Special Feature (Article)／特集（論文） Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan Introductory Investigation of the “Deposited Materials by the Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai (Greater Japan Muslim League)”
TANADA Hirofumi
Ⅰ . Introduction Ⅱ . Organization of the DNKK and Its Operations Ⅲ . Research Activities and the Periodical, Kaikyo Sekai (World of Islam) Ⅳ . OHKAWA Shumei and the DNKK Ⅴ . Enlightenment Activities and Kaikyoken Tenrankai Ⅵ . Islamic Policy-making Ⅶ . Concluding Remarks
戦中期日本における回教研究機関 『大日本回教協会寄託資料』の検討 店田 廣文
戦中期日本の回教研究機関のひとつとして、1938年に設立され、1945年に解散した大
85 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 85 2013/02/14 13:15:40 日本回教協会がある。同協会が残した資料『大日本回教協会寄託資料』（または『イスラム 文庫』）に依拠しながら，同協会の組織、回教と回教圏に関する調査研究活動、回教圏展覧会、 啓蒙活動、回教政策、貿易促進活動等について詳細を把握することが可能である。本稿で は、寄託資料の全体像を紹介し、多様な活動を裏付ける資料として、どのようなものが存 在しているのか紹介し、戦中期の回教研究機関の包括的な評価と加えて日本のイスラム研 究への寄与を検証するための情報を提供し、研究の促進を提唱する。
I. Introduction
Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai (The Greater Japan Muslim League, hereafter DNKK) was established in 1938, with the support of the Japanese military authorities and the Japanese government, as a comprehensive research institute for Islamic studies. The DNKK was dissolved on Oct. 15, 1945 after the end of the Pacific War on Aug. 15, 1945, and was succeeded by the Nihon Isuramu Kyokai (the Association for Islamic Studies in Japan, hereafter NIK). The materials owned by the DNKK(1) were deposited in the Waseda University Library around 1960. At present, this collection of materials is known as the “Deposited Materials by the DNKK,” or the “Islam Library,” and is in the possession of the Special Collection Room at the Waseda University Library. These materials include in-house material, research material, operation material, minutes of meetings, and various manuscripts. After the materials were deposited, the staff of the Waseda University Library tried to organize them and created handwritten catalogues for them. These are the “Catalogues for materials of Isuramu Kyokai (Association for Islamic Studies),” with no date; “Catalogues for materials of the DNKK,” dated Mar. 13, 1971; and “Catalogues for photographs of the DNKK,” with no date. The first one lists materials classified by category, and the second one lists the name of each material in order from no. 1 to no. 501. The data in the third catalogue was digitalized later in Excel format by the staff. In this organizing process, books and journals included in the deposited materials were classified and shelved and can be accessed through the Library catalogue [Tanada 2002: 87-88]. From FY2001 to FY2004, the Research Office of Asian Societies in the Faculty of Human Sciences at Waseda University reorganized the material, confirming the authenticity using the “Catalogues for Materials of the DNKK,” dated March 13,
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 86
中東学会28-2.indb 86 2013/02/14 13:15:40 1971. Since the unorganized material was in excess of the material mentioned above, the researchers also confirmed the authenticity of the material in this selection and made another temporary catalogue for it. As a result, the researchers published the “Catalogue for Organized Deposited Materials by the DNKK (no. 1-no. 501)” (hereafter, ODM) and the “Catalogue for Pre-Organized Deposited Materials by the DNKK (no. 1-no. 604)” (hereafter, PDM). The two catalogues for deposited materials were then provided to students in the Special Collection Room at the Waseda University Library [Tanada 2005]. The photographs of the DNKK were digitalized and published as the “Photography Collection of the Greater Japan Muslim League” in CD-ROM format [Constructing 2006]. In this paper, the author will introduce some materials from ODM and PDM (Table 1-1, 1-2) that will be indispensable in grasping the organization, research, enlightenment, and policy-making activities of the DNKK in order to reappraise the contributions of the Islamic Research Institutes to Islamic studies in wartime and postwar Japan.
Table 1-1: Abridged Organized Deposited Materials (ODM) by the DNKK
no. Name of document Date of issue Category
Prospectus of establishment and regulations for Nihon Kaikyou 1 Dec. 1936 organization Bunka Kyokai Prospectus of establishment and regulations for Isuramu Bunka 2 May 1937 organization Kyokai 3 Prospectus and regulations for Isuramu Bunka Kyokai Aug. 1937 organization 4 Prospectus and regulations for Isuramu Bunka Kyokai Aug. 1937 organization 5 Regulation for DNKK n.d. organization 6 Regulation for DNKK n.d. organization 7-8 Regulation for DNKK Apr. 1, 1939 organization 9-11 Regulation for DNKK May 1939 organization 12 Guideline for Operations of DNKK Jan. 1939 operation 13-14 Operations plan and Budget for DNKK Nov. 1938 operation 15-18 Regulation for Staff and Junior employee 1944 operation 19-21 About DNKK n.d. organization 22 Outline of Dainihon Kyokai n.d. organization 23 Operations Planning Jun. 1939 operation 24 Operations Plan Jun. 27, 1939 operation 25 Operations Planning for DNKK(FY1942) n.d. operation 26 Operations Report (FY1940) Jun. 1941 operation
87 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 87 2013/02/14 13:15:40 no. Name of document Date of issue Category
28 Bylaw for DNKK head office May 30, 1939 organization 34-36 Allotment of Operations for DNKK head office Jul. 12, 1939 operation 37 Allotment of Operations for DNKK head office (plan) Feb. 1940 operation 38 Allotment of Operations for DNKK head office Feb. 12, 1940 operation Book of Minutes Apr. 1, 1942- 39 operation Mar. 31, 1945 43-45 Islamic Policy Council of DNKK (plan) n.d. policy making 47 Regulations of Islamic Policy Council of DNKK Aug. 1944 policy making 49-50 Editorial Guideline n.d. publication 51 Editorial bulletin for “Kaikyo Sekai” n.d. publication 56 Allotment of Affairs for DNKK Oct. 15, 1943 operation 59 Minutes of Research Meeting and Diary of Research Department 1939-1943 operation 60 Research Guideline n.d. research 61 Research Guideline n.d. research 62 Organization plan for Research Department Jun. 29, 1943 research 63-64 Bylaw for Research Department Jul. 1939 research 65 Bylaw of general affairs for Research Department Apr. 8, 1939 research 66 Allotment of duties for Research Department Sep. 11, 1944 research 67 Matters of Investigation Apr. 12, 1939 research 68 Duties of Research Department Jul. 27, 1943 research 69 Minutes of General Meeting for 1st anniversary of DNKK Sep. 12, 1939 operation 70 Research Committee for Islmaic Terms Jul.-Sep. 1946 research Proposal about foreign students studying in Japan from the 74 Sep. 1943 policy making Greater East Asia Sphere 78 Record of Islamic Policy Councils 1943-1944 policy making 82 Announcement of change of president Dec. 1942 organization 83 Instruction by president (SHIOUTEN) Jul. 17, 1943 organization 84 Instruction by president (SHIOUTEN) Nov. 1944 organization 85 Moral discourse at Dissolution ceremony of DNKK n.d. organization 86 Moral discourse at the day of Dissolution ceremony of DNKK Oct. 15, 1945 organization 87 Account after Dissolution ceremony of DNKK Oct. 23, 1945 organization 88 On the occasion of the start of Nihon Isuramu Kyokai Nov. 5, 1945 organization 101 Register of the staff for DNKK n.d. organization 102 Draft for list of councillors for DNKK n.d. organization 104 List of persons involved in DNKK n.d. organization 105 List of persons involved in DNKK n.d. organization 106 List of membership for Tokyo Isuramu Kyoudan (FY1939) n.d. policy making 107 List of membership for Tokyo Isuramu Kyoudan (FY1941) n.d. policy making 108 Survey of Muslim affairs in mainland Japan Jun. 1941 policy making 113 List of people taking a Arabic Language course around 1940 enlightenment 115 Visitors to Japan for the World of Islam Exhibition n.d. enlightenment 140 Library Catalogue for DNKK Jul. 1943 research 141 Library Catalogue for DNKK Sep. 1940 research
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 88
中東学会28-2.indb 88 2013/02/14 13:15:40 no. Name of document Date of issue Category
142 Library Catalogue for DNKK Jul. 1943 research 143 Library Catalogue for DNKK n.d. research 144 Library Catalogue for DNKK n.d. research 146 Library of Chinese Catalogue for DNKK n.d. research 148 Library Catalogue for DNKK n.d. research 149 Library Catalogue for DNKK 1938-Jan. 1939 research 151 Library Catalogue for DNKK Sep. 1944 research 161 Lecture Manuscripts for study meeting at DNKK Apr.-Aug. 1945 research 162 Regulation and schedule for study meeting at DNKK n.d. research 164 Memos for study meeting at DNKK n.d. research 178 Outline for World of Islam Exhibition (planning) Aug. 3, 1939 enlightenment 179 Manuscripts for World of Islam Exhibition n.d. enlightenment 180 Planning sheet for World of Islam Exhibition n.d. enlightenment 181 Islam Exhibition planning under the Greater East Asia War n.d. enlightenment 182 Manuscripts of schedule for World of Islam Exhibition n.d. enlightenment 183-184 Schedule for World of Islam Exhibition n.d. enlightenment 185-188 Materials used for Islam Exhibition n.d. enlightenment 193 Outlook of Islam and Muslim in Japan n.d. policy making Preliminary discussions with Dept. of Foreign Affairs for 211 Jul. 1943 policy making broadcasting towards Southwest Asia 217 Detailed report for broadcasting towards Southwest Asia n.d. policy making 230 Manuscript for broadcasting about “Islam and Japan” May 6, 1939 broadcasting 231 Notice to Muslims in the Dutch East Indies n.d. broadcasting 233 Notice to Muslim World n.d. broadcasting 235 General Affairs diary for Old Ibrahim Aug. 3-31, 1944 policy making 236 (1-2) The Elder Ibrahim n.d. policy making 237 Old Ibrahim n.d. policy making 243 Death of Old Ibrahim Sep. 6, 1944 broadcasting 244 Wish of deceased Old Ibrahim Dec. 21, 1944 broadcasting 245 Life of Old Ibrahim n.d. broadcasting 246-248 C.V. of Old Ibrahim n.d. policy making 252 Hajj Amin Huseini Oct. 11, 1944 broadcasting 253 Message of Amin el Huseini Oct. 11, 1944 broadcasting 257 Umar Khayyam and its times Nov. 12, 1950 research 258 About Hafiz Mar. 11, 1951 research 272-273 Graphic journal JAPAN in Japanese, Chinese, Arabic Dec. 1941 publication 274 Graphic journal JAPAN in Urdu,Turkish, Arabic Feb. 1941 publication 276 Graphic journal in Urdu n.d. publication 277 Graphic journal in Indonesian n.d. publication 278 Graphic jounarl in Arabic, Malay n.d. publication 282 What is Muslim no date research 283 History of Kaikai (Huijiao) Nov. 1950 research 286 Zakat Dec. 1946 research
89 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 89 2013/02/14 13:15:41 no. Name of document Date of issue Category
288 Mawlud in Tokyo Mar. 1945 broadcasting 306 Report of the Survey on the Moro and related materials 1944 policy making Current status of manuevering to Muslims in Java under 319 Feb. 1944 policy making military control 325 Oral tradition of Ancient Arabic poem Sep. 1947 research 336 Muslim in the Northwest region of Sino Jun. 3, 1945 research 369 Regulation for Tokyo Kaidan (in Turkish) n.d. policy making 370 Manuscripts for name list of Turks (in Turkish) n.d. policy making (Source) Organized Deposited Materials by the DNKK.
Table 1-2: Abridged Pre-organized Deposited Materials (PDM) by the DNKK
no. Name of document Date of issue Category
247 “Information on Muslim” no.1 Jul. 17-23, 1945 research “Information on Muslim” no.2 Jul. 24-Aug. 4, 248 research 1945 “Information on Muslim” no.3 Aug. 12-18, 249 research 1945 “Information on Muslim” no.4 Aug. 12-18, 250 research 1945 “Information on Muslim” no.5 Aug. 19-25, 251 research 1945 Statement by Greater East Asia nations to Sanfrancisco 332 Apr. 26, 1945 broadcasting conference 342 Appeal towards Muslim World Mar. 22, 1945 broadcasting 343 War all over the Asia Oct. 4, 1944 broadcasting 345 Syria covered by dark clouds Jun. 7, 1945 broadcasting 346 Construction of the South during wartime Jun. 14, 1944 broadcasting 347 Old Muslim in Sumatra Jul. 19, 1944 broadcasting 349 3rd Anniversary of the Greater East Asia War Dec. 14, 1944 broadcasting 350 Destiny of Southwest nations and American Imperialism Aug. 2, 1944 broadcasting 354 Two appeals towards Muslim Apr. 30, 1944 broadcasting 355 Oil pipeline construction planning in Southwest Asia Mar. 22, 1944 broadcasting 358 Cry of Muslims in the Greater East Asia Oct. 25, 1944 broadcasting 359 Sanfrancisco conference and destiny of a small country May 10, 1945 broadcasting 361 Message by Amin el Husein Oct. 11, 1944 broadcasting 362 Indian National Army and Liberation of Asia Jun. 28, 1944 broadcasting 369 Palestine policy by Britain and America Aug. 23, 1944 broadcasting 370 Promise for Independence of East India Sep. 20, 1944 broadcasting (Source) Pre-Organized Deposited Materials by the DNKK.
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 90
中東学会28-2.indb 90 2013/02/14 13:15:41 II. Organization of the DNKK and Its Operations
It is well known that Islamic studies in the 1920s and 1930s was vitalized by certain factors, namely, the Japanese government’s interest in the Islamic policy in East Asia, Japanese interest in Islamic cultures in general, and foreign Muslims’ admiration for the emergence of Imperial Japan as a counter -power to Western countries. The arrival of Tatar Muslims in Japan and their admiration of the nation’s geopolitical development began to accelerate interest in the Islamic world among Japanese politicians, military authorities, and Japanese Asianists [Tanada 2007: 216]. After an increase in Tatar immigrants to Japan, the Tokyo Kaikyo dan (Tokyo Islamic Group) was founded in 1925, and then the Tokyo Kaikyo Gakkou (Tokyo Islamic School) was founded in 1927. In 1934, branches of another Islamic association, the Idel Ural Turk Tatar Culture Association, were founded in Tokyo, Nagoya, Kobe, and Kumamoto. The first mosque built in Japan (the Kobe mosque) and the second mosque (the Nagoya mosque) were inaugurated in 1935 and 1936 (or 1937) [Fukuda 2010]. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937, during 1937-1938, major Islamic Research Institutes were established. These were the Isuramu Bunka Kyokai (the Association of Islamic Culture) [ODM nos. 1-4], the Kaikyoken Kokyusho (the Research Institute for the World of Islam, later renamed Kaikyoken Kenkyusho), the Toa Keizai Chousakyoku Kaikyohan (the Islamic Studies Department in the East Asia Economic Research Office), the Gaimusho Chousabu Kaikyohan (the Islamic Studies Department in the Research Office attached to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), and the DNKK [Tanada 2007: 216]. The period from 1937 to 1945 was later described as “the first period of the Islamic studies boom in Japan” [Maejima 1980: 20]. On Sep. 19, 1938, the opening ceremony for the DNKK was held. The DNKK was regarded as a comprehensive Islamic research institute at that time. At the same time, the DNKK was active as a sponsor agency for Muslim groups in Japan [ODM nos. 106, 107]. According to the regulations of the DNKK [ODM nos. 6-11], “the purpose of the DNKK is to strengthen the ties of friendship and harmony with Islamic countries and Muslims, then promote the welfare of the people in Japan and Islamic countries” (in article 3). In order to realize this purpose, “the DNKK will conduct surveys and research about issues concerning Muslims, introducing both cultures to each other, training researchers, promoting trade and doing other necessary matters”
91 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 91 2013/02/14 13:15:41 (in article 4). Although the institute pursued the goals mentioned above, the president of the DNKK was HAYASHI Senjuro, former prime minister and army general; it was, therefore, a well known fact that the DNKK was not only a research institute but also a significant national policy-making and maneuvering organization [Tanada 2007: 217-218]. In the booklet Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai nitsuiteno Mondou (Q and A about the DNKK), the DNKK defined itself as a research institute that surveyed the actual situation of the world of Islam and so suggested that it was different from other academic research institutes such as the Kaikyoken Kokyusho. Furthermore, it stated that the DNKK would support these institutes in order to promote their research activities [DNKK 1939a].(2) According to the list of responsibilities dated Jul. 1939 [ODM nos. 34-36], the DNKK had three departments: general affairs, operations, and research. These departments were under the direction of the President and Directors, with Managing Directors supervising each department. By Feb. 1940, the three departments became active, according to the list of responsibilities dated Feb. 12, 1940 [ODM no. 38]. An Operations Report dated Jun. 1941 [ODM no. 26] introduces all of the activities for FY1940 and the first period of FY1941. In order to examine the scale of each activity, it is necessary to confirm the general budget plan titled “the first 5 year plan” in The Guidelines for Operations [ODM no. 12]; the total budget planned was 5 million yen. This budget, however, should be understood as a desktop plan, as the actual budget was much smaller than the projected amount. For example, Operations Planning [ODM no. 25] shows the budget for FY1942 was only 150,000 yen [Tanada 2007: 222-223].
III. Research Activities and the Periodical, Kaikyo Sekai (World of Islam)
The DNKK started publishing their periodical, the Kaikyo Sekai (World of Islam), in Apr. 1939. One senior researcher and five other researchers contributed to research on Islam and publishing this periodical, while other members participated in conducting research and surveys by region [ODM no. 38]. NAITO Chishu, YAGI Kametaro, and MURAKAMI Masatsugu participated in the research activities. These three researchers were all former members of Isuramu Bunka Kyokai, which was consolidated with the DNKK in Feb. 1939 [Tanada 2007: 220].
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 92
中東学会28-2.indb 92 2013/02/14 13:15:41 Although the Kaikyo Sekai was a periodical for enlightening Japanese intellectuals with respect to Islam, its content covered various subjects, including academic articles, news commentary, travel, language lessons, tales of the fantastic, and so on (shown in Table 2). OMOSA [2008: 59] noted that Kaikyo Sekai played the role of intensifying the Japanese interest in Islam to some extent. However, in Jul. 1941, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs instructed the DNKK to commit itself to publishing graphic journals to provide guidance for Muslims in Japan as well as abroad in accordance with Islamic policy, and holding lectures and discussions on Islam. The Ministry therefore advised that the publication of Kaikyo Sekai should cease [Omosa 2008: 57-58]. It was discontinued after its last issue, no. 12 of vol. 3, was published in Dec. 1941.
Table: 2 Index of Categories for Kaikyo Sekai f(World o Islam)
Category Subcategory Number of article
The maelstrom of war in Europe and Muslim World 11 Islam and Muslim Society in the World General Remarks 12 East Asia 6 India 5 Central Asia 10 Southwest Asia 8 Africa 6 Muslim Countries East Asia 5 India 1 Central Asia 12 Southwest Asia 9 Africa 5 Islam and Muslim in various countries Japan 1 Manchuria 1 Sino (China) 14 Soviet Union 7 Phillipine 1 Dutch East Indies 9 India 1 Afganistan 1 Nationalist Movements 6 Doctorine, Laws and Institutions of Islam 13 Life of Muslim 5 Women and Islam 4 Muslim 7
93 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 93 2013/02/14 13:15:42 Category Subcategory Number of article
Economy (General surveys) 6 East Asia 4 Central Asia 4 Southwest Asia 4 Africa 1 Transportation 5 Culture 8 Academic Matters 3 Art and Architecture etc. 4 Language 10 Language in the Muslim World 13 Travel 37 Tale of fantastic, Tale, Psalms 10 World of Islam Exhibition 1 Japan and Islam 2 Total number of articles 272 (Note) Counting article is done according to the list of the complete index above. (Source) Kaikyo Sekai Sousakuin (Complete Index of Articles in World of Islam, vol.3, no.12)
In FY1943, the DNKK held the following activities: research meetings (10 times), publication of books, production of a propaganda film,(3) lectures, round-table talks, language courses, and events co-sponsored by the DNKK and other institutes. Specific subjects presented in the research meetings are listed in [ODM no. 39]. These research meetings were held over 40 consecutive Saturdays, according to the Operations Report FY1944 [ODM no. 39]. Unfortunately, the subject of every meeting was not included in the deposited materials, but additional subjects can be determined from the wartime diary written by KOZAI Yoshishige (philosopher) [Kozai 1967: 253-479; Tanada 2007: 227]. In Nov. 1943, the DNKK held an academic meeting co-sponsored by the DNKK and other Islamic Research Institutes at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs [Nohara 1965: 87]. The outline of activities held in FY1944 was nearly identical to the previous FY. The DNKK held a joint discussion in Oct. 1944 at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs(4) and a joint lecture in Jan. 1945 with the Research Institute for the World of Islam [ODM no. 39]. In addition to these meetings, deposited materials refer to Benkyokai (Study Meetings) dated Apr.-Aug. 1945 in [ODM no. 161]. It is not clear now whether these meetings were for academic research, as it is possible that the Benkyokai were for Islamic policy-making.(5) However, they continued holding
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 94
中東学会28-2.indb 94 2013/02/14 13:15:42 Benkyokai until Oct. 1945, and it is certain that the meetings conducted after the end of the war were for academic research [ODM no. 162]. At almost the same time, the DNKK published a mimeographed copy named Kaimin Johou (Information on Muslims), from no. 1 dated Jul. 17-23, 1945 to no. 5 dated Aug. 19-25, 1945. It comprised about 10 pages each and covered various abstracts of newspaper articles on Muslims from around the world and information on Muslims in Japan [PDM nos. 247-251]. Further investigation of these materials should be conducted to examine the characteristics of research conducted by the DNKK.
IV. OHKAWA Shumei and the DNKK
As the top advisor to Toa Keizai Chousakyoku (6), OHKAWA Shumei is considered one of the most important persons who promoted Islamic studies in wartime Japan. In fact, he backed research and provided facilities such as rare old Islamic books for the research activities of MAEJIMA Shinji and IZUTSU Toshihiko, who were working at the institute and were eminent authorities on Islamic Studies in postwar Japan. Setting aside his financial and academic support to Islamic studies, OHKAWA’s research on Islam has not yet been highly evaluated in spite of his achievements, like the Kaikyo Gairon (Introduction on Islam) and the translation of the Koran (Qur’an) [Usuki 2002: 197-198; Misawa 2003]. In 2010, however, USUKI Akira published OHKAWA SHUMEI [Usuki 2010] to reevaluate OHKAWA’s life work, including his research and other activities on Islam and national policy. Further research on OHKAWA’s work will be accelerated from now on. In this section, we will put forth evidence regarding OHKAWA and the DNKK’s relationship, by referring to ODM and OHKAWA’s diary. He was a promoter and councilor at the DNKK ever since its founding, according to [ODM no. 5]. However, there were more than 200 promoters and councilors, so this may have been a nominal status requested by some authorities that supported the founding of the DNKK [Shimada 2008: 44]. On the other hand, he contributed to the periodical, Kaikyo Sekai, and wrote four articles: “Isuramu Kyodan no Hattatsu (Development of Islamic Sect) 1 and 2” and “Kaikyo Hougaku no Hattatsu (Development of Islamic Law) 1 and 2” in vol. 2, nos. 2-5, from Feb. to May, 1940. However, what about his actual support to the DNKK? According to the
95 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 95 2013/02/14 13:15:42 Minutes of the Research Department [ODM no. 59] from Apr. 26, 1939, two researchers from the DNKK visited Toa Keizai Chousakyoku. According to this source, they met Dr. OHKAWA to ask for his cooperation with the DNKK and for him to keep in touch with the DNKK. We could not get further information from the ODM. Although it is regretful that there are no records from Apr. to Dec. 1938, OHKAWA’s diary tells us that he met with persons from the DNKK at his office and home from Feb. 1939 to Aug. 1943 at long intervals [Ohkawa Shumei Kenshokai 1986]. Nevertheless, his diary from May 3 to May 26, 1943 gives us details on matters related to his lectures, sponsored by the DNKK, in Kyoto and Kobe [Ohkawa Shumei Kenshokai 1986: 252-256; Shimada 2008: 60].
V. Enlightenment Activities and Kaikyoken Tenrankai
The research department had the responsibility of promoting knowledge of Islam and Islamic societies with the Japanese people and promoting knowledge of Japan with Muslim people abroad. The DNKK published books and periodicals accordingly, and held lectures, discussions, and language classes, including for Malay and Arabic [ODM no. 113]. Regarding the DNKK’s publishing activities, Kakikyo Sekai has been discussed above, while Gurafu Nippon (Graphic Journal JAPAN) was one of the enlightenment activities for Muslims abroad. The DNKK published Gurafu Nippon in Arabic, Malay, Urdu, Turkish, and Indonesian from FY1940 [ODM no. 26; ODM nos. 272-274, 276-278; Omosa 2008: 49; Shimada 2008: 49]. Among these enlightenment activities, the Kaikyoken Tenrankai (The World of Islam Exhibition) should be considered specifically [ODM no. 115, 178-188]. From Nov. 7 to 19, 1939, the Kaikyoken Tenrankai was held in Tokyo, and from Nov. 28 to Dec. 9, 1939, the same exhibition was held in Osaka, where it is said that the total number of visitors reached 1.5 million [DNKK and Tokyo Isuramu Kyodan 1940: 20]. The Kaikyoken Tenrankai aimed to publicize knowledge of Islam and Islamic societies and the activities of the DNKK to the people of Japan.(7) The same exhibition was held in Nagoya from Apr. 4 to 11, 1940 [Omosa 2003: 180]. For the first Exhibition in Tokyo, Toa Keizai Chousakyoku submitted five antiquarian books of the Qur’an translated into European languages and published in 1707, 1719, 1786, 1844, and 1860, and other related antiquarian books about Muhammad, Islamic Law, and so on.
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 96
中東学会28-2.indb 96 2013/02/14 13:15:42 The Kaikyoken Kokyusho and the Kobe mosque were also exhibitors [DNKK and Tokyo Isuramu Kyodan 1939]. According to OHKAWA’s diary, dated Feb. 1, 1940, Mr. Kato of the DNKK visited OHKAWA’s office to consult with him about an exhibition that they planned to hold in Manchuria and North China [Ohkawa Shumei Kenshokai 1986: 211]. However, this exhibition was never held. Another exhibition called “The World of Islam exhibition under the Great East Asia War” was scheduled for Jan. 19 to 31, 1943 in Marubutsu Department Store, Kyoto,(8) but no report or record could be found in the ODM and PDM, so this planned exhibition must also have been cancelled for some reason. During the first Exhibition, the DNKK held a discussion in Osaka on Dec. 5, 1939 on the subject Trade with the World of Islam. The Operations Report [ODM no. 26] tells us that they held the meeting, but no further information could be obtained from the ODM. However, they published a booklet for this meeting [DNKK 1939b]. The DNKK held another discussion on Islam, with collaborations from two newspaper companies in Osaka, probably in 1940 [DNKK n.d.]. On May 6, 1939, a program called Kaikyowo Kataru (Talking on Islam) was broadcast on the radio from 19:30 to 20:20 in Tokyo [Asahi Shimbun, 1939]. In this program, the Minister of Religion in Yemen addressed the listeners and SOUSA Tanetsugu, a regular director of the DNKK, delivered a lecture on Nihon to Kaikyo no kankei (Japan and Islam). [ODM no. 230] could be a manuscript for his lecture. In addition, they held lectures on Southwest Asia in Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya in May 1941 [ODM no. 26]. According to the Foreign Affairs Police Report [Naimushou Keihokyoku 1941: 387], there was an audience of about 700 and 1,200 people for the lectures in Tokyo (Jun. 3, 1941) and Nagoya (Jun. 12, 1941), respectively.(9)
VI. Islamic Policy-making
In Jul. 1943, the Daitoua Shou (the Ministry of Greater East Asia) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs intended to intensify Islamic policy-making as well as propaganda abroad, and consequently, these authorities issued definite instructions to the DNKK. According to the Instructions on the Activities of the DNKK for the Present, the DNKK reorganized its activities as reported in the Operations Report
97 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 97 2013/02/14 13:15:43 FY1943 [ODM no. 39]. One activity they were instructed to perform was drawing up radio broadcasting manuscripts to be transmitted to Western Asia. The broadcast was aired between Aug. 27, 1943 and Mar. 29, 1944. Some of the manuscript titles included Islamic People in Daitoua Kyoeiken (the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere), East Asian Muslims Entering the War, Conquest over Muslims by the USA, Fasting and East Asian Muslims, The Islamic General Association in Java, and Cooperation among Muslims in the World [Tanada 2007: 225]. The DNKK continued drawing up manuscripts for broadcasts after Apr. 1944, and some of the titles can be found in KOZAI’s diary [Kozai 1967]. Some of the manuscripts can be found in the deposited materials. It seems that [ODM nos. 231, 233, 243-245, 252, 253] and [PDM nos. 342-349] are manuscripts of broadcasted material [Shimada 2008: 71]. SHIMADA [2009] carried out a rather extensive analysis of these manuscripts; however, this research team has not yet completed a full-scale intensive investigation of these materials. Another activity they were instructed to perform was holding Islamic policy councils for national policy-making. There were 18 council meetings held between Nov. 4, 1943 and Mar. 31, 1944. At the first and third council meetings, the councilors discussed propaganda policy for overseas broadcasting, while in other council meetings, they discussed Islamic policy-making by region, namely, in Java, the Philippines, North China, Moukyou (Mongol and Sinkiang), and Northwest China. They also discussed foreign Muslim students living in Japan and enlightenment policy in Japan [ODM no. 39]. This control by the authorities gradually penetrated the activities of the research department. In the report named “Current status of maneuvering to Muslims in Java under military control” [ODM no. 319], one researcher described an urgent need for a focused Islamic policy-making agency. He criticized the lack of systematic relationships between Islamic Research Institutes in Japan, and recommended changing the current situation where research results remained within the academic researchers’ circle and were not utilized for national policy-making. He repeatedly recommended the founding of a comprehensive agency that would connect the DNKK as a policy-making and maneuvering agency with Toa Kenkyusho (the Research Institute of East Asia), Toa Keizai Chousakyoku, and Kaikyouken Kenkyusho to facilitate policy-making [Tanada 2007: 226-227]. According to the Operations Report FY1944 [ODM no. 39], the last report for
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 98
中東学会28-2.indb 98 2013/02/14 13:15:43 the DNKK, Islamic policy council meetings were held weekly. Although the subjects of these Islamic policy council meetings in FY1944 have not all been recorded in the ODM, additional subjects can be determined from KOZAI’s diary [1967: 253- 479], such as Kaikyo Gakurin (Islam School), Turkish Tatar living in Japan, and Muslim policy in Soviet Russia. The reports tell us that they discussed fundamental issues regarding significant Islamic policies, the materialization of those policies, and reporting to the authorities. In total, they held more than 60 Islamic policy councils [Tanada 2007: 227]. As indicated above in descriptions of the organization (research activities, enlightenment activities, and Islamic policy-making), it can be said that the DNKK was a comprehensive organization for research and national policy-making in wartime Japan. In fact, the DNKK was said to be greater than other Islamic Research Institutes in terms of its size and the number of staff [Komura 1988: 94]. It defined itself as different from other academic research institutes from the time of its founding. As indicated by OMOSA [2005: 137-138], the DNKK reconfirmed its mission in the text titled About DNKK [ODM no. 21], probably published after Jul. 1943. From this, it can be understood that Toa Kenkyusho, Toa Keizai Chousakyoku, and Kaikyoken Kenkyusho (10) were absolute research institutes, while the main purpose of the DNKK was practical maneuvering. Therefore, it may also be safely said that the DNKK was referred to as a training organization for maneuvering [cf. Usuki 2002: 194-195]. After Jul. 1943, the DNKK was forced to participate in Islamic policy-making, as instructed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Daitoua Shou, as mentioned above. However, we should note that though the control of these ministries was strict, the DNKK was, broadly, not only a national policy-making organization but also a research institute, as discussed in section III.
VII. Concluding Remarks
Studying the growth of Islamic studies by Islamic Research Institutes in wartime Japan can help us to understand whether this contributed to building the foundation for Islamic studies and Area Studies for the Muslim world in postwar Japan. Although few scholars set a high academic value on Islamic studies during the war, we should examine whether the seeds of Islamic studies in postwar Japan
99 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 99 2013/02/14 13:15:43 originated in the Islamic studies in wartime Japan by further analyzing the ODM and PDM. We will then be able to identify continuity in academic research between the wartime and postwar periods [Tanada 2007: 228]. At present, we noted that a certain amount of Islamic studies in postwar Japan originated in Nihon Isuramu Kyokai (NIK), which was founded just after the end of the war in order to continue the research activities of the DNKK [Tanada 2007: 228]. According to “On the occasion of the start of the NIK” [ODM no. 88], after the dissolution of the DNKK on Oct. 15, 1945, the NIK started conducting its activities on Nov. 5, 1945. At the conclusion of the speech at the dissolution ceremony [ODM no. 86], the DNKK stated that the DNKK and the NIK had no substantial relationship, and that the NIK was not a mere continuation of the DNKK [Tanada 2007: 229]. We can also see the details of the research activities undertaken by the NIK in accordance with the Research Committee for Islamic Terms [ODM no. 70]. The NIK held 13 meetings from Jul. 6 to Oct. 5, 1946 under the name Research Committee on Proper Nouns in the World of Islam. A total of 38 researchers, including former members of the DNKK, attended regular meetings [Komura 1988: 537]. NAITO Chishu, the head of the research department for the NIK, recounts how he volunteered to conduct research for the NIK, but none of it was published [Zadankai 1964: 72]. However, although the activities of the NIK were rather low key, there are some transcripts of its research meetings in the ODM. Examples of these include Zakat [ODM no. 286], dated Dec. 1946; Oral Tradition of the Ancient Arabic Poem [ODM no. 325], dated Sep. 1947; Umar Khayyam [ODM no. 257], dated Nov. 12, 1950; History of Kai-Kai (Muslim in China) [ODM no. 283], dated Nov. 1950; and Hafiz [ODM no. 258], dated Mar. 11, 1951. After OHMURA, the former managing director of the DNKK, passed away in 1962, Professor MATSUDA Hisao at Waseda University, a managing director of the NIK, convened a meeting in Jul. 1963 to revitalize the NIK. After examining the development of the NIK after the end of the war, it can safely be said that the DNKK performed an important function in the primary development of Islamic studies in postwar Japan. The Deposited Materials should be reexamined in full, including the materials that have not yet been investigated, to allow for the reappraisal of the activities of the DNKK and the reevaluation of the role that Islamic Research Institutes played in Islamic studies in wartime and postwar Japan.
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 100
中東学会28-2.indb 100 2013/02/14 13:15:43 Acknowledgements We are most grateful to the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), No.23310187 (FY2011-2012) [The Contemporary Development of Middle Eastern Studies in Japan: From a Perspective of “Muslim and Jewish Question” before and during World War II, Research Representative (Project Leader: Akira USUKI)] for the financial support provided for this study.
Notes
(1) To be precise, the NIK possessed these materials after the dissolution of the DNKK. (2) This definition is in accordance with the Japanese government’s policy mentioned in the historical source material named “Matter about Setting-up of Islamic Policy” dated 1938. This material states that the DNKK should be the best private research institute for problems related to Islam and should be guided by the government to create various policies for Muslims. Please refer to Usuki [2006: 221-222] for details. (3) They produced a film named “Muslims in Tokyo.” A scenario called “Elder Ibrahim” can be found in it [ODM no. 236] and may be the scenario depicted in the film. For the details of the film’s production, please see Ohsawa [2005: 134-135]. (4) On October 30 and 31, 1944, a joint research meeting was held with the following speakers: IWAMOTO Hiroshi, Islam in Indonesia; MIYASAKA Yoshiyasu, Revolt of Muslims in Kavkaz; NAITOU Chishu, Personal view on Islam in Nanpou; OGAWA Ryousaku, Ethnic Policy of Muslims; MAEJIMA Shinji, Islamic Culture around the Indian Ocean; OHKUBO Kouji, Ottomanism [Kozai 1967: 446-447]. (5) On Aug. 18, 1945, just after the end of the war, the subject of the Benkyokai was Ohmura’s recollections about the Islam problem [ODM no. 161; Shimada 2008: 54, footnote 116]. (6) Toa Keizai Chousakyoku (The East Asia Economic Research Office) was affiliated to the South Manchuria Railway Co. in 1939 and was one of the largest research institutes in wartime Japan. OHKAWA started to work at this institute in 1919 and was appointed Director General in 1929. (7) They exhibited various materials about the political, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions in Islamic societies around the world, including in China, the Soviet Union, and Africa. They used many panoramas and dioramas to show the life of Muslims, such as landscapes of Mecca and Cairo, a bazaar in Baghdad, a mosque in Peking, and so on. They also boasted of the quality of the art, craft, and science exhibits [DNKK and Tokyo Isuramu Kyodan 1940]. (8) Record of the Japan Center for Asian Historical records at National Archives of Japan (http:// www.jacar.go.jp/) reference code: B04012294800. (Date of ref. Jan. 31, 2010). (9) The lectures mentioned in [ODM no. 26] were held in May 1941, so it is possible that the two
101 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 101 2013/02/14 13:15:44 lectures mentioned in the Police report were different ones. (10) Nevertheless, OHKUBO Kouji and NOHARA Shirou, head and chief researcher of Kaikyoken Kenkyusho, were members of the Islamic policy council of the DNKK. They could not avoid participation in Islamic policy-making despite their academic orientation in Islamic studies.
References
We can provide Revised Complete Catalogues for ODM and PDM in Japanese (PDF format). Direct correspondence to TANADA Hirofumi, Waseda University, Faculty of Human Sciences, 2-579-15 Mikajima Tokorozawa SAITAMA 359-1192 JAPAN. E-mail: [email protected]
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 102
中東学会28-2.indb 102 2013/02/14 13:15:44 and the Arab World –Memoirs]. Nihon Arabu Kankei Kokusai Kyodo Kenkyu Kokunai Iinkai Jimukyoku. Misawa, Nobuo. 2002. “Ohkawa Shuumei to Nihon no Isuramu Kenkyu [Ohkawa Shuumei and Islamic Studies in Japan].” Toyo Daigaku Ajia Afurica Kenkyusho Kenkyu Nenpou [Annual Journal of the Asian and African Cultures Research Institute, Toyo University] (37): 73-83. Naimushou Keihokyoku [Ministry of Home Affairs, Police and Security Department]. 1941. Gaiji Keisatsu Gaikyo [A General Situation of Foreign Affairs Police], vol. 7. Reprinted by Ryukei Shosha in 1980. Nohara, Shirou. 1965. “Kaikyoken Kenkyusho no Omoide [Reminiscences of the Research Institute for the World of Islam].” Toyo Bunka (38). Reprinted in Shirou Nohara, Ajiano Rekishi to Shisou [Asian History and Thoughts]. Koubundou: 1966. Ohkawa Shumei Kenshokai. 1986. OHKAWA Shumei Nikki [Diary of OHKAWA Shumei]. Iwasaki Gakujutsu Shuppansha. Ohsawa, Kouji. 2005. “Senjika no Tetsugakusha gamita Shukyo Seisaku–Kozai Yoshishige to Dai- Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai [Religion Policy observed by a Philosopher in Wartime Japan].” Taisho Daigaku Daigakuin Kenkyu Ronshu (29): 125-137. Omosa, Sachiko. 2003. “Matsuzakaya Kaikyoken Tenrankai no Shuhen [About the World of Islam Exhibition in Matsuzakaya Department Store].” Gengo Bunka Gaku (Journal of Language and Culture) (12): 179-191. ―――. 2005. “Shukyo Dantaihou womeguru Kaikyo Kohnin Mondai no Haikei [Background to the Problem of Official Authorization of Islam related to the Religious Association Law].” Gengo Bunka Gaku [Journal of Language and Culture] (14): 131-144. ―――. 2008. “Senchuuki Nihon no Isuraamu Keimou Katsudou [Enlightenment Activities on Islam in Wartime Japan].” Arabu Isuramu Kenkyu [Arab-Islam Research] (6): 45-61. Shimada, Daisuke. 2008. Senjika Nihon no Kaikyo Seisaku 1938-1945 [Islam Policy in Wartime Japan 1938-1945]. Master Thesis, Chuoh University. ―――. 2009. “Senchuuki Nihon no Nishiajiamuke Senden Razio Housouto Dai Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai [The Japanese radio broadcasting toward West Asia by the Greater Japan Muslim League in the Second World War].” Mediashi Kenkyu [Media History] (25): 92-111. Tanada, Hirofumi. 2002. “Senchuki Nihon niokeru Isuramu Kenkyu: Waseda Daigaku Toshokan shozou “Isuramu Bunko” no Gaiyou to Kenkyu Kadai [Islamic Studies in Wartime Japan].” Ningen Kagaku Kenkyu [WASEDA Journal of Human Sciences] 15(1): 85-90. ―――. 2005. Senchuki Nihon niokeru Isuramu Kenkyu no Seika to Hyouka: Waseda Daigaku “Isuramu Bunko” no Bunseki [The Result and Evaluation for Islamic Studies in Wartime Japan]. Heisei 15/16 Nendo Kagaku Kenkyuhi Hojokin Kiban Kenkyu (C2): Kadai Bangou 15530347 Kenkyu Seika Houkokusho [Final Report Regarding Grant-in Aid for Scientific Research (C2) for FY2003/2004, no. 15530347]. ―――. 2007. “Islamic Studies in Wartime Japan: An Analysis of Historical Materials of the Greater Japan Muslim League.” Annals of Japan Association for Middle East Studies 23 (2): 215-236.
103 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 103 2013/02/14 13:15:44 Usuki, Akira. 2002. “Senjika Kaikyo Kenkyu no Isan: Sengo Nihon no Isuraamu Chiikikenkyu no Purototaipu toshite [Legacy of Islamic Studies in Wartime Japan].” Shisou [Thought] (941): 191- 204. ―――. 2006. “Senzen Nihon no Kaikyoto Mondai Kenkyu: Kaikyouken Kenkyusho wo chushintoshite [Muslim Studies in Wartime Japan].” Toyogaku no Jiba (Teikoku Nihon no Gakuchi, Dai 3 kan) [A Magnetic Field of Oriental Studies (An Academic Knowledge of the Japanese Empire, vol. 3)], 215-251, Iwanami Shoten. ―――. 2010. Ohkawa Shumei: Isuraamu to Tennoh nohazamade [Ohkawa Shumei: Between Islam and Emperor]. Seidosha. Zadankai. 1964. “Zadankai Nihon niokeru Isuramugaku no Ayumi [Round-table Talk: The Course of Islamics in Japan].” Isuramu Sekai [The World of Islam] (2).
Figure 1: Cover of the Last Issue of Kaikyo Sekai (World of Islam) (Source) Kaikyo Sekai 3 (12) (Dec. 1941).
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 104
中東学会28-2.indb 104 2013/02/14 13:15:45 Figure 2: Newspaper Advertisement for Kaikyoken Tenrankai (The World of Islam Exhibition) (Source) Tokyo Asahi Shimbun, Nov. 15: 7.
Figure 3: The Cover of the Scenario “The Elder Ibrahim” n.d. (Source) ODM No. 236．
105 Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan (Tanada)
中東学会28-2.indb 105 2013/02/14 13:15:45 Figure 4: The Cover of “Record of Islamic Policy Councils,” Dated Nov. 25, 1943 (Source) ODM No. 78.
ABSTRACT TANADA Hirofumi Islamic Research Institutes in Wartime Japan: Introductory Investigation of the “Deposited Materials by the Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai (Greater Japan Muslim League)”
Dai-Nippon Kaikyo Kyokai (Greater Japan Muslim League, hereafter DNKK), one of the Islamic Research Institutes in wartime Japan, was established in 1938 and was dissolved in 1945. The DNKK carried out various activities, such as research on Islamic countries, the World of Islam exhibitions, Islamic policy-making, enlightenment activities, and planning trade with Muslim countries. We can examine the details of the DNKK by reviewing the “Deposited Materials by the DNKK” or the “Islam Library” in the possession of Waseda University Library. In this paper, the author introduces the deposited materials regarding the organization and activities of the DNKK in detail. Further investigation of Deposited Materials by the DNKK concerning the contribution of the Islamic Research Institutes to Islamic studies in Japan is then recommended.
Professor, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University 早稲田大学人間科学学術院教授
AJAMES no.28-2 2012 106
中東学会28-2.indb 106 2013/02/14 13:15:45