UNITED STATES MISSION 70 THE UNllED NATIONS N E W YORK

January 11, 2018

The United States Mission to the United Nations presents its compliments to the United

Nations and has the honor to refer to the Secretariat" s Note Reference "Ocean noise studies.. dated July 31. 2017. regarding a request for submission of peer-re\'iewed studies pursuant to

General Assembly Resolution 711257. The United States hereby presents the enclosed peer reviewed scientific studies on impacts of ocean noise on li,·ing marine resources (post 2007).

Copyright permission has been granted to allow the United Nations to post them on its website.

The United States Mission avails itself of this opportunity to renew to the United Nations the assurances of its highest consideration.

Enclosure

DIPLOMATIC NOTE Peer-reviewed Scientific Studies on Impacts ofOcean Noise on Living Marine Resources (post 2007) Submitted by the United States January 2017

General Barber, J.R., Crooks, K.R. and Fristrup, K.M. (20 I 0). The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends· in Ecology & Evolution 25(3): 180-189. http://doi.or!.!/l 0. 10 I 6!i.tree.2009.08.002

Christiansen, L & Lusseau, D. (2015). Linking behavior to vital rates to measure the effects of non-lethal disturbance on wildlife. Conservation Letters, 8, 424-431.

Clark, C. W., W. T. Ellison, B. L. Southall, L. Hatch, S. M. Van Parijs, A. Frankel and D. Ponirakis (2009). "Acoustic masking in marine ecosystems: intuitions, analysis, and implication." Marine Ecologv Progress Series 395: 201-222.

Ellison, W. T ., B. L. Southall, C. W. Clark and A. S. Frankel (2012). "A new context-based approach to assess behavioral responses to anthropogenic ." Conserv Biol 26( I): 21- 28.

Fossati, C .. B. Mussi, R. Tizzi, G . Pavan and D.S. Pace (2017). " introduces pre and post operation monitoring phases for offshore seismic exploration activities." Mar Pollut Bull 120( 1-2): 3 76- 378.

Francis, C. D. and J. R. Barber (2013). A framework for understanding noise impacts on wildlife: an urgent conservation priority. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11(6): 305-313. http://doi .or0../ 10. 1890/ 120183

Gedamke, J., Harrison, J., Hatch, L.T., Angliss, R., Barlow, J., Berchok, C., Caldow, C ., Castellote, M., Cholewiak, D., DeAngelis, M.L., Dziak, R., Garland, E., Guan, S., Hastings, S., Holt, M., Laws, B., Mellinger, D., Moore, S., Moore, T.J., Oleson, E., Pearson-Meyer, J., Piniak, W., Redfern, J., Rowles, T., Scholik-Schlomer, A .. Smith. A., Soldevilla, M., Stadler, J., Van Parijs, S., Wahle, C. (2016). Ocean Noise Strategy Roadmap. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD 144pp. http://cetsound.n9aa.gov/ road-map

Hatch, L.T., Wahle, C.M., Gedamke, J., Harrison, J., Laws, B., Moore, S.E., Yan Parijs, S.M. (2016). Can you hear me here? Managing acoustic habitat in US waters. Endangered Species Research 30: 171-186. https://doi.oru/l 0.3354/esr00722

Iglesias Merchan, C., L. Diaz-Balteiro and M. Solifio (2014 ). " in national parks: Soundscapc and economic valuation." Landscape and Urban Planning 123: 1-9.

Kight, C .R. and J.P. Swaddle (2011). "How and why environmental noise impacts animals: an integrative, mechanistic review." Ecol Lett 14( I 0): I 052-1 061.

King, S. L., R. S. Schick, C. Donovan, C. G . Booth, M. Burgman, L. Thomas, J. Harwood and C. Kurle (2015). "An interim framework for assessing the population consequences of disturbance." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 6( l 0): 1150-1 158. Kunc. H.P., G. N. Lyons. J. D. Sigwart. K. E. McLaughlin and J. D. Houghton (2014). "Anthropogenic noise affects behavior across sensory modalities." J\m Na! 184(4): E93- l 00.

Kunc. H.P., K. E. McLaughlin and R. Schmidt (2016). "Aquatic noise pollution: implications for indi\ iduals. populations. and ecosystems." Proc Biol Sci 283( 1836).

McHuron EA. Costa DP, Schwarz L, Mangel M. State-dependent behavioural theory for assessing the fitness consequences of anthropogenic disturbance on capital and income breeders. Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 2017;8(5):552-60.

Merchant N.D., R.C. Faulkner, and R. Ma1tinez. 2017. Marine noise budgets in practice. Conservation Letters, in press (article accepted). https://doi/I O. I I 11 /conl.12420/

Nowacek, D. P., C. W. Clark, D. Mann, P. J. 0. Miller, H. C. Rosenbaum. J. S. Golden, M. Jasny. J. Kraska and B. L. Southall (2015). "Marine seismic surveys and ocean noise: time for coordinated and prudent planning." Frontiers in Ecology an<;l the Environment 13(7): 378-386.

Shannon. G., M. F. McKenna. L. M. Angeloni. K. R. Crooks. K. M. Fristrup. E. Brown, K. A. Warner. M. D. Nelson. C. White, J. Briggs, S. McFarland and G. Wittemyer (2016). "A synthesis oftwo decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife." Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 91(4): 982-1005.

Southall, B.L.. Scholik-Schlomer, A.R., Hatch, L.T.. Bergmann. f., Jasn}, M., Metcalf. K., Weilgart. L .. Wright. A.J. (2017). Underwater noise from large commercial ships- international collaboration for noise reduction. In Marine Ship Vibration, Noise and Habitability. Encyclopedia of Maritime and Offshore Engineering: 1-9. https:/idoi .om/ 1Q.1002 '<>n I I I ~- .i 76406.emoe056

Swaddle, J.P .. C. D. Francis, J. R. Barber, C. B. Cooper, C. C. Kyba, D. M. Dominoni, G. Shannon, E. Aschehoug, S. E. Goodwin, A. Y. Kawahara. D. Luther. K. Spoelstra, M. Voss and T. Longcore (2015). "A framework to assess evolutiona1y responses to anthropogenic light and ." I rends Ecol Evol 30(9): 550-560.

Williams, R., A. J. Wright E. Ashe, L. K. Blight. R. Bruintjes, R. Canessa, C. W. Clark, S. Cullis-Suzuki, D. T. Dakin, C. Erbe, P. S. Hammond, N. D. Merchant. P. D. O'Hara, J. Purser, A. N. Radford. S. 0. Simpson, L. Thomas and M.A. Wale (2015). "Impacts of anthropogenic noise on : Publication patterns, new discoveries, and future directions in research and management." Ocean & Coastal Management 115: 17-24.

Marine Mammals Behai•ioral Response Studies Antunes. R .. Kvadsheim. P.H .. Lam. F. P.A .. Tyack. P. L.. Thomas. L Wensveen. P. J.. & Miller, P_ J. 0. (2014)_ High response thresholds for avoidance of b) free-ranging long-finned pilot (Globicephala me/as). Bulletin. 83, 165 180.

Blackwell, S.B .. Nations, C.S., McDonald, T.L., Greene, C.R .. Thode, A.M .. Guerra, M. and Macrander, J\.M. (2013). Effects of airgun sounds on bowhead calling rates in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Marine Mammal Science. 29(4):£342-E365. https://doi.org/ l 0.1 ill /mms. 1200 I DeRuiter SL. Southall BL. Calambokidis J, et al. (2013) First direct measurements of behaviour responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar. Biology Letters 9, doi: l 0.1098/rsbl.2013.0223

DeRuiter, S. L., Langrock, R., Skirbutas, T., Friedlaender, A. S., Goldbogen, J. A., Calambokidis, J., & Southall. B. L. (2017). A multivariate mixed hidden Markov model for blue behaviour and responses to sound exposure. Annals ofApplied Statistics, 11, 362- 392.

Falcone EA, Schorr GS, Wanvood SL, DeRuiter SL, Zerbini AN, Andrews RD, Monissey RP, Moretti DJ. 2017 Diving behaviour of Cuvier's beaked whales exposed to two types of military sonar. R. Soc. open sci. 4: J 70629. http://dx.doi.or0/ l O. l 098/rsos. 170629

Friedlaender, A. S., Hazen, E. L., Goldbogen, J. A., Stimpe1t, A. K., Calambokidis, J., & Southall, B. L. (2016). Prey-mediated responses of feeding blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in controlled sound exposure experiments. Ecological Applications, 26, I 075-1085.

Goldbogen, J.A., B.L. Southall, S.L. DeRuiter, J. Calambokidis, A.S. Friedlaender, E.L. Hazen, E.A. Falcone, G.S. Schorr, A. Douglas, D.J. Moretti, C. Kyburg, M.f. McKenna, and P.L. Tyack. 2013. Blue whales respond to simulated mid-frequency military sonar. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280(1765):20 l 30657.

HatTis CM. Thomas L. Falcone EA et al. Marine mammals and sonar: dose-response studies, the risk­ disturbance hypothesis and the role of exposure context. J Appl Ecol. 20l7;00:1-9. btt11s://doi.on!:/ l 0. I l I l 11365-2664.12955

Harris, C. M., Sadykova, D., DeRuiter, S. L.. Tyack. P. L., Miller, P., Kvadsheim. P.Thomas, L. (2015). Dose response severity functions for acoustic disturbance in cetaceans using recurrent event survival analysis. Ecosphere, 6, 236.

Harris, C. M., Thomas, L., Sadykova, D., DeRuiter, S. L., Tyack, P. L., Southall, B. L., ... Miller, P. J. 0 . (2016). The challenges of analyzing behavioral response study data: An overview of the MOCHA (Multi-study OCean Human effects Analysis) Project. Tn A. N. Popper & A. Hawkins (Eds.), The effects ofnoise on aquatic life II. (pp. 399-407). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

Henderson, E. E., Smith, M. H .. Gassmann, M., Wiggins, S. M., Douglas, A. B., & Hildebrand, J. A. (2014). Delph inid behavioural responses to incidental mid-frequency active sonar. Journal of the Acoustical SocietyofAmerica, 136, 2003- 2014.

Martin SW, Martin CR, Matsuyama BM, Henderson EE (2015). Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) respond to navy training. Journal of Acoustical Society of America 137(5):2533- 254 l. http://d.x.do i.org/ l 0.1 121 / l.4919319

Miller PJO. Antunes RN, Wensveen PJ, Samarra FIP, Catarina Alves A, Tyack PL, Kvadsheim PH, et al. (2014). Dose-response relationships for the onset of avoidance of sonar by free-ranging killer whales. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 135, 975- 993. doi: I0.1121/1.4861346

Miller PJO, Kvadsheim PH et al. (2015). Northern Bottlenose whales are highly sensitive to noise disturbance. Royal Society Open Science 2: 140484. http://d.x.doi.org/I O_J_Q_98/rs95_. l 40_1~.:! Moretti D. Thomas L, Marques T. Harwood J, Dilley A. Neales B, Shaffer J. McCa11hy E, New L, Jarvis S, et al. (2014) A risk function for behavioral disruption of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon demdrostris) from mid-frequency active sonar. PLoS One. 9, e85064. (10.1371/joumal.pone.0085064)

Southall, B. L., et al., Marine mammal behavioral response studies in Southern California: advances in technology and experimental methods. Marine Technology Society Journal, 2012. 46(4): p. 48- 59.

SouthalL B.L., Nowacek, D.P .. Miller, P.J.O. and Tyack, P.L. (2016). Experimental field studies to measure behavioral responses of cetaceans to sonar. Endangered Species Research JI: 293-3 15. https://doi.org/ l 0.3354/esr00764

Stimpe1i, A. K .. DeRuiter, S. L., Southall, B. L., Moretti, D. J., Falcone, E. A., Goldbogen, J. A., ... Calambokidis, J. A. (2014). Acoustic and foraging behaviour of a tagged Baird's (Berardius bairdiz) exposed to simulated sonar. Scientific Reports. 4, 703 I.

Tougaard, J., Henriksen, 0. D., & Miller, L. A. (2009). Underwater noise from three types of offshore wind turbines: Estimation of impact zones for harbor and harbor seals. Journal of the Acoustical Society o.fAmerica, 125, 3766- 3773.

Tyack PL, Zimmer WMX, Moretti D, et al. (2011 ). Beaked whales respond to simulated and actual navy sonar. PLoS One, 6, e17009. doi: 10.1371/joumal.pone.0017009

Visser, F., Cure, C., Kvadsheim, P.H., Lam, F. P.A., Tyack, P. L.. & Miller, P. J. 0. (2016). Disturbance-specific social responses in long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala me/as. Scientffic Reports, 6. 28641.

Hearing Branstetter, B.K., J. St. Leger, D. Acton, J. Stewart, D. Houser, J.J. Finneran, and K. Jenkins. 2017. ( Orcinus orca) behavioral audiograms. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141 :2387-2398 ..http ://dx.doi.ond I 0.1 12 J/ 1.4979116.

Cranford, T.W., M. Amundin, and P. Krysl (2010). A New Acoustic portal into the Odontocete Ear and Vibrational Analysis of the Tympanoperiotic Complex. PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science. 5:el 1927.

Cranford, T. W .. and Krysl. P. (2015). " Sound Reception Mechanisms: Skull vibration enables low-frequency hearing," in P LoS ONE (Public Library of Science, San Francisco), p. e 116222.

Cranford, T. W., Trijoulet, V., Smith, C.R., and Krysl, P. (2014). "Validation of a vibroacoustic finite element model using bottlenose simulations: The dolphin biosonar beam is focused in stages," 23, 161 -1 94.

Houser, D.S., W. Yost, R. Burkard, J.J. Finneran, C. Reichmuth, and J. Mulsow. 2017. A review of the history, development and application of auditory weighting functions in humans and marine mammals. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 141(3): I 371- 1413. http://d:-- .doi.on!ll 0. 1121 / 1.4976086. Kastelein, R.A., L. Helder-Hoek, and S. Van de Voorde. 2017. Effects of exposure to sonar playback sounds (3.5-4.1 kHz) on harbor (Phocoena phocoena) hearing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142(4): 1965- 1975. httns://doi.ondl 0.1 12 1/ 1.500561.1_.

Kastelein, R.A., L. Helder-Hoek, and S. Van de Voorde. 2017. Hearing thresholds of a male and a female harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142(2): 1006- 1010. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.112 l /1.4997907.

Kastelein, R.A., L. Helder-Hoek, S. Van de Voorde, A.M. von Benda-Beckmann, F.-P. A. Lam, E. Jansen, C.A.F. de Jong, and M.A. Ainslie. 2017. Temporary hearing threshold shift in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after exposure to multiple airgun sounds. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142(4) :2430- 2442. https://doi.org/ I 0. 112 l11.500]720.

Krysl, P., and Cranford, T . W. (2016). "Directional hearing and Head-Related Transfer Function in the common dolphin (Delphinus capensis)," in Effects ofNoise on Aquatic Life II, edited by A. N. Popper, and A. D. Hawkins (Springer Science+Business Media, New York), pp. 583-587.

Finneran, J.J. (2015). Noise-induced hearing loss in marine mammals: A review of temporary threshold shift studies from 1996 to 2015. The Journal ofthe Acoustical Society ofAmerica 138(3): l 702- 1726. https:l/doi.orQ/lO. I 12 l/1.4927418

Finneran, J. J. (2016). Auditory weighting functions and TTS/PT S exposure functions for marine mammals exposed to underwater noise. In: Technical guidance for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammal hearing: Underwater acoustic thresholds for onset of permanent and temporary threshold shifts. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-55, pp. 38- 110.

Lancaster, W.C., Ary, W.J., Krysl, P., Cranford, T.W. (2015). Precocial development of the tympanoperiotic complex in cetaceans. Marine Mammal Science 31: 369-375.

McKenna, M. F., Cranford, T. W., Pyenson, N. D., and Berta, A. (2011). "Morphological diversity of the odontocetc melon and its implications for acoustic function," Marine Mammal Science 28, 690- 713.

National Marine Fisheries Service (2016). Technical Guidance for Assessing the Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammal Hearing: Underwater Acoustic Thresholds for Onset of Permanent and Temporary Threshold Shifts. U.S. Dept. of Commer., NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR-55, l 78pp. http://www. nm fs . noaa.gov/Rrlacoustics/gu id el ines.htm

Oberrecht, S., P. Krysl, and T.W. Cranford (2015). "Sound transmission validation and sensitivity studies in numerical models." In: The Effects ofNoise on Aquatic Life II. Popper, A.N. and Hawkins, A. eds. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, New York.

Tougaard, J., and M. Dahne. 2017. Why is auditory frequency weighting so important in regulation of underwater noise? The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Express Letters 142(4): EL415--420. hrtps://doi.org/ l 0.1 12 !/1.500890 I. Population Consequences Of Disturbance (PCOD) I Cumulative Ejjec/s Costa, D. P. (2012). A Bioenergetics Approach to Developing the PCAD Model. The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology A. N. Popper and A. Hawkins, Springer Science+Business Media: 423-426.

Costa, D. P., L. Schwarz, P. Robinson, R. S. Schick, P. A. Morris, R. Condit, D. E. Crocker, and A. M. Kilpatrick. 2016. A Bioenergetics Approach to Understanding the Population Consequences of Disturbance: Elephant Seals as a Model System. Adv Exp Med Biol 875: 161 -169.

Costa DP, Huckstadt LA, Schwarz LK, Friedlaender AS, Mate BR, Zerbini AN, et al. 2016. Assessing the exposure of animals to acoustic disturbance: Towards an understanding of the population consequences of disturbance. Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. 27( I ):0 I 0027.

Christiansen, F., M. Rasmussen and D. Lusseau (2013). "Whale watching disrupts feeding activities of minke whales on a feeding ground." Marine Ecology Progress Series 478: 239-+.

Fleishman, E., Costa, D. P., Harwood, J., Kraus, S., Moretti, D., New, L. F., Schick, R. S., Schwarz, L. K., Simmons, S. E., Thomas, L. and Wells, R. S. (2016), Monitoring population-level responses of marine mammals to human activities. Mar Mam Sci, 32: l 004- 102 l. doi: I 0.1111/mms.12310

Harwood, J ., et al., Understanding the Population Consequences ofAcoustic Disturbance for marine mammals, in The E:ffects o.f Noise on Aquatic Life 112016, Springer. p. 417-423.

Moore S.E., Randall R.R., Southall B.L., Ragen T.J., Suydam R.S., Clark C.W. (2012). A new framework for assessing the effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals in a rapidly changing Arctic. BioScience 62(3):289-295. https://doi.org/ I 0.1525/bio.2012.62.3. 10

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017). Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals. , DC: The National Academies Press.

New, L. F., J. S. Clark, D. P. Costa, E. Fleishman, M.A. Hindell, T. Klanjscek, D. Lusseau, S. Kraus, C. R. McMahon, P. W. Robinson, R. S. Schick, L. K. Schwarz, S. E. Simmons, L. Thomas, P. Tyack and J. Harwood (2014). "Using short-tenn measures of behaviour to estimate long-term fitness of southern elephant seals." Marine Ecology Progress Series 496: 99-108.

New. L. F., D. J. Moretti. S. K. Hooker, D. P. Costa and S. E. Simmons (2013). "Using energetic models to investigate the survival and reproduction of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae)." PLoS One 8(7): e68725.

Pirotta. E., Harwood, J., Thompson, P.M., New, L., Cheney, 8., Arso. M ., Hammond, P.S., Donovan, C.. & Lusseau, D. 2015. Predicting the effects of human developments on individual to understand potential long-term population consequences. Proc. R. Soc. B 282: 20152 J 09.

Villegas-Amtmann, S., L. K. Schwarz, J. L. Sumich and D. P. Costa (2015). "A bioenergetics model to evaluate demographic consequences of disturbance in marine mammals applied to gray whales." Ecosphere 6( 10): art 183 . Stress Response Atkinson, S .. Crocker, D., Houser, D., Mashburn, K., 2015. Stress physiology in marine mammals: how well do they fit the terrestrial model? Journal of Comparative Physiology B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 185, 463-486.

Hunt, K.E., Moore, M.J., Rolland, R.M., Kellar, N.M., Hall, A.J., Kershaw, J., Raverty, S.A., Davis, C.E., Yeates, L.C., Fauquier, D.A. and Rowles, T.K., 2013. Overcoming the challenges of studying conservation physiology in large whales: a review of available methods. Conservation Physiology, J(l ), p.cot006.

Hunt KE, Stimmelmayr R, George C, Hanns C, Suydam R, Brower H, Rolland RM. 2014. Baleen hormones: a novel tool for retrospective assessment of stress and reproduction in bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Conserv Physiol 2

Kellar NM, Catelani KN, Robbins MN, et al. Blubber Cortisol: A Potential Tool for Assessing Stress Response in Free-Ranging Dolphins without Effects due to Sampling. Fahlman A, ed. PLOS ONE. 2015; l 0(2):e0 l l 5257. doi: I 0.1371/journal.pone.O 115257.

Rolland, R.M., Parks, S.E., Hunt, K.E., Castellote, M., Corkeron, P.J., Nowacek, D.P., Wasser, S.K. and Kraus. S.D. (2012). Evidence that ship noise increases stress in right whales. Proceedings qfthe Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279(1737): 2363-2368. https://doi.on:!.I I 0. I 098/rspb.20 I 1.2429

Southall, B.L., Nowacek, D.P., Miller, P.J.0. and Tyack, P.L. (2016). Experimental field studies to measure behavioral responses of cetaceans to sonar. Endangered Species Research 31: 293-315. https://doi.ond l 0.3354/esr00764

Trumble S.L Robinson, E.M., Berman-Kowalewski, M., Potter, C. and S. Usenko. 2013. earplug reveals lifetime contaminant exposure and honnone profiles. Proceedings ofthe National AcademyofSciences. 110(42): 16922- 16926.

Physiology Fahlman A, Tyack PL, Miller PJO, Kvadsheim PH. 2014 How man-made interference might cause gas bubble emboli in deep diving whales. Front. Physiol. 5, 13 . ( doi: l 0.3389/fphys.2014.00013)

Hooker SK et al. 2012 Deadly diving? Physiological and behavioural management of decompression stress in diving mammals. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 1041-1050. (doi:l0.1098/rspb.2011.2088)

Kvadsheim. PH, Miller, PJO, Tyack, PL, Silve, LD, Lam, PA & Fahlman, A 2012. Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in deep-, intermediate-, and shallow-diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar. Frontiers in Physiology, doi: I 0.3389/fphys.2012.00125.

Williams. TM, Kendall. Traci L Richter, Beau P., Ribeiro-French, Courtney R .. .John, Jason S .. Odell. Kim L.. Losch. Barabara A .. Feuerbach. David A .. Stamper. M. Andrew (2017). Swimming and diving energetics in dolphins: a stroke-by-stroke analysis for predicting the cost of flight responses in wild odontocetes. Journal

Dahne, M., J. Tougaard, J. Carstensen, A. Rose and J. Nabe-Nielsen (2017). "Bubble curtains attenuate noise from offshore wind farm construction and reduce temporary habitat loss for harbour porpoises." Marine EcoJogv Progress Series 580: 221-23 7.

Erbe, C., Reichmuth, C., Cunningham, K., Lucke, K., Dooling, R. (2016). Communication masking in marine mammals: A review and research strategy. Marine Pollution Bulletin 103( 1- 2): 15- 38. 1.mQs://doi.org/ l 0. l 016/j .marpolb~il.2015.12.007

Hatch, L.T., Clark. C.W., Van Parijs, S.M., Frankel, A.S. and Ponirakis, D.W. (2012). Quantifying Loss of Acoustic Communication Space for Right Whales in and around a U.S . National Marine Sanctuary. Conservation Biology 26(6): 983-994. https://doi.orn/I 0.1111 /j.1523- 1739.2012.01908.>.

.Fish, Invertebrates & Plankton Bruintjes. R .. J. Purser, K. A. Everley, S. Mangan, S. D. Simpson and A. N. Radford (2016). "Rapid recovery following short-term acoustic disturbance in two fish species." R Soc Open Sci 3( I): 150686.

Bruintjes, R. and A. N. Radford (2013). "Context-dependent impacts of anthropogenic noise on individual and social behaviour in a cooperatively breeding fish." Animal Behaviour 85(6): 1343-1349.

Bruintjes, R. and A. N. Radford (2014). "Chronic playback of boat noise does not impact hatching success or post-hatching larval growth and survival in a cichlid fish." PeerJ 2: e594.

Buscaino, G., F. Filiciotto, G. Buffa, A. Bellante, V. Di Stefano, A. Assenza, F. Fazio, G. Caola and S. Mazzola (20 l 0). "[mpact of an acoustic stimulus on the motility and blood parameters of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)." Mar Environ Res 69(3): 136-142.

Caiger, P. E., J. C. Montgomery and C. A. Radford (2012). "Chronic low-intensity noise exposure affects the hearing thresholds of juvenile snapper." Marine Ecology Progress Series 466: 225-232.

Carroll, A. G., R. Przeslawski, A. Duncan. M. Gunning and B. Bruce (201 7). "A critical review of the potential impacts of marine seismic surveys on fish & invertebrates." Mar Pollut Bull 114(1 ): 9- 24.

Casper, B. M., M. B. Halvorsen, T. J. Carlson and A. N. Popper (2017). "Onset of barotrauma injuries related to number of pile driving strike exposures in hybrid striped bass." J Acoust Soc Am 141(6): 4380.

Casper, B. M., M. B. Halvorsen, F. Matthews, T. J. Carlson and A. N. Popper (2013). "Recovery of barotrauma injuries resulting from exposure to pile driving sound in two sizes of hybrid striped bass." PLoS One 8(9): e73844. Casper, B. M., A. N. Popper, F. Matthews, T. J. Carlson and M. B. Halvorsen (2012). "Recovery of barotrauma injuries in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from exposure to pile driving sound." PLoS One 7(6): e39593.

Casper, B. M., M. E. Smith, M. B. Halvorsen, H. Sun, T. J. Carlson and A. N. Popper (2013). "Effects of exposure to pile driving sounds on fish inner ear tissues." Comp Biochem Physiol A Mo! lnt§fil Phvsiol 166(2): 352-360.

Celi, M., F. Filiciotto, G. Maricchiolo, L. Genovese, E. M. Quinci, V. Maccan-one, S. Mazzola, M. Vazzana and G. Buscaino (2016). "Vessel noise pollution as a human threat to fish: assessment of the stress response in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, Linnaeus 1758)." Fish Physiol Biochem 42(2): 63 1-641.

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