-May), summer (June- (A) and night (B) times in spring (March-May), summer (June- August), and fall (September-November) of 1988-1990 at 3-h August), and fall (September-November) of 1988-1990 at 3-h intervals in the Platte River, NE, collected from pre-positioned intervals in the Platte River, NE, collected from pre-positioned electrofishing grids. Night time periods began from 2100 to electrofishing grids. Night time periods began from 2100 to 0300 in spring and summer, but extended to 0600 in fall. Day 0300 in spring and summer, but extended to 0600 in fall. Day or night differences between habitat availability and use are or night differences between habitat availability and use are indicated by + (habitat selection) or - (habitat avoidance). indicated by + (habitat selection) or - (habitat avoidance). 232 Zoological Studies 41(3): 229-235 (2002) depths of less than 30 cm, velocities of less than River. Because the number of potential prey in the 30 cm/s, and silt substrate with cover seasonally drift decline seasonally, especially through the and diurnally (Figs. 1-4). Increased use of shallow summer, fish need to increase their activity in water (< 30 cm), slow velocities (< 30 cm/s), and these habitats to exploit decreasing levels of prey silt substrate in summer suggests the importance in the drift (Griffith 1974, Gibson and Galbraith of these habitats for red shiners in summer relative 1975, Allan 1981). to other seasons. Although we did not examine Red shiners are important forage fish for larg- food habits or temperature tolerance of red shin- er fish species and avian predators in the Platte ers, we speculate that red shiners use these habi- River because of their abundance and size (Peters tats in summer because of their forage values or et al. 1989). Despite its ecological importance, lit- to avoid high temperatures. Peters et al. (1989) tle is known about the nocturnal activity of red found that maximum water temperatures of 32 C shiner among different seasons. Most nocturnal were recorded during 1986 and 1987 in the Platte° studies have either emphasized 24-h studies in a

40 A 40 A

30 spring 30 spring

20 summer 20 summer

10 fall 10 fall

0 0

200 Use 200

400 400

600 Availability600 Use

Availability

800 800 Without With Fine Coarse Cover Substrate

40 B 40 B 30 30

20 20 10 10

Use 0 0 200 200 400 400

Availability Use 600 Availability 600

800 800 Fine Coarse Without With Cover Substrate

Fig. 3. Cover availability and use by red shiners during day (A) Fig. 4. Substrate availability and use by red shiners during day and night (B) times in spring (March-May), summer (June- (A) and night (B) times in spring (March-May), summer (June- August), and fall (September-November) of 1988-1990 at 3-h August), and fall (September-November) of 1988-1990 at 3-h intervals in the Platte River, NE, collected from pre-positioned intervals in the Platte River, NE, collected from pre-positioned electrofishing grids. Night time periods began from 2100 to electrofishing grids. Night time periods began from 2100 to 0300 in spring and summer, but extended to 0600 in fall. Day 0300 in spring and summer, but extended to 0600 in fall. Day or night differences between habitat availability and use are or night differences between habitat availability and use are indicated by + (habitat selection) or - (habitat avoidance). indicated by + (habitat selection) or - (habitat avoidance). Yu and Peters - Habitat use, Red shiner, Platte River 233 single season (Hubbs 1984, Matthews 1986) or coarse substrate in the day in summer. Silt sub- game species such as salmonids (Campbell and strate and habitats with cover can usually be found Neuner 1985, Hillman et al. 1988, Harris et al. in the Platte River where water is shallow and 1992, Shuler et al. 1994). Day-night collections slow. In contrast, sand bottoms generally appear showed a difference in selection or avoidance of in parts of the river with fast currents. depths (Fig. 1) and substrate (Fig. 4) in summer. The influence of availability on habitat use Red shiners selected depths of less than 30 cm depends on seasonal and diel periods. Fish habi- during the night and fine substrate during the day tat use can change seasonally and diurnally large- in summer, and avoided depths of 30 to 60 cm ly depending on flow conditions in the river. Our during the night and coarse substrate during the results indicate that depth, velocity, cover, and day in summer. substrate are important factors for habitat use by Water depth, velocity, cover, and substrate red shiners in fluctuating environments such as are important factors affecting habitat choice by the Platte River, particularly current velocity, which fish (Schuck 1943, Lewis 1969, Bovee 1982, is a dominant factor in determining the habitat use Shirvell and Dungey 1983, Morantz et al. 1987, by red shiners. Wesche et al. 1987, Heggenes 1988, Shuler et al. 1994). Red shiners avoided velocities above 60 Acknowledgments: This study was supported by cm/s during the day in summer and fall, habitats the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission without cover during the day in fall, and coarse (Federal Aid in Fish Restoration, Project F-78-R) substrate during the day in summer. Our results and the Agricultural Research Division of the Univ. show that red shiners avoided fast currents in the of Nebraska. We thank W. Matthews, R. Holland, Platte River in summer and fall. This is consistent W. Stroup, and anonymous reviewers for their with other studies of habitat use by red shiners, valuable comments. B. Chapman and many oth- but Matthews and Hill (1979a) reported that they ers helped with field work. Department of Leisure showed substantial use of deeper pools at the Management of the National Penghu Institute of river's edge. Technology provided facilities for preparation of This study indicates the importance of water the manuscript. depth, velocity, cover, and substrate for red shin- ers seasonally and diurnally in their natural envi- ronments. Current velocity is a major factor affect- REFERENCES ing distributions of red shiners in the Platte River. 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KS: Univ. of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Matthews WJ, LG Hill. 1977. Tolerance of the red shiner, Fraser DF, DA DiMattia, JD Duncan. 1987. Living among lutrensis () to environmental parame- predators: the response of a stream to the haz- ters. Southwest. Nat. 22: 89-99. ard of predation. In WJ Matthews, DC Heins, eds. Matthews WJ, LG Hill. 1979a. Influence of physico-chemical Community and evolutionary ecology of North American factors on habitat selection by red shiners, Notropis stream fishes. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma, pp. 121- lutrensis (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Copeia 1979: 70-81. 127. Matthews WJ, LG Hill. 1979b. Age-specific differences in the Gibson RJ, D Galbraith. 1975. The relationships between distribution of red shiners, Notropis lutrensis, over physico- invertebrate drift and salmonid populations in the chemical ranges. Am. Midl. Nat. 101: 366-372. Matamek River, Quebec, below a lake. Trans. Am. Fish. Mendelson J. 1975. 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紅銀小魚四季及日夜棲地使用的差異

于錫亮1 Edward J. Peters2

本研究從1988年七月至1990年十月利用24小時實驗在內布拉斯加州布萊德河下游一處採樣點，採 樣 15次，調查魚類在河川中的分布及其微棲地的利用，本實驗的目的在於決定河川中可利用的棲地， 是否會對紅銀小魚於四季及日夜上利用水深、流速、遮蔽、底質造成差異，結果發現紅銀小魚夏季在 水深和底質顯示出日夜選擇或躲避的差異，紅銀小魚在夏季夜晚選擇棲地水深< 30 cm躲避棲地水深 30-60 cm的區域，在夏季白天選擇棲地底質為細石躲避棲地底質為粗石的區域，紅銀小魚在夏、秋兩 季不分日夜均會選擇棲地為緩水的區域(< 30 cm/s)，躲避棲地為急水的區域(> 60 cm/s)，此項研究結果 建議流速是影響紅銀小魚在布萊德河下游分布最重要的因子。

關鍵詞：微棲地使用，魚類分布，流速。

1澎湖技術學院休閒事業管理系 2內布拉斯加州州立大學自然資源學院