A Study of Parigi Moutong Regency

Article

Komunitas: International Journal of The Role of Expansion Indonesian Society and Culture 9(1) (2017): 115-135 DOI:10.15294/komunitas.v9i1.7710 Movement in the © 2017 Semarang State University, Indonesia p-ISSN 2086 - 5465 | e-ISSN 2460-7320 Establishment of New Region http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/komunitas UNNES JOURNALS in Indonesia: A Study of Parigi Moutong Regency

Muhammad Nur Alamsyah 1, Valina Singka Subekti2

1Universitas Tadulako, Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia 2Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia

Received: 2 November 2016; Accepted: 24 February 2017; Published: 30 March 2017

Abstract The study explains the dimension of the structure of resource mobilization in the political movement of new region establishment in Indonesia. The establishment of new regions has been seen only in the utilization of formal structures. In fact, the involvement of non-formal organizations also contributes to the importance and determines a region expansion. The study employed a qualitative approach with the support of primary and secondary data related to the establishment of Parigi Moutong Regency. The data was obtained through in-depth interviews with the group figures of the expansion. The secondary data was obtained from mass media and government agencies as well as personal documentation. The theory used was the dimension of the resource mobilization structure of the political opportunity structure (POST) theory. The study reveals that the success of the expansion movement in Parigi Moutong Regency for their structure resource mobilization by civil society organizations or non-formal to formal institutional build up pressure by using lobbying based on personal, professional and primordial networks. The influence of national political reforms motivated and mobilized the mobilization of movement resources as a repetition of the movement that had taken place in the previous expansion movement in Parigi Moutong Regency.

Keywords movement; group; expansion; local politics; mobilization structure.

INTRODUCTION issue and political agenda. The widespread demands of regional autonomy are often The problem of forming new regions in accompanied with mobilization and raise Indonesia remains as a latent problem ethnic sentiments. Considering the process in the political issue of central and local of incorporation of old state in Indonesia government relationship (Benyamin which is characterized by primordialism, it Hossein 1993; Anne Booth 2011; Asnan becomes the empirical reality of Indonesia. 2007). The region expansion after the reform is a repetition period, like during the Corresponding author political era of 1950s (Bemmelen, Sita Van; Perumahan Dosen Universitas Tadulako D8 No 2 Raben, Remco 2011). One of the instruments Kelurahan Tondo, Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia Email that reinforce the situation is related to the [email protected] 116 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New...

The nationalistic character of Indo- excesses that are far from desired and not nesia emerges as a large house constructed in accordance with the characteristics of from a very plural primordial entity. These the community. Radical changes in politi- entity and ethnicity are living reality that cal contexts are dangerous because they are cannot be ruled out in national politics. This uncertain (Montesquieu 1977). According to phenomenon is an empirical condition of him, misery is often preferred over impro- nationality as a real implication of Indone- vement or something that is actually better sian nationality which consists of different but not yet established. The selection of new regions as well as the growth of regions with forms is far from the availability of necessary the identity and structure of power relations instruments to society and plagiarism met- between the elite and its people. The wil- hods are sometimes made the choice in poli- lingness to realize the regional autonomy tical contestation. Consequently, it becomes had spawned a series of regional rebellions a battle of choice of ideal conception. There in the 1950s, where various regional mo- is a policy which serves only as a repetition vements demanded that the government and duplication of previously oppressive change its policies which were considered policies. Emphasis on the tendency of selec- highly centralized, by giving greater auto- ting certain policy forms will result in other nomy (Lev 2009; Harvey 1984; Bebbington matters, including in the context of decent- 2010; ). ralization and the establishment of new re- The territorial identity for every com- gions in Indonesia. munity is important because the region is The decentralization policy is a mo- the space of interaction that connects peop- mentum that led a big bang of decentraliza- le, leaders and resources. In Indonesian tion in 2001 and 2006 in Indonesia (Fengler context of governmental policies, the situa- & Hofman 2009). The implications of free- tion is reflected by the existence of regional dom of regional autonomy create new effects autonomy. Large-scale of decentralization is for democracy. The phenomenon marks being undertaken, one of which is the expan- the birth of strong people (bossism) or sion of the region, thus becoming an alterna- the emergence of new local oligarchy. It is te link between community, state and local an implication of the weakness of a state leaders (Richard Bennet 2010). In the area of to create the necessary conditions for Ternate, students articulate their political alternative society (Sidel 2005, p. 62; Lim interests through involvement in the arena 2013). Other decentralized political pheno- of power through instruments of regional mena are related to the emergence of Jawara organizations (ethnic) (Basri Amin 2014). As in Banten (Masaaki and Hamid 2008), and in the context of Parigi Moutong, young studies in Bali, Bengkulu, West Java, and people play their own interests in the arena South Kalimantan (Bridget Welsh 2008, p. of power and in terms of taking advantage 474). Each of the study suggests that decent- of practical opportunities for them. The ralization has provided local opportunities expansion provides hope and opportunity through the institutionalization of violent to the community to be able to participate groups into political-economic capital. The directly in the government for the benefit of indication of other experts about the choice their community. Although considered not of a decentralized approach used in Indone- to be a solution to the plurality of social life, sia is a neo-institutionalism. The approach culture and religion, as the phenomenon misinterpret the idea of autonomy to be- of conflict in this era of decentralization as come radical change (Vedi R. Hadiz 2010). a mirror in view of the dilemmatic side of Decentralization has been said to create pre- decentralization. (Davidson 2008). dators as the chain of the new order which The implementation of political po- quickly master the local power through licies concerning an unsuitable affair, its money, violence and media. Specifically, application may have adverse implications the formation of new autonomous regions for society. This is because it can provide (DOB) gives rise to a change in land use and

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 117 farming communities rather than strengt- ney has shaped a certain political class. The hens the policy to support agriculture that is centralized power of policy and allocation of the main source of life in the village (Sayuti money in local cities create regional-central 2015; Valenzuela 2012; Uitermark 2012; Lund typology. Other than that, current regional 2011; Uitermark 2012;). autonomy has fallen into the identity poli- Studies related to the movement of tics and terms of “region son” and the indi- regional formation are almost absent in genous people and immigrants. This reality the literature of political studies in Indo- is an open and uncontrolled implication in nesia. One of the classic studies in political the reform era. Communities and their eli- science is related to motivation and dimen- tes seek to achieve state resources through sions that underlie the uprising of Permes- various means with diverse interests that ta in Makassar and turned into an arena cause confusion, especially in the formation of violence in Minahasa (Barbara 1984). of areas that many claimed to fail (Hall 2015; According to Harvey, Permesta movement Connors 2010; Wampler 2012). is a threat to the central government which Assessment of political movements is considered dominant in the implementa- using dimensional approaches of mobili- tion of decentralization. The movement also zation structure of resource in the politi- shows the disappointment over the state cal opportunity structure theory (POST) is structure which is considered too bureauc- still its infancy. This theory is described by ratic, inefficient and corrupt. Studies related Mc Charty which sets out the structure of to decentralization-related regional move- resource mobilization is “..those collective ments can also be seen in Aceh and central vehicles, informal as well as formal, which government relationships. The birth of the through people Mobilize and engage in col- Aceh rebellion was a political event that was lective action” (McAdam, McCharty, Zald awakened with Aceh’s long background on 2004). The emphasis is on institutional both religious and regionalism that the central formal and informal as one unity of commu- government did not understand (Nazarud- nity movement. The main purpose of this din 1990). theory is “mobilizing structures for under- This type of management of local go- standing the trajectory of particular social vernment had taken place long before the movements and broader social movement modern colonial government took place. In- cycles; how can people understand a par- deed, it is found that the areas in Indone- ticular trajectory of social movements and sia since the Dutch era were arbitrarily set cycles of the broader social movement. The in accordance with the Dutch system. The focus of resource mobilization is the meso- local society fought the Dutch according level groups, informal organizations and to their struggle and character determin- networks as syntheses in social movements. ed by history, culture and traditions as well The contexts refer to various groups of ex- as the direction of the local group (Audrey pansion (Pemekaran) movements in Parigi 1989). The phenomenon of decentralizati- Moutong. The processes and mechanisms on of the era in 1950s shows that the ability that occur in expansion cases are interes- to crush various disintegration movements ting objects. The essence of political move- in fact does not eliminate regional assump- ments as they relate to the struggle of civil tions and beliefs related to their belief in the society influence policy by building allied need for greater regional autonomy in order with political parties in parliament. to further promote the development of their Another important element seen by regions. (Kahin 1993) McCharty is, the choice that activitist make Regional autonomy in the course of about how to more or less formally pursue Indonesian national politics has always change have consequences for their ability to been a sensitive issue (Vel 2007; Tidey 2014; raise material resources and mobilize dissi- Li 2000; Klinken 2011; 2007). The develop- dent efforts, as well as for society-wide legiti- ment of autonomy which relies on state mo- macy-all which can directly affect the chances

UNNES JOURNALS 118 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New... that their common effort will succed” (McA- mic relationships between central and local dam, McCharty dan Zald 2004). In addition, governments. the other element which should also be This research was conducted in Parigi considered by McCharty and Wolfson is the Moutong Regency which was expanded from availability of resources, especially in infor- Donggala Regency in 2002. Parigi Moutong mal structures as important contributors Regency division which was a protest cycle to the rise of local movements (Morris and had been going on since 1963 and developed Mueller 1992). This understanding empha- in post-reformation era 1998. The expansi- sizes the strategic choice of the movement on of Parigi Moutong was born from the rise to be able to manage and maximize non- of civil movement with the birth of various formal institutions in the political move- groups of expansion movement. The group ment. By using them, people will be able to was formed generally based on territorial receive a stronger impact on the movement’s primordialism and also because of proximi- ability to optimize material resources and ty, professionalism or friendship. The study mobilize resistance. The expansion of Parigi of the structure of the mobilization of this Moutong movement is actually a formal in- political movement became an interesting stitutional initiative. In fact, there is a diffe- case study in looking at the phenomenon of rence between the formal political elite and expansion in Indonesia. the civil society that places the political mo- This study used qualitative approa- vement of society as an option. ch with the in-depth interview of question Local political issues related to regio- lists for the informants related to the expan- nal autonomy, especially the formation of sion of Parigi Moutong expansion groups the area above, is a value that has a certain (GEMPPAR, AMMUK, FPPKPM, BPSPKPM meaning for the identity of the commu- and university students) as well as the so- nity. The political journey and process be- ciety figures and parliament members. This hind the birth of Indonesia is an important study was also supported by secondary data dimension that cannot be immediately eli- from some state institutions such as the lo- minated in the development and progress cal government of Parigi Moutong Regency, of Indonesian politics. The study related to Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi Provin- the structure of resource mobilization of the ce and BPS), the secretariat of DPRD Central expansion movement in Parigi Moutong is Sulawesi Province, DPR RI and local media interesting in relation to the continuity of (Newspaper, Website) and personal docu- regional formation movement. It struggled mentation. The primary data was recorded by involving many elements such as poli- and transcribed to ease the segmentation tical parties, local elites and especially the and interpretation. general public who sacrificed their proper- ty, time and energy since 1963 and later the The Expansion Movement of Parigi widespread post-reformation was successful Moutong in 2002. One important dimension of a territo- This study also confirms the essen- ry is primordialism because it deals with ce of decentralization as an instrument of someone’s identity and thus become an democracy in the management of local go- important indicator to maintain the exis- vernance. Understanding related to decent- tence of an area (Benyamin Hossein 2009, ralization proposed Oxhorn is “...for all of p. 2). The fact that the Indonesian nation is these reasons, even limited decentralization diverse from the beginning is a real situati- helps strengthen civil society” (Oxhorn, Jo- on. Indonesia is a country built from a lot seph, Selee, (ed) 2004). Decentralization of different regions. The difference of Indo- is something that is shaped from below as nesian society is not solely related to identi- a strengthening of civil society so that de- ties, ethnicities and races, but also state en- centralization as a policy must be dynamic tity consisting of various areas of traditional and a conceptualization developed in dyna- kingdom and the history of regions which

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 119 were built by colonialism (Hatta, Zulfikri cal identity of society. The autonomy is also Sulaiman 2010). Both forms of territoriality viewed as the achievement of other things are common characteristics that encoura- as the city’s position on colonial perspecti- ge each community to fight for the estab- ves that still affect the community who can lishment of a definitive region. Different regulate the surrounding area or eliminate perspective which suggests that regional the peripheral and central impression (Low bureaucracy in the era of regional autonomy 1996). Local government becomes a media throughout Indonesia tends to create tribal/ and destination (Mutallib and Khan 2013, p. regional bureaucracy. It is prone to corrup- 112) “. The statement further states that: tion and ignores the principles of modern bureaucracy such as meritocracy, expertise, “... Because the division has instrumen- impersonal and efficiency principle (Miftah tal values as well as objectives that are: Thoha, Ratnawati 2013). First, local government is the result of the The changes in the structure of mo- implementation of the distribution of po- dern governance have consequences for the litical power so that the government can realization of territories in a single arrange- effectively act with certainty; second, just ment, both politically and administratively. like other levels of government, it is important to realize the dominant basic va- The change also gives economic and social implications to the society. Indonesia is a lues at a certain time and place ... “ government in the form of a republic with a government management system built in The emphasis of the definition illustra- a hierarchical order from the center to the tes the problems related to the worldview in region as one unity of Republic of Indone- governance of Indonesia. It is not surprising sia. This form places the existence of power that the establishment of new areas is used nodes in each autonomous region to be able as a means to achieve goals related to welfa- to perform certain duties and authorities ac- re and development. It is the implications of cording to the provisions of the legislation. welfare and development of the distribution Local government policies have existed system by the state through a variety of fi- since UU. No. 1 1945; UU. No. 22 1948 about nancing mechanisms with a system of cross- the core guidelines of local government; UU subsidies. The paradigm shapes upward NIT. No. 44 1950 about Government of East development traits, especially for regions Indonesia; UU. No. 1 1957 about the core of in Indonesia that have not been able to Local Government; Presidential Decree No. fully finance their Regional Revenue and 6 1959 Duty Submission from Central Go- Expenditure Budget (APBD) through Local vernment in General Governmental Affairs, Revenue (PAD). Assistantship of Civil Servant and Financial The centralistic mechanism in deter- Submission toward Local Government; UU mining the management and utilization of RI No. 18 1965 about The Core Guideline of such state assets has become an organic ele- Local Government; UU No. 5 1974 The Core ment in a regional development. This sys- Guideline of Local Government; UU. No. 22 tem works within the institutional structure 1999; UU. No. 32 2004; UU. No. 12 2008; UU. of government which is emphasized by the No. 23 2014, UU. No. 2 2015, UU. No. 18 2015 existence of autonomous region status for AND UU No 23 2014. certain region. The autonomous area in this The substantial core in the above po- context becomes the source of opportuni- licies is in the urgency of the authority ari- ty to prosper and receive the development sing from the recognition of the status of cake. Therefore, it becomes a trigger to ac- the autonomous region, which places de- celerate the formation of the desire and the centralization as a transformation of gover- interest of the society which is driven by the nance (Santoso 2013, p. 41). The existence of elite to manage their area independently. an autonomous region is not merely seen The formation of autonomous regions as an administrative area but also a politi- that prioritizes administrative requirements

UNNES JOURNALS 120 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New... and procedures tends to be very elite and is view that the expansion fails because it is more concerned with the interests of local determined more by political lobbies than elites who have not been assigned to re- the technical problems of governance (Djo- gional positions than the will of the local hermansyah Djohan 2003, p. 113). people (Surbakti 2013, p. 28). Different ap- Reform provides many opportuni- praisal states that when an area becomes a ties for the birth of various changes in the new autonomous region, it will lead to more society. The transformation that occurred attractiveness of social, political and eco- increases the euphoria related to the role nomic interests. According to him, this is and influence of society through organized caused by the formulation of policies that interests to form a political group (Andrew are not transparent and accountable just yet Heywod 2014, p. 429). The dynamics of (Swasanany 2012). Redistricting is also seen central and regional relationship has long as the willingness of local officials and local been widely questioned regarding the pro- elites strategy to get funds from the cent- vision of regional expansion opportunities ral government (bureaucratic and political underlying regional autonomy in Indo- rent-seeking)(Aragon, Lorrain M. 2007, p. nesia (Hossein, Wahidin 2013). Generally, 49). Parigi Moutong regency is an area that has In fact there, are other mechanisms overall potential to be established as a new that grow from the existence of historical va- area. This is stated in the conclusion of the lues and become stigmatization that builds evaluation results of Balitbang Ministry of on the surrounding circumstances. The internal Affairs of Indonesia. The same view improvement of development and political expressed Muhiddin a politician of the Gol- dynamics in the autonomous regions of ot- kar party since the end of the new order era her regions gives rise to social and political until today who suggests that: jealousy for other regions. These situations drive dynamics the establishment of the area “... The birth of Parigi Moutong is because to flourish and cause even violence. The rea- of its strategic location and heterogeneo- lity of political contestation in each region us population so it will be able to develop generally comes from the characteristics of their area. Its main potential such as ag- the old Indonesia in colonial era which was riculture with technical irrigation is very constantly awakened from strongly primor- good. Besides, politically, they will give birth many opportunities to be leaders in dial dimension. The findings of the study the region. For areas such as Central Sula- in the local base line of democracy suggest wesi region, then the regional expansion that the use of legitimacy of local wisdom is done so that they can develop. In addi- through customary institutions in the era tion to these potentials, the elites of Parigi of regional autonomy is only an ornamental Moutong are very supportive. The com- and ceremonial event of local government munity also fully supports its plan so that (Alamsyah, M. Nur and Savirani, Amalinda it is synergistic. One of the main triggers 2015, p. 91). of the expansion of Parigi Moutong is the The formation of new regions will al- existence of political groups which hold ways give rise to resource mobilization. Va- the formation of Parigi Moutong. The rious potentials of institutional structure main purpose that is used as the direction of expansion is the service but is also used mobilization will seek an opportunity to for other purposes... “(Muhiddin, Alamsy- obtain the status of the autonomous region ah 2016) either as a manifestation of the recognition of regional identity related to primordialism, The expansion of New Autonomous ethnicity and position. As stated by Surbak- Region (DOB) until 2014 in Indonesia as the ti, the tendency of expansion mechanism by final stage of regional establishment creates prioritizing aspects of administrative requi- 8 (eight) Provinces and 175 (one hundred rements will always be elitist. The approach and seventy five) regencies and 34 (thirty becomes contradictory when looking at the four) cities. The number of new autonomo- UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 121 us regions (DOBs), if added to the total area advocate and action related to the unclear of Indonesia, is 34 Provinces, 416 regencies formation of Parigi Moutong Regency.The and 98 Cities (Dirjen.PUOD-kemendagri students assume that the political parties 2015). Central Sulawesi province, which was after the 1999 election no longer paid atten- originally consisted of four districts and tion to the memorandum of the Donggala one city, in 2014 has become 12 (twelve) re- Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) gencies and 1 (one) city. The proliferation and more competed for power. The group is considered related to the low distorti- was led by Hamzah Tjakunu a student from on performance index New Autonomous Muhammadyah University of Palu and was Region. active in the Muhammadiyah Student Asso- ciation (IMM) of Central Sulawesi. The Mobilization of Non-Formal Insti- The students mobilized power to the tutional Resource political elite in the city of Palu even to Ja- Initially, the mobilization of expansion mo- karta, although it did not provide clear and vement of Parigi Moutong is a critical ini- maximum results. The group of students tiative from Parigi college students who see then preferred a strategy to influence the the existence of irregularities and the lack mass in Parigi to get support related to the of seriousness from formal institutions in formation of Parigi Moutong. Using the following up the amendment of DPRD of ways of dimensioning local wisdom cal- Donggala Regency. The moving of first capi- led silaturrahmi (gathering), the students tal city which should be done simultaneous- came to every community, traditional and ly and the growing information about the and religious leaders to discuss their plans, failure of the formation of Parigi Moutong goals and willingness to form groups that because it is considered will not be able to supported the formation of Parigi Mou- finance the region create the initiatives. The tong. The framing method used alternative silence of the government’s formal structure media strategies was capable of generating in Donggala Regency, Central Sulawesi Pro- support mobilization. vince and Donggala and Provincial DPRDs The mobilization of cultural resour- justify the concern. ces was successful with the acceptance of The students obtain the limited infor- indigenous figures including the support of mation from non-formal network through Ada Tagunu as the tradition ruler of Parigi the relationship of individual politicians, as Kingdom. Later, almost all of Parigi’s noble well as bureaucracy. Although for the sake of relatives supported although they refused information and are armed with the infor- it in the beginning. This is commonplace mation, the students build assumptions for considering that some members of the Pa- themselves related to the fate of the forma- rigi royal family are part of the East Coast tion of Parigi Moutong. The students also Family Clan Forum (KKPT) led by Sutomo cultivate relationships with student groups Borman. The conflict was caused by the and political elites from three other areas in students’ willingness and insistence on re- Central Sulawesi who are also waiting for the questing KKPT which was an institution policy to be expanded together with Parigi used for bargaining power. The institution Moutong namely Buol, Morowali and Bang- of the community is considered to be only gai Islands. Through this interaction, the used by a group of people for personal po- students get leakage that the three regions wer. The silence of the politicians became have successfully bloomed and the area Pa- high especially Golkar Party after the trans- rigi Moutong has failed because it did not fer of the capital to Banawa. The strength of have enough ability to finance himself when the splitting spirit that had previously been it is expanded. awakened in Parigi became the trigger for The students form the Youth Acti- the figures to ignore the differences and to on Unity of East Coast Student Students choose to be involved in the students’ plan. (KAPPM-SPT) campaign with a purpose to Through utilizing Bantaya meeting

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(custom meeting room) in Masigi village inquiry linked group has claimed to be the which is the center of the Kingdom Parigi, unreadiness of Parigi Moutong regency they began discussions or deliberations to be accountable for the autonomous regarding plans of expansion of the administration. The statement resulted establishment of Parigi Moutong. The in Parigi Moutong failed to become the framing of issues by the students had definitive area. The week-long boycott revived the spirit of Parigi›s formation movement stopped the economic processes struggle that had been going since 1963 in Parigi because the market was closed and involved some of these figures in the and economic activity did not run, until the talks related to the establishment of Parigi coming of the military district commander Moutong. Parigi Moutong figures included Donggala by the governor opened the Thamrin Ntosa who was a prosecutor and boycott because it considered the act of Halim Kariming who was a former secretary treason. of Formation Team Parigi in 1960s joined Through discussions with GEMPPAR the group. The process of this movement group, it was decided that this action would as it rotated back with the addition of new be channeled to the government. The Com- figures as presented as cycles of protests by mander of KODIM of Donggala facilitated (Tarrow in McAdam et al. 2004). and escorted vehicles that would bring the These efforts led the emergence of the action to Palu. The provision opened after collective consciousness of society as a com- returning from Palu. In general, the meeting mon complaint to justice. Spontaneously, of the regents and provincial secretaries re- the formation of the expansion group rec- mained unclear with GEMPPAR group thus ruited Abdullah Pasau who was one of the giving an ultimatum to make greater action indigenous leaders and a noble relative of and boycott Palu if there was no clear fate the Kingdom of Parigi and was known as about Parigi Moutong Regency formation. the chief of security for the elected Chine- The process of formation of admi- se community as chairman and his deputy nistrative areas, as done in 1998, there was his noble Awalunsyah Pasau who was should be an indicator of government po- former subdistrict head in several places on licy-making. In fact, political perspective is the East Coast and chose to retire and get more prominent in the absence of political into politics as a member of the Golkar Par- support from the parent regions, thus it fai- ty. The group that was born under the name led to expand. Reforms were able to mobi- GEMPPAR (Gerakan Masyarakat Peduli Pe- lize a variety of non-formal resources in In- mekaran Parigi Moutong), is expected to be donesia with an increased demand for the a community as a platform for the struggle establishment of regional division of Parigi for the establishment of Parigi Moutong Re- continued the same. Based on the strategic gency. considerations, the military justified the The first step of GEMPPAR group, ac- point of the move done by the community cording to the agreement, would be in con- to look for justice to government. voy or some sort of show of force in Parigi After the heroic action in Parigi and City to be a medium for promotion. The the rejection of East Coast Donggala Regent process of the convoy or procession assistant for being inaugurated, the govern- suddenly turned uncontrollable, when ment issued the Law No. 51 of 1999 which the mobs without getting the command, officially inaugurated the head of regency attacked and dispersed the ongoing office of Buol, Morowali and Banggai islands. This process at Parigi. The mass of GEMPPAR condition triggered Parigi Moutong com- boycotted Parigi City and closed a number munity to conduct an action in September of office facilities by allowing several 1999. The Act, not only made people Pari- strategic institutions to remain open, gi no longer believed what they were expe- despite the conflict between the GEMPPAR riencing. The political elites and the local masses. The crowd demanded that an government did not see Parigi as something

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 123 to be reckoned with in the arena of Central mal institutions both at local and national Sulawesi Province. The Parigi elite society levels. The family-owned media availability silenced by the policy thus the expansion Toana namely Mercusuar was also a capabi- movement of Parigi support became more lity that provided a major influence on the disorganized. movement of this group. The tendency to be One form of action is done using the a part of movement that could be more ac- campus network and personal network by commodating to the central government is Hamzah Tjakunu through personal close the attached stigma of this group from other networking to seek support through Parigi groups. Nevertheless, working mechanism entrepreneurs who have been successful in is built with professional networks and pro- Jakarta and even the world. The business- ximity to various parties which were able to man prepares for the possibility of financing connect the group with others. the action of supporting Parigi by hiring the One of the efforts undertaken by this urban poor in the land as a mass that would group is to negotiate directly to Jakarta na- be joined together with the mass of Goron- mely autonomy area minister’s office, the talo students who were struggling with the ministry of internal affairs and Parliament. action in the House of Representatives for The distrust of the mechanisms of formal the division of the province. structure that happened with previous Pari- The real evidence of the failure of Pa- gi Moutong failure was an important lesson rigi Moutong uplifted people of East Co- that was used as a justification of this group. ast community. It is also a part of the plan FPPKPM group was able to have audience which would implement openly governor’s with Prof. Ryass Rasyid who used his proxi- election in Central Sulawesi Provincial Par- mity to Dewi Yasin Limpo who acquainted liament that presented political dynamics of familiar with Husni Toana. While GEMPPAR political parties in this area for the first time. group which at the same time also wanted This contest was a fight that pitted incum- to conduct hearings by relying on one staff bent HB Paliudju who was a soldier, especi- Prof. Ryass, was only accepted by the minis- ally the Golkar Party candidate Aminuddin ter of regional autonomy outside the room. Ponulele, who was a former sholar who held On the substance of the competition has the a professor/teacher position at the Univer- same estuary, seeking the support of the fai- sity of Tadulako. The contestation had been led expansion of Parigi Moutong. blowing hard after the 1999 election so that Looking at the formation of groups, any public dimension would be a space of the actual pattern is very strongly attached political contestation. This contestation was by primordialism, especially on GEMPPAR also supported by the inclusion of various which was characterized as Parigi society. candidates who had begun to dare to com- The group which was also subsequently for- pete such as azis Tanju, a former bureaucrat med was AMMUK (The Community Allian- His last position was as an auxiliary governor ce of Moutong For Regency). Although the- of the Donggala promoted by PKB (National re was a logical framework which served as Awakening Party). the basis and foundation in the formation of Tanju Azis group formed Parigi Mou- the division in Parigi Moutong namely the tong Proliferation Concern Forum (FP- consultation mechanism and silaturrahmi PKPM) to garner some public figures of which can dissolve the various tense situa- Parigi with businessmen and bureaucrats tions as the result of the expansion move- backgrounds who were supported by trained ment. bureaucrats. At the time, they also served as Almost all movements are formed senior bureaucrats in the civil service as well based on formation mechanism and rela- as provincial government assistants. The ted primordial orientation. The group is ability of bureaucrats who would view a fair- geographically split into North and South ly good area to map problem was the main regions which showed the character of the capital FPPKPM group in addition to for- radical movement. As GEMPPAR boycotts,

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AMMUK action in Gorontalo came out of the establishment of regional and commu- central Sulawesi if the plan was not success- nity showed its own winning attitude Parigi. ful. Even a splinter group that formed later Some communities such as Ampibabo, Tin- as BPS-PKM was a fraction of GEMPPAR ombo threatens exit plan Moutong Parigi and was a representation of society Parigi formation. The treatment for groups outside conducted large-scale action by occupying Parigi had been out of the corridor plan of Parliament Donggala and cause damage to the establishment of regional and commu- offices and vehicles were damaged and con- nity. Some communities such as Ampibabo tained behind the office. and Tinombo threatened to exit the plan of The dynamics of the expansion mo- Parigi Moutong formation. vement of Parigi Moutong spawned vibrant The context was not generally opened; civil society that did not think the political that what was meant by the chairman of approach. As a result, it raised various social the parliament actually just reread the let- movements that were reflected the disclos- ter from the Ministry of Internal Affairs ure of the injustice. Various actions shown related to the expansion process of Parigi were not solutions to solve the problem to Moutong with the evaluation process and achieve political purposes of establishing a the visit would be carried out in 2001. The- new area. The actions from students, youth re was a miscommunication between the and various other elements in Parigi or in movements for each division group which Palu were only social movements to build managed the information according to their public awareness of Parigi people related to respective interests. These conditions made Moutong justice. Even the action of social the main expansion movement groups of movements as done by BPS-PKPM with van- students and youth groups Parigi criticized dalized and pursued Donggala Chairman of various group of community. (SKH. Tinom- the Parliament due to his statement that the bala 2000) division of Parigi Moutong was delayed to The worst conflict then took the group 2001, turned damaging loss of confidence along with the expansion movement of Pari- among sub-ethnic entities and region in Pa- gi Moutong elite to seek a solution through rigi Moutong. The treatment for groups out- the mechanism of public culture/ delibera- side Parigi had been out of the corridor plan tion. The youth meeting in Kasimbar was

Wilayah Utara (TTM) (Etnis Tomini/Lauje, Tialo, Tajio)

IPPMM

AMMUK

Asrama Pantai Timur Kaum Muda FPP-KPM KKPT KAPPMST IPMAP Kaum Elit

BPS-PKPM PRESIDIUM Forum Silaturrahmi

GEMPPAR

Wilayah Selatan (APS) (Etnis Kaili Tara)

Figure 1. The Sorting of Expansion Movement Groups based on regional and sub-ethnic fea- tures in Parigi Regency Source: M. Nur Alam, Jakarta; Fisip UI, 2016

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 125 conducted in one of the oldest kingdom are- SWOT analysis related to the formation of as in the East Coast. The meeting was pro- Parigi Moutong (Awalunsyah, Alam 2016). posed by KNPI Donggala who was the son of Even if the comparison between the needs East Coast Ampibabo, Olumsyah Saehana. of academic texts in conformance of the re- The meeting used elements of cultural wis- quested data was not comparable, the poli- dom named Bantaya of Kasimbar Village to tical initiative of the Parliament in fact only bring together all elements of youth from required local political legitimacy to be used the existing six districts. The objective is as an initial step. The document only ser- primarily related to strengthen the com- ved as a formal requirement, although the mitment of Parigi Moutong formation who real potential was far from adequate Parigi pledged that all elements of the community Moutong to be expanded. Nevertheless, the would jointly strive for the establishment of document advocated the establishment of expansion and capital for Parigi Moutong Parigi Moutong and in 1998, different rules would be in Parigi. The commitment was had been evaluated by the Research and De- the glue and consensual mechanisms for all velopment Department of Home Affairs. elements of youth throughout the East co- Through all those efforts, Parigi Mou- ast. To carry this commitment in order to tong was proposed to be expanded. Another become more widespread impact and not effort was by negotiating with and visiting only youth, Palu community leaders of Pari- the chairman of MPR through personal net- gi Moutong organized a East Coast commu- works and Muhammadiyah. The group of nity Silaturrahmi. East Coast descendant community in Jakar- The sillaturahmi of the community ta also helped to facilitate a meeting with managed to bring together all elements of a the parties who could help providing facili- good East Coast community in Palu or from ties and funding potential. All the elements Parigi, Tomini, Tinombo and Moutong re- of Parigi Moutong supported each other to gions. They created East Coast Communi- support and finance the initial establish- ty Silaturrahmi Forum of Donggala, which ment of regency. The involvement of local later became known as the Expansion Pre- entrepreneurs have a lot to contributions in sidium. The consensus of the meeting gave encouraging movement in addition to Mou- the task to establish institutions presidium tong Parigi formation given society at will to be an umbrella for all the existing groups starting from Rp. 1000, per household (As- for expansion movement. This group conti- mir, Alam, 2016). Not all of the funding po- nued to politically work all at once to collect tentials were accepted as part of the expansi- the file as administrative requirements. The on movement plan. The request from group support from the Indonesian Democratic of religious teachers to increase their salary Party of Struggle with full support Fauziah was not approved by the regent because it Abdullah, chairman of DPD PDIP Sulteng, would be a burden for Parigi Moutong after then Tim presidium outlined steps to pre- being definitive areas. (Prophet Bidja, Alam pare from an academic paper, lobbying to 2016). parliament and to build both personal and The formation of Parigi Moutong was institutional networks that are expected to done with the limited financing. In order support the establishment of Moutong Pa- to be escorted in the process of discussion rigi. in the working committee of the House of Amid the uncertainty about the con- Representatives which intensively lasted for ditions of Government Regulation 129 2000 approximately two months in Jakarta, one which obliged their academic text, they of the ways is by limiting the funds for the drafted the necessary document. All the Presidium team sent to Jakarta. The reason documents collected by the team were com- for choosing the team who went by the pre- piled by the Presidium team division with sidium of the team is based on two main the support from the personal relationship things: the capacity to support the work rela- of Tadulako University scholars to make a ted to the process in the sub panja (Working

UNNES JOURNALS 126 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New...

Committee) and panja the Committee of tong would also eliminate the opportunity Commission II of the House of Representa- for elite dominant power in Donggala. Alt- tives, as well as having a private financing to hough the area is only comprised of six (6) be able to support themselves and the team districts and 1 (one) assistant regents office in Jakarta (Borahima, Asmir, Alam 2016). and several agencies coordinated directly The relief and flow of support from various with the Province. sources obtained by Parigi Moutong forma- This condition is firmly expressed by tion team by Fauziah Abdullah is when Pari- some people as informants who state that: gi Moutong with other 22 regencies/munici- “In Donggala, there are some people who palities have been set by the Parliament in disagree with the expansion, especially the plenary. For the sake of celebration, they set owners of the power of the status quo , alt- up the financing for the public celebration hough there are some people who like the for Parigi Moutong people in Jakarta (Fauzi- expansion. The main debate is related to the ah, Alam 2016). expansion of space will make the broad power lost. And other thing, that was a long The Dynamics of Formal Institutional time ago, the financing of local government Mobilization districts could only gained from the domes- The formation of a new expanding region tic revenue (PAD) in which the money was commonly encounters pros and cons. This once taken in districts. Therefore, the more includes the establishment plan of Parigi that can be taken in distrcits, there will be Moutong Regency that has been initiated more funds that can be spent on” (Taswin, long before that since 1963. The struggle sho- Alam 2016). wed signs that the plan would be successful The systemic administration area of when the fighters of this establishment could the new order era driven through Law No. 5 encourage the expansion movement until of 1974, actually had a financing mechanism the phase of gaining support in parliament which was also derived from the general allo- with the bill of formation of Parigi Mou- cation fund (DAU). However, because of the tong Regency through the DPR-GR initiative management of a centralized system, the law rights by Ishak Moro (Partai Syarikat Islam was a merely written jargon. The small sour- Indonesia / PSII) and his friends in 1969. The ces of financing that could be managed by effort was initially driven by the elite politi- the local radio tax, and dogs tax, making the cal parties Parigi, followed by public figures area had always been a part which allowed Parigi Moutong although the attempt failed obtaining financing area. For people who due to the influence of the political situati- came from surplus region, community or Pa- on ahead of the 1971 general election and the rigi Moutong of east coast who are also ele- end of DPR-GR period in 1970. ments of society and bureaucracy assumes The lobbying and negotiating ability of no injustice in the treatment of their territo- political parties and elites of Parigi Moutong ry. The bond of area was part of prompted ef- to use the network in Jakarta pushed the bill forts to be able to support the establishment quite well. However, due to the parliamenta- of a definitive area that was Parigi Moutong. ry period ended, the activities were delayed. The expansion movement of Parigi In general, there is a reluctance of the go- community was conducted by both elements vernment for not releasing Parigi Moutong of community organizations such as the lar- to be able to stand on its own. At least there ge family harmony of Toraranga (KKBT), are two logical reasons behind it. First, the east coast family harmony (KKPT) and stu- area of Perigi Moutong is a fertile region with dent organizations such as the Youth Union abundant natural resources potential, inclu- of Students Parigi (IPPMAP). They urged ding crops, forests and agriculture so that their new status for Parigi to be the capital of it becomes a source of tax revenue for local Palu after it was set to be the administrative revenue (PAD). Second, Parigi Moutong is a city and would be upgraded to a municipali- broad area, so that the loss of Parigi Mou- ty. Donggala Regency government that was

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 127 dominated by elite Donggala / Kaili, felt that la, it was excluded from the evaluation plan it was not possible given that the Donggala because it would be assessed separately for was also an area of long history in the past, the assessment of expansion. The result of as well as the commercial port city and one the evaluation was not different with the ex- of the oldest kingdoms (Prophet Bidja, Alam pectation, especially in points 1 and 2. 2016). Although the Central Sulawesi provin- Banawa city was set to be the new ca- cial government provided the possibility Pa- pital of Donggala without confirmation of rigi public demands could only be achieved, Parigi Moutong decision to be expanded. but elite Donggala disapproved it. None of the political movement in Dongga- The Parigi political forces in parlia- la parliament and the government was con- ment of Donggala conducted several move- cerned about the delay in the fulfillment of ments after the their loss of political voting memorandum. Political actors were more ballot on the determination of Donggala involved in the political contest as a result new capital. Voting in the Donggala Parlia- of the reform of the 1998 with the plan of ment succeeded in choosing Banawa as the the various political changes until 1999, un- capital, beating Parigi. Donggala Assembly til the elections held in 1999. The period of Members of the electoral district of Parigi political transition that is dynamic in Indo- Moutong/East Coast submitted a memoran- nesia that marked the birth of many parties dum to the Donggala House of Parliament. in the election like the of the 1955 election. One of the basic principles is the stronger The opinion of establishment efforts plan in and more vigorous mass movement and Pa- Parigi Moutong Regency was vanished after rigi push into the capital. Therefore, win-win post-reform politics. solutions offered was that Parigi Moutong The phenomenon of government at would be separately divided from Donggala various levels also felt the rapid change of Regency. political climate and was characterized by The memorandum was successful and increasingly strong impetus of reform and known as a memorandum No. 16 1995, the democratization that comes from the stu- core: First, the capital of Donggala will be dent movement. At the same time, Central moved to Banawa; Second, Donggala will be Sulawesi province was also affected by the expanded to form the Parigi Moutong Regen- euphoria of political change including re- cy; Third, the time for points 1 and 2 will be gional autonomy, and also facing the social done simultaneously. The political progress conflict in Poso. The expansion was one so- of movement in 1995 was a success of Suto- lution that was thought of as an alternative. mo Borman and his friends as legislators in Morowali as part of Poso then proposed to Donggala East Coast’s electoral district elec- be expanded out of Poso. And through a less tion of 1992. The progress had the support complicated political negotiations, the pro- and response from all elements of society posals were followed by Buol and Banggai Parigi Moutong. Simultaneously with the Islands to be separated from Toli Toli and completion of the 1997 election and reform Banggai Regencies. Parigi Moutong was also in 1998, in conjunction with the Research proposed to follow such action by the pro- and Development Department of Internal vincial government following the three (3) Affairs to evaluate for the continuation of re- the proposed area to be expanded even wit- commendation in getting the real picture re- hout the support of Donggala regency. lated to the transfer of the capital to Banawa The result of government policy was a and formation of Parigi Moutong Regency. rapid product of a political policy. The pro- The evaluation was a technocratic complete- posal on the establishment of four areas in ness by the central government and the city Central Sulawesi was to establish Buol, Mo- confronted Banawa with Dalaka which were rowali, Banggai Islands and Parigi Moutong never prepared to become the capital city. Regencies. In the same year, the Act. No. 51 Although Parigi was initially involved, for of 1999 on the Establishment of Buol. Moro- their memorandum to Parliament Dongga- wali and Banggai islands was released. The

UNNES JOURNALS 128 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New... decision did not mention Parigi Moutong. The recommendations were successfully ob- Therefore, it became a clear statement on the tained and became the basis of a new strugg- failure of Parigi Moutong establishment. The le of Moutong Parigi expansion. There were establishment of a technical team formation fundamental weaknesses in the movement for Parigi Moutong Regency by Regent Nabi of Parigi Moutong formation which put Bidja was just newly done on October 1, 1999, more emphasis on political action without or three (3) days before the promulgation of preparing administrative formality. Most of Act No. 51/1999 after the pressure of Parigi the movements were to urge various formal mass action. structures to support it politically. This was This failure did not receive a construc- stated by Taswin as a bureaucrat who was he- tive response from the structure of Dong- avily involved in the establishment of Parigi gala Regency government as the central Moutong bureaucracy within and outside government’s failure to understand the de- the Central Sulawesi provincial government sired substance in the division proposal. Not bureaucracy, that: surprisingly, the formal structure of local government was merely vacuum and did not “... Expansion was sometimes not under- confirm nor check on the determination of stood by fellow group that later on han- the failure of Parigi Moutong. Indeed, the is- dling such expansion. The affairs division sues and opinions related to the failure of the is comprised of two (2) things that must be resolved, namely political and admi- establishment and expansion plan for Parigi nistrative affairs. The existing political af- Moutong had been detected by the students fairs in the government of the period that through the mechanism of student proximi- is after five (5) years have been completed ty with the political elite in the Provincial according to the period of office, then he Parliament and local government. Based on can no longer be charged to begin anew. that information, the student moved to con- All the proposals suggested in the period solidate with the intent to encourage the for- after completion to be repeated again. The mation of Moutong Parigi Regency despite terms of the division of administration is the proposal remained unsuccessful after a supposed to be government duty because large-scale action. common people do not know the paper- work, although it is okay for political figu- The struggle to establish Parigi Mou- res, but they should just assist. While the tong struggle then generally became non- society politically supports through mobi- formal actions since almost all the formal lization of the masses ... “(Taswin, Alam, elements were unsuccessful. The condition 2016) of Parigi and Palu City after the expansion of three new regions became tenser because of The formation of Parigi Moutong ini- the issues that the public Parigi would also tially involved the government bureaucracy boycott in Palu City as a result of failure of characterized by Donggala Regent who re- the division. Through negotiation groups of peatedly had to commute to Jakarta to meet Parigi Moutong expansion, Donggala Regent the call of the Ministry of Internal Affairs finally felt cornered with a high mass pressu- and the Parliament, as well as with the pro- re, agreed to issue a recommendation expan- vincial government. The party which was not sion support. In other words, these recom- visible was the political party. Golkar Party to mendations came into a new opportunity. Donggala led by Sutomo Borman even when The recommendation which was ob- it seemed to be the enemy of the expansion tained by FPPKPM that met the Dongga- of Parigi Moutong. It was shown by his rela Regent had prepared these documents fusal to attend the various activities that dis- through the Donggala assistant in charge cussed the expansion. The most remembe- of public administration which was also the red moment for Parigi Moutong people was Parigi Moutong local person. Donggala Re- his refusal to sign a letter of introduction to gent supported the expansion. Even the re- support the division Parigi Moutong which quest was immediately prepared and signed.

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 129 the chairman of the parliament had to sign. ment channels because because the Depart- The misunderstanding happened ment would hear its substructure of go- here. For Sutomo Borman, there were two vernment bodies (Fauziah, Alam 2016). The things that made him behave that way. First, problems which seemed to be endless finally culturally, some of public figures, even the found the support because Fauziah Abdul- chairman of KKPT of east coast, were not lah as a member of the House of Represen- involved in important processes related to tatives who was elected in 1999 as one of five this conversation. In addition, there were members of parliament from the constitu- some people feeling offended, especially its ency of Central Sulawesi. Fauziah position as position as one of Moutong and Tinombo chairman of DPD PDIP in Central Sulawesi riyal families which at the same time were brought a hope to realize Moutong Parigi the head of DPRD of Donggala (Aidar, Alam formation of political movements in Par- 2016). Second, there was interest to put ca- liament through the PDIP faction. Fauziah pital in Tinombo which was a region where accommodated expansion movement comp- he came from and was considered more ra- laint stagnant of the various elements that tional in terms of the division as a means of have long been associated with the PDIP. service closer to the community. According The existence of some of the elements that to Sutomo, if the capital was placed in Parigi, made students of East Coast develop critical then there was no difference in the struggle ideology from PDIP during the reform peri- with the current capital expansion in Palu od in addition to the presence of expansion for the community Moutong and Tomini cadres in groups dominated by Golkar Party. and Tinombo because still far (Ritman pau- The implementation of the explorato- di, Alam 2016). ry potential of Parigi Moutong Rgency used Indonesian society in general had perspective politicians. Fauziah Abdullah been strongly oriented towards a leader Firman Jaya invited and facilitated Daeli a in its territory so-called oriented patron commission member 2 of the PDIP faction to client (Patronage). The wisdom of cultural see these opportunities. The experience seen values for certain circles in the East Coast in other areas became the basis of presidium community was a value that had been for expansion team and prepared a variety blindly simplified system by the expansion of things that were needed. The provisions movement. The problems of the patron were based on Government Regulation (PP) had brought relations between regions No. 129 of 2000 to see administrative requi- and ethnic groups in the community, rements such as area, population, social and represented by the figure of Sutomo economic potential as well as the approval Borman into the distance which inhibited of Parliament regents and parent regions. the movement of the division. Movement By using the Gorontalo assessment perspec- action was ended in an uproar in Parliament tive, Firman argues that “... Parigi Moutong of Donggala by mass Parigi joining the is very appropriate and fulfills the require- Preparatory Committee of Parigi Moutong ment for expansion ...” (Firman, Alam, 2016). Regency (BPS-PKPM). This had been critici- Although with minimal support from the zed by many elements of society both from government, community groups with en- outside of Parigi Moutong and in the region couragement PDIP would agree to seek the itself. The censure motion brought the le- establishment of Parigi Moutong Regency vel of division hit into each group to create through the initiative of the Parliament. mistrust conflicting elements of society even In the next process in DPR, becau- outside Parigi. se this proposal was one of 22 proposals, The workings of the bureaucracy ac- DOB plan was divided into 10 draft laws that cording to the appropriate levels caused the would be established and proposed as an ini- formation of Parigi Moutong like running tiative of the Parliament then the trial was in place. Even the proposal was potentially carried out from the beginning. For the Wor- failed when it was proposed through govern- king Committee (the Committee) which was

UNNES JOURNALS 130 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New... further subdivided in 3 sub Committee dis- working committee was formed and divided cussing separate bill for Parigi Moutong dis- into three sub panja to optimize the activi- cussed at the Sub Committee C led by Alex ties of the legislative process for 22 new au- Litay. The work of each of these subPanja was tonomous regions (DOB). discussed in Panja and then taken to a mee- The process of the sub working ting forum of Commission II of the House committee (Panja) until the discussion and of Representatives and the Minister of Home reconciliation committee of labor involved Affairs of Indonesia on February 20, 2002 for intensive interaction among members of a reported discussion and study. The result commission II. This was because the pre- could then earn commission president No. sence of each team forming regions of the R.01 / PU / I / 2002 dated January 8, 2002 for 22 regions that were discussed to oversee ten (10) The Act consisted of 22 new regions and ensure the area contained in the plan respectively 19 and 3 City district including being drawn up by the Commission II. In the plan of Parigi Moutong regency. this mechanism, there was a commitment In detail, the Act are as follows: 1. The between the expansion team that also con- Bill of Aceh Jaya Regency establishment, tinues to interact associated financing are Nagan Raya, Gayo Lues, Aceh Barat daya, prepared to encourage the completion of the Aceh Tamiang in Aceh Province; 2. The Bill design process of the law. According to one of Katingan Regency, Seruyan, Sumara, Lan- community leader of Parigi Moutong that dau, Gunung Mas, Pulau pisang, Murung “Providing funding to members of Commis- Raya and Baito Timur in Central Kaliman- sion II which has been working for the public tan.; 3. The Bill of Banyuasin establishment interest is a grant for the effort they make to in South Sumatera,; 4. The Bill of Penajam society Moutong Parigi. Regency Establishment in East Kalimantan,; However, if there were areas that gave 5. The Bill of Talaud Regency Establishment a high cost, so it was asked not too much in North Sulawesi,; 6. The Bill of Rote Ndea to not sacrifice other areas. In addition, for Establishment in di Nusa Tenggara Timur areas that have limited funds and relatively (NTT) Province,; 7. The Bill of Parigi Mou- no problems such as Parigi Moutong always tong Establishment in Central Sulawesi,; 8. asked first time to be able to meet the Com- The Bill of Mamasa Regency dan Palopo City mittee and the Committee sub team to com- Establishment in South Sulawesi Selatan,; municate the development of the expansion 9. The Bill of Pariaman City Establishment discussion. Asmir further stated, “not eve- in West Sumatera and The Bill of Bima City ryone who has worked for the establishment Establishment in Nusa Tenggara Barat (the of Parigi Moutong district want to receive meeting outcome of DPR, 2002). Based on the funding acknowledgments. Given by the process, on March 11, 2002, the result of him that: working committee of Commission II led by Teras Narang from PDIP, was brought to the “.... There are also members of Parliament meeting to be officially legalized as the acts. who are not willing to accept funds from The hearing in the House of Repre- the joint community, the members of the sentatives established under Decision Con- House of Representatives even suggested that if he took the funds that came from sultative Body Meeting dated January 24, the people that he would stop escorting 2002. It was decided that 10 (ten) Bills on the formation of Parigi Moutong Regenc in Establishment of the Autonomous 22 Regi- Parliament ... “(Asmir, Alam, 2016). on which would be addressed by the Com- mission II. The discussion Level I on the The mechanism of the formation of bill was carried out from 04 February until the Act in Parliament always synonymous 20 February 2002 between the Commission with political lobbies as noted Fauziah that: II with the Minister of Interior Affairs. Dis- “... The mechanism of seizing the policy cussion of the procedures carried out by a in parliament is not always as imagined. short (short cut). Through this mechanism, According to him, it can achieve the pur-

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 131

pose of the policy for establishment Mou- committee being targeted by the expansion tong Parigi, then that should be done by movement for political lobbying to members every member who came to Parliament of Parliament involved, especially beyond is to approach any member of a political the PDIP. As Patrialis Akbar from PAN, La party is the party dikomisi II because they Ode Djenihasmar and Ferry Murzidan Bal- are also in desperate need of support. So it dan of the Golkar party. The target lobbying does not always speak whether or not have enough funds, mutual interest to encoura- division team was member of Commission ge the acceleration of society’s prosperity II, which came from outside Java and was and development of a destination member considered to have the same care and passion of Parliament from various political par- to promote the area. Faction members and ties ... “(Fauziah, Alam 2016) the composition of Parliament who attended the establishment of 10 Packs of this bill is as The mechanism of political lobbying follows Table 2. became a tool in the formation of a regional movement. Politics large amount of mo- Table 1. Composition of the House of Repre- ney for the establishment of the area in fact sentatives Commission II. was not entirely correct. However, it could Faction of Parliament amount be argued that the interaction between the Faction of PDIP 18 parties in determining the possibility of an Faction of Golkar Party 14 expanded area was largely determined by Faction of PPP 7 the urge parties in the commission II. As Faction of PKS 5 for showing political strength in Parliament Faction of TNI / Police 5 tasked the commission II discussing the ten Faction of Reform 4 (10) Bill to the region 22, the composition of the membership of the House of Represen- Faction of PBB Party 2 tatives Commission II involved are as follows Faction of Indonesian National 2 Table 1. Unity Contextually, the process in the House Faction of the Ummah Daulathul 1 of Representatives for Parigi formation Mou- Faction of Democratic Party of 1 tong did not have problems like other areas Kasih Bangsa such as Penajam, nor plans Mamasa district Total 59 in Central Kalimantan with problems with Source: Bureau of Sessions of the Council of boundaries. Discussion process in the sub- Representatives of the Republic of Indone-

Table 2. Composition The presence of members of the House of Representatives Determi- nation of 10 bill dated March 3, 2002 Faction of Parliament Attend amount % Faction of PDIP 103 145 71.03 Faction of Golkar Party 78 118 66.10 Faction of PPP 45 58 77.59 Faction of PKS 31 48 64.58 Faction of TNI / Police 34 41 82.93 Faction of Reform 32 38 84.21 Faction of PBB Party 8 11 72.73 Faction of Indonesian National Unity 8 12 66.67 Faction of the Ummah Daulathul 8 11 72.73 Faction of Democratic Party of Kasih Bangsa 4 4 100 Non faction 0 1 0 Total 351 487 72.07 Source: Data Sports Bureau Trial Results House of Representatives in 2002, October 2016

UNNES JOURNALS 132 M.N. Alamsyah & V.S. Subekti, The Role of Expansion Movement in the Establishment of New... sia, March 2016 tion by the political elites. The robustness Based on the above table, it can be of chairman of the parliament Donggala to drawn that the attendance of members of put Tinombo as Capital of Parigi Moutong Parliament to agenda-setting 22 district / was indicated by the “carry off” the Hou- city is up to 72%. The highest attendance se of Representatives Commission II Team rate is the Democratic Party of Kasih Bangsa and Internal Affairs to review the prepara- Parties of 4 people were present. The major tion Tinombo to become the capital along parties are included in the top 5 in the par- with community support and readiness. liament are Fractions Reformasi and PAN This aroused opposition in both structures and the PKB is the lowest. Another party of Donggala provincial and district govern- which shows low enthusiasm is Golkar Par- ments. The agenda prepared by the govern- ty with only 66%. The existence of several ment would only visit Parigi and meet with areas that became the basis of Golkar as community elements was altered by the Sulawesi and East Kalimantan, which has presence of the additional agenda. Clearly, been the basis Golkar does not really affect Governor Paliudju previously stated that for attendance in the plenary. The PDIP based the formation of the Moutong Parigi district in Central Kalimantan and NTT though not capital was in Parigi. Golkar internal nego- maximal yet able to bring members of the tiation process after the victory Aminudin House to support the process of determi- Ponulele, through Nur Rahmatu who still ning the outcome of initiatives Act of Par- had the kinship and Mulhanan Tombolo- liament, especially the House of Represen- tutu who was the Golkar party cadres, pro- tatives Commission II. An overview of how vided the same support that the capital of the consolidation of political mobilization Parigi and also committed to continue the Parigi Moutong district formation after the expansion Parigi Moutong. reform can be shown as Figure 2. The formal position in the institutio- Moutong Parigi Regency formation nal structure in Parliament was an impor- process left a particularly strong contesta- tant force influencing the success of a lob-

1999

2000

2001 - 2002

2002

Figure 2. The Mobilization Structure of resources of Expansion Movement in Parigi Mou- tong

UNNES JOURNALS Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 9 (1) (2017): 115-135 133 bying mechanism. Through his position as portance of informal institutions in seizing chairman of the DPD PDIP Central Sulawesi the opportunity to fight for their interests. province, Fauziah which automatically beca- The mechanism of consensus through the me one of the deputy chairman of the PDI-P presence of local wisdom values becomes faction in Parliament could take advantage the instruments and is in addition to new of its position to support a policy despite its elements POST theory in the context of the deployment position in parliament was not expansion movement in Indonesia. in the commission II. This was proven by the The expansion of Parigi Moutong strong influence in shaping the value PDIP success’s movement is also determined by bargaining and lobbying for the team pre- the intensity and mobilization strategy using pares to members of the other faction pre- radical mode with a boycott of the city, anar- sidium in Commission II. This strategy was chic street demonstrations, as well as sym- crucial to convince members of the working pathetic action are unremitting. This move- committee that Moutong Parigi was a very ment could trigger fresh value to the formal appropriate area and allowed the expansion structures that are willing to talk about the mainly for the purpose of people’s welfare formation of Parigi Moutong with broad po- and development acceleration. pular support on resource mobilization. The success of movement is also supported by Conclusion successful consolidation of the community through consultation mechanisms with the The mobilization structure can be success- local wisdom and silaturrahmi. The syste- fully managed through the use of strategies, matic movements and non-formal institu- optimization of injustice and grievance is- tional supports are able to build allies with sues, the creation of motivation, and op- the formal elite which can bring the achie- portunity to encourage collective action. vement of objectives to form the expansion. The successful formation of Parigi Moutong These findings support understanding the Regency can be achieved through the abi- POST theory of McAdam, Mc Charthy and lity to mobilize and utilize resources mo- Zald. bilization structure of formal and informal mechanisms. Looking at several efforts of non-formal endorsement despite compe- REFERENCE ting groups has focused on the purpose of Alamsyah, M. N. & Savirani, A., 2015. Democracy As- the formation. The formal support is recei- sesment At The Pemekaran Region: Regency ved both from personal and institutional Of Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi, dalam organizations such as obtained through the Karim, Abdul Gaffar, Hanif, Hasrul dan Arti, Wigke Capri (2015). State Of Local Democra- struggle of the Indonesian Democratic Party cy Assesment In Indonesia (SoLD Indonesia), (PDI-P) through Fauziah Abdullah, as well Polgov-UGM dan IDEA International, Yogya- as members of the other factions in local karta. government (Regent/Parliament/Governor) Alamsyah, M. N., 2016, Gerakan Politik dalam proses as well as a formal institution at the center pembentukan Kabupaten Parigi Moutong, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah, Tahun 1999-2002, (Ministry of Internal Affairs/Menotoda). Disertasi Fisip-UI, Jakarta. (unpublished) PDIP party as the winner of the 1999 Amin, B., 2014. Student Politics In Urban Ternate, elections the party is able to build a strong North Maluku. Jurnal Komunitas, 6(1), pp.1-15. bargaining for expansion of Parigi Mou- Aragon, L. V., 2007. Persaingan Elit Sulawesi Tengah, tong on other parties in Parliament so that dalam Nordholt, Henk Schulte., dan Klinken, Gerry Van., 2007. Politik Lokal di Indonesia. in theory POST become allies for the group Kitlv-Obor, Jakarta. division. However, it can run effectively and Asnan, G., 2007. Memikirkan ulang regionalisme, Su- strategically because of the presence of non- matera Barat Tahun 1950-an. Yayasan Obor In- formal resource potential through move- donesia, Jakarta. ment group division. The success of the civil Asnan, G., 2011. Berpisah untuk bersatu dinamika pemekaran wilayah di Sumatera Tengah tahun society movement is the essence of the im- 1950-an, in Bammelen, S. & Raben, R. (ed).

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