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Ephraim Emmerton and the Salem-Russia Trade by David Moffat

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Ephraim Emmerton and the Salem-Russia Trade by David Moffat 1 Ephraim Emmerton and the Salem-Russia Trade By David Moffat Introduction A young mariner travels 4,000 miles across the ocean to Russia on the eve of Napoleon’s invasion, then returns to find his home nation gearing up for war as well. It has the mark of a great novel, except rather than War and Peace, it is a footnote in the history of Salem. That young seaman, Ephraim Emmerton, born in Salem in 1791, was the paternal grandfather of Caroline Emmerton, who would found The House of the Seven Gables a century later. The formal history behind Emmerton’s voyage to Russia appears in two places, in James Arthur Emmerton’s Materials Toward a Genealogy of the Emmerton Family in 1881 and in The Essex Institute Historical Collections of 1878, in Emmerton’s obituary. In both it exists in a single sentence. In J.A. Emmerton’s Materials, he writes: “In 1811 he made a voyage to Russia in the ship Mary Ann, as clerk to Capt. Timothy Wellman.” 1 Emmerton’s obituary is slightly more specific: “In 1811 he went to Cronstadt as clerk of the ship Mary-Ann.”2 What these references elide is the fascinating context, both personal and political, behind the voyage. Emmerton’s Early Life Ephraim Emmerton was born on July 6, 1791 to Jeremiah and Elizabeth Newhall Emmerton.3 He was named for his father’s older brother, Ephraim Emmerton, who served in the Revolution both as a lieutenant in the army and as a privateer.4 He got involved in the merchant trade after the war, and in 1803, George Ropes captained the brig Sukey to Sumatra on behalf of his partnership with Emmerton, bringing back pepper, indigo, and coffee worth $620.47.5 Ephraim Emmerton learned the merchant trade young. At 15, he entrusted an adventure (a personal investment in the cargo of a ship) in his half-brother John Ives’s voyage to Alexandria in 1806, Virginia, and then worked two years in the counting house of Clifford Crowninshield6, his first cousin once removed7, until his boss’ death in 18098. This period coincided with the Embargo Act of 1807, which forbade American shipping from the beginning of 1808 until President Jefferson left office in March of 1809, though its practical effects were felt until the War of 1812.9 The counting house in which Emmerton served may survive, as the outbuilding behind 1 Emmerton, James A. Materials Toward a Genealogy of the Emmerton Family. Salem: Salem Press, 1881. Electronic. p. 121. 2 Essex Institute Historical Collections, Vol. XIV. 4 (October, 1878). Salem: The Essex Institute, 1878. Print. p. 277. 3 Emmerton (1881) p. 118. 4 “Emmerton Family Papers, 1794-1891,” September 2014. Finding aid at Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum. Salem, Massachusetts. 5 Putnam, George Granville. Salem Vessels and their Voyages: A History of the Pepper Trade with the Island of Sumatra. Salem: The Essex Institute, 1922. Electronic. p. 157. 6 Emmerton (1881) p. 118. 7 Brown (1864). p. 206, marginalia. 8 Charter Street Burying Ground (Salem), gravestone, photographed 29 December 2015. 9 Jennings, Walter W. “The Agitation for the Repeal of the Embargo Act,” Social Science, Vol. 3, No. 3 (May, June, July 1928) pp. 217-246. Electronic. p. 244-246. 2 Crowninshield’s McIntire house on Salem Common, built 1804-1806, was allegedly used as his office.10 John Ives died in 1809 in Havana.11 In 1810, he clerked for Robert Stone Jr.12 It was in the following year that he undertook his voyage to Russia. Salem’s Trade with Russia Russia was one of the first foreign nation that Massachusetts merchants traded with following the Revolution and Salem controlled American trade with Russia until the Civil War.1314 They traded luxury foodstuffs (tea, sugar, coffee, rum, flour, and tobacco) to Russia, and acquired shipbuilding materials like iron, canvas, duck (a cotton fabric), cordage, and hemp.1516 Salem was a major shipbuilding center already in the colonial period, and grew rapidly beginning in 1783. Over the following 51 years (and the most active period of its foreign trade), Salem shipbuilders built 61 ships, 53 schooners, and 16 brigs, along with other vessels.17 Trade with Russia became vital for economical shipbuilding in Salem, and perhaps more importantly, provided goods for trade with in India, China, and the East Indies.18 The earliest trade to Russia was incidental, and was included with other nearby destinations. In 1783, the Commerce of Beverly, sailed for St. Petersburg, along with Newfoundland and Denmark, returning in October of 1784.19 Another ship, the Sebastian, left for St. Petersburg in 1784, but never returned to Salem.20 Both were owned by Samuel Cabot, a Beverly privateer, and were converted from their wartime purposes for the voyage.21 The Light Horse, a seized British bark owned by Elias Hasket Derby, was captained by Nehemiah Buffington, traveled directly to St. Petersburg, sailing June 15, 178422, about a year before Derby’s Grand Turk left to open New England trade with China23. Derby wrote to Buffington before he embarked that he should take on “about 100 tons of iron of mostly small sizes suitable for shipbuilding, some Russia and ravensduck, soap and candles, some sheeting, coarse linen diaper, and huckabuck, so as to allow sufficient to fill the ship with hemp.”24 Buffington, a Salem merchant, had gone into business with Emmerton’s boss, Clifford Crowninshield, co-owning the brigantine Sally in 1804, and young Emmerton may have heard 10 Philbrook, Everett. Personal interview. 26 December 2015. 11 The Essex Institute Hist. Coll. XIII (1878). p. 279 12 Emmerton (1881) p. 118. 13 Ward, Gerald R. The Andrew-Safford House. Salem: The Essex Institute, 1976. Print. 14 Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783-1860. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1921. Print. p. 154. 15 Phillips (1941). p. 685. 16 Ward (1976) 17 “Hawkes House” Audio Tour of Salem Maritime. National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. 12/26/2015. Electronic. http://www.nps.gov/sama/learn/photosmultimedia/audiotour.htm 18 Morison (1921). pp. 154-155. 19 Phillips (1941). 20 Ibid. 21 Morison (1921). p. 154. 22 Phillips (1941). p. 686. 23 Hitchings, Frank A. and Stephen Ward Phillips. Ship Registers of the District of Salem and Beverly, Massachusetts 1789-1900. Salem: Essex Institute, 1906. Print. p. 219. 24 The United States and Russia (1980). pp. 213-215. 3 stories of trade with Russia from him.25 The Light Horse sailed to the same port that Emmerton would later achieve, Kronstadt, with a cargo of sugar, but sold it at a loss.26 The Light Horse made two more trips to St. Petersburg in the next two years, while other Salem vessels began trading in the Baltic port as well. The Hector in 1784 and again in 1786, and the Hope in 1785.27 By 1787, it was a popular destination, and the Astraea, the Hind, the Cato, and the William and Henry, made the direct voyage, and by 1790, Salem historian, James Duncan Phillips, estimates 19 voyages had been made to ports on the Baltic (including Sweden and Denmark-Norway).28 In the 1790s, Salem merchants opened trade with Archangelsk, a city to the north of St. Petersburg, where the Dvina River meets the White Sea. By 1798, candles and soaps were being imported from Archangelsk.29 Archangelsk had served as Russia’s primary seaport in the medieval and early modern periods, and in the sixteenth century, there were numerous Dutch30, Scottish31, Norwegian32 and English33 merchants trading with the port. The Muscovy Company, chartered in 1555 for the purpose of trade with Archangelsk, served as the model for other chartered joint stock companies, such as the Virginia Company and the Massachusetts Bay Company.34 Sir Jerome Horsey, British merchant at the end of the sixteenth century, made numerous voyages to Russia as a diplomat, establishing good relations between the England and Russia and bringing information about Russia to England.35 The English traded textiles for fur, hides, potash, and talc, whereas the Dutch brought metal goods, jewelry, weapons, and specie.36 The American trade in the early nineteenth century was lucrative and Salemites made fortunes in the Russia trade. For example, the Catherine of Boston made $115,000 net in a single voyage in 1809. John Andrew, whose stately mansion sits on the corner of the Salem Common, went to Russia and served as a commission merchant for a short period in the first quarter of the nineteenth century.37 Jerathmiel Pierce, builder of the Pierce-Nichols House on Federal Street, 25 Hitchings and Phillips (1906) p. 168. 26 Morison (1921). p. 686. 27 Ibid. 28 Morison (1921). p. 687. 29 Morison (1921). p. 155. 30 de Vries, Jan and Ad van de Woude.The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Electronic. p. 377. 31 Macmillan, David S. “The Scottish-Russian trade. Its development, fluctuations, and difficulties, 1750-1796.” Canadian-American Slavic Studies IV. 3 (1970): pp. 426-442. 32. Lindeborg, Lisbeth. “‘Where the roads begin’. A northern renaissance around the Barents sea.” The Value of Arts and Culture for Regional Development: A Scandinavian Perspective. Ed. Lindeborg, Lisbeth, and Lars Lindkvist. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. p. 326. 33 “Muscovy Company” Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Vol. 2. Ed. James Stuart Olson and Robert Shadle. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. Electronic. pp. 768-771. 34 Ibid. 35 “Horsey, Sir. Jerome.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 27 December 2015. Electronic. 36 de Vries and van de Woude (1997).
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