Using Genetic Diversity to Understand Susceptibility to Cognitive Decline in Aging and Alzheimer’S Disease

University of Tennessee Health Science Center UTHSC Digital Commons

Theses and Dissertations (ETD) College of Graduate Health Sciences

5-2019

Using Genetic Diversity to Understand Susceptibility to Cognitive Decline in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Sarah M. Neuner University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uthsc.edu/dissertations

Part of the Genetics Commons, and the Neurosciences Commons

Recommended Citation Neuner, Sarah M. (0000-0001-5091-401X), "Using Genetic Diversity to Understand Susceptibility to Cognitive Decline in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease" (2019). Theses and Dissertations (ETD). Paper 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/etd.cghs.2019.0477.

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Graduate Health Sciences at UTHSC Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (ETD) by an authorized administrator of UTHSC Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Using Genetic Diversity to Understand Susceptibility to Cognitive Decline in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract An individual's genetic makeup plays an important role in determining susceptibility to cognitive aging and transition to dementia such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying the specific genetic ariantsv that contribute to cognitive aging and AD may aid in early diagnosis of at-risk patients, as well as identify novel therapeutics targets to treat or prevent development of symptoms. Challenges to identifying these specific genes in human studies include complex genetics, difficulty in controlling environmental factors, and limited access to human brain tissue. Here, we turned to genetically diverse mice from the BXD genetic reference panel (GRP) to overcome some of the barriers traditionally associated with human studies. Using a forward genetics screen, we first identified andalidated v the gene heterochromatin protein l binding protein 3 (Hp1bp3) as a novel modulator of normal cognitive aging. We then demonstrated that targeted knockdown of Hp1bp3 in the hippocampus by 50-75% was sufficiento t induce cognitive deficits and transcriptional changes reminiscent of those observed in aging and AD, namely an increase in inflammatory pathways and decrease in neuronal and synaptically-localized transcripts. We also show Hp1bp3 is a translationally relevant target, as transcriptional changes induced by our targeted knockdown significantly vo erlapped those observed in the aging human brain. In addition, HPlBP3 itself was decreased in the hippocampus of cognitively impaired aging humans. In summary, our results suggest therapeutics designed to target either Hp1bp3 or its downstream effectors may be useful promoting cognitive longevity. We next expanded on our findings that the BXDs were variably susceptible to cognitive aging and combined the BXD GRP with a well-established transgenic mouse model of AD harboring 5 familial AD mutations, the 5XFAD model. The resulting panel, which we termed the AD-BXDs, consists of genetically diverse yet isogenic Fl mice that all harbor the same high-risk human AD mutations but who differ across the remainder of their genome. We first showed that genetic ariationv profoundly modified the impact of human AD mutations on both cognitive and pathological phenotypes. We then validated this complex AD model by demonstrating high degrees of genetic, transcriptomic, and phenotypic overlap with human AD. Genetic mapping was used to identify novel genomic loci that modified susceptibility or esiliencer to cognitive and pathological symptoms of AD. Finally, we used transcriptome profiling ot identify gene networks present in the pre-symptomatic mouse brain that predict cognitive performance at an advanced age. Together, the candidates identified through these analyses highlight new potential drivers of susceptibility or resilience to AD and contribute significantly ot our understanding of early, potentially causal disease mechanisms. In summary, work here highlights the utility of genetically diverse mice to elucidate mechanisms underlying complex human disease, namely cognitive aging and AD. In addition, we developed a novel AD mouse population as an innovative and reproducible resource for the study of mechanisms underlying AD. Data presented here provides convincing evidence that preclinical models incorporating genetic diversity may better translate to human disease. Due to the reproducible nature of the BXDs and resulting AD-BXDs, this approach creates substantial opportunities to develop improved models of human aging and AD as well as develop a better understanding of precise mechanisms underlying disease. Together, these resources may ultimately enable precision medicine approaches across a diverse population. Finally, our experimental design is likely to be broadly applicable to mouse models of human disease that incorporate a dominantly inherited high-risk genotype in the form of a transgene or other genetic perturbation, enhancing the general utility of results reported here.

Document Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Program Biomedical Sciences

Research Advisor Robert W. Williams, PhD.

Keywords aging, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive decline, genetics, mouse models

Subject Categories Genetics | Medicine and Health Sciences | Neurosciences

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Table 3-2. Genes know to confer risk for human AD and their odds ratio across the AD-BXDs.

SNP High- Mouse Risk Odds Gene Density Impact 95 % CI Z-stat Pval Chr. Allele Ratio (SNP/Kb) Changes Inpp5d 1 1.24 NMD, B 1.30 0.28 - 6.3 0.36 0.72 SNP, indel Cr1l 1 0.06 - D 2.00 0.41 - 9.8 0.85 0.39 Celf1 2 0.70 - D 1.50 0.30 - 7.4 0.50 0.62 Cass4 2 0.08 - D 1.50 0.30 - 7.4 0.50 0.62 Zcwpw1 5 0.11 - D 1.63 0.34 - 8.0 0.61 0.54 Epha1 6 0.00 - D 1.60 0.33 - 7.8 0.58 0.56 (indel) Cd33 7 3.17 MS, D 1.67 0.30 - 9.2 0.59 0.56 Stop gained Picalm 7 1.75 - D 3.60 0.71 - 18.3 1.55 0.12 Sorl1 9 12.49 MS, D 2.50 0.50 - 12.6 1.11 0.27 SRV, SAV Abca7 10 0.05 - D 1.17 0.24 - 5.6 0.19 0.85 Slc24a4 12 4.07 SRV D 3.60 0.71 - 18.3 1.55 0.12

Rin3 12 4.95 MS Located within same region as Slc24a4 Mef2c 13 0.15 - B 0.86 0.18 - 4.1 0.19 0.85 Nme8 13 3.68 SRV D 1.40 0.30 - 6.6 0.42 0.67 Clu 14 0.00 NMD D 5.50 0.84 - 36.2 1.77 0.08 (indel) Ptk2b 14 1.85 MS, Located within same region as Clu SRV Fermt2 14 2.40 - D 1.83 0.32 - 10.6 0.68 0.50 Cd2ap 17 4.85 MS, - 1.00 0.21 - 4.7 0.00 1.00 SRV H2-Eb1 17 21.41 MS, D 1.05 0.22 - 5.0 0.06 0.95 SRV, stop gained Trem2 17 0.13 - B 1.20 0.25 - 5.8 0.23 0.82 Bin1 18 0.21 MS D 1.33 0.28 - 6.3 0.36 0.72

Abbreviations: SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism, indel: insertion/deletion, Chr: chromosome, SRV: splice region variant, SAV: splice acceptor variant, MS: missense

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