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Rebels Denouncing Ulanhu ̶

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Rebels Denouncing Ulanhu ̶ Rebels Denouncing Ulanhu ̶ Ulanhu’s Crimes in Documents Produced by Rebel Organizations in July ̶ September 1967 during the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Oskari Lampi 013376878 Master’s Thesis East Asian Studies, Department of World Cultures, University of Helsinki Instructors: Professor Juha Janhunen & PhD. Tiina Airaksinen 8.5.2018 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty Maailman kulttuurien laitos Humanistinen tiedekunta Tekijä – Författare – Author Oskari Lampi Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Rebels Denouncing Ulanhu – Ulanhu’s Crimes in Documents Produced by Rebel Organizations in July – September 1967 during the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Itä-Aasian tutkimus Työn laji – Arbetets art – Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Level year 91 Pro gradu -tutkielma 8.5.2018 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Pro gradu -tutkielmani tarkastelee Sisä-Mongolian autonomisen alueen pitkäaikaisen johtajan, Ulanhu:n, tuomitsemista kapinallisryhmittymien tuottamissa dokumenteissa kesällä 1967 kulttuurivallankumouksen (1966 – 1969 tai 1966 - 1976) toisena vuonna. Sisä-Mongolian kulttuurivallankumousta on pidetty yhtenä väkivaltaisimmista koko Kiinan kansantasavaltaa terrorisoineen kulttuurivallankumouksen historiassa. Ulanhu oli siirretty johtajan asemistaan jo vuotta aikaisemmin, mutta hänen avoin julkinen tuomitsemisensa mediassa alkoi vasta Elokuun lopulla vuonna 1967. Primääriaineistonani on Japanilaisen Sisä-Mongolialaislähtöisen tutkijan Yang Haiyin:in kokoama aineistopaketti, josta käytän kymmentä kapinallisryhmittömien tuottamaa dokumenttia, joissa Ulanhu:ta kritisoidaan hänen omien puheidensa perusteella, lainauksin noin kahdenkymmenen vuoden ajalta ennen kulttuurivallankumousta. Alkuperäisaineistojen sisällön kuvailun ja tulkinnan lisäksi pyrin vertailemaan millä tavalla kapinallisten tuottamat tekstit eroavat Ulanhun alun perin tuominneen Qianmen Hotellin kokouksen loppuraportista heinäkuulta 1966. Tällä tavoin pyrkimykseni on tarkastella, mitä kapinallisryhmittymien dokumentit kertovat kulttuurivallankumouksen etenemisestä, ja millä tavoin ne ovat mahdollisesti vaikuttaneet tuleviin tapahtumiin, kuten mongoliväestöön kohdistuneeseen ns. kaiva ja eliminoi –kampanjaan, jossa etsittiin väitetysti maanalaisesti toimineen separatistisen Sisä-Mongolian kansan vallankumouspuolueen jäseniä. Tutkielman rakenteen voi jakaa kahteen pää osaan. Ensimmäisessä esittelen tapahtumien taustoja keskittyen Sisä- Mongolialaisiin autonomialiikkeisiin 1900-luvun ensimmäisellä puoliskolla ja Ulanhu:n rooliin näiden liikkeiden yhdistäjänä ja liittäjänä Kiinan kommunistisen puolueen alaisiksi. Toinen osa tutkielmasta keskittyy Sisä-Mongolian kulttuurivallankumouksen tarkasteluun sekä mainittuja primäärilähteitä että näitä tukevaa tutkimuskirjallisuutta käyttäen. Toisen osan alussa esittelen Sisä-Mongolian kulttuurivallankumouksen päävaiheista ennen siirtymistä kapinallisten tuottamien aineistojen tarkasteluun ja näiden vertailuun Qianmen Hotellin raportin kanssa. Lopputulemana tutkimukseni näyttää, että kapinallisten dokumentit noudattelevat suurilta linjoiltaan jo vuotta aikaisemmin tuotetussa raportissa luotua pohjaa. Luokkakamppailun kiistämiseen ja Mao Zedong:in ajattelun vastustamiseen perustuneet alkuperäiset syytökset ovat vahvasti läsnä myös kapinallisten materiaaleissa. Kapinalliset kuitenkin loivat myös omaa sisältöä, mikä perustuu Ulanhu:n vanhojen puheiden tutkimiseen ja uudelleentulkintaan. Dokumenteissa myös näkyy tietyt kulttuurivallankumouksen yleiset kehityslinjat, kuten Liu Shaoqi:n tuomitseminen, joka pääsi vauhtiin vasta Qianmen Hotellin kokouksen jälkeen. Suoraa yhteyttä Sisä- Mongolian kansan vallankumouspuolueen vainoihin ei ole havaittavissa, mutta kapinallisten dokumentit sisältävät vihjeitä syytösten kehittymisestä mongoleja tuomitsevaan suuntaan. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Sisä-Mongolia, Inner Mongolia , Kulttuurivallankumous, Cultural Revolution, Ulanhu Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Contents Contents ...............................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Notes on the Text......................................................................................................................2 2. Ulanhu a Short Biography .............................................................................................................4 3. Sources ...........................................................................................................................................10 3.1 Sources in English ...................................................................................................................10 3.2 Sources in Chinese ..................................................................................................................12 3.3 “Primary” Source Material ....................................................................................................15 4. Background ....................................................................................................................................17 4.1 Outer Mongolian Independence ...........................................................................................19 4.2 Inner Mongolian Struggle for Autonomy.............................................................................21 4.3. Ulanhu and the Politics of Difference ..................................................................................33 5. Inner Mongolian Cultural Revolution .........................................................................................39 5.1 From Qianmen Hotel to Establishment of New Leadership ...............................................40 5.2 Discovering an Enemy ...........................................................................................................44 5.3 Purge of the Neirendang ........................................................................................................47 5.4 “Climax”..................................................................................................................................49 5.5 After the Wa-su Campaign ....................................................................................................50 6. Ulanhu’s Crimes Against National Unity ...................................................................................55 6.1 The Report Considering the Problem of Ulanhu’s Errors ..................................................55 6.2. Rebels Exposing Ulanhu's Crimes – Compilations of and Notes on Ulanhu’s Poisonous Speeches.........................................................................................................................................61 6.2.1 Opposing Chairman Mao and Class Struggle ...............................................................63 6.2.2 Ideological Conflict .........................................................................................................66 6.2.3 Proxy of Aristocrats and the Bourgeoisie ......................................................................70 6.2.4 Crimes in the Cultural Domain .....................................................................................73 6.2.5 Kingdom of Ulanhu ........................................................................................................77 6.2.6 Excavating Roots .............................................................................................................82 7. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................85 8. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................89 8.1 Print Sources ...........................................................................................................................89 8.2 Online sources ........................................................................................................................91 9. Appendix........................................................................................................................................92 9.1 List of documents ...................................................................................................................92 9.2 Major Events ...........................................................................................................................95 9.3 Map 1: IMAR ..........................................................................................................................99 9.3 Map 2: Inner Mongolia , 1928 ̶ 1932, 1945 ̶ 1949 .............................................................. 100 9.4 Picture 1: Strike Down Ulanhu ........................................................................................... 101 9.5. Picture 2: Ulanhu on Ulanhu ............................................................................................. 102 9.6 Qianmen Hotel Report ........................................................................................................ 103 1.
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