ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR THE PROPOSED
HARBOUR MAINTENANCE PROJECT IN KANDITHEEMU, SHAVIYANI ATOLL
May 2014
Prepared for
Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
Maldives
Consultant
CDE Consulting, Maldives
ެގުމުރުކ ުތާމާރަމ ުރަދނަބ ުމީތިޑނަކ .ށ
ްނުޢޫރްޝަމ
ްޓޯޕިރ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުރަވްނިމ ެނާރުކުރަސައ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ
2014 ިއެމ
:ުރާޔިދެއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ
ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްނިއ ްޑްނެއ ގްނިސުއަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ
:ްޓްނަޓްލަސްނޮކ ޭ އ .ި އ އަ .ީއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ
ްޑެޓިމިލ ްޓެވިއަރްޕ ީއ.ީޑ.ީސ EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
Table of Contents
List of Figures ...... v List of Tables ...... vi List of Abbreviations ...... viii Acknowledgements ...... ix Lead Consultant’s Declaration ...... x Proponent’s Declaration...... xi Executive Summary ...... xii 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the EIA ...... 1 1.2 Project Proponent ...... 1 1.3 Project Scope ...... 1 1.4 Project Rationale ...... 2 1.5 Aim and Objectives ...... 2 1.6 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions...... 2 1.7 Project Financing...... 3 1.8 Scope and Terms of Reference of EIA ...... 3 1.9 Assessment Methodology ...... 4 1.9.1 General Approach ...... 4 1.9.2 The Study Area...... 4 1.9.3 Field Observations ...... 5 1.9.4 Desk Study Review ...... 7 1.9.5 Public Consultation ...... 8 1.9.6 Key Stakeholder Consultation ...... 8 1.9.7 Data Analysis ...... 8 1.9.8 Report Format ...... 9 1.10 Study Team Members ...... 9 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 10 2.1 Project Location ...... 10 2.2 Project Outline and Project Site Plan ...... 10 2.3 Detailed Project Outline and Work Methodology...... 16 2.3.1 Scope of Works ...... 16 2.3.2 Timing and Coordination ...... 16 2.3.3 Mobilization of equipment ...... 16 2.3.4 Maintenance Dredging and Harbour Expansion ...... 17 2.3.5 Harbour Breakwater...... 20 2.4 Project Schedule and Life Span ...... 21
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2.5 Labour Requirements and Availability ...... 22 2.6 Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures ...... 23 2.6.1 Construction Waste Management and Disposal ...... 23 2.6.2 Pollution and Emission Control Measures ...... 23 2.6.3 Sediment Containment and Turbidity Control Measures ...... 23 2.6.4 Health and Safety Measures ...... 23 2.6.5 Utilities ...... 24 2.7 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 24 2.8 Demobilization ...... 25 3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 26 3.1 Relevant Environment Legislation ...... 26 3.1.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)...... 26 3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines ...... 27 3.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012 ...... 27 3.2.2 Regulation on Sand and Coral Mining ...... 28 3.2.3 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation ...... 28 3.2.4 Regulation on Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another ...... 29 3.2.5 Regulation on Conservation of Old Trees ...... 30 3.2.6 Waste Management Regulation 2013 ...... 30 3.2.7 The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9) ...... 31 3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project ...... 32 3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note ...... 32 3.3.2 Dredging and Reclamation Permit ...... 32 3.4 Responsible Institutions ...... 32 3.4.1 Ministry of Environment ...... 32 3.4.2 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure...... 33 3.4.1 Atoll Council ...... 33 3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents ...... 33 3.5.1 Waste Management Policy ...... 33 3.5.2 National Environmental Action Plan III (NEAP III) ...... 34 3.5.3 Waste Management Policy ...... 35 3.6 International Conventions ...... 36 3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 36 3.6.2 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol ...... 36 4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 37 4.1 Physical Environment ...... 37 4.1.1 Meteorology ...... 37
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4.1.2 Hydrology ...... 43 4.1.3 Beach ...... 48 4.1.4 Bathymetry ...... 53 4.1.5 Marine water quality assessment ...... 53 4.2 Biological Environment ...... 55 4.2.1 Terrestrial Ecology ...... 55 4.2.2 Marine Environment ...... 57 4.2.3 Marine protected areas and sensitive sites ...... 66 4.2.4 Breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species ...... 67 4.3 Natural Hazard Assessment for the Site ...... 67 4.4 Island Social Socio-Economic Setting ...... 69 4.4.1 Population Characteristics ...... 69 4.4.2 Administrative and Institutional Capacity ...... 71 4.4.3 Education Attainment ...... 71 4.4.4 Employment ...... 72 4.4.5 Infra-Structure and Services ...... 74 4.4.6 Ongoing Projects ...... 75 5 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION ...... 76 5.1 Introduction ...... 76 5.2 Nature of potential impacts on key components ...... 76 5.3 Identification of significant impacts ...... 76 6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 83 6.1 Air Quality Degradation ...... 83 6.2 Noise and Vibrations ...... 83 6.3 Impact on the marine environment...... 84 6.4 Changes in Hydrodynamics and Coastal Erosion ...... 85 6.5 Loss of Flora and Fauna ...... 86 6.6 Impacts from waste ...... 87 6.7 Water Contamination (Marine Water and/or Ground Water) ...... 88 6.8 Sand deposition within harbour basin and reef entrance ...... 89 6.9 Risks to health and safety of construction workers ...... 89 7 ALTERNATIVES ...... 90 7.1 “No-project” Alternative ...... 90 7.2 Alternative Sediment Control Measures ...... 91 7.3 Alternative Dredging Method ...... 91 7.4 Alternative Dredge Disposal Locations ...... 92 7.5 Alternative Site Plan...... 93 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 96
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8.1 Environmental management system...... 96 8.2 Management structure and responsibilities ...... 97 8.2.1 Project proponent ...... 98 8.2.2 Environmental Consultant ...... 98 8.2.3 Contractors ...... 98 8.2.4 Local Authority ...... 98 8.2.5 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 99 8.3 Communications...... 106 8.4 Stakeholder Engagement ...... 108 8.4.1 Grievance Mechanism ...... 108 8.5 Health and Safety Management ...... 110 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 114 9.1 Introduction ...... 114 9.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan ...... 114 9.3 Aspects of the Monitoring Plan ...... 115 9.4 Monitoring Report ...... 116 9.5 Cost of monitoring ...... 116 9.6 Commitment for Monitoring ...... 116 10 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 117 10.1 Findings ...... 118 11 Potential Data Gaps and Assessment Limitations ...... 122 11.1 Gaps in Information ...... 122 11.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction ...... 122 12 Conclusions ...... 123 REFERENCES ...... 125 APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference ...... 126 APPENDIX B – Site Plan ...... 127 APPENDIX C – Detailed Drawings ...... 128 APPENDIX D – Survey Locations ...... 129 APPENDIX E – Coastal Geomorphology...... 130 APPENDIX F – Beach Profiles ...... 131 APPENDIX G – Water Quality Results ...... 134 APPENDIX H – Bathychart ...... 135 APPENDIX I – CV’s of Consultants ...... 136 APPENDIX J – Commitment Letter ...... 137 APPENDIX K – Approvals...... 138 APPENDIX L – Fish Census ...... 139
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Study area boundary ...... 5 Figure 2-1 Location map of Kanditheemu ...... 11 Figure 2-2 Locality map and environmentally sensitive zones in the vicinity ...... 12 Figure 2.3 Aerial image of Kanditheem Island ...... 13 Figure 2.4 Project Site Plan (reduced version) ...... 14 Figure 2.5 Project foot print and Potential Affected Areas ...... 15 Figure 2.6: Cross-section of entrance channel ...... 18 Figure 2.7: Design details of the breakwater Type A ...... 21 Figure 4.1: Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Central Maldives based on National Meteorological Center 10 year Data (adapted from Naseer, 2003)...... 39 Figure 4.2: 24 Year Wind Frequency Recorded at National Meteorological Center...... 39 Figure 4.3: Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at National Meteorological Centre (1978 – 2004) ...... 40 Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hulhule’ (1975-2004) ...... 41 Figure 4.5: Maximum daily rainfall by year in Hulhule’ (1975-2005) - (Source: Hay, 2006) ..... 41 Figure 4.6: Maximum Temperature by year in Hulhule’- 1975-2005 (Source: Hay, 2006) ...... 42 Figure 4.7: Estimated wave regime around Kanditheemu Island ...... 45 Figure 4.8: Observed current flow patterns on the reef – from high to low tide ...... 46 Figure 4.9: Predicted tides for August 2012, based on data from Department of Meteorology, Maldives ...... 47 Figure 4-10 Geocorrected Aerial map of Kanditheemu ...... 50 Figure 4-11 Long term erosion and accretion trends in Kanditheem ...... 51 Figure 4-12 Coastal Conditions Summary ...... 52 Figure 4.13: Vegetation cover at the project site ...... 56 Figure 4.14: Selected photos of manta tows survey area ...... 57 Figure 4.15: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 1 ...... 59 Figure 4.16: Selected photos taken at marine transect 1 ...... 59 Figure 4.17: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 2 ...... 60 Figure 4.18: Selected photos along transect 2 ...... 60 Figure 4.19: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 3 ...... 61 Figure 4.20: Selected photos along transect 3 ...... 61 Figure 4.21: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 4 ...... 62 Figure 4.22: Selected photos along transect 4 ...... 62 Figure 4.23: Comparison of fish families and species recorded at marine transect 1 – 4 ...... 63 Figure 4.24: Number of fish species observed in respect to fish families (four transects combined) ...... 63
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Figure 4.25: Benthic composition at TS-1 ...... 64 Figure 4.26: Benthic composition at TS -2 ...... 65 Figure 4.27: Benthic composition at TS - 3 ...... 65 Figure 4.28: Benthic composition at TS – 4 ...... 66 Figure 4.29: Benthic composition at TS – 5 ...... 66 Figure 4.30: Age-Sex Distribution of Kandtitheem Population ...... 70 Figure 4.31: Population Density by Locality, Sh. Atoll ...... 71 Figure 4.32: Education Attainment Levels, Sh. Kanditheem, Census 2006 ...... 72 Figure 4.33: Employment by sector, Sh. Kanditheem ...... 73 Figure 4.34: Employment by sector and by gender ...... 74 Figure 7.1: Alternative dredge waste disopsal location ...... 94 Figure 7.2: Alternativesite plan...... 95 Figure 8.1: Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram...... 97
List of Tables
Table 2.1: Dredging specifications ...... 18 Table 2.2: Reclamation specification ...... 19 Table 2.3: Dredge waste disposal details ...... 20 Table 2.4: Project Schedule ...... 22 Table 2.5: List of labour requirements ...... 22 Table 2.6: Major Project Inputs ...... 24 Table 2.7: Major Project Outputs...... 25 Table 4.1: Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives ...... 37 Table 4.2: Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Center ...... 38 Table 4.3: Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hulhule’...... 42 Table 4.4: Tidal Variations at Male’ International Airport (Source: MEC, 2004) ...... 47 Table 4.5: Marine Water Quality Parameters ...... 54 Table 4.6: Water quality parameters tested and reference ranges ...... 55 Table 4.7: Summary results of manta tow survey...... 58 Table 4.8: Predicted disaster risks in Funadhoo Island (Source DIRAM 2 – UNDP & MPND) . 67 Table 4.9 Risk analysis to natural disaster ...... 68 Table 4.10: Population figures for Census 2000 and 2006 for Sh. Kanditheem ...... 69 Table 5-1: Impact Identification Matrix ...... 77 Table 5.2: Evaluation of key impacts on the natural environment during construction and operation stage ...... 78
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Table 7.1: Summary of “No Project” Alternative ...... 90 Table 7.2: Summary of Sediment Control Measures ...... 91 Table 7.3: Summary of Dredging Alternatives ...... 91 Table 8.1: Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase ...... 100 Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase ...... 107 ...... 107 Table 8.2: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 109 Table 9.1: Aspects of the Monitoring Plan ...... 115 Table 11.1: Summary of consultations undertaken specific to the EIA ...... 118 Table 11.2: Public consultation participants list ...... 120
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List of Abbreviations
COADS Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set DO Dissolved Oxygen EIA Envrionmental Impact Assessment ESA Environmentally Sensitive Area GPS Global Positioning System GSS Gravity Sewer System IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPC International Plant Protection Convention IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MEE Ministry of Environment and Energy MHI Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure MoTAC Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture MoTCA Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation MSL Mean Sea Level MTCC Maldives Transport and Contracting Company PLC NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NE North East NEAP II National Environmental Action Plan II NW North West SAP Strategic Action Plan SE South East SW South West TDS Total Suspended Solids ToR Term of Reference UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol
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Acknowledgements
The lead author of this report is Dr. Ahmed Shaig.
Additional assessments were undertaken by the following team members.
Ms Fathimath Saeedha (Impact assessment and Report compilation)
Mr. Mohamed Faizan (Marine assessment)
Field assistance was provided by
Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine assessment)
Mr. Ali Moosa Didi (Coastal surveyor)
The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix I of this report.
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Lead Consultant’s Declaration
I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and available information.
Dr. Ahmed Shaig
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Proponent’s Declaration
Intentionally Left Blank
Please refer to Appendix J
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Executive Summary
The purpose of this document is to fulfil the requirements to get necessary environmental clearance from the Environmental Protection Agency to carry out the proposed harbour maintenance project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll. The proponent of this project is Ministry of Housing & Infrastructure.
The main rationale for the project is to improve the access facilities of Kanditheemu Island to facilitate improvement in the social and economic condition of the island. The island has a harbour and a reef entrance, but the harbour has become shallow overtime; increasing number of vessels has led to congestion and the breakwater has been largely damaged, making it dangerous to moor vessels in the basin.
This project mainly involves widening the harbour basin, construction of a new quay wall and breakwater, and disposing the dredge waste in designated locations near the harbour. Part of the existing reclaimed land is proposed to be dredged.
All project activities will be in conformance to the laws and regulations of the Maldives, and relevant international conventions that Maldives is party to. The key laws and regulations applicable to this project are: Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, Dredging and Reclamation regulation and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012.
The island coastal environment has been modified due to the presence of the existing harbour, reef entrance, and a separate basin and entrance for the boatyard. The coral cover on the outer reef is in moderately healthy condition but there are signs of past sedimentation. The dominant benthic substrate of the footprint is mainly sand and rubble.
Significant impacts of this project during construction phase of the project are potential significant impacts on the marine environment due to excessive sedimentation, turbidity and direct excavation. The specific impacts on the coral reef and lagoon environment include loss of lagoon benthos organisms along the sand bed areas, temporary sedimentation in surrounding areas particularly with table corals, loss of coral life, loss of seagrass beds and temporary impacts on fish life. These impacts are likely to persist only in the short-term. There are some risks related to coastal erosion in the long term. Impacts from vegetation removal are moderately significant, but unavoidable. During the operation phase the main concern are the potential risks to health and safety of users. Most of these impacts can be minimized with proper mitigation measures recommended in the report. The project mainly has positive socio-economic benefits, including increased direct and indirect job opportunities, improvement in island accessibility and opportunities economic growth.
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Key mitigation measures for the construction stage include deployment bund walls to minimise damage to the surrounding coral reefs and ground water lens, before commencing dredging. Cost of mitigation is generally included in the contract value except for changes to the site plan and additional options dredge waste disposal. The total cost of mitigation may be in the range of Rf200,000 to Rf400,000 depending on the agreement between proponent and contractor on alternatives.
The alternatives evaluated for the project are dredging methods, alternative option for preventing future frequent sedimentation of harbour basin and a revised site plan. Among these, the revised site plan and sediment control measures have been recommended. However, the sediment control measures will depend on availability of funds as there will be a scope change. The revised site plan has been suggested based more on social satisfaction since the environmental impacts between the multiple options are similar, increasing only with the scope of works. Alternative options for dredge waste disposal were explored including storage of part of the material, replenishing eroded areas and leveling roads.
This project has strong support from the island community and the Island Council. However, during public consultations, some members of the community including the Council expressed disappointment with the proposed harbour layout as some of the proposed changes have not been included by MHI and that a promised meeting between MHI and Council did not materialize. Their main concern was related to the harbour width, where, according to them, the MHI has promised to widen the harbour by another 50 m. They also raised concerns about the openings on the edges of the harbour may allow sediments to seep through, something which they have experienced in the previous harbour. This issue has been addressed as an alternative. They also raised a previous request to widen the opening of the reef entrance. All these requests were passed onto the proponent. It is recommended that the proponent have a public meeting or a meeting with the Council to agree on the current site plan before mobilization. Otherwise, there is a chance of public discontent with the current design after the works start.
Monitoring plan is designed to assess any changes to the coral reef environment of the island, coastal changes and depth variations of channel as well the marine water quality as these are the key areas that will be impacted from this project.
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for this project is designed to produce a framework for anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. In addition, provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities. The framework also defines communications mechanisms, training,
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In conclusion, this project has been designed in conformance to the relevant laws and regulations of Maldives. The most significant impacts are expected to be short- to medium-term impacts on marine and terrestrial environment. However, mitigation measures have been proposed to adequately minimise these significant impacts and the proposed EMP defines the mechanisms to implement and monitor these measures.
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ާސާލުހ ާދާސ
ުރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނެގިޅުގ ިއާއުޢޫރްޝަމ ެގުމުރުކުތާމާރަމ ުރަދނަބ ެގުމީތިޑނަކ .ށ ީކަޓޯޕިރ ާސާރިދ ިމ
ްޑްނެއ ގްނިސުއަހ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ ީކަރާޔިދެއ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެކެއާސާރިދ ާވިއަފިވެރުކ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކްނަޒަވ
ާވްނުނޭބ ްށައަދްއުހ ެގީށެވާމިތ ާވްނުނޭބ ިއަކަޓްށަމުގްނިހ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ީކަމުނޭބ ުޑނަގިއަމ ެގުޓޯޕިރިމ .ެވެއ ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްޕްނިއ
.ެވެމުޅެހަށުހ ްށައީސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްޓްނެމަރަޔަވްނެއ ްއަތުތާމޫލުއަމ
މިމަޝްރޫޢުގައި ހިމެނޭ މައިގަނޑު މަސައްކަތްތަކަކީ ބަދަރު 40 މީޓަރު އިރަށް ފުޅާކުރުމާއި، އައު ކަނޑު ތޮށްޓަކާއި އެއްގަމު
ިރުހ ިއަގުމަގްއެއ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެމުޅެއ ްށަދްއަހަރަސ ާވިއަފިޅެއަޑނަކ ްނުށޮދ ުޑނޮގ ިލެވާގަނ ްނުނަތެއ ިދައ ިއާމުލްއެޓްށޮތ
ްނުރުކ ްނުފ ްށަރަޓީމ 3 ްނަތްނަތ ާވިއަފެވްނުފ ްނުރެނ ިއާރަދނަބ ިއާމުރުކ ުލަދަބ ްށަކަނަތ ްނެހެއ ްސަގްއުރ ްއެއަބ
.ެވެއެނެމިހ
ުކެއިއާމުބިލަދްއުހ ްށޮކްސާފ ްނުކަތާރާދިއ ޭހެބ ިއާމަކ ްޓޯޕިރ ާސާރިދާރުކ ިއަކަޓްށަމުތަގެނެދ ުރަސައާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ
ްށަމަކެނާގނިހ ްށައުއޫރްޝަމިމ .ެވެއެނޭވުނޮފ ްށަމީތިޑނަކ ްނުހީމުތަކްއަސަމިދައ ުނާމާސ ިއާޗްއެކަތ ާވްނުނޭބ ްށަތަކްއަސަމ
.ެވެހަވުދްސަމ ްށައ ަތަވުނ ްއެތަހ ްނެގެވަނިގ ީކަތަދްއުމ ާވިއަފިވެރުކާފަލ
ެގުކަތަކަރުމ ާވިއަގުދްއަހަރަސ ެގުރެނ ިއާރަދނަބ ްނުތޮގިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެލާލަބ ްށަތަލާހ ެގުރާހިމ ެގުދްއަހަރަސިމ ިއަގާސާރިދިމ
ުރަފ ުރޭބ .ެވެއެވިއަފްސިއައ ްއަތުލަދަބ ްއެއަބ ްސެވްށަށޮދުޑނޮގ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުދެހ ުރަދނަބ ިދައ .ެވެއަފެވުރަމ ީނަވ ިއަބުޑޮބ
ާވިއަފްށޮކ ުރަސައ ްނިރުކ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުޅެއ ިލެވ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެއަފެވާލާއ ީނަވުރާހިމ ްއަތަކަރުމ ެގްއެއަބުޑޮބ ިރުހ ިއަގީރިއަކ
.ެވެޓްއުހ ްނަންނެފ ްއަތިކެހ ެގުމަކ
ޭވެދޭނ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ިއަގާލަހުރަމ ެގުތަކްއަސަމ ީލަމައ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ިއަގުތޮގުނުވެރުކަގަހާފ ްނިއާސާރިދިމ
ެނާދިބިލ ްށަންނިރެތްތަކްއަސަމ ިދައ ްނުވުރަޔްއަޢަތ ުޑނަގުނޮލ ިއާމުލްއެގެނާދިބިލ ްށަކަތްނުރިދ ެގުޑނަކ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގުކަތުރަސައ
.ެވެއެނޭނެމިހ ުތާމޫލުޢަމ ެގުކަތްނުލްއެގ
ުލާޔިޚ ާޅަހަށުހ ްއަތިއަބ ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ ްށޮކުލަދްއަބ ާންނުރަލިސްނުއަކ ެގުށަރ ިދައ ިއާންނުތިޔްއަރ 63 ެގުށަރ ިއަގާސާރިދ ިމ
ާރަވްޝަމ ިއާއީރްޓްސިނިމ ގްނިސުއަހ ްނިރުކ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގުކަތްއަތްނަކ ުނުވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގުމުވުލަދްއަބ ިމ .ެވެނުވެރުކ ުލަދަބ
ކުރެވުނު ބައެއް ކަންކަން ސައިޓް ޕްލޭންގައި ހިމަނާފައިވާ ނެތްކަމާއި، ބަނދަރުގެ ޑިޒައިންތައް ނިންމުމަށް ކައުންސިލާއި
މިނިސްޓްރީއާއި ދެމެދު ބާއްވަން ކުރިން ވާހަކަ ދެކެވިފައިވާ ބައްދަލުވުން ބާއްވާފައި ނުވާކަމާއި، ބަނދަރަށް އޮއިދެމޭގޮތަށް
.ެވެއެނެމިހ ްނުވުޓްއުހ ްނުނަވިލެވ ްނުމުޑނެކ ާވިއަފާޑނަކ
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
މި ދިރާސާގައި މަޝްރޫއަށް ގެނެވިދާނެ ބަދަލުތަކަށް ބަލާލާފައިވާނެއެވެ. މިގޮތުން މަޝްރޫޢު ނުހިންގުމާއި، ފަޅު ކޮންނަން ބޭނުން
ކުރާ އިތުރުޓެކްނޮލޮޖީއާއި، ަސ ިއ ްޓ ްޕލޭ ަނ ްށ ެގ ެނ ިވ ާދ ެނ ަބ ަދ ުލ ަތ ްށ ފާހަގަކުރެވިފައިވާނެއެވެ. މިގޮތުން ރައްޔިތުންނާ ކުރެވުނު
ިއޮއ ްށަރަދނަބ ިއަގްނޭލްޕ ްޓިއަސ ިމ .ެވެއެވިއަފިޅެހަށުހ ްއެނޭލްޕ ްޓިއަސ ުރުތިއ ްށަތޮގާވިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ ިއަގުކަތާރަވްޝަމ
ެގ ްނޭލްޕިމ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިޅެހަށުހ ްށަމުލްއެޓްށޮތ ްށަތޮގ ޭނާންނަވުނ ިލެވ ްނުދްއަހަރަސ ެދ ާވިއަފާޑނަކ ްށަތޮގޭމެދ
ްނުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއަމަނިރުހ ާސިއަފ ިނަކެއަމަހ ީނޭވެރުކ ުލަމައ ްށަނޭލްޕ ްޓިއަސިމ ެވީތެނާންނައ ްއެކަތުލަދަބ ްށަދަރަޚ ްނުބަބަސ
ްއެކަތަލަސްއަމ ުތިއ ްސެވަމަނިޅެއ ްށަކަދްއަހަރަސ ެމްނޮކ ްނެގީމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފްށޮކަގަހާފ ްސެވްއަތުދްއަހަރަސ ްނެހެއ ެނާދިޅެއިލެވ
.ެވެއަފްށޮކަގަހާފ ީނަވ ްނަކެނާވުނާމިދ
ްނުލްއެގ ެނާދިބިލ ްނުކަމަކ ަދަފެއ ިއާށަމުތަގެނެދ ުރަވްނިމާރުކ ްށަތުރަސައ ެނާފްށޮކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ާވިއަފްށޮކްނާޔަބ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރިމ
ިއަކަޓްށަމުތަގެނެދ ްނަކްނަކެއ ިއަގްއެތަލާހ ެޖްއެވިތަމިރުކ ްއެމަކ ްތެނިއަފިވެރުކްނާޔަބ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރ ިމ ިދައ ިއާށަމުރުކަޑުކ
ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުލެބ ްނުތޮގިމ .ެވެއެވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްށަމުރުކްނީރްކްސ ްށަމަކްނަކ ަދަފިމ ިއަގުކަތާލަހުރަމ ިކެއ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ
މައިގަނޑު ކަންތައްތަކުގެ ތެރޭގައި މޫދުގެ ލޮނަށް އަންނަ ބަދަލު ބެލުމާއި، ރަށުގެ އައްސޭރިފަށަށް އަންނަ ބަދަލުތައް ބަލާ
.ެވެއެނެމިހ ްނުރުކާސާރިދ
ްޖޭނެމ ްއަތަލަސްއަމ ިއަގްނޭލްޕ ިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފާޅަހަށުހ ްއެނޭލްޕ ެގުތޮގ ެނާރުކ ްޖޭނެމ ުރަސައ ާރުކ ްށަޓްށެވާމިތ ިއަގްޓޯޕިރ ިމ
ކުރަންވީ ގޮތާއި، ޒިންމާ ނަގާނޭ ފަރާތްތަކާއި، ޓްރެއިން ކުރުމާއި، ރިޕޯޓް ކުރުމާއި، ކަމާބެހޭ ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ބައިވެރިވުން ގެންނާނޭ
.ެވެއެނާވ ިއަފިވެރުކ ްނާޔަބ ްއަތުދަރަޚ ެނާގިހ ިއާކަތްތޮގ
ްއެކަތުލަދަބ ްސެވެމްނޮކްށަޓްއެވ ެގުށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ .ެވެއެތެފ ްށަދިއާވަގ ިއާނުނާގ ެގޭޖްއާރ ްއަތިއަބ ެގޫރްޝަމ
ެވުލާމަސ ްށަމަކްނަކ ާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ްނުތޮގ ެގުމުރުކަޑުކ ްއަތުރަސައ ިވެންނެދިމ ްސެވަމަންނެހެއ .ެވެއެވްނެގީށަކެއ ްނުއައ
ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްށަތުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ާރުކ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުކަތުލަދަބ ަދަފުނުވެންނެދ ަމަނިފްސޮގްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުޢޫރްޝަމ
ިއ ަގްއެތޮގަލްމުޖ ުރިއާލަބ ްށޮކްތަޔާޢިރ ްށަމަކްނަކ ާވިއަފިވެރުކްނާޔަބ ިވެންނެދ ިއަގީތަމ ްނުމަކްނެހެއ .ެވެއެނާދިވެރުކަޑުކ
.ެވެކެއުޢޫރްޝަމ ިރުހ ާދިއަފ ުނަހުނ ްށަންނުތިޔްއަރ ުމީތިޑނަކ ީކައުޢޫރްޝަމިމ
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the EIA
This Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) report is an evaluation of the potential environmental, socio-economic and natural impacts of the proposed harbour maintenance project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll.
This document has been developed based on the Terms of Reference (Appendix A) issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on 04 May 2014. This document is submitted to EPA by the proponent to fulfil the requirements of Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA) of the Maldives (4/93), more specifically the clause 5 of the Act which states that a report should be submitted before implementation of any project that may have a potential impact on the environment.
1.2 Project Proponent
The proponent of the project is Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (MHI). MHI has the mandate to develop and undertake major maintenance of all major infrastructure in the Maldives, particularly the harbours and the roads. This project is part of the ongoing harbour maintenance programme under Public Sector Investment Programme (PSIP), the government public expenditure programme for capital projects.
1.3 Project Scope
This project mainly involves maintenance dredging and widening of the entrance channel by 6 m to a total width of 30 m and disposing the dredge waste on the sides of the harbour.
The main components of the project are:
− Maintenance dredging − Widening the harbour basin − Installing a new armour rock breakwater − Installing new quay wall − Land reclamation on designated sites using dredge material (dredged sand and rocky coralline material)
See next chapter for more details.
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
1.4 Project Rationale
− A harbor has been constructed in Kanditheemu Island but over the last few years its use has been restricted due to the damaged breakwater and strong wave activity. Vessels are in danger of being damaged due to the strong wave activity within the harbour. The useability of the harbour is presently very low, particularly due to the standing waves created within the harbour. Construction of a new breakwater is essential for further operation of the harbour.
− The size of the harbour has also become a bottleneck for the island’s thriving fishing industry. Kanditheemu is one of the largest local economies in the region and a key settlement to service islands on the western rim of Shaviyani and Haa Dhaalu Atoll. The small size of the harbour is reducing the efficiency of the fishing fleet, cargo vessels and the frequent passenger vessels that use it. This harbour expansion is necessary for the island to function as local hub.
1.5 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this project is to provide safe access and anchorage for Kanditheemu Island. The specific objectives are:
1. Provide safe anchorage
The key objective of this project is to provide a safe harbour for the vessel fleet of the island and provide safe transportation facilities for passengers and goods
2. Facilitate the expansion of fishing industry and transport sector
The second main objective is to facilitate the expansion of fishing and transport sectors, which is believed to have hampered due to the limitations of the reef entrance.
3. Facilitate the use of kanditheemu harbour as a local hub for transportation
1.6 Consultants, Contractors and Government Institutions
All the EIA related work is undertaken by consultants from CDE Consulting. Design criteria and technical specifications have been developed by the proponent. The project contractor is Maldives Transport and Contracting Company Pvt Ltd. (MTCC).
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
No donor agencies are involved in this project. The project will be financed by the government and executed by Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure.
1.7 Project Financing
The project finance is provided from the Government of Maldives under the PSIP.
1.8 Scope and Terms of Reference of EIA
The scope of this EIA is broadly based on the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012. The assessment more specifically adheres to the Terms of Reference (ToR) issued by the Environmental Protection Agency on 4 May 2014. The ToR is based on scoping meetings held between the stakeholders on 6 March 2014. A copy of the ToR is attached in Appendix A.
The EIA report contains the following main aspects.
A description of the project including the need for the project, how the project will be undertaken, full description of the relevant parts of the project, implementation schedules, site plans and summary of project inputs and outputs (Chapter 1&2).
A description of the pertinent national and international legislation, regulations and policies that are relevant and applicable to the project and a demonstration of how the project conforms to these aspects (Chapter 3)
Information on the baseline environmental condition of the project site; this includes information on marine flora and fauna, marine water quality, marine environment near the project site (Chapter 4).
An assessment of the potential impacts during both construction and operational stages of the project as well as identification and cost of the potential mitigation measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts during both construction and operation stages of the project (Chapter 5 & 6).
Assessment of alternatives for the proposed project (Chapter 7)
Details of the environmental management plan (Chapter 8).
Details of the environmental monitoring plan (Chapter 9).
Stakeholder consultations (Chapter 10),
Potential gaps in information (Chapter 11)
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
Main conclusions (Chapter 12)
1.9 Assessment Methodology
1.9.1 General Approach
This EIA is broadly guided by the EIA Regulations 2012.
This report has been prepared to ensure that the significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed project at the preconstruction, construction, operation and demobilising stages have been considered and assessed at the project planning phase.
The process followed in the preparation of this EIA report consists of six parts. These are: scoping consultations; literature review; field surveys; stakeholder consultations; analysis of results; and compilation of the assessment in the form of a report.
In order to conduct a broad based and inclusive study, the proponent and the consultant have from the onset ensured the exercise is participatory. As such, discussions have been held with community members in the projects area and relevant stakeholders with the assistance and coordination of the proponent.
1.9.2 The Study Area
The area impacted by projects like these can be quite wide particularly when the socio-economic impacts are considered. The study area of this project considers that the entire island and reef system of the island will be affected by the development and that the nearby inhabited islands will experience the bulk of the socio-economic change.
Based on the results of the initial scoping of potential environmental impacts and the identification of sensitive aspects of the environment we have identified the following geographical areas likely to be affected at the various stages of the Project:
− During construction temporary and permanent impacts will occur primarily around the harbour area and surrounding reef system. The most direct physical impact will be on-site in the area of the actual physical interventions, particularly the dredging and reclamation. To ensure the impacts are fully covered the entire island environment system is studied.
− During operation of the habour most impacts will be confined to the area that will be affected by construction impacts. This is because the harbour has been in existence for many years and the environmental processes would have largely adjusted by now.
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− There will also be induced development impacts due to the project, mainly in the form of positive socio-economic benefits to the island, atoll and region. Study area boundary is presented in figure 1.1 below and survey locations map for the project is attached in Appendix D.
Figure 1.1: Study area boundary
1.9.3 Field Observations
Field assessments were undertaken in Kanditheemu Island between 5 and 9 February 2014. Field visits mainly covered vegetation, water quality, marine environment and coastal environment of the proposed project sites. In addition, public and stakeholder consultations were carried out on the island, specifically for this EIA.
Coastal Processes
Beach profiles were taken from designated locations around the island using standard levelling techniques. These profile locations are marked in Appendix D. The measurement of beach profiles involves standard practice of surveying with a staff and a dumpy level. Measurements were taken along the beach profile line at different intervals, wherever there occurred a distinctive morphological feature, such as beach ridge, high water mark, an erosion scarp, dip,
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rise, or other significant break in the beach slope up to a minimum distance of 30 m from the Benchmark. Other beach attributes such as beach rock were marked using handheld GPS.
Lagoon currents were measures using drogue method. About 3 measurements were undertaken from every site and an average value is determined.
Tide data has been taken from Male’ International Airport Tide Gauge.
Wave patterns have been estimated using secondary studies and visual field assessments.
Bathymetry of the site was measured using a single beam echo-sounder connected to a high resolution DGPS. The datum used for the assessment is Hulhule Tide Gauge datum.
Marine Assessments
Manta tow survey
Manta tow survey was conducted to determine the general benthic cover and reef condition along the study area. A snorkeler (observer) was towed behind a slow moving boat, along the reef edge for a series of set periods of 2 minutes. At each stop the observed noted down the estimate percentage coverage of live corals, dead corals, dead corals, sand/silt and rubble along the tow area. The GPS coordinates were recorded at the start and end of each new tow.
Line Transect Survey
A 50 m transect line was deployed at four sites as shown in Appendix D. The observer swam across this line noting down the percentage cover of benthic substrates hard coral (Scleractinia), soft corals (Alcyonacea), rock, rubble, sand and algae at 5 m intervals of the line including 2.5 m area on either side of the centre line. Mean percentage cover for each benthic substrate was then calculated for the transect line. Two replicates were done at each survey location.
The aim was to conduct a fish census and determine the benthic composition at these sites.
The benthic composition of the substrate was assessed by taking ten high-resolution images every 5 m (pictures covering 0.5m2 of the seabed) along the same transect line used for the fish surveys. These were later analysed using CPCe. CPCe, or Coral Point Count with excel extension, developed by the National Coral Reef Institute, is software designed to determine coral community coverage and diversity using transect photographs. Underwater photographic frames are overlaid by a matrix of randomly generated points, and the fauna/flora of species or substrate type lying beneath each point is identified. 20 random points per picture were analysed to characterize the substrate composition (sample size: 200 points per transect).
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Fish census
Fish census was carried at each line transect survey location. All fishes observed along 50 m belt transect at each site was recorded and their abundance recorded as follows: Single (1), Few (2- 10), Many (11-100) and Abundant (>100).
Timed swim
Timed swim carried out at three locations, to qualitatively determine the benthic substrate composition at these locations. Swims were timed at 5 minutes, during which two observed swam across the site noting down the main benthic substrates, seagrass and coral species observed. Three replicate swims were made at each site.
Water Quality
Water quality was assessed from MWSC laboratory. Water quality samples were taken at different locations selected based on proposed developments. Parameters measured include electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO). Nitrates, nitrites and phosphates were analysed at the Public Health Laboratory which uses methods prescribed in “Standard Methods for Examining Water and Wastewater”. Samples were collected in clean 1.5L PET bottles after washing them with the water to be sampled. Water samples were collected at mid depth. Biological samples were collected in sterilized 100 ml glass bottles provided by the Public Health Laboratory.
Flora
Vegetation cover around the project sites were assessed using the Transect Method, where an observer documents the number, species and approximate height of the trees on the left and right of a transect line. Two transects surveys were conducted: one on each of the roads that run through the wetland basin.
Soil Condition
Soil conditions at the sites proposed for excavation were assessed by manually excavating the hole and analyzing the profile. No chemical analysis was undertaken.
1.9.4 Desk Study Review
A literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as to identify possible environmental impacts of similar developments in island settings. In this context, the EIA Regulations 2012, best practices from similar
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development activities, scientific studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives and previous documents/historical publications was considered.
The literature review comprised of, but is not limited to, the following:
• EIA for proposed Sewerage Development Project in Kanditheemu Island.
• Atoll development Masterplan
• EIA for the proposed harbour maintenance dredging project in Sh. Feydhoo Island
• EIA for the proposed harbour maintenance dredging project in Sh. Bilehffahi Island
• EIA for the proposed harbour maintenance dredging project in Sh. Narudhoo Island
• Island development plan of Kanditheemu.
• Relevant regulations, dredging and reclamation regulation, Dewatering Regulation and Regulation on cutting down and uprooting trees.
1.9.5 Public Consultation
Public consultations were carried out in Kandithmeeu Island.
1.9.6 Key Stakeholder Consultation
Stakeholder consultations were undertaken with the following stakeholders:
• EPA
• Island Council of Kanditheemu
• The proponent
1.9.7 Data Analysis
The EIA experts used their experience and knowledge in their respective fields to analyse the data from the previous studies and field visits in order to determine the potential impacts of the proposed projects, the severity of effects arising from these impacts and how any adverse impacts can be best mitigated and positive impacts enhanced. This analysis provides the framework for the recommendations on corrective actions and remedial measures and provides the basis for the formulation of the environmental management plan which forms part of this repo EIA
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1.9.8 Report Format
The report format and structure presented here follows the report formatting guidelines issued by EPA.
1.10 Study Team Members
The team members of this EIA are:
Dr. Ahmed Shaig (EIA and coastal environment Specialist)
Mr. Mohamed Faizan (Marine Environment Specialist)
Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine Environment Specialist)
Mr. Ali Moosa Didi (Terrestrial surveying and bathymetry)
The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix I of this report.
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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Project Location
The island of Kanditheem is located close to the western rim of Shaviyani Atoll at approximately 6°26'18.82" N and 72°54'50.70" E (see Figure 2.1 and 2.2). Shaviyani atoll is also known as Miladhunmadulu Uthuruburi and Northern Miladhunmadulu Atoll. The atoll is wedged between Haa Dhaalu Atoll to the north and Noonu Atoll to the south, is 37 miles long, and it is the third atoll from the northern edge of the country, comprising of 51 islands of which 16 are inhabited.
Out of the sixteen inhabited islands in the atoll, Goidhoo (1.10 km) and Bilefahi Island (13.12 Km) are the closest islands to Kanditheem and the distance to the capital island, Funadoo is approximately 51.71 Km. Though Viceroy Maldives (located in Vagaru Island) is the only resort in North Miladhunmadulu, four resorts; Irufushi Beach and Spa Resort, Cheval Blanc Randheli, Velaa Maldives and Zitahli Resort and Spa Kudafunafaru are operated in Noonu Atoll, south of Shaviyani atoll.
Although nine Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) are located in the atoll, Gonaafaru finolhu, a sand bank is the only ESA within a 10 km radius from the island of Kanditheem.
2.2 Project Outline and Project Site Plan
The proposed site plan is presented in Appendix B. A Reduced version of the site plan is provided in Figure 2.4 below. The areas potentially affected by the project are presented in Figure 2.5.
This project mainly involves widening the reef entrance, relocating a section on the breakwater and disposing the dredge waste in designated locations near the harbour.
The main components of the project are:
1. Mobilization (barge and excavator) 3. Demolition of existing breakwater 2. Dredging and dredge and construction of New breakwater disposal/reclamation (including 4. Quaywall construction widening existing reef entrance and 5. Revetment construction expanding harbour size) 6. Finishing 7. Demobilization
The next section provides the details of the project components.
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Figure 2-1 Location map of Kanditheemu
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Figure 2-2 Locality map and environmentally sensitive zones in the vicinity
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Figure 2.3 Aerial image of Kanditheem Island
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Figure 2.4 Project Site Plan (reduced version)
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Figure 2.5 Project foot print and Potential Affected Areas
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2.3 Detailed Project Outline and Work Methodology
2.3.1 Scope of Works
This project mainly involves harbour maintenance and redevelopment works covering harbour expansion, construction of a new quay wall, breakwater and revetment, maintenance dredging and dredge waste disposal.
Details of the channel area are presented in Appendix B and Figure 2.3.
2.3.2 Timing and Coordination
Weather and Climate
− Wave conditions will be strong during peak period of SW monsoon and during peak NE monsoon
− Dredging activities may be hampered during severe weather in NE and SW monsoon.
Work plan
− The work plan proposed for the project is presented in Section 2.4 below. In general, the works are expected to be completed within 6-7 months. The preparatory works are expected to take 21 days due to the existing site conditions.
Coordination
− Coordination with regards to the other components of the project, particularly the reclamation will be carefully planned.
− Sand from the reef entrance dredging component will be transported for reclamation areas via trucks on a temporary sand bed.
2.3.3 Mobilization of equipment
− The equipment is expected to arrive in via barges and other transport vessels. As the contractor for the project is yet to be determined, the location from which the equipment will be mobilised is not yet clear.
Dredging Equipment and Fleet
− The likely dredging fleet will consist of the following:
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o Four excavators
o Three trucks
o Two loaders
o Two barges
2.3.4 Maintenance Dredging and Harbour Expansion
2.3.4.1 Justification of location, design and equipment
Since this is an existing harbour and channel the location and design is fixed. The proposed reef entrance maintenance dredging will be undertaken along the existing channel.
The expansion of the harbour had to consider either expanding east or west. Given that there are more buildings on the western side compared to one building on the eastern side, the eastern side expansion was preferred. Dredging part of the existing reclaimed land is unavoidable as it is the only way harbour could be expanded.
Dredging will be undertaken with an excavator as it is the only practical option for a small scale job such as this.
2.3.4.2 Design Details
General Specifications
− The detailed dredging and reclamation site plan is presented in Appendix C.
− The entrance channel and harbour basin shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -3.0 meters below Mean Sea Level (MSL) where required.
− Channel design layout shall consider minimum sediment accumulation inside the basin to allow for a maintenance dredging period of not less than 5 years.
Dredge Area and Volume
A summary of the dredge area details are presented in the table below.
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Table 2.1: Dredging specifications
Feature Specification Reef Entrance Dimensions 100 m x 24 m Reef entrance dredge area 2700 sq m Dredge depth -3.0 m MSL Habour Basin Dimensions 218 m x 90 m Basin Dredge Area 19,800 sq m Basin Dredge Depth -3.0 m MSL
Proposed Expansion 40 m towards E Expansion Dredge Area 2750 sq m
Total Dredge Volume (Reef entrance, 23,500 cbm basin maintenance and new expansion dredging)
Reef Entrance Design
− Entrance channel shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -3.0 meters below MSL.
− The dredged waste should be placed no closer than 10 m from the channel.
− Channel profile should be sloped on the sides.
16 m
Figure 2.6: Cross-section of entrance channel
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2.3.4.3 Dredging Method
− Dredging will begin by using an excavator deployed in the reef entrance edge on a barge.
− In deep areas, dredged material will be placed on the barge and will be transported to the island via the barge. From there trucks will unload the material and transport to the disposal sites. A loader will spread the material on the reclamation area or place it in the storage area.
− The shallow area will be dredged by constructing a sand bed from the existing shoreline.
− The excavator will have a bucket size of about 1.5 m3.
− Harbour expansion works does not requires the creation of temporary sand beds as dredging will be on land.
2.3.4.4 Dredge waste and its disposal
− Dredge waste will be reused and disposed to the sides of the harbour as proposed in the site plan (See Appendix B and C).
− About 14,000 cbm of sand will be disposed as reclamation. Specifications for reclamation are presented table below.
Table 2.2: Reclamation specification
Feature Specification Reclamation height +1.5 m MSL Material source Dredge waste Average Depth -1 m MSL Volume to dispose 14,000 cbm (approx.) Reclamation Area 6,400 sq m
− About 6,500 cbm of sand is required to back fill the areas reclaimed on the edges of the existing basin. This is necessary for ease of construction and for structurual stability of the quay wall.
− Some materials are also expected to be reused as breakwater base and for general construction.
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− The estimated use of the dredge waste is provided in the table below.
Table 2.3: Dredge waste disposal details
Dredge waste requirement Estimated Percent Note Volume m3 Land reclamation (West side) 8500 36 Land reclamation (East side) 5500 24 Backfilling 6500 28 Base material for breakwater 3000 8-13 Actual amount depends on the and general construction quality of the material Total 23,500
2.3.4.5 Dredging alternatives
Use of a dredger was considered as an alternative. However, due to the limited scope of this project and the requirement to dredge on land it was impractical to use one.
2.3.5 Harbour Breakwater
2.3.5.1 Justification of design and equipment
The design proposes to uses rock boulders for the breakwater and will be a completely new structure. Rock boulders have been considered based on the wave conditions of the site and due to the fact that it is the new standard material used for harbour projects in the Maldives.
The existing breakwater will be demolished and cleared. The existing breakwater comprise of coral and sand cement bag rubble which lies mostly below high tide. The material will be used as base layer for the new armour rock breakwater along with dredged sand.
2.3.5.2 Design Details
Component Feature Specification Breakwater Total Length 296 m Height +1.7 m MSL Width Base 4 m Width Top 1 m Coastal protection material 400-800 kg armour rock; coral rubble and demolished breakwater sections as core
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Figure 2.7: Design details of the breakwater Type A
2.3.5.3 Construction Method
Demolition of the existing breakwater will be by an excavator deployed in the shallow areas of the reef around it. The material will be moved to the proposed new breakwater locations to be used as a base material for the armour rock breakwater. The current breakwater location is proposed for dredging to accommodate harbour expansion.
Installation of the structures will be undertaken by placing a crane or an excavator mounted on a sand bed. The breakwater core will be assembled using large coral pieces from the dredge waste and general dredge waste. Armour rock will be placed after creating and profiling the underlying bed using dredge waste.
2.4 Project Schedule and Life Span
Mobilisation for the project will begin after the EIA is approved. The works are target to end before the next SW monsoon. It is anticipated that the completion of the whole project will take approximately 6-7 months.
The preliminary work plan is provided below. The actual details may be dependent on the final contractor.
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Table 2.4: Project Schedule
Time Line (months) No Activity Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Award of Contract 2 Project Completion 3 Preliminaries 4 Detailed Design 5 Mobilization 6 Dredging works Preparation of mitigation 7 measures 8 Dredging 9 Removal of Breakwater 10 Reclamation (Dredge disposal) Preparation of mitigation 11 measures 12 Reclamation 13 Shore Protection Works 14 Quay Wall 15 Breakwater 16 Finalising 17 All other works 18 Demobilization
2.5 Labour Requirements and Availability
Approximately 24 staff members of the contractor will be involved in the project.
The tentative list of labour requirements is given in Table 2.1.
Table 2.5: List of labour requirements
Activity or work group Specialists Engineer/supervisor 1 Workers 14 Special equipment 3 Surveyor 2 Administrative 1 Support Staff 3 Total 24
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2.6 Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures
2.6.1 Construction Waste Management and Disposal
Construction wastes that will be created are mainly dredge material and construction debris. As discussed above, all dredge material will be used for land reclamation and as base material for breakwater.
All rubble from breakwater demolition will be reused as core material for breakwater.
Small amounts of waste oil may be generated from the operation and maintenance of vehicles. All waste oil will be disposed as per the approved standards of the Environment Ministry.
2.6.2 Pollution and Emission Control Measures
The following measures will be taken to ensure minimal pollution during construction stage.
− Machinery will be properly tuned and maintained to reduce emissions and minimize risk of spills/leaks.
− All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site will be stored in secure and bunded location to minimize risk of spill.
2.6.3 Sediment Containment and Turbidity Control Measures
The proponent is committed to prevent any sedimentation of the reef system from this proposed project. However, given the depths in the area, the short time frame and the small scale of the project, stringent measures have not been deployed. The following specific measures will be undertaken during the project.
− Undertake dredging work during calm weather conditions.
2.6.4 Health and Safety Measures
− The contractor would ensure that Health and Safety procedures are complied with at all times. − Construction activities would be carried out under the supervision of a suitably experienced person. − All reasonable precautions will be taken for the safety of employees, and equipment will be operated by competent persons.
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− Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used. Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. − Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. In general, water-based fire extinguishers would be used. − Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left free-standing. All welding and cutting will be done in accordance to high safety regulations by experienced personnel.
2.6.5 Utilities
− Electricity and sanitation facilities will be provided for construction workers from the existing facilities on the island.
− Water will be produced from a portable desalination plant.
2.7 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs
The types of materials that will go into the development and from where and how this will be obtained are given in Table 2.6 and the type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to the outputs are given in Table 2.7.
Table 2.6: Major Project Inputs
Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources Construction workers Local and foreign Contractor’s employees or by announcement Engineers and Site Local and foreign Contractor’s employees or by supervisors announcement Water supply (during Bottled water; portable desalination Purchased from local construction) plant businesses; contractor equipment Machinery Excavators, loaders, trucks, barges,.etc Contractor’s machinery or hire locally where available Maintenance material Maintenance parts and fluids required Import or purchase locally for the machinery and piping. where available Food and Existing houses or purpose built Contractor’s equipment or hire Accommodation accommodation locally Fire fighting equipment Fire Extinguishers...etc. Contractor’s equipment Fuel Light Diesel, LPG Gas, Petrol, Local suppliers Lubricants Telecommunication Mobile phones, fax machines and Contractor’s equipment internet facilities
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Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources Food and beverage PET bottles, glass bottles, packaging Contractor’s equipment bottles waste, plastic bags and various frozen, packaged and fresh food.
Table 2.7: Major Project Outputs
Products and waste Anticipated Method of disposal materials quantities Dredge waste Large quantity Used for land reclamation. Remaining materials used as base material for breakwater Construction waste Moderate quantity Used as base material for breakwater Waste oil Small quantities Barrelled and sent to Thilafushi site during demobilisation. Hazardous waste Small quantities Barrelled and sent to Thilafushi site during (diesel) demobilisation. Noise Only localised Excavator and truck operation will be noisy. No option available. Food waste Small quantities Managed under existing waste management system of the island Plastic and packaging Small quantities Managed under existing waste management wastes system of the island
2.8 Demobilization
The proponent advocates a phased demobilization plan to commence in the last week of the contract. The actual demobilisation plan depends on the contractor preferences.
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3 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
These legal and policy provisions have to be fully respected in carrying out the proposed development. All contractors and sub-contractors will be informed of these requirements. This project conforms to all relevant laws and regulations of the Maldives.
3.1 Relevant Environment Legislation
3.1.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (Act no. 4/93)
The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) enacted on 19 March 1993 is the framework law related to environment protection in the Maldives. The authority responsible for the Environment Act is the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
Articles 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the law are relevant to the Madivaafaru resort development Project.
Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities.
The project developers and contractors shall abide by any guidelines or advice given by the concerned Government authorities for the project.
Article 4 states that the Ministry of Environment shall be responsible for identifying protected areas and natural reserves and for drawing up the necessary rules and regulations for their protections and preservation.
The project developers and contractors shall ensure that there is no negative impact from the proposed project on sensitive environments in the vicinity or protected species.
According to Article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment.
According to Article 5 (b), The Ministry of Environment shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in paragraph (a) of this clause.
This report is prepared to fulfil this clause.
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According to Article 6, the Ministry of Environment has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation.
All project developer and contractors shall be aware of this provision and contractors shall take all practical measures to ensure there is no irreversible and significant negative impact of the projects on the environment
Article 7 of the EPPA (4/93) states that any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives. In cases where the disposal of the substances becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is to be incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population.
All project contractors shall comply with the Environmental Management Plan presented in this report which specifies how the wastes, oil and gases generated by the project will be disposed.
Article 8 of the EPPA (4/93) states that Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country.
Any hazardous wastes that may be generated from this project shall be transferred to the designated waste site in Thilafushi for disposal according to Government regulations and standards. It should not be disposed on the Island as it does not have the necessary facility.
3.2 Relevant Regulations and Guidelines
3.2.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012
Environmental Impact Assessment regulations were issued by Environment Ministry on 8 May 2012. The first step in environmental assessment process involves screening of the project to be classified as one that requires an EIA or not. Based on this decision, the Ministry then decides the scope of the EIA which is discussed with the proponent and the EIA consultants in a “scoping meeting”. The consultants then undertake the EIA starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. This report follows the principles and procedures for EIA outlined in the EIA regulations.
The EIA report is reviewed by MEE following which an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who will have to implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required and the proponent shall have to
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report monitoring data at required intervals to the Ministry. The project proponent is committed to implement all impact mitigation measures that are specified in this EIA report. Furthermore, the proponent is committed to environmental monitoring and shall fulfil environmental monitoring requirements that may be specified in the EIA decision note as a condition for project approval.
This report complies with the EIA regulations.
3.2.2 Regulation on Sand and Coral Mining
Regulation on sand mining covers sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands. It also applies to sand mining for construction purposes within 100ft of inhabited island shorelines.
Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim has been banned through a directive from President’s Office dated 26 September 1990.
Sand should not be mined from any part of the Kanditheemu Island beach, except as part of harbour dredging within the approved foot print. Sand should also not be mined from within 100 ft. of the shoreline for any other purpose, except for creating sand bunds. Please see regulation on dredging and reclamation for further controls.
3.2.3 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation
The regulation of Dredging and Land Reclamation was published on 2 April 2013 with the aim of minimising environmental impacts associated with dredging activities in islands and reefs across Maldives.
− The regulation defines the rationales acceptable for dredging as those related to approved development activities on inhabited islands and economic islands. It defines that those activities should be if utmost necessity for dredging to be considered.
− All dredging and reclamation activities must be approved by EPA in writing. The process includes the submission of project information to EPA along with a scaled before and after map.
− The regulation defines rationales for reclamation as those absolutely necessary for social, economic or safety purposes.
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− Beach replenishment is restricted from 10 m of the registered shoreline in resort islands
− Dredging is restricted in the following areas:
o 500 m from the ocean side reef edge o 50 m from any island vegetation line o An environmentally sensitive site − Land reclamation is restricted within 200 m of a sensitive area.
− Land reclamation cannot exceed 30% of the house reef area The design of the proposed site plan is within 50 m of the boundary and therefore not in general compliance of this regulation. However, since there is an exception granted in this regulation for projects undertaken for social benefits, this project may be considered in compliance with the regulations. The approval for dredging reclamation is attached in Appendix K.
3.2.4 Regulation on Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another
Pursuant to the Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives 1993, the Environment Ministry made a bylaw with the purpose of educating developers about the importance of trees including best management practices for maintaining trees and provide standards for preservation of trees in the Maldives and set down rules and regulations to be adhered to prior to commencing felling, uprooting, digging out and exporting of trees and palms from one island to another in Maldives.
The by law states that the cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative. It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island.
The by law prohibits the removal of the following tree types;
− The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island
− All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area;
− All the trees that are in a Government protected areas;
− Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of
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animal/organisms that live in such trees; and − Trees/palms that is abnormal in structure. This project will require excavation on land and therefore removal of some vegetation. The proposed dredging site is a previously reclaimed area with limited vegetation. Any coconut palms removed must be replanted or two new trees must be planted. There are no protected vegetation, sensitive vegetation or wetland vegetation within the project foot print.
3.2.5 Regulation on Conservation of Old Trees
This regulation aims at identifying ways to manage protected trees in the Maldives. The reason for the formulation of the law is due to the increased cutting down of trees resulting in the loss of the islands natural, biological wellness and greenness. And due to the extinction of some types of trees at island level and rapid reduction in the amount of certain types of trees at national level and also to comply with the convention on biological diversity
There are no old trees on the island that fits within this regulation.
3.2.6 Waste Management Regulation 2013
Waste Management Regulation (WMR) was published on August 2013 and came into effect in February 2014. It will be implemented by EPA. The aim of WMR is to implement the national waste policy which contains specific provisions to:
- Implement measures to minimize impacts on human health - formulate and implement waste management standards - implement an integrated framework for sustainable waste management - encourage waste minimisation, reuse and recycling - implement Polluter-Pays Principle - introduce Extended Producer Responsibility
WMR contains four main sections:
- Waste management standards: Defines standards for waste collection, transfer, treatment, storage, waste site management, landfills and managing hazardous waste. - Waste management Permits: Defines approval procedures for waste sites - Waster transfer: Standards and permits required for waste transport on land and sea, including trans-boundary movements. - Reporting requirements: Defines reporting and monitoring requirements and procedures. - Enforcement: Defines procedures to implement WRM and penalties for non-compliance.
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This project is not expected produce any special waste or hazardous waste, expect for small amounts of waste oil from excavator and concrete mixer. The general waste and green waste shall be disposed at the Kanditheemu Waste Centre. According to the regulations, the new waste sites must be registered with EPA. The Council informs that the site will be registered in time for construction activities. Unless the Kanditheemu Waste Centre.is registered to handle waste oil, all waste oil must be barrelled and transported to Thilafushi Island by the contractor.
All construction waste generated from the project, particularly from the demolition of breakwater and quay wall must me either reused or transported to Thilafushi for disposal, unless an alternative is agreed between the proponent, EPA and the Island Council.
3.2.7 The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9)
This law is pursuant to Article 22 of national constitution that states that protection, preservation and maintenance of the Maldivian natural environment, the richness of the living species, the natural resources and the beauty of the Maldives for the present generations as well as for the future generations is a basic obligation of the Maldivian government. The government shall enforce that the activities conducted in order to gain economic and social development should be of sustainable nature that protect the environment and such activities shall not deteriorate the environment, endanger any species, damage the environment, and shall not waste any natural resources.
This regulation is also pursuant to Environment Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93). The regulation is aimed at maintaining equal standards for reprimanding and enforcing environmental liabilities, fines for those who violate the rules and regulations and give guidance to those who are involved in the implementation process of the regulations pursuant to Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93).
One of the key objectives of the environmental liability regulation is also to practice polluter- pay-principles in the Maldives.
All project developer and contractors shall be aware of this provision and contractors shall take all practical measures to ensure that all relevant laws and regulations, and the EMP proposed in this EIA is followed.
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3.3 Environmental Permits Required for the Project
3.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decision Note
The most important environmental permit to initiate project work would be a decision regarding this EIA. The EIA Decision Note, as it is referred to, shall govern the manner in which the project activities must be undertaken. This EIA report assists decision makers in understanding the existing environment and potential impacts of the project. Therefore, the Decision Note may only be given to the Proponent after a review of this document following which the Ministry may request for further information or provide a decision if further information is not required. In some cases, where there are no major environmental impacts associated with the project, the Ministry may provide the Decision Note while at the same time requesting for further information.
3.3.2 Dredging and Reclamation Permit
Prior to any costal work that requires dredging or reclamation, a special permit has to be taken from the EPA. A specific form published by EPA has to be completed and submitted for the approval. EIA application form will only be accepted when the form is submitted with the costal modification approval given by EPA in writing.
The Dredging and Reclamation approval from EPA for this project is provided in Appendix K.
3.4 Responsible Institutions
The main government institutions that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarised below.
3.4.1 Ministry of Environment
The Ministry of Environment and Energy (formed in 2012) formerly the Ministry of Housing and Environment is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this respect EPA has now been mandated to manage all issues relating to Environmental Impact Assessment of individual projects.
The Ministry of Environment also seeks the advice of National Commission for the Protection of Environment (NCPE) on all significant environmental matters. The commission is appointed by
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3.4.2 Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
The Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure (MHI) is responsible for managing public infrastructure in the Maldives.
3.4.1 Atoll Council
Recently the Government has grouped the 20 administrative areas of the Maldives under a new local governance system and decentralised decision making enshrined in the new constitution of the Maldives adopted in 2008. The Atoll Council Office is the main focal point of Government Ministries in Male’ Atoll and they co-ordinate and liaise with Government Ministries and elected island councils on all issues relating to the Atoll. A copy of this EIA will have to be submitted to the Atoll Council.
Under the Decentralization Act, Shaviyani Atoll has an elected Atoll Council located in Funadhoo. The Atoll Council Office is the main focal point of Government Ministries in Shaviyani Atoll and they co-ordinate and liaise with Government Ministries on all issues relating to the Atoll.
It is a requirement of this study to seek views from the Atoll Council (see Consultations Chapter) and the final report to be shared with the City Council.
3.5 Guiding Policies and Documents
3.5.1 Waste Management Policy
The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:
− Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;
− Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration;
− Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.
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The proponents of this project must be aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project should be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy.
3.5.2 National Environmental Action Plan III (NEAP III)
The Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) of the Government of Maldives sets out the agenda for environmental protection and management for the period 2009 till 2013. NEAP III provides the basis for environmental planning, budgeting, performance measurement and accountability. The key target of NEAP III is to achieve measurable environmental results that matter to the people of the Maldives.
NEAP III provides the following principles to be adhered to in environment protection and environmental management.
1. Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual. Protection of the natural environment and practicing environment friendly lifestyles is a responsibility of every Maldivian.
2. Achieve results. The actions, activities, regulations, supervision, reporting, incentives, information and advice for environmental management shall be directed and well-coordinated to achieve the results the citizens want.
3. Promote and practice sustainable development. In environmental management the principle of sustainable development shall be followed. Conditions shall be created to give equal distribution of environmental goods and services both geographically and between generations including future generations. Special attention shall be given to address the concerns of the most vulnerable groups in the population.
4. Ensure local democracy. In environmental management the actions and decisions shall be taken and authority exercised at the most appropriate level.
5. Inter-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation. Co-ordination and co-operation is essential from all sectors. For environmental management all should work informatively and co-operatively toward the goal of integrating environmental aspects into the goals and actions of all sectors.
6. Informed decision making. Actions for environmental management should be based on documented facts to as great extent as possible and not to pursue self-interest or short term gains.
7. Precaution first. Where there is threat of irreversible damage and when the factual basis is inadequate or uncertain, the precautionary principle shall apply.
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8. Continuous learning and improvement. Favorable conditions shall be created for continuous learning and improvement in the work with environment management at the national, regional and local level
9. Right to information and participation. The citizens have a right to information about status of the environment as well as the right to participate in decisions affecting their environment. They also have the right to actively participate in protecting the environment.
10. Environmental protection complements development. Environmental protection efforts shall not be portrayed as competing with the development needs and aspirations of the present people. Healthy debate about values as they relate to ecological and social sustainability shall be encouraged.
More importantly, NEAP III consists of the following six strategic results that shall be attained during the period 2009-2013:
• Resilient Islands, • Rich Ecosystems, • Healthy Communities, • Safe Water, • Environmental Stewardship, and • Carbon Neutral Nation The proponent is aware of NEAP III and is committed to work with the 10 guiding policies and towards achieving the strategic results of NEAP III.
3.5.3 Waste Management Policy
The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:
− Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;
− Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration;
− Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.
− The proponent is aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project will be disposed according to the Environmental Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy.
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3.6 International Conventions
3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”. The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognised for its ecological value. Therefore it is unlikely there will be a major loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended that the developer ensures that silt screens are used during dredging and construction works to minimise any impact on the marine biodiversity.
3.6.2 UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol
The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC. The objective of the Convention is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.
The IPCC defines mitigation “as an anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.” The greenhouse gas inventory of the Maldives forms an integral part of the First National Communication of the Maldives to the UNFCCC. In March 2009, the President of the Maldives has announced the target to make Maldives carbon neutral by 2020. Hence, in the implementation of the project, careful attention needs to be given to ensure energy efficiency and reduce transport related fuel consumption. Furthermore, planting of beach vegetation would help in mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from the project.
The IPCC defines adaptation “as an adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects.” Various type of adaptation include anticipatory and reactive adaptation; private and public adaptation; and autonomous and planned adaptation. The adaptation policies and strategies of the Maldives are given in the Maldives National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA).
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4 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Physical Environment
4.1.1 Meteorology
4.1.1.1 Climate
Maldives being located at the equator experiences monsoonal climate. The climate in Maldives is warm and humid, typical of the tropics. The average temperature ranges between 25°C to 30°C and relative humidity varies from 73 to 85 per cent. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1,948mm. As Maldives lies on the equator, Maldives receives plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Significant variation is observed in the climate between the northern and the southern atolls. The annual average rainfall in the southern atolls is higher than the northern atolls. In addition, greater extremes of temperature are also recorded in the southern atolls. On average southern atolls receive 2704 hours of sunshine each year. Table 4-1 provides a summary of key meteorological findings for Maldives. The nearest meteorological station is Haa Dhaal Hanimadhoo Meteorological Office. This study uses National Metrological Centre at Hulhule’ Island due to availability of more comprehensive data.
Table 4.1: Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives
Parameter Data Average Rainfall 9.1mm/day in May, November; 1.1mm/day in February Maximum Rainfall 184.5 mm/day in October 1994 Average air temperature 30.0 C in November 1973; 31.7 C in April Extreme Air Temperature 34.1 C in April 1973; 17.2 C in April 1978 Average wind speed 3.7 m/s in March;5.7 m/s in January, June Maximum wind speed W 31.9 m/s in November 1978 Average air pressure 1012 mm in December; 1010 mm in April
4.1.1.2 Monsoons The climate of Maldives is characterised by the monsoons of Indian Ocean. Monsoon wind reversal significantly affects weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed in Maldives: the Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. The parameters that best distinguish the two monsoons are wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season while the northeast monsoon is the dry season. The southwest monsoon occurs from May to September and the northeast monsoon is from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.
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4.1.1.3 Winds
The winds that occur across Maldives are mostly determined by the monsoons. The two monsoons are mild, as Maldives is located close to the equator. As a result, strong winds and gales are infrequent although storms and line squalls can occur, usually in the period from May to July. During stormy conditions gusts of up to 60 knots have been recorded at Male’.
Wind has been uniform in speed and direction over the past twenty-plus monsoon seasons in the Maldives (Naseer, 2003). Wind speed is usually higher in central region of Maldives during both monsoons, with a maximum wind speed recorded at 18 ms-1 for the period 1975 to 2001. Mean wind speed are highest during the months May and October in the central region. Wind analysis indicates that the monsoon is considerably stronger in central and northern region of Maldives compared to the south (Naseer, 2003).
Besides the annual monsoonal wind variations there are occasional tropical climatic disturbances (tropical storms or low intensity tropical cyclones) in the central region which increases wind speeds up to 110 km/h, precipitation to 30 to 40 cm over a 24 hour period and storm surges up to 3 m in open ocean (UNDP, 2006).
Table 4-2 summarises the wind conditions in central Maldives throughout a year. Medium term meteorological data from the National Meteorological Centre (see Figure 4-1, Figure 4-2 and Figure 4-3) and findings from long-term Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) are used in this analysis.
Table 4.2: Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Center
Season Month Wind NE - Monsoon December Predominantly from NW-NE. January High Speeds from W February Transition Period 1 March From all directions. Mainly W; High Speeds from W. April SW - Monsoon May Mainly from W. June High Speeds from W. July August September Transition Period 2 October Mainly from W. November High Speeds from W
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Figure 4.1: Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Central Maldives based on National Meteorological Center 10 year Data (adapted from Naseer, 2003).
N NNW NNE 2500
NW 2000 NE 1500 1000 WNW ENE 500
W E
WSW ESE
SW SE
SSW SSE S
Figure 4.2: 24 Year Wind Frequency Recorded at National Meteorological Center.
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Figure 4.3: Mean Daily Wind Speed and Direction Recorded at National Meteorological Centre (1978 – 2004)
The Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives (UNDP, 2006) reports 11 cyclonic events over the Maldives in the last 128 years, none of which crossed south of 2.7°N. All of these events were of Category 1 cyclones. There have been no cyclonic events since 1993.
4.1.1.4 Rainfall
The average annual rainfall for the archipelago is 2,124 mm. There are regional variations in average annual rainfall: southern atolls receive approximately 2,280 mm and northern atolls receive approximately 1,790 mm annually (MEC, 2004). Mean monthly rainfall also varies substantially throughout the year with the dry season getting considerably less rainfall. This pattern is less prominent in the southern half, however. The proportions of flood and drought years are relatively small throughout the archipelago, and the southern half is less prone to drought (UNDP, 2006).
The mean annual rainfall in Hulhule’ is 1991.5 mm with a standard deviation of 316.4 mm and the mean monthly rainfall is 191.6 mm. Rainfall varies throughout the year with mean highest rainfall during October, December and May and lowest between February and April (See Figure 4-4).
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Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hulhule' 250
200
150
100 Men Rainfall (mm)
50
0 J F M A M J J A S O N D Month
Figure 4.4: Mean Monthly Rainfall in Hulhule’ (1975-2004)
Analysis of daily maximum annual rainfall data shows high variability, including extremes (see Figure 4-5 below). However, no significant long term trends are evident in the Hulhule data.
Figure 4.5: Maximum daily rainfall by year in Hulhule’ (1975-2005) - (Source: Hay, 2006)
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The probable maximum precipitations predicted for Hulhule’ by UNDP (2006) are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hulhule’
Station Return Period 50 year 100 year 200 year 500 year Hulhule’ 187.4 203.6 219.8 241.1 Source (UNDP, 2006)
4.1.1.5 Temperature
Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28°C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Male’ during the period 1967- 1995 was 30.4°C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7°C. The highest recorded temperature for Male’ was 34.1°C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7°C, the next highest being 32.6°C in April 1998. The lowest minimum average temperature of 23.7°C was recorded in July 1992.
There is considerable inter annual variability in extreme temperatures for Hulhule as shown in Figure 4-6. A maximum temperature of 33.5oC is rare at Hulhule and has a return period of 20 years (Hay, 2006).
Figure 4.6: Maximum Temperature by year in Hulhule’- 1975-2005 (Source: Hay, 2006)
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4.1.2 Hydrology
4.1.2.1 Waves
There are two major types of waves observed along the islands of Maldives. The first type is wave generated by local monsoon winds with a period of 3-8 seconds and the second type is swells generated by distance storms with a period of 14-20 seconds [Kench et. al (2006), DHI(1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000), Lanka Hydraulics (1988a & 1998b)]. The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves which are typically strongest during April-July in the south-west monsoon period. Wave data for Male and Hulhulé between June 1988 and January 1990 (Lanka Hydraulics 1988a & 1998b) shows that the maximum significant wave height (Hs) recorded for June was 1.23 m with a mean period (Tm) of 7.53s. The maximum recorded Hs for July was 1.51 m with a Tm of 7.74s. The mean wave periods were 5.0 – 9.0 s and the peak wave periods were within 8.0 – 13.0 s.
Maldives experiences occasional flooding caused by long distance swell waves that are generated by South Indian Ocean storms (Goda 1988). The swell waves of height 3 m that flooded Male’ and Hulhulé in 1987 are said to have originated from a low pressure system off west coast of Australia (refer the next section for more detail). In addition, Maldives have recently been subject to earthquake generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0 m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than one occasion. Most notable has been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Krakatoa (Choi et al., 2003).
The estimated wave regime around Kanditheem Island is presented in Figure 4.7. The island is generally expected to receive strong waves on the west, northwest, southeast reef rim during the SW monsoon, and eastern and northern reef rim during NE monsoon.
More specifically, the western half of the reef is expected to receive strong diffracted swell waves through Fushifaru Atoll Pass or Kanduolhi. It will also receive strong wind waves when the SW monsoon wind blows from the west or SW. The NE monsoon is expected to be strong due to the lack of patch reefs within the atoll lagoon. However, its southern shoreline is generally expected to be calm during this period.
4.1.2.2 Swell Waves and Storm Surges
Waves studies around Maldives have identified the presence of swell waves approaching predominantly from a southwest to a southerly direction Kench et. al (2006), Young (1999), DHI(1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000) and Naseer (2003).
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The location of the island slightly inside the western rim of the Atoll provides some protection from direct impacts of SW swell waves approaching from the Southern Indian Ocean. The timing of the long distance swell waves are associated with the South Indian Ocean storm activity Young (1999). Waves generated from abnormal events could also travel against the predominant swell propagation patterns (Goda, 1998), causing flooding on the eastern and southern islands of Maldives (UNDP, 2009).
The island is exposed to periodic swell waves approaching from the SW. These waves affect the Southern, northern and Western shoreline of the island and are likely to have some impacts on the approach to the reef entrance during strong seas. The island is generally protected from SE swells due to the presence of Goidhoo Island.
In addition to swell waves, islands of the Maldives are also exposed to storm surges associated with localised storms and cyclonic events (UNDP 2009). According to the Disaster Risk Assessment report (UNDP, 2006), Shaviyani Atoll falls under Zone 5, a high risk zone for Tsunamis, Cyclones and Surge Hazards.
4.1.2.3 Currents
Currents that affect the reef system of the island and the proposed project site can be caused by tidal currents, wind-induced currents and wave-induced currents. It is presumed that generally current flow through the country is defined by the two-monsoon season winds. Westward flowing currents are dominant from January to March with the change in current flow pattern taking place in April and December (Kench et. al, 2006). In April the westward currents become weak while the eastward currents start to take over. In December the eastward currents are weak with the westward currents becoming more prominent. Hence, currents within the site are very likely to be heavily influenced by the monsoons.
In situ current measurements vary based on location and tide. Data on current flow from low tide to high tide is provided in Figures 4.8. Peak current flow within the lagoon is 0. 33m/s on the eastern side. The current flow was generally in a W to SW direction. These measurements should be treated with caution as it represents data for a single day and was observed only in a one hour window. Prolonged measurements over two seasons are required to provide accurate current measurements.
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Figure 4.7: Estimated wave regime around Kanditheemu Island
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Figure 4.8: Observed current flow patterns on the reef – from high to low tide
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4.1.2.4 Tidal Pattern
Water levels at the site vary mainly in response to tides, storm surge or tsunamis. Tides in the Maldives are mixed and semi-diurnal/diurnal. Tidal variations are referred to the standard station in at Hulhulé Island. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0m and 0.3m, respectively (MEC, 2004). Maximum spring tidal range in Hulhulé is approximately 1.1m. There is also a 0.2 m seasonal fluctuation in regional mean sea level, with an increase of about 0.1m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1m during September to November. Table 4.4 summarizes the tidal elevations reported at Hulhulé, which is representative of tidal conditions at the project site.
Table 4.4: Tidal Variations at Male’ International Airport (Source: MEC, 2004)
Tide Level Referred to Mean Sea level Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56
The predicted tide curve for the period for the month of August at Hulhule is presented in Figure 4.9 below.
Figure 4.9: Predicted tides for August 2012, based on data from Department of Meteorology, Maldives
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4.1.3 Beach
4.1.3.1 Beach erosion and coastal changes
Historical changes and Long-term erosion
The island coastal environment has been modified with the construction of the harbour, boat yard basin and entrance channel (see Figure 4.12), and past coral and sand mining activities. These modifications appear to have altered the hydrodynamics and geomorphologic behaviour in localised locations around island. Most of the changes appear to be on the sediment volumes that shift seasonally around the island. The presence of the reclaimed area has also added more material to the sediment budget. The presence of the harboue has prevented the seasonal movement of sand in the north but much of the southern shoreline continues to have a well- functioning beach system. The movement of sediments are causing the harbour basin to be sediment over a short period of time.
Historical changes to the beach line can be analysed by comparing historical aerial photographs or satellite images. Analysis of historical aerial photographs from 1969 (see figure 4.10) against satellite image data from 2004, 2008 and GPS surveys of 2014 are presented in Figure 4.11.
This analysis shows a fairly stable system both in the medium- to long-term, except for the eastern side of the island. Over a 40 year period there has been a recorded shoreline retreat of 20-30 m on the eastern side. Approximately 1.5 Ha of vegetated land has been eroded primarily from the NW shoreline. Some of these eroded materials can be found in the harbour basin. Less substantial erosion had occurred on the southern shoreline where 10-15 m was lost in some sections, which now show exposed beach rock. Usually, substantial erosion is accompanied by almost an equivalent area of accretion. In the case of Kanditheemu, there is a net loss of 1.2 Ha. These changes are moderate considering the level of changes that have occurred in other islands within the Atoll lagoon of Maldives.
Shore-term erosional pressures
Short-term erosion pressures have concentrated mainly on the southern side and in front of the dredged area for boat yard. Erosion is, at present not severe on this island.
4.1.3.2 Beach Characteristics
Beach characteristics could be usefully determined by two main features: i) beach composition; ii) beach profiles.
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Beach composition and sediment characteristics
The beach material around the island varies based on the wave conditions experienced and the past reclamation activities (See Figure 4.12). Areas of the eastern side, which receives very strong waves during the NE monsoon, have a rubble beach reminiscent of an ocean ward shoreline. There is a layer of fine sand which may seasonally cover the rubble beach.
The most active and fine sandy beach is found on the SE corner of the island. Beach in this area is the widest at over 60-70 m during some seasons. This is the main recreational beach of the island and is a well-known attraction of the island.
The rest of the southern shoreline contains narrow beach with moderately coarse material. Exposed beach rock can also be observed on the south side.
The northern side is characterised by very narrow beaches, where the high tide line often reaches into the vegetation. Sediment size is generally fine to moderately coarse.
The small island of Kudadhoo, located on the western end of the island comprise of coral boulders and rubble.
Beach Profiles
Beach profiles provide invaluable information about the sediment volume, beach slope and changes to volume and slope over time. In addition the slope, height and width are good indicators of wave and wind conditions, and erosion dominant areas. In general, gentler slopes and wider widths indicate an accreting area with generally lower wave energy and erosion at the time of the survey. Steeper slopes indicate stronger wave energy particularly if the beach material is composed of coarser material. Steeper slopes are also associated with severe erosion, in other areas.
The eastern side of the island generally has higher and steeper shore profile while the western half has gentler and slightly lower profile.
Beach profiles for the island are presented in Appendix F.
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Figure 4-10 Geocorrected Aerial map of Kanditheemu
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Figure 4-11 Long term erosion and accretion trends in Kanditheem
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Figure 4-12 Coastal Conditions Summary
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4.1.4 Bathymetry
A detailed bathymetric survey of the proposed project site was undertaken during July 2013. Survey results have been summarised in bathy charts Appendix H. The depth figures presented are in meters below MSL.
The reef flat areas are very shallow ranging between -1.1 and -1.8 m MSL. The outer reef rim is shallow below -1.0 m MSL. The reef slopes steeply from 1.0 m on the reef flat edge to -10 m within a distance of 70 m.
The existing harbour basin has depths between -2.0 to -3.5m and as a result, some areas require maintenance dredging. There is a shallow area on the eastern side of the harbour which contains sand deposits caused by beach movement.
The proposed channel area has depth of 3 m in most areas and therefore may not require much dredging.
The proposed breakwater site is very shallow.
4.1.5 Marine water quality assessment
The primary objective of the lagoon water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water in around Kanditheem. Water samples were collected from three locations at mid depth following the protocols mentioned in Annex of the Terms of Reference approved for the project.
All water quality tests were done at the Water Quality Assurance Laboratory of the Male’ Water & Sewerage Company. The water test report is presented in Appendix G and survey locations are provided in Appendix D.
Table 4.5 shows the test results of the marine water samples collected on 8 February 2014. Most of the parameters tested, appear in the normal ranges. The amount of sulphate is very much higher than the reference level proposed by EPA. However, the sulphate levels appear to be in normal range for Indian Ocean. Moreover, a similar trend is observed for seawater quality analysed in other parts of the Maldives.
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Table 4.5: Marine Water Quality Parameters
Parameter Optimal Range Results (EPA) SW1 SW2 SW3 Physical Appearance NE Clear Clear Clear Conductivity NE 49788 49679 49901 - Nitrate < 5 mg/l NO3 N 0.5 0.4 0.4 pH 8.0 – 8.3 8.14 8.21 8.25 Sulphate 2 mg/l & 80mg/l 2550 2650 2550 Phosphate 0.005-0.020mg/l 0.05(LOQ 0.05(LOQ 0.05(LOQ 0.05mg/l) 0.05mg/l) 0.05mg/l) Temperature (oC) 18 - 32 22.05 22.4 22.4 Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) < 2mg/l 1 1 1
(NE – not established, TNT C- too numerous to count)
4.1.5.1 Groundwater quality assessment
The primary objective of the ground water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the ground water in Kanditheem, especially at the proposed project site (see Appendix D for survey locations). The water sample was collected following the protocols mentioned in Annex of the Terms of Reference approved for the project. All water quality tests were undertaken at the Male’ Water & Sewerage Company laboratory. The following table shows the test results of the ground water samples collected on 8 February 2014. See Appendix G for more details.
At present there are no established reference quality parameters for ground water in the Maldives. Nonetheless, EPA provides a standard that needs to be maintained by the desalination plants for product water, which is described in the above table. However, the standards may not be applicable to groundwater as the inherent characteristics of groundwater are different from desalinated salt water. When the ground water quality of the Kanditheem are compared with WHO drinking water standards, the water quality parameters appear to be in the normal range for the established parameters, except for Coliforms. Nonetheless, when the water quality parameters are compared with the product water quality set by EPA, most of the parameters except for pH, all the other parameters are at elevated levels. The test results indicate high levels of contamination, especially with regard to coliforms, BOD and other nutrients. This may be attributed to the fact that ground water may have been receiving infiltrates from domestic septic tanks and is exposed to point sources of pollution such as septic wells and domestic and farming effluents.
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Table 4.6: Water quality parameters tested and reference ranges
Optimal Range WHO standard Groundwater Quality at Survey sites Parameter ( by EPA for for Drinking GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 product water) water (2011) Pale yellow Pale yellow Pale yellow Pale yellow Pale yellow Physical with with with with with Clear NE appearance suspended suspended suspended suspended suspended particle particle particle particle particle Conductivity <100µS/cm NE 878 696 1444 637 925 <0.1(LOQ Nitrate 0.0 mg/l 50ml/l 4.0 1.2 7.2 9.4 0.1mg/l <10(LOQ Sulphate 0.0 mg/l NE 24 49 20 70 10mg/l Salinity 0.23 0.34 0.72 0.31 0.46 Phosphate 0.0 mg/l 0.08 0.05 1.37 0.09 0.11 pH 6.5-8.5 NE 7.67 7.67 7.51 7.70 7.57 Chemical Oxygen <3(LOQ <3(LOQ 26.1 16.1 5.52 Demand (COD) 10mg/l) 10mg/l) Biological Oxygen NE NE 2 3 3 3 3 Demand (BOD) Temperature (oC) 18 - 32 NE 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 22.4 Coliform, Total 0/100ml 0/100ml 5 0 12 0 0 (NE – not established, TNTC- too numerous to count)
4.2 Biological Environment
4.2.1 Terrestrial Ecology
4.2.1.1 General characteristics
Kanditheemu Island has a well-established but a highly modified vegetation system. The eastern areas of the island have a dense coconut grove with patches of mangrove forest. These areas are used for forestry. The western half mainly comprises of the settlement area, farms and sub littoral thicket.
4.2.1.2 Vegetation Cover at the proposed new harbour basin foot print
Given that the proposed site is already a reclaimed land and contains very sparse vegetation (See Figure 4.13). There are about 6 medium sized coconut palms, three young palms and 10-20 bush trees within the foot print and potential affected areas.
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Figure 4.13: Vegetation cover at the project site
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4.2.2 Marine Environment
4.2.2.1 Manta Tow Survey
Weather during the survey was sunny, and the sea was calm. Visibility was excellent, extending 10 to 15 m, except at tows 9 and 10 where the visibility reduced to 5 m.
Along 59% of the tows, live coral coverage along the area was estimated between the ranged 11 – 30% and 31 – 50%. Corals observed during the tows appear healthy, with no significant signs of coral bleaching or diseases. Natural coral predators such as Crown-of-Starfishes were not observed during the survey. Figure 1 3 shows selected photos taken along the tows.
Rock was observed to be the dominant benthic substrate, followed by coral rubble. Fish numbers was observed to be high along all tows. Corallimorphs was observed in abundance along all tows. In addition, six Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and six Hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricate) was recorded during the tow survey. Green turtle is listed as endangered (Seminoff, 2004), while Hawksbill turtle are listed as critically endangered (Mortimer & Donnelly, 2008 ).
Table 4.8 summarizes the results of manta tow survey; the numerical values in the table for each substrate category refer to percentage estimate benthic cover: 1 = 0-10%, 2 = 11-30%, 3 = 31- 50%, 4 = 51-75% and 5 = 76-100%.
Figure 4.14: Selected photos of manta tows survey area
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Table 4.7: Summary results of manta tow survey
Tow # Live Rock Rubble Sand DCA Fish Remarks coral abundance 1 2 3 1 1 1 High 2 2 3 1 1 1 High 3 2 3 2 1 1 High 4 2 3 2 1 1 High 5 2 3 2 1 1 High 6 2 3 2 1 1 High 7 3 3 1 1 1 High 8 2 3 1 1 1 High 9 1 3 2 1 1 High 10 1 4 2 1 1 High 11 1 2 3 2 1 High 12 1 1 3 1 2 High Giant Morey Eel (1) 13 1 2 3 1 2 High 14 2 2 3 1 1 High Hawksbill turtle (1) 15 2 2 2 1 1 High 16 2 3 3 1 1 High Giant calms (3) 17 3 2 2 1 1 High Green turtle (1) 18 3 2 2 1 1 High Hawksbill turtle (1) 19 2 3 2 1 1 High 20 3 2 2 1 1 High Hawksbill turtle (1) 21 2 3 2 1 1 High 22 1 2 3 2 1 High 23 2 2 1 3 1 High 24 1 2 2 3 1 High Hawksbill turtle (1) 25 1 2 3 2 1 High Green turtle (1) 26 1 2 2 2 2 High Green turtle (1) 27 1 2 1 2 1 High Hawksbill turtle (1) 28 1 2 1 2 1 High Green turtle (2) 29 1 3 2 2 1 High Green turtle (1), Hawksbill turtle (1)
4.2.2.2 Benthic substrate composition
Mean percentage coverage of selected benthic substrate categories along each transect survey line is presented below.
Marine Transect 1
Live coral made up (Figure 4.15 and figure 4-22) 52% of the survey area, rock was the next most abundant substrate at this area forming 31.2% of the area. Corals in tabular form was the most dominant type of coral observed at this area,
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11.2
5.6
Live Coral Rock
52 Corallimorphs Dead Coral with Algae
31.2
Figure 4.15: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 1
Figure 4.16: Selected photos taken at marine transect 1
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Marine Transect 2
Live coral at transect 2 is 13.33%, Corallimorphs made up the highest area of the area (34.67%).
13.33 1.33
34.67 Live coral Macroalgae Dead Coral Algae Rock 29.33 Corallimorphs
21.33
Figure 4.17: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 2
Figure 4.18: Selected photos along transect 2
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Marine Transect 3
Live coral at this area was about 20.67%, but the highest benthic substrate was rock at this area (Figure 4.19 and Figure 4.20).
7.33
20.67
Coral 2.67 Dead Coral with Algae Rock Corallimorphs
69.33
Figure 4.19: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 3
Figure 4.20: Selected photos along transect 3
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Marine Transect 4
Corallimorphs made up almost 61& of the benthic area at marine transect 4, live coral was the lowest at this area compared to other sites (8%).
2.4 8.00
Coral Dead Coral with Algae 28.8 Sand 60.8 Corallimorphs
Figure 4.21: Percentage benthic composition at marine transect 4
Figure 4.22: Selected photos along transect 4
4.2.2.3 Fish census
Highest number of fishes species (34) was observed along marine transects 1; located on the southern side of the island. Lowest number of species was recorded along transect 3 (25 species); located on the north-western side of the island. Figure 4.23 summarizes the number of fish families and species recorded along each marine transect.
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40 34 35 31 30 25 26 25
20 14 15 12 9 10 8 Number of species/family 5
0 Marine Transect 1 Marine Transect 2 Marine Transect 3 Marine Transect 4 Axis Title
Family Species
Figure 4.23: Comparison of fish families and species recorded at marine transect 1 – 4
When all fish census were combined, it can be observed that a total of 66 different fish species were recorded in the reef of Kanditheem. The most abundant fish species recorded was Fine- lined Bristletooth followed by Powder-blue Surgeonfish and Three-spot Humbug.
Highest number of fish species was recorded from Pomacentridae family, followed by Labridae and Chaetodontidae. Figure 4.24 summarizes the number of fish species recorded, with respect to fish families from all transects.
Fish census records along transects 1 to 4 are presented in appendix K.
18 16 16
14 13 12 10 8 7 6 6 5
Number of species 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Figure 4.24: Number of fish species observed in respect to fish families (four transects combined)
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4.2.2.4 Timed Swim Surveys
TS - 1
TS-1 is the lagoon area on the southern side of the island. Survey was conducted perpendicular to the island, from the shore towards the reef crest.
The depth at the crest was approximately 0.5 m; and live coral cover was high (approximately 40% of the area). Dominant coral species at this site were Acropora and Porites. Sand and coral rubble was the second highest substrate at this area (35%).
Fish numbers was observed high at this area (fish numbers between 257 - 1024); Pomacentridae and Acanthuridae fish families dominating the area.
Figure 4.25: Benthic composition at TS-1
TS – 2
TS-2 is located on the northern side of the island. Swim survey was conducted from shore towards the reef crest.
Live coral formed approximately 20% of the survey area; and were made up of corals belonging to genera Acropora. Rock and coral rubble formed 65% of the site. Sea grass was observed at the site, covering approximate 5% of the area (figure 4.26). Fish numbers observed between 65 - 256, and dominant fish family observed was Acanthuridae.
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Figure 4.26: Benthic composition at TS -2
TS-3
TS-3 is located near the existing harbour of the island on the north. Survey was conducted parallel to the harbour.
The main benthic substrate observed at this site is rock (approximately 60% of the survey area). Live coral made up about 25% of the survey area, and was observed to be dominated by Acropora species. Figure 4.27 shows the benthic composition of the site.
Fish numbers were low compared to TS-1 and TS-2. Fishes numbers observed ranged from 17 – 64. Most fishes observed belonged to family Acanthuridae.
Figure 4.27: Benthic composition at TS - 3
TS-4
TS-4 was conducted within the existing harbor basin. Sand covered the entire survey area, no live corals or significant numbers of fishes were observed at this site.
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Figure 4.28: Benthic composition at TS – 4
TS-5
TS-5 is located on the north-west of the islands reef; the lagoon area was shallow with average depth of 1.5 m across the survey location.
In contrast to the other survey location, almost half of the survey area was covered with Sea grass, live coral cover was low at 20%; mainly comprised of Acropora species. Rock and coral rubble made up 30% of the area ( figure 4.29).
Fish numbers observed was low at site (about 17 to 64 fishes observed); most fishes observed belonged to family Acanthuridae.
Figure 4.29: Benthic composition at TS – 5
4.2.3 Marine protected areas and sensitive sites
Although, nine Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) are located in the atoll, Gonaafaru finolhu, a sand bank is the only ESA within a 10 km radius from the island of Kanditheem. This sandbank lies within about 4 km from the project site. This site is not expected to be affected by the project. The environmentally sensitive areas are depicted in Figure 2.2.
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4.2.4 Breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endangered species
All coral reef areas have the potential to be used as breeding/nurseries for reef fishes. No literature is available to indicate that reef system of Kanditheem is used as breeding/nursery for fishes, crustaceans, marine mammals, sharks or turtles. Further studies are required to determine the specificity of the sites.
4.3 Natural Hazard Assessment for the Site
According to the UNDP Disaster Risk Assessment Reports of Maldives in 2006 and 2009, Kanditheem is located in an area exposed to tsunamis, wind storm and rainfall flooding. The 2004 tsunami did impact the island and a future severe magnitude tsunami along specific points of the Sumatran Ridge is likely to flood large sections of the island.
A detailed risk assessment study was undertaken on Sh. Funadhoo by UNDP in 2009. This assessment is taken to be indicative of the risk of natural disasters for Kanditheem, due to the close physical proximity of the two islands. The table 4.8 summarises the findings from the report.
Table 4.8: Predicted disaster risks in Funadhoo Island (Source DIRAM 2 – UNDP & MPND)
Rapid onset flooding hazards
Hazard Max Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Predictio Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe n Impact Impact Impact Swell Waves NA < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m High Moderate Low (wave heights on reef flat – Average Island ridge height +1.9m above reef flat) Tsunami 3.7m < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m Moderat Low Very e low (wave heights on reef flat) SW monsoon high 1.5m < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m High Very low Unlikely seas
(wave heights on reef flat) Heavy Rainfall 241mm <60mm > 60mm >175m High Moderate Low m (For a 24 hour period)
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Slow onset flooding hazards (medium term scenario – year 2050) Hazard Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe SLR: Tidal Flooding < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m Moderate Very Low Very Low
SLR: Swell Waves < 2.3m > 2.3m > 3.0m Very high Moderate Low
SLR: Heavy Rainfall <60mm >60mm >175mm Very High Moderate Low
Other rapid onset events Hazard Max Impact thresholds Probability of Occurrence Prediction
Low Moderate Severe Low Moderate Severe
Wind storm NA <30 > 30 knts > Very High Moderate knts 45Knts High Earthquake I < IV > IV > VI Very Unlikely none (MMI Low
value*)
Furthermore, table 4.9 encapsulates findings based on a base line study done on the heading ‘Building Resilience to Tsunamis in the Indian Ocean Baseline Report Shaviyani Atoll Maldives’. An expert team conducted the study by visiting Shaviyani Atoll from 19th – 24th November 2007. According to the study amongst the five islands studied, Sh. Kanditheem is least prone to such natural disasters as sea level rise/coastal erosion, tsunami, cyclones and flooding.
Table 4.9 Risk analysis to natural disaster
(Source; PROJECT SELAMAT ,n.d.)
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4.4 Island Social Socio-Economic Setting
4.4.1 Population Characteristics
4.4.1.1 Total Population
The total registered population of Kandhitheemu as of December 2013 is 1449 people. This includes 710 males and 739 females. Additionally, a total of 42 foreigners including 39 males and 3 females are currently living in the island.
The total enumerated population from Maldives Population and Housing Census of 2006 is reported as 1148 people with 531 males and 617 females.
Table 4.10 below shows the population figures of Kanditheem during census 2000 and 2006
Table 4.10: Population figures for Census 2000 and 2006 for Sh. Kanditheem
Census 2000 Census 2006 Percentage Change in Population (2000-2006) Total Population 1,082 1,148 6.10 % Male 524 531 1.34 % Female 558 617 10.57 % Source: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2000 and 2008Dependency RatioPopulation Structure
4.4.1.2 Sex Ratio
According to census 2006, there were more females than males in Kanditheem with a sex ratio of 86. The current population of Kanditheem as of December shows that the number of females still outnumber the males with a sex ratio of 96.
4.4.1.3 Annual Growth Rate
According to census 2000 and 2006, the population of Shaviyani atoll experienced a positive growth with an average annual growth rate of 0.76. The population of Kanditheem experienced an increase in population with an average annual growth rate of 0.98
The general structure of Kanditheem population is shown in Figure 4.30 below. The dependent population is at 44%, which comprises of 39% children and 5% elderly. The working age population comprises of more than half of the population with 56%.
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Population Pyramid for Sh. Kanditheemu, Census 2006
65+ 60-64 Female 55-59 50-54 Male 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4
-10% -8% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Source: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008
Figure 4.30: Age-Sex Distribution of Kandtitheem Population
4.4.1.4 Population Density
As of May 2003, Kanditheem is the fourth largest administered island in the atoll with an area of 89.83 hectares. The population density for Kanditheem is 12.78.
Figure 4.31 below represents population densities for all administered islands of Shaviyani atoll.
Population Density by Locality, Sh. Atoll 250.0
200.0
150.0
100.0 Population Density Population 50.0
0.0
Locality
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Figure 4.31: Population Density by Locality, Sh. Atoll
4.4.2 Administrative and Institutional Capacity
4.4.2.1 Education Sector
The Atoll School in Kanditheem is the only formal educational institute in the island. The highest level of education qualification provided in the school is up to year 12. As of December 2013, 391 students are enrolled in the school including 187 females and 204 males. Additionally, there is also one preschool in the island which is owned and administered by the public.
4.4.2.2 Heath Sector
The main health service facility in Kanditheem is the Island Health Centre. There is also 1 pharmacy in the island, which is owned and administered by the local population.
4.4.3 Education Attainment
According to Census 2006, 88.5 % of Kanditheem population over the age of 6 years is literate. Literacy rate for the female population is higher than that of males (97.1% females compare to 88.3% males). Likewise, illiteracy rate is high among male population compare to that of females (11.7% males compared to 2.9% females).
In education attainment, 37.8% of the population over the age of 6 years has received primary education. A further 10.9% of population attained secondary level education and 12.4% completed GCE O’level.
Figure 4.32 below shows education attainment rates for Kanditheem population based on census 2006.
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Education Attainment Levels, Sh. Kanditheemu, Census 2006
0% 0%
2% 2%
11% Primary Literate
38% Certificate / sanadhu
12% O' level Secondary Pre-School 5% Diploma A' level Not stated 25%
Source: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008
Figure 4.32: Education Attainment Levels, Sh. Kanditheem, Census 2006
4.4.4 Employment
4.4.4.1 Employment and Unemployment Rates
According to census 2006, the total number of economically active population in Kanditheem is 698. Among these 487 are employed and 16 are unemployed. The economically not active population is reported as 200 people. Labor force participation rate is 69.8% and unemployment rate is reported as 12.6%. Much of the unemployment is among the female population with 2.57% males of unemployed compared to 2.61% females.
4.4.4.2 Main Employment Sectors
According to the Island information from December 2013, the main economic activities of the island are Fishing, Boat building, Carpentry, Agriculture and farming, Construction and Resort employment.
The four main employment sectors in Kanditheem according to census 2006 are manufacturing (44%), fishing (13%), education (12%), wholesale and retail trade (7%).
Figure 4.33 below shows the main employment sectors in Kanditheem based on census 2006.
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Employment by Sector, Sh. Kanditheemu, Census 2006
Manufacturing 2% 4% 4% Fishing 4% Education
5% Whole sale and retail trade
44% Transport, storage and communication 5%
Not stated
7% Construction
Public administration and defense
Agriculture and forestry and others 12% Health and social work
13%
Source: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008
Figure 4.33: Employment by sector, Sh. Kanditheem
There are noticeable differences in employment with regard to gender. The total employed male population is 227 and that of female population is 244. There are also gender variations in employment based on the type of economic activity. Sectors such as fishing, construction, hotels and restaurants, transport, storage and communication, public administration and defence are mainly dominated by the working male population. On the other hand, the female workforce mainly dominates sectors like agriculture and forestry, manufacturing, education, health and social work.
Figure 4.34 below shows gender variations in employment for Kanditheem working population based on census 2006.
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Employment Sector by Gender, Sh. Kanditheemu, Census 2006
50%
45% 40% Female 35% Male 30%
25%
20% Percentage 15%
10%
5% 9% 4% 4% 5% 3% 4% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 1% 0% 2% Quarrying Education Not stated Construction Manufacturing communication bodies Health and social work Transport, storage and Agriculture and forestry Electricity, gas and water Whole sale and retail trade personal services activities Other community, social and Extra-territorial organizations and Public administration and defense Employment Sector Source: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2008
Figure 4.34: Employment by sector and by gender
According to the island council, the main employment sectors for the local population as of November 2011 are fishing, carpentry, agriculture, construction and in tourism. The main employment sectors for the foreign workers in the island are education (26.1%) and health (7.1%). A further 61.9% of the foreigners also work as labourers.
4.4.5 Infra-Structure and Services
Households: The total number of households in Kanditheem at the time of census 2006 is 191. However, the total number of households as of December 2013 is 251.
Power: Electricity is currently generated using 3 engines and provides electricity for all households in the island throughout the day and night.
Toilet Facility: According to census 2006, majority of the households in Kanditheem have toilets connected to septic tank (97%). A further 1% of the households use reserved compounds of the house.
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Water Supply: At the time of census 2006, almost all households in Kanditheem used rainwater for drinking. According to the island council, 87% of the households in the island have access to clean drinking water.
Waste Management: According to census 2006, majority of the households in Kanditheem do not use safe way of garbage disposal (99% of the households).
Cooking: At the time of census 2006, 76% of the households in Kanditheem use gas for cooking while 22% of households use firewood and 1% use oil as the main source of fuel for cooking.
Transport and Communication:
Sea transport to and from the island is currently facilitated by the island harbour and jetty. There are a total of 4 speedboats and 80 other transport vehicles registered in the island.
There is also one post office and one agency post office established in Kanditheem.
Sports and Recreation:
Sports and recreational facilities in Kanditheem include 2 football grounds, 1 children’s park, 1 social centre and a youth centre.
Civil Society: There are 3 registered NGOs working in the island.
Businesses:
There are a total of 58 small businesses in the island including 24 shops, 3 cafés, 3 workshops, 4 carpentries, and 1 tailor shop.
As of 2013, the Island office lists island sewerage system, harbour repair, a slipway for boat building, establishment of banking services and a new mosque for the island as priority developments needed for the island.
4.4.6 Ongoing Projects
There is an ongoing sewerage systems installation project which is currently at the EIA stage. At the time of this report’s submission, the EIA decision note had been issued and is awaiting mobilization. The project will install a gravity sewerage system in Kanditheem Island.
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5 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION
5.1 Introduction
Potential adverse and beneficial impacts of construction and operation stage of the channel redevelopment are identified and evaluated in this section. Significant impacts are identified and evaluated in two stages. The first stage identifies environmental and socio-economic components that may be impacted from key project activities. The second stage determines significance of impacts of each component. The following sections provide details of the evaluation of impacts.
5.2 Nature of potential impacts on key components
Nature of potential impacts is defined here as No Impact, Adverse Impact or Beneficial Impact. Table 5.1 below provides the nature of potential impacts from the proposed project on environmental and socio-economic aspects by the project components. Where impacts are not applicable to different components, this is indicated as ‘X’. Some aspects may be affected both adversely (indicated as [-]) and beneficially (indicated as [+]) from the project.
5.3 Identification of significant impacts
Environmental and socio-economic aspects that may be impacted by the project as identified in Table 5.1 are further evaluated to identify significant impacts. Assessments of the impacts are conducted using the four criteria of Magnitude, Reversibility, Duration and Distribution as described below. Evaluation of key impacts is provided in Table 5.2.
1. Magnitude: Refers to the quantum of change that will be experienced as a consequence of the impact.
2. Reversibility: Refers to the degree of reversibility of an impact (i.e. ease of reversing the conditions).
3. Duration: Refers to the temporal scale (i.e. duration, frequency) of the impact. It does not take into account the duration of the impact’s effects.
4. Distribution: Refers to the spatial scale of the area impacted (e.g. a small portion of a reef or an entire lagoon)
Estimates for negative impacts represent a ‘worst case scenario’ based on the assumption that the project will undergo full-scale development with no consideration for its environmental and social consequences, i.e. significance is assessed prior to implementation of mitigation measures. Values are attributed by the EIA team on the basis of direct observation of surveyed sites, professional judgment and pre-existing experience in development projects of similar nature.
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Table 5-1: Impact Identification Matrix
Activity dition
Noise Level Noise Quality Air emissions GHG processes Coastal Groundwater Flora Terrestrial fauna Terrestrial Soil con water Marine fauna and flora Marine Cohesion Social species Protected & Natural hazard risk safety safety and Health Employment Construction Stage Site setup and mobilization - x x - x - - - - x x x x - + Workforce - x x x x x x x x x - x x x + Existing breakwater demolition - - - x x x x x - - + x + + + Dredging in the lagoon and harbour - - - - - x x x - - - - x - + basin Dredging on land ------+ x x x + Vegetation clearance - - - x - - - - x x x x x - + Dredge waste disposal - - - - +/- x x x - - + x + - + Breakwater construction - - - +/- x x x x - - + x + - + Quay wall construction - - - - +/- x x +/- - - + x + + + Demobilization - x x x x x x x x x x x x x - Operation Stage
Operation of the harbour - x x - x x x x x x + x + + + X (no impact), - (negative impact) + (positive impact)
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Table 5.2: Evaluation of key impacts on the natural environment during construction and operation stage
Impact area Potential impacts Nature/Distribution/ Reversibility Significance Duration/Magnitude
Construction stage Ambient noise Noise pollution: Operation of vehicles, machineries Direct/negative; Easily reversible Moderately Significant - level during site preparation, construction will affect the 200 m radius; Project site close to nearby mosque and houses. However these will not Short term; Settlement (nearest be operated continuously for a long period of time. Minor negative change house: 50 m; nearest school 350 m; nearest mosque 110 m) Ambient air Air quality degradation: negligible level of air Direct/negative; Easily reversible, Insignificant - Negligible quality emissions during transport of labour force and 200 m radius; negligible effects level of emissions over a equipment to the project site. In addition small Short term; short time period. amounts of emissions are anticipated during No change; Nuisances and health operation of machineries and vehicles; vegetation issues cause by dust may removal in a dry period will produce a lot of dust. be only short-term during tree removal GHG Increase in GHG gas in atmosphere; operation of Direct/negative; Easily reversible Insignificant - negligible emissions vehicles that emit GHGs will results in negligible Island level; amount of GHGs is increase in GHG in the atmosphere. Short term; anticipated to be released. No change Marine water Contamination of marine environment; During Direct/negative; Reversible - Significant - High site setup and levelling sediment plumes are sedimentation level anticipated to be generated. This will degrade the Project site; degrades the overall water overall quality of marine water. In addition, there is quality, and is a major
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Impact area Potential impacts Nature/Distribution/ Reversibility Significance Duration/Magnitude
possibility of accidental spillage of concrete, fuel Short term; stressor on the marine and other construction materials to the sea. ecology. Negative change.
Marine Flora Loss of marine flora and fauna – habitats and Direct/negative; Reversible with Significant - Permanent and Fauna organisms in direct foot print of coastal protection costly alternation of marine and harbour will need to be removed Northern reef of the implications habitat along project foot island; print and areas affected Increased turbidity and sedimentation-caused by sedimentation due to dredging, this will harm the bottom-dwelling Long term; Holothuroids, other fish species and corals; it will Moderate negative damage certain coral species such as plate corals change beyond short-term recovery. Cumulative
Coastal Coastal erosion: Newly reclaimed areas will Dir/negative/ Reversible with Moderately Significant - Processes and undergo significant erosion during the initial years cumulative maintenance particularly around newly Hydrodynami before it stabilises. Island shoreline; activities and reclaimed area. cs Areas next to the harbour may undergo erosion due long-term; erosion to changes in currents and seasonal sediment flow Minor negative mitigation patterns. Given the elongated nature and E-W orientation of the island, changes to seasonal movement patterns, and thus erosion, in the long-term.
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Impact area Potential impacts Nature/Distribution/ Reversibility Significance Duration/Magnitude
If the project is stopped halfway for any reason after excavation from land, the impacts on shoreline and groundwater will be very significant.
Ground Water Ground water salinization around harbour: the Direct/negative; Reversible Moderately significant – excavation of harbour within the island (previously Project Site; the water needs of labour reclaimed area) will change the shape of the Short term; force and construction groundwater lens. Vegetation within the island may Minor negative change; will be supplied by the come within vadose zone there by damaging its Cumulative with the contractor through a growth. proposed sewerage temporary desalination Groundwater salinization during dredge waste project. plant. disposal: ground water in the areas designated for dredge waste disposal and road levelling may be affected in the short-term. Increase in demand for freshwater; Construction work will require large quantities of freshwater. Health and Risks to health and safety; During the construction Direct/negative; Reversible Significant - Risks to safety risks to workers health and safety is increased, as Project site; health and safety chances of accidents are high. Short term; especially during Moderate negative construction stage is high change.
Transportatio Habour closure for maintenance may disrupt Direct/negative; Reversible Moderately insignifcant n and trade access to the island. Project site;
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Impact area Potential impacts Nature/Distribution/ Reversibility Significance Duration/Magnitude sectors Short term; Moderate negative change. Employment Increase in employment opportunities; 40 Direct/positive; NA Insignificant - Short term workers will be employed for the construction work. Atoll level; employment opportunity, Short term; Moderate positive change Operation Health and Health and safety risks of using the harbour Direct/Positive Reversible Moderately significant safety Site level; Long term; Highly Positive change Coastal Coastal erosion: Newly reclaimed areas can Direct/negative/cumula Reversible Moderately significant in process undergo significant erosion during the initial years tive; with terms of erosion as erosion before coastal processes stabilise. maintenance is predicted mainly in Western shoreline; activities and newly reclaimed area. Addition of new sand to the coastal system can also erosion Shore term; be a positive benefit as it increases the sediment mitigation budget. Minor negative change The island coastal system will require time to adjust its coastal processes to the presence of newly reclaimed land.
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Impact area Potential impacts Nature/Distribution/ Reversibility Significance Duration/Magnitude
Harbour basin Sedimentation: elongated islands oriented east to Direct/ negative; Reversible Significant - considerable west are known to require maintenance dredging with nuisance to harbour users more often due to the sediment movement patterns Harbour basin; maintenance and safety risk for vessels around the island. It is very likely that the reef Long term; entrance and the corners of the harbour basin will Harbour roughness in become shallow in the next 3-5 years. Minor negative change some periods irreversible
Changes to Low level flooding may result during heavy rainfall Direct/ negative; Reversible Moderately insignificant. drainage due to the blockage of natural drainage patterns with drainage patterns around the island following reclamation and Harbour Area; systems quaywall construction Long term; Minor negative change
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6 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
6.1 Air Quality Degradation
Air quality may be deteriorated due to:
• Operation of machinery such as excavators, trucks and concrete machines during construction and excavation.
• Transportation to and from the work site.
Dust and emissions from vehicle and machinery exhausts may degrade the air quality leading to short term health risks to the community. Due to relatively small size of islands that allow rapid turnover and flushing of harmful emissions, impacts from air pollution due to operation of machinery and construction works is considered negligible.
Mitigation Measures
• Vehicles and machinery must be tuned and well maintained to minimise air emissions.
• Ground/soil must be kept damp to minimise dust from construction works.
• Use vehicles that have passed the Road Worthiness Tests.
6.2 Noise and Vibrations
Noise pollution and vibrations are likely to be caused by:
• Operation of machinery such as excavators, loaders, trucks and concrete machines during construction, excavation and waste removal.
• Construction works related to installation of breakwater and quaywall.
Increased noise levels from operation of machinery, demolition and construction works will cause some nuisance to the nearby households and the mosque. Nonetheless, any unfavourable disturbance would be short term and limited to duration of construction.
Mitigation Measures
In addition to the mitigation measures for air quality degradation, following actions will be taken.
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• All construction work, except at the visitor centre must be carried out during day time to minimise nuisance to the local community and disturbances caused to nocturnal fauna that uses auditory communication.
6.3 Impact on the marine environment
The most significant impact of the proposed harbour construction activities will be on marine flora and fauna, including direct removal of organisms and indirect impacts due to sedimentation and loss of habitat. The surface biota in the project footprint will be completely destroyed by the movement of excavators during the reconstruction of the breakwater. Sediment plumes will also be generated in the process.
Suspended sediments are carried by water and/or accumulate in a loose unconsolidated form on the reef bottom. While large particles settle on the bottom of the water body, sediment particles less than 0.063mm in size (mostly clay and silt) will remain suspended in the water column. Significant increases in the level of suspended and bedded sediment within the water column for a prolonged period will alter the habitat and adversely affect the living organisms at the site.
Significant changes to the physical and biological processes of coral reef ecosystems are also expected. Most coral species cannot tolerate even minute rises in the sedimentation level, and only a very few species show high tolerance. Furthermore, coral recruitment will also be reduced as coral larvae are unlikely to settle on shifting sediment bottoms. Corals may display various strategies to cope with sedimentation; such as self-cleaning and selective tissue die-backs. However if the conditions persist, it is unlikely that the corals will survive. Plate corals are highly susceptible for bleaching if buried for more than 62 hours in sediments. Given the dominance of plate corals close to the project zone, a high rate of short-term coral mortality is predicted.
Foraging behaviour of fishes may be impeded by turbid conditions as well; gills maybe clogged by sediment particles and sediment deposition may cover and suffocate eggs and larvae of benthic spawning fishes. Prolonged exposure to high sediment levels can lead to a decrease in fish immunity against parasites and diseases. As fishes can readily disperse they are likely to relocate in nearby reefs if high sediment conditions persist.
Of particular concern is the loss of seagrass during the construction stage of the project, which will lead to loss of spawning ground and habitat for juvenile fish species and other invertebrates like holothuroids (sea cucumber) which inhabit the area. Seagrass acts as a natural sediment trap, settling sedimentation and reducing turbidity of the lagoon environment.
In addition, sedimentation is likely to cause major shifts in invertebrate populations as sediment is deposited at the crevices/crannies blocking their habitat. This favours domination of
Prepared by: CDE Consultancy Page|84 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll invertebrate populations that are more tolerant of the condition. The overall population diversity, size and quality of reef ecosystem are likely to decline due to increased and prolonged sedimentation arising from the proposed activities.
As the proposed location is mainly made up of sand and coral rubble the direct loss of live coral along this area will be low.
Mitigation measures to prevent/reduce impact on the marine environment
− Where possible construct bund walls to contain sediments during dredging activities. − Relocate small live coral recruits along the affected footprint to locations of similar conditions (depth, temperature etc.). − Supervise all construction activities to ensure that large vehicles do not move outside the project boundary, and ensure the reef flat levelling is restricted to the required area only. − All dredging work must be carried out during calm sea conditions and preferably during low tide. And work must be carried out in the shortest period of time reduce impact of sedimentation and turbid water conditions. Peak SW and NE monsoon bad weather should be avoided while dredging to minimise turbidity.
The main cost involved will be relocation of live coral colonies, costing between MRF 20,000 and 50,000).
6.4 Changes in Hydrodynamics and Coastal Erosion
During dredging, reclamation and construction works there is a high likelihood of abrupt changes to coastal hydrodynamics. This may lead to temporary erosion on the island and changes to coral growth. Of particular concern is the immediate severe erosion that may follow these activities, particularly in the newly reclaimed areas, as the coastal processes adjust to the changes.
The impacts from the presence of a harbour parallel to the shoreline in often known to cause significant changes to the coastal processes. However, since the harbour had existed for more than 10 years the coastal processes would have largely adjusted by now. Hence, the impacts from the proposed works are mainly expected to be cumulative in nature.
The disposal of dredge waste for beach replenishment or coastal land reclamation provides a positive benefit by increasing the sediment budget of the island. It may also cause sediments to be deposited in the harbour basin, making it shallow over time.
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Given the potential severity of erosion in newly reclaimed areas, the following mitigation measures are suggested.
Mitigation measures to manage hydrodynamic changes
− Extension of the revetment as a submerged breakwater/groyne to minimise the flow the sediments into the harbour basin (See Alternatives chapter).
− Placement of larger coral pieces along the reclaimed shoreline to minimise erosion.
− Continuous monitoring to identify abnormal erosion activity.
The costs of mitigation measures may to be between Rf150,000 to 200,000 and will depend on the arrangement between the proponent and the contractor.
6.5 Loss of Flora and Fauna
Vegetation clearing will be a moderate impact from the proposed project. It is anticipated that 6 medium sized coconut palms, 3 young palms and 7-8 coastal bush trees may have to be removed from the project foot print. A further 10-20 bush trees may be affected due to the operations. All these trees have been planted after the land reclamation.
Loss of vegetation generally means, loss of fauna that depend on those vegetation. Such species include birds, rats, fruit bats and invertebrates. However, no fauna is expected to be affected from this project as they are already in an area frequented by locals.
Mitigation measures for loss of species
- The scheduling of the vegetation clearing activities will be timed with the completion of harbour dredging activities.
- All coconut pal ms removed need to be either replanted on the island. Removal of trees will be undertaken with care to ensure that it could be replanted.
- The devel oper shal l pl ant two trees f or every si ngl e l arge tree l ost f rom the acti vi ty.
- Vegetation clearing will be onl y done f or the trees that wi l l requi re cl eari ng. A ny trees that can be retai ned should be retai ned.
- Strict guidelines and construction monitoring is required during the vegetation removal stage to ensure that every si ngl e l arge tree coul d be repl anted.
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- All clearing works will be carried out during day time to minimise disturbances caused to nocturnal fauna such as birds and fruit bats that uses auditory communication, turtles nesting on the eastern side.
Costs for replanting may be in the range of an additional Rf20,000 to Rf30,000. In addition, since shifting the location of the harbour will require variation of works is required, the actual value will depend on the contractor’s final estimates for the construction works.
6.6 Impacts from waste
A significant volume of demolition waste and moderate amounts of green waste wi l l be generated from the project. These need to be managed to avoid major environmental problem on K andi theemu.
Waste i s al so expected f rom the dredgi ng acti vi ti es, parti cul arl y access dredge materi al and l arger coral materi al .
Sol i d waste, waste water and sewage generated by the workf orce may af f ect the groundwater and general terrestri al envi ronment of the i sl and.
Mitigation measures
- The primary method of handling the coconut palms is to repl ant them. Care wi l l be taken during the removal and transport to ensure that they can be replanted.
- All other trees which cannot be used for replanting will be collected to a designated point or points. Amongst these, the islanders would be allowed to carry materi al of use to them, such as firewood. This will be done under the supervision of the Island Council.
- All remaining waste will be incinerated on site. Incineration will be phased and controlled to ensure minimal air pollution to nearby islands.
- A l l demol i ti on waste f rom the exi sti ng quay wal l , breakwater, perf ormance stage and retaining walls around the coconut palms will need to be removed by the contractor at the time of demobilization. It should be transported to Thilafushi. The Island Council, Proponent and Contractor may agree on an alternative, particularly to retain them on K andi theemu, i f there i s a f aci l i ty to manage them or i f the materi al i s sui tabl e f or reuse in construction.
Costs for waste disposal is expected to be between Rf100,000 – Rf150,000.
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6.7 Water Contamination (Marine Water and/or Ground Water)
During dredging and reclamation works and the construction of breakwater/revetments any accidental spill of oil and toxic substances will contaminate the marine and/or groundwater.
In the Maldives, groundwater contamination is an irreversible impact due to the absence of i mpermeabl e l ayers to separate the f reshwater l ens i n i ndependent reservoi rs. A ccordi ngl y, any point sources of pollution would cause the contamination of the entire island groundwater resources. If human consume such contaminated groundwater, it may lead to serious health risks leading to increased public and private health costs. Furthermore, contamination of groundwater will force the local community to rely on rainwater or desal i nated water that wi l l al so be costl y (rai nwater can be costl y due to the need f or increased storage capacity). Therefore, special care should be taken when handling oil, solid waste and hazardous waste to enti rel y avoi d any acci dental spi l l s and l eakage.
On the other hand, cl eari ng of vegetati on wi l l al so l ead a f aster recharge si nce water l oss of water due to vegetati on cover and evapo-transpiration may be lower.
There will be a shift in the shape of the water lens leading to an expansion of the vadose zone around the harbour, affecting vegetation types that could thrive in these areas in the short-term. However, gi ven that vegetati on wi l l be cl eared f rom an al ready recl ai med area close to the harbour, thi s i mpact may be negl i gi bl e. The exi sti ng agri cul tural area i s too f ar out and is unlikely to be affected.
Mitigation measures
- All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site will be stored in secure and bunded location.
- Oil, solid waste and hazardous waste will be handled carefully and transported in sealed containers in properly bunded vehicles/vessels
- Construction activities will be carried out under the supervision of a suitably experienced person.
- V essel s, equipment and machi nery used for the work should be properly maintained at all times during the operation.
- Littering and accidental disposal of any construction wastes can be avoided by pre- planning modalities for waste disposal or re-use wherever possible. Careful planning of the work activities can also reduce the amount of waste generated.
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The total costs of these mi ti gati on measures are incorporated into the contractor f ees.
6.8 Sand deposition within harbour basin and reef entrance
The current harbour layout includes openings on the side of the harbour to facilitate better flushing. However, as observed in the already existing harbour, these openings may allow sediments to seep through, filling the harbour. At present, there is a revetment to protect the beach around the opening but no structure to prevent sand flowing along the beach.
Mitigation measures to reduce risk of sediment accumulation in harbour basin
− Construct a shore perpendicular groyne to minimise sand movement around the openings (See Alternatives chapter for more details). − Avoid littering in the harbour to prevent accumulation of waste − Regular maintenance and cleaning of the harbour area
The main costs will be involved in additional works related to changing the layout of the harbour, which could require changes to the work methodology and additional needs for rock boulders.
Since a variation of works is required, the actual value will depend on the contractor’s final estimates for the construction works.
6.9 Risks to health and safety of construction workers
Health and safety risks arising from construction work is high. Thus, it is important to take measures to reduce these risks as some of these accidents can have devastating impacts on lives of individual workers.
Mitigation measures to reduce risks to health and safety of construction workers
− Health checks prior to start of work − On-site first aid kit − Qualified person to properly instruct and supervise the work − Evacuation facility in place all the time during construction − The construction site should be properly closed so access to any unauthorized person.
The main cost will be initial investment in first aid kits, and health checks. The estimated cost for these ranges between RF7,500 and RF10,000.
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7 ALTERNATIVES
7.1 “No-project” Alternative
The option of a no project alternative has been considered for the harbour expansion and remedial works. The advantages and disadvantages of the No Project option are presented in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1: Summary of “No Project” Alternative
Options Advantages Disadvantages No harbour − Marine habitats are not disturbed − Safety of people and vessels redevelopment − Existing hydrodynamics are not accessing the island is altered compromised − Impacts of beach erosion due to − Economic losses associated coastal developments avoided with poor accessibility − No disruption to island life due − High opportunity cost to construction activities − Social discontent with the Government
− Growth of major economic industries hampered
Given the disadvantages of not proceeding with the proposed harbour redevelopment project, the preferred option is to go ahead with the project.
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7.2 Alternative Sediment Control Measures
Table 7.2 presents an evaluation of the alternative methods for sediment containment.
Table 7.2: Summary of Sediment Control Measures
Measures Advantages Disadvantages
Bund walls on the Environmentally friendly High impact on marine environment shallow side of channel (preferred Durable option) Cost effective
Silt screen Durable Large quantities not locally available
East to handle Costly
Environmentally friendly
Given the size of the project size, bund walls are the preferred option, as it is easily available locally and cost-effectively, and provide adequate containment of sediments. At present the presence of the breakwater around the basin will also act as a bund to contain sediment in all areas except around the entrance channel.
7.3 Alternative Dredging Method
Table 7.3: Summary of Dredging Alternatives
Dredging Advantages Disadvantages Method
Excavator on One of the most common Takes more time to complete due to barge barge method practiced by operations and therefore impact timeframe contractors for small scale longer medium depth projects
Does not require specialized skill
Cost-effective
Excavator on One of the most common Not possible in already dredged areas. method practiced by
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Dredging Advantages Disadvantages Method
sand beds contractors for small scale medium depth projects
Does not require specialized skill
Least costly option
Cutter Suction Dredging works can be Requires highly skilled operators Dredger completed within a short time frame Not suitable for small scale dredging works
High costs
Higher environmental damage
The preferred option is to use excavator on a temporary a barge as this the most common, practical and cost effective method for small scale projects. In areas where sand beds are possible, the excavator on sand bed method will be used.
7.4 Alternative Dredge Disposal Locations
The alternative disposal methods are to stock pile material in the location identified in Figure Figure 7.1, replenish eroding areas and to use some of the material for road maintenance purposes.
The alternative replenishment site will incur additional costs due to the distance involved in the transfer. This option is suitable, if the proponent and contractor an agree on the costs.
Stockpiling sand is also a practical option as it would provide sand for construction purposes on the island. However, it is unlikely that all the dredge waste could be stock piles without a significant aesthetic degradation or locking up useable land for development. Thus, stock piling part of the material is a recommended option.
As in other islands, some of the material may be used for levelling the roads. However, the Council has not requested to do so yet and any such activity will have additional costs which may have to be agreed between all the parties involved. At present, the roads required for levelling has not been identified.
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The temporary storage and road levelling activities may cause temporary saltwater infiltration into the ground water lens. Dredged sand should be transported on to the island and spread using heavy machinery to level the ground. Dredged sand if placed with seawater is going to seep into the ground, causing temporary salinization. If left open for the rainy season, these effects may be eliminated in a short period. Mechanisms are required to ensure adequate recharge. Hence, if this option is used, dredged material should be left piled in near the beach for at least 48 hours before they are transported for road levelling.
The current suggestion is the original design is based on the distance to the disposal site to minimize the impact foot print and the costs. In terms of environmental impacts, both options involve similar kinds of impacts. Thus, unless the proponent wishes to adopt the alternative the presently proposed option is recommended for this project.
7.5 Alternative Site Plan
As noted in the impacts chapter, the openings created between the breakwater and revetment on both sides of the harbor may allow sediments to flow into the harbor basin, particularly from the east. This has also been highlighted in the public consultations. Two alternative options are proposed: (i) extend groyne out from the edge of the revetment and; (ii) block the openings.
The proposed options are presented in Figure 7.2.
The advantage of the extended groyne is that it will prevent the flow of sediment into the basin, which at the same time allowing tidal flow of water into the harbor basin. The disadvantage of this option is mainly related to the costs. Any changes in the scope of works may have implications on financing the project.
The option to close the channel will have very little implication on the overall cost. The main disadvantage of this option is the fouling of harbor basin and accumulation of floating waste within the basin.
The preferred option is to extend a groyne. However, this option will have cost implications for the project and will depend of fund availability. This option is not compulsory but on grounds of future maintenance cost reduction and associated impacts on marine life, this option is preferred.
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Figure 7.1: Alternative dredge waste disopsal location
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Figure 7.2: Alternativesite plan
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8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an important component of the EIA process, needed to determine the accuracy of impact prediction, the adequacy of mitigation measures, and level of compliance with commitments regarding implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring of relevant environmental aspects.
The main objectives of the environmental management plan are to:
− Produce a framework for managing anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. − Provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.
8.1 Environmental management system
The environmental management framework for the proposed project is based on the standards and policies set out by the Environmental Protection Agency of the Maldives.
- Environmental Management Planning and establishment of key performance indicators: The EMP specifies environmental management measures and required performance standards - Monitoring and corrective action: The implementation of EMP measures will be monitored. Any inconsistencies between the EMP and its on-site implementation will be identified and addressed through corrective actions - Auditing, reviews and improvement: The EMP will be reviewed. Improvements to the EMP will be made as necessary to achieve desired environmental outcomes.
The environmental management strategy is demonstrated in the following figure.
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Commitment to environmental regulations, policies and guidelines
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Implementation of EMP
Improvements to Corrective and EMP preventative actions Monitoring EMP
Review of EMP
Figure 8.1: Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram
8.2 Management structure and responsibilities
The following parties are involved in the EMP of this project:
− Project proponent: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure − Consultants: Environmental consultant − Contractors: MTCC − Local Authority: Kandiheemu Island Council − Environmental Regulatory Agency: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The roles and responsibilities of the parties involved are as follows.
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8.2.1 Project proponent
− Execution of all project activities − Preparation of EMP − Detailed designs of dredging − Monitoring the performance of the construction activities as specified in the EIA − Submission of annual environmental monitoring reports as required by the EPA
8.2.2 Environmental Consultant
− Environmental Consultants o Preparation of EMP in consultation with the proponent o Monitoring of performance of project activities according to the EMP, as instructed by the proponent o Auditing the EMP to ensure desired outcomes are achieved o Making amendments to the EMP according to the results of the audits o Preparation of environmental monitoring report as required by the EPA (detailed in Chapter 9 of this report) − Project engineer o Monitoring contractor compliance to design specifications o Reporting contractor compliance for payment purposes o Approving structures o Guiding contractor on unforeseen issues related to implementing design specifications
8.2.3 Contractors
− Undertaking construction work as defined by the proponent and project engineer − Ensure compliance with the EMP during construction stage, including purchase of construction equipment, implementing mitigation measures and monitoring construction site − Ensure all construction workers are aware of EMP and comply with its requirements
8.2.4 Local Authority
− Island Council o Identify and allocate a project worksite to the contractor o Receiving, acknowledging and resolving public grievances relating to the project.
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o Operating and maintaining the harbour o Providing island level approvals for various activities related to the project
8.2.5 Environmental Protection Agency
− Approve EIA − Review environmental monitoring report − Intervention in the event of a breach in environmental permit conditions
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Table 8.1: Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase
Anticipated Affect / Responsible Mitigation / Management measures Monitoring Schedule Cost Activity party All construction workers and project management staff will be provided information on general environmental issues, Record the training Project Before content of the EMP and compliance with Included in the Training of staff and activities in proponent & commencement environmental permits and EMP. Environmental contractors the annual Environmental of construction consultants fee All staff involved with environmental monitoring Consultant activities monitoring (apart from the Environmental report Consultant) will be provided training in environmental monitoring procedures. All non-conformances to the Decision Note, observed during monitoring will be documented. Record and Project Continuous Documenting non- Included in the Necessary corrective actions and preventative log of proponent & during conformances and Environmental actions will be identified actions; field Environmental construction corrective actions consultants fee Corrective actions will be implemented, with observations Consultant phase systematic follow-ups to ensure effectiveness of these measures Log’s recording last Control of air quality Vehicles and machinery must be tuned and date of Continuous Included in degradation well maintained to minimise air emissions. vehicle during contractor’s Contractor servicing construction daily Observation phase operations Ground/soil must be kept damp to minimise during field dust from construction works. visits
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Anticipated Affect / Responsible Mitigation / Management measures Monitoring Schedule Cost Activity party List of vehicles used and their road worthiness Use vehicles with Road Worthiness Seals certificates All construction work and demolition work, Continuous Included in except prefabrication works, must be carried Log of daily during contractor’s Noise and Vibrations Contractor out during day time to minimise nuisance to work hours construction daily the local community. phase operations Included in Where possible construct bund walls to contractor’s contain sediments during dredging activities. daily operations Continuous Relocate small live coral recruits along the Observation Managing marine during affected footprint to locations of similar during field Contractor Rf30,000 environment impacts construction conditions (depth, temperature etc.). visits phase Supervise all construction activities to ensure Included in that large vehicles do not move outside the contractor’s project boundary, and ensure the reef flat daily levelling is restricted to the required area operations only.
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Anticipated Affect / Responsible Mitigation / Management measures Monitoring Schedule Cost Activity party All dredging work must be carried out during calm sea conditions and preferably during low tide. And work must be carried out in the Continuous Included in Observation shortest period of time reduce impact of during contractor’s during field Contractor sedimentation and turbid water conditions. construction daily visits Peak SW and NE monsoon bad weather phase operations should be avoided while dredging to minimise turbidity. Extension of the revetment as a submerged Before and breakwater/groyne to minimise the flow the Revised Proponent / Rf100,000 - after sediments into the harbour basin (See contract Conractor 150,000 construction Alternatives chapter). Continuous Included in Observation Placement of larger coral pieces along the during contractor’s Chnages to during field Contractor reclaimed shoreline to minimise erosion. construction daily hydrodynamics and visits Coastal erosion phase operations
Included in the Continuous monitoring to identify abnormal Field Environmental Environmental erosion activity. measurements Consultant consultants fee
All coconut palms removed need to be either Continuous Observation Managing impacts on replanted on the island. Removal of trees will during Inlcuded in during field Contractor vegetation be undertaken with care to ensure that it could construction contractor fees visits be replanted. phase
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Anticipated Affect / Responsible Mitigation / Management measures Monitoring Schedule Cost Activity party The developer shall plant two trees for every After Proponent Rf5,000 single large tree lost from the activity. construction Vegetation clearing will be only done for the trees that will require clearing. Any trees that can be retained should be retained. Strict guidelines and construction monitoring is required during the vegetation removal Continuous stage to ensure that every single large tree during Inlcuded in Contractor could be replanted. construction contractor fees phase All clearing works will be carried out during day time to minimise disturbances caused to nocturnal fauna such as birds and fruit bats that uses auditory communication, turtles nesting on the eastern side. The primary method of handling the coconut palms is to replant them. Care will be taken during the removal and transport to ensure that they can be replanted. Continuous Observation Managing waste during Inlcuded in All other trees which cannot be used for during field Contractor impacts construction contractor fees replanting will be collected to a designated visits point or points. Amongst these, the islanders phase would be allowed to carry material of use to them, such as firewood. This will be done under the supervision of the Island Council.
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Anticipated Affect / Responsible Mitigation / Management measures Monitoring Schedule Cost Activity party All remaining waste will be incinerated on site. Incineration will be phased and controlled to ensure minimal air pollution to nearby islands. All demolition waste from the existing quay wall, breakwater, performance stage and retaining walls around the coconut palms will need to be removed by the contractor at the time of demobilization. It should be Observation During Rf 75000 - transported to Thilafushi. The Island Council, during field Contractor demobilization 100,000 Proponent and Contractor may agree on an visits alternative, particularly to retain them on Kanditheemu, if there is a facility to manage them or if the material is suitable for reuse in construction. All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals Observation used on site will be stored in secure and during field bunded location. visits Oil, solid waste and hazardous waste will be Observation handled carefully and transported in sealed during field containers in properly bunded Continuous visits during Inlcuded in Water contamination vehicles/vessels Contractor Construction activities will be carried out Observation construction contractor fees under the supervision of a suitably during field phase experienced person. visits Vessels, equipment and machinery used for Observation the work should be properly maintained at all during field times during the operation. visits
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Anticipated Affect / Responsible Mitigation / Management measures Monitoring Schedule Cost Activity party Littering and accidental disposal of any construction wastes can be avoided by pre- Observation planning modalities for waste disposal or re- during field use wherever possible. Careful planning of visits the work activities can also reduce the amount of waste generated. Construct a shore perpendicular groyne to Before and minimise sand movement around the See changes to Contract Contractor during openings (See Alternatives chapter for more hydrodynamics construction details). Sand deposition within Observation Avoid littering in the harbour to prevent During harbour basin during field Island Council NA accumulation of waste operation visits Observation Regular maintenance and cleaning of the During Rf150,000 per during field Island Council harbour area operation year visits Before work Health checks prior to start of work Contractor commencement On-site first aid kit Contractor Qualified person to properly instruct and Observation Risks to health and Contractor Included in safety of construction supervise the work during field Continuous during contractor fees workers Evacuation facility in place all the time during visits Contractor construction construction phase The construction site should be properly Contractor closed so access to any unauthorized person.
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8.3 Communications
This EMP will be communicated to all actors with responsibilities for its implementation, including all parties involved in the construction and operation of the harbour, contractors, and external stakeholders.
Regulatory filings such as the EIA and annual monitoring reports submitted to the EPA are an important part of external communications related to the environmental and social performance of the project. Potential risks and procedures included in the EMP to reduce identified risks will also be communicated to relevant stakeholders, such as the surrounding communities.
Environmental and social reporting shall be undertaken to provide evidence of the ongoing implementation of the EMP and will cover training activities, site conditions and operations, monitoring data, details of non-conformances, incidents, complaints and follow up action, results of audits and reviews. Reporting shall be undertaken by the project proponent and the Environmental Consultant. The reporting shall constitute an annual report of the environmental performance of the facility and operations. The annual environmental reporting process is summarized in Figure 8.2.
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Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase
Environmental Protection Agency Project proponent Environmental consultant
• • Issues raised from periodic review • Training of personnel Training of personnel of project • Environmental monitoring • Environmental monitoring • Recording of complaints • Recording of incidents audits • Recording of complaints and • Review of EMP follow up actions − • Review of EMP
Preparation of draft environmental report
Submission of report Annual environmental monitoring report finalized
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8.4 Stakeholder Engagement
Local regulatory requirements for stakeholder engagements are spelled out primarily in the EIA Regulations 2012, where pubic consultations are required with all relevant stakeholders during the preparation of the EIA.
This project has gone through stakeholder consultation process covering Government Agencies, civil society, business entities and the general public, among others. The first stage of interaction was during the scoping meeting for the EIA. The key stakeholders of this project during construction and operations stage are:
• Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure
• Kanditheemu Council
• Shaviyani Atoll Council
• Environment Protection Agency
• Fishermen
• General Public Further engagements of stakeholders are expected throughout the construction stage. Meetings will be held with the Atoll Council prior and during the construction stage and during the handover of the facilities.
The public and persons affected by the project may engage the project through the Grievance Mechanism (see next section), via the Island Council.
The Contractor and Island Council will provide periodic public information such as construction schedules, road closures or changes to the project.
Consultations between MHI and Island Council will also continue during the construction stage as well as the early stages of operations.
This report will be disclosed publicly on EPA website during evaluation stage for public review and comments.
8.4.1 Grievance Mechanism
The following tiers of a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) have been proposed for this project. It has to be noted that the GRM has not been presented to the Island Council or the Public.
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Table 8.2: Grievance Redress Mechanism
Timeframe to Tiers of Grievance Nodal Person for Contacts, Communication and Other address Mechanism Contact Facilitation by Project grievance • Grievances can be addressed informally by contacting the Island Council. • If the grievance cannot be resolved informally an aggrieved party must submit a complaint as an official letter to the island council. • A meeting (if required, a public meeting) must be held by the Island Council to discuss a complaint submitted officially. • If the complaint is resolved within Island Council is the 7 days the Island Council must communicate the decision to the first level of contact aggrieved party. First Tier: Island in case of any • The aggrieved party must 15 days Council grievance. acknowledge the receipt of decision and submit their agreement or disagreement with the decision within 10 days. • If no acknowledgement is submitted from the aggrieved party then the decision will be considered as accepted. • If a complaint requires more time to address, this requirement must be communicated to the aggrieved party in writing and the aggrieved party must consent and sign-off the request for the extension to take effect. An extension can be made to an additional 15 days. • If unresolved, the aggrieved party can elevate the grievance to Tier 2 and an official communication must be sent to the Ministry of Housing Second Tier: Permanent Secretary Infrastructure. Submission may Ministry of Housing contain a copy of the decision from 30 days of MHI. and Infrastructure Tier I or what has been done to remedy the issue in Tier I. • A contact person in MEE must be identified for processing a grievance through the Second Tier.
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• If required, the MHI must arrange a meeting to address the Tier 2 grievance and notify the aggrieved party at least 5 working days before such meeting. • If the complaint is resolved within 15 days the MHI must communicate the decision to the aggrieved party in writing. • The aggrieved party must acknowledge the receipt of decision and submit their agreement or disagreement with the decision within 10 days. • If no acknowledgement is submitted from the aggrieved party then the decision will be considered as accepted. • The legal system is accessible to all aggrieved persons. Judges will remain as Third Tier: • In cases where vulnerable groups As per an option for an Judiciary Power / are unable to access the legal established aggrieved person system, the Attorney General´s Assistance to judicial Vulnerable Persons and/or community in office will provide legal support to the vulnerable person(s). The MHI procedures beyond the Project’s case that the others must assist the vulnerable person(s) established in Grievance Redress tiers haven not been in getting this support from Maldives Mechanism effective. Attorney General´s Office. • The verdict of the Courts will be final.
8.5 Health and Safety Management
The purpose of this section is to define requirements and designate procedures to be followed during the construction activities for the project. All provisions of this section are mandatory to all contractors and subcontractors that may be engaged in all phases of the project. The provisions presented here conforms to the Employment Act of Maldives (Law number: 2/2008), specifically Chapter 8 of this Act: Work Place Safety and Employee Health.
Project health and safety organization
The project supervisor onsite has the overall authority and responsibility for all site related activities, including health and safety of the workers and public during construction stage.
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All employees will have the right to refuse to work and/or stop work authority when the employee feels that the work is unsafe (including subcontractors) or where specified safety precautions are not adequate or fully understood. All employees have the right to refuse to work on any site or operation where the safety procedure specified in this document or other safety policies are not being followed.
All authorized visitors to the project sites shall be briefed by the Supervisor on the health and safety risks at the site and will be required to comply with the health and safety policies specified here. Unauthorized visitors will not be permitted to the project site.
Health and Safety Risks
The main health and safety risks envisaged form this project are:
a) Accidents and Fatigue There is a general risk of accidents leading to injury to workers, due to inadequate operational control procedures. This may occur during construction. Such risks will be minimized through close supervision of construction activities. Access to sites will be regulated and restricted, to minimized the risk of accidents. Since traffic accidents during the transportation process can also endanger communities, special attention will be given to driver awareness. Another significant source of occupational health and safety risk is fatigue, which can result in injury and prolonged illness. Hence, the working hours of the personnel will be scheduled with such considerations.
b) Noise Noise can pose a significant health risk, especially for those in close proximity to equipment that emit loud sounds. However, loud noise is unlikely to prolong beyond 3-4 hours a day at a stretch.
Safety Program
a) Personal protective equipment Personal Protective Equipment shall be provided to protect workers from physical hazard that may be encountered. All employees are required to be trained in the use, limitations, care and maintenance of the protective equipment that they will have to use during the project.
All project personnel will be required to wear:
. Boots (Leather boots with safety toe) . Hard hat (Resist penetration by objects, absorb shock/blow, water resistant and slow burning,
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. Safety glasses . Masks . Gloves
The following safety equipment must be used as required:
. Ear mufflers (if working an high noise area) . Protective chemical gloves (when handling any waste oil or chemicals)
All protective equipment’s must be inspected regularly for any malfunction/damages.
b) Site Control
• All authorized visitors to the project sites shall be informed to the Supervisor. Unauthorized visitors will not be permitted to the project site.
• The working area of the site will be barricaded to prevent any trespassing into the area where the machineries are in constant work.
• Open excavation on the two roads will be barricaded to prevent any accident.
• No open electrical connection will be kept at the site, all the switch boards, panels etc. will be covered and protected
c) Safety Briefing All personnel will be made aware of task-specific health and safety risks that they may encounter during work.
All personnel will be informed of fire prevention measures, fire extinguishing methods, and emergency response plan and evacuation procedures.
Emergency Response
The major categories of emergencies that could occur are:
a) Illnesses and physical injuries b) Natural disasters (e.g., flooding) c) Fires and explosions All accidents should be immediately reported to the site supervisor. In case of fire, the supervisor or the most senior person on site must initiate a full evacuation from the site.
First Aid box with the necessary medicine will be kept at the site office to take care of the small injuries etc.
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In Kanditheemu Island, the emergency contacts are as follows:
• Fire and Rescue: Maldives Police Service, Kanditheemu Police Station
• Accidents and Ambulance: Kanditheemu Health Centre
• Police: Maldives Police Service, Kanditheemu Police Station Records of the any accident or fault will be maintained so that the precaution will be taken for future.
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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN
9.1 Introduction
While the negative environmental impacts of the project can be significantly minimised if proper mitigation measures are taken, as identified in Chapter 6, the potential for unforeseen impacts still exists. Furthermore, some of the predicted impacts may turn out to have greater significance than predicted, making the suggested mitigation measures ineffective. Therefore, frequent and regular monitoring of the relevant environmental aspects is a vital component of environment management. This chapter outlines the environmental monitoring plan for the proposed project.
9.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan
The main objectives of the monitoring plan are:
− To identify whether the predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective − To identify any unforeseen impacts so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken at the earliest − To identify and resolve any issues of social unrest at the earliest − To eliminate or reduce environmental costs
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9.3 Aspects of the Monitoring Plan
Table 9.1 below summarizes the key aspects of the monitoring plan. The Table indicates the methodology, frequency and estimated cost for each monitoring attribute that will be required for the proposed project.
Table 9.1: Aspects of the Monitoring Plan
Monitoring Estimated Indicator Methodology Frequency Attribute Cost
Water On completion of project and Laboratory US$300 Contamination Water quality thereafter annually for 2 analysis per survey (Marine) years
Waste Once during the construction Waste US$150 generation Waste census and annually during monitoring per survey levels operation for two years
Visual Daily for the duration of the Oil spills NA observation project
Marine Water Contamination Oil leakage maintenance from and tuning of Weekly during the US$75 per machinery or all machinery construction phase week vessels & vessels
Percent of live Line transect coral cover, survey; and fish On completion of project, Coral reef species US$200 Fish census and thereafter annually for 2 health per survey abundance and years composition Manta tow survey
Surveying using level, Beach profiles staff, compass Two months after Erosion and & D-GPS completion of the project and US$100 Coastal thereafter annually for 2 per survey Changes beach line (at D-GPS tracks years high tide & along the low tide) beach
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Monitoring Estimated Indicator Methodology Frequency Attribute Cost
Longshore Drogue currents method
Sonarmite or Two months after US$500 Water Depth Water Depth handheld completion of the project per survey echosounder
Flora Vegetation Visual Once a year for two years. US$200 regrowth in surveys per survey newly replanted trees.
Presence, loss or damage
9.4 Monitoring Report
Monitoring activities will be undertaken according to the schedule outlined in Table 9.1. Preliminary monitoring reports will be compiled and submitted every six months after commencement of project activities, during the construction phase. During the operational phase, an annual monitoring report will be prepared and submitted to the relevant authorities for compliance. The report will include methodologies and protocols followed for data collection and analysis, quality control measures and indicate the uncertainties.
9.5 Cost of monitoring
The cost of monitoring is estimated to be Rf 80,000 annually. Professional consultants will be hired to undertake the monitoring and the necessary equipment for monitoring will be procured, particularly lab facilities for water testing.
Indicative costing of individual components are summarised in the table below.
9.6 Commitment for Monitoring
The proponent is fully committed to undertake the monitoring program outlined in this Chapter (refer Appendix J of this report).
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10 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS
Public consultation was held on 7th February 2014 at Shaviyani Atoll School. A total of 63 members; members from island council, civil servants, NGO’s, Clubs and general population at large participated in the public consultation meeting.
The consultation session was held as a group discussion forum where the purpose of the project was introduced followed by presentation of the proposed design. The meeting with the Island Council was also recommended to be held with the public and therefore the participants included the Council members. Subsequently, all participants were asked to openly express their opinions, comments and concerns on the proposed project. The list of participants is presented in Table 11.2. Following are the main points raised by participants in the consultation session.
• Participants inquired if the harbor is to be expanded, which side of the harbor be further extended, as on one side there is an ice plant and on the other side there is a playground and stage. • A member of the council stated that in the earlier discussions with public and other stakeholders, certain changes to the design were proposed however, these changes do not seemed to be incorporated to the present design. He also stated that members were also promised that there would be an additional meeting held after considering the proposed changes which is not yet been held. One of the changes proposed to the ministry during these discussions was widening the harbor and the ministry responded stating that 50 additional meters will added to the harbor, making the harbor one of the widest harbors in the country. • The participants further highlighted that the space between the quay wall revetment and break water, in the past had lead sand to flow into the harbor making the harbor shallow and have allowed sand to be collected in these space which needed to be periodically removed. Attendees also inquired whether there was any mechanism proposed to mitigate the problem of sand getting collected in these spaces. If not whether there could be changes brought to the present design to address the issue. • The participants also proposed that the end of the existing channel be widened to make it easy for the vessels to enter the harbor.
In response to the queries participants were told that it was proposed that the harbor would be widened on both sides. Participants were also told that since all the issues raised were based on the design, the concerns will be communicated with the relevant authorities.
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10.1 Findings
It was observed that the public generally supported the project and were impatient to get the works started. However, it was also noted that more dialogue is required between the Council and MHI to agree and stamp a final site plan. It appears that verbal agreements were reached between the two parties but there is no official agreed document to show the agreed site plan.
Further meetings are requested between MHI and the Council before mobilization. If not, there is a chance of social discontent after works begin.
Table 11.1: Summary of consultations undertaken specific to the EIA
Date Stakeholder Issues Discussed Response 7/2/2014 General • Participants inquired if the Public, The Island Council informed harbor is to be expanded, including that it will be expanded east which side of the harbor be fishermen, towards the stage; the MHI further extended, as on one women, drawings clearly showed the side there is an ice plant and transport location. on the other side there is a sector and playground and stage. Island Council • A member of the council Issue communicated to MHI. members. For stated that in the earlier Participants discussions with public and list, see Table other stakeholders, certain 11.2 changes to the design were proposed however, these changes do not seemed to be incorporated to the present design.
• He also stated that members Issue communicated to MHI. were also promised that
there would be an additional meeting held after considering the proposed changes which is not yet been held.
• One of the changes Issue communicated to MHI. proposed to the ministry The harbour basin has been during these discussions widened to about 15-20 m in the was widening the harbor available designs for the EIA. and the ministry responded stating that 50 additional meters will added to the harbor, making the harbor one of the widest harbors in
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Date Stakeholder Issues Discussed Response the country. Issue addressed in the • The participants further Alternatives chapter and highlighted that the space recommended to address. between the quay wall
revetment and break water,
in the past had lead sand to
flow into the harbor making
the harbor shallow and have
allowed sand to be collected
in these space which needed
to be periodically removed.
Attendees also inquired
whether there was any
mechanism proposed to
mitigate the problem of
sand getting collected in
these spaces. If not whether
there could be changes
brought to the present
design to address the issue. Issue communicated to MHI. • The participants also proposed that the end of the existing channel be widened to make it easy for the vessels to enter the harbor.
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Table 11.2: Public consultation participants list
Name Address 1 Abdul Rahmaan Ali Javaahiruvaadhee 2 Ahmed Mufeedhu Midhilimaage 3 Hassan Adam Jareege 4 Ahmed Sareef Karankaa villa 5 Adnaan Ismail Nishaan 6 Ahmed Nizaar Hiyaa 7 Ali Simaam Ehgamuge 8 Abdul Kareem Ali Rankokaage 9 Ibrahim Shakir Akiri 10 Abdulla Naeem Dhoadhi 11 Ibrahim Waheedh Huvandhumaage 12 Ahmed Siraj Annaarumaage 13 Ismail Ibrahim Medelimaage 14 Abu Bakuru Yoosuf Dhekunuge 15 Abdul Azeez Idhrees Alpha 16 Moosa Waheedh Udhares 17 Abdul Rasheed Manzil 18 Abdul Sattar Haveeree hiyaa 19 Hassan Wafir Shabnamee villa 20 Ismail Rasheed Daisy villa 21 Mohamed Zameer Lilly ge 22 Mohamed Niyaz Line 23 Abdul Haseeb Seventh Sky 24 Ali Thaufeeg Nishan 25 Abdul Rahmaan Season villa 26 Mohamed Anees Scarlet 27 Moosa Idhrees Javaahirumaage 28 Ibrahim Hafeez Hazaarumaage 29 Ahmed Zakee Bahaaruvilla 30 Nasrullah Noores 31 Ahmed Riffah Nooraaneege 32 Naailaa Moosa Gaskara 33 Hiyala Kenereege 34 Saheemaa Mohamed Season villa 35 Fathuhiyya Ibrahim Marine Villa 36 Ramla Ahmed Thandiraih 37 Azeeza Ibrahim Iramaage 38 Hareera Ismail Dhoores 39 Rasheed Ibrahim Kelifaanu Orchidmaage
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40 Aminath Siyaama Dhethandimaage 41 Razeenaa Idhurees Athireege 42 Shamsunnisaa Ibrahim Alpha 43 Haajaraa Hassan Divine taste 44 Zuhaira Moosa Hiyaa 45 Inaayaa Ali Shakir Nishan 46 Mohamed Fatheen Irumatheege 47 Abdul Anee Idhurees Dhoores 48 Mohamed Fahumee Hulhanguge 49 Mohamed Naeem Vinares 50 Ibrahim Sobry Bahaaruvilla 51 Ismail Nasir Roasary 52 Hussain Yoosuf Fazaa 53 Hussain Rasheed Kaamineege 54 Mohamed Riza Green villa 55 Mohamed Thaufeeg Iramaage 56 Ibrahim Aarif Raihvilla ge 57 Ahmed Salaah Havaas 58 Ahmed Wasif Kaneerumaage 59 Mohamed Gasim havaa 60 Ahmed Moosa Chaman 61 Ali Hassan Aahiyaa 62 Ali Shujaau Jazeera 63 Abdul Gafoor Fazaa
• Note: Contact details have not been included as most of them did not see the need to putting their phone number
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11 Potential Data Gaps and Assessment Limitations
11.1 Gaps in Information
The environment of Maldives is generally poorly understood. This may be due to the lack of detailed studies in the Maldives. Much of the literatures on coral islands are derived from studies done in the Pacific which unfortunately has very different climatic and geologic settings.
Detailed environmental analysis for an EIA is often required to be undertaken in a relatively short period of time. Give the seasonal climatic variations in Maldives and the differences in local geomorphologic and climate settings in individual islands such a short time frame is often too little to assess selected aspects of the environment. This problem is compounded by the absence of long-term studies in other parts of Maldives. Hence, most EIA’s end up being based on an environmental snapshot of specific point in time. However, experienced EIA specialists can deliver a close match to reality based on a number of similar assessments. In this regard, the following gaps could be identified in information.
− Absence of long-term site specific or even regional data (at least 2 years). Most critical data include current, wave and terrestrial modification history. − Absence of historical and long-term records on reef and lagoon environment. − Lack of detailed data on geology and soil due to time limitation in EIA submission.
These gaps are seriously considered in the assessment and care has been taken to address the issue in designing mitigation measures and the monitoring programme.
11.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction
Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. As note earlier, there is also no long term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. It is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and voluntary monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.
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12 Conclusions
The key conclusions of this EIA are summarized below.
− The proposed developments are generally in conformance to the laws and regulations of the Maldives. − The project involves expansion of the existing harbour, maintenance dredging, construction of a new breakwater, construction of a new quay wall and reclamation. All designs have been approved and are in conformance to the practices used in the Maldives. − Kanditheem Island has a heavily modified environment as it is one of the largest inhabited islands in Shaviyani Atoll. The island has an existing harbour and therefore the project is based on the same location. There are dredged areas, reclaimed land harbour protection measures on the island. The existing harbour is in poor condition. An area of the land is expected to be dredged, but this area was reclaimed originally during the initial harbour construction project. − Significant impacts of this project during construction phase of the project are potential significant impacts on the marine environment due to excessive sedimentation, turbidity and direct excavation. The specific impacts on the coral reef and lagoon environment include loss of lagoon benthos organisms along the sand bed areas, temporary sedimentation in surrounding areas particularly with table corals, loss of coral life, loss of seagrass beds and temporary impacts on fish life. These impacts are likely to persist only in the short-term. There are some risks related to coastal erosion in the long term. Impacts from vegetation removal are moderately significant, but unavoidable. During the operation phase the main concern are the potential risks to health and safety of users. Most of these impacts can be minimized with proper mitigation measures recommended in the report. − The project mainly has positive socio-economic benefits, including increased direct and indirect job opportunities, improvement in island accessibility and opportunities economic growth. − Key mitigation measures for the construction stage include deployment bund walls to minimise damage to the surrounding coral reefs and ground water lens, before commencing dredging. Cost of mitigation is generally included in the contract value except for any site plan changes, dredge disposal site changes or tree relocations. − Over 60 persons from the public were met in a public consultation meeting. They expressed disappointment with the proposed harbour layout as some of the proposed changes have not been included by MHI and that a promised meeting between MHI and Council did not materialize. Their main concern was related to the harbour width,
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where, according to them, the MHI has promised to widen the harbour by another 50 m. They also raised concerns about the openings on the edges of the harbour may allow sediments to seep through, something which they have experienced in the previous harbour. This issue has been addressed as alternative. They also raised a previous request to widen the opening of the reef entrance. All these requests were passed onto the proponent. It is recommended that the proponent have a public meeting or a meeting with the Council to agree on the current site plan before mobilization. Otherwise, there is a chance of public discontent with the current design after the works start. − The alternatives evaluated for the project are dredging methods, alternative option for preventing future frequent sedimentation of harbour basin and a revised site plan. Among these, the revised site plan and sediment control measures have been recommended. However, the sediment control measures will depend on availability of funds as there will be a scope change. The revised site plan has been suggested based more on social satisfaction since the environmental impacts between the multiple options are similar, increasing only with the scope of works. Alternative options for dredge waste disposal were explored including storage of part of the material, replenishing eroded areas and leveling roads. Since the impacts are similar due to the small scope of works, the present option has been preferred. − The monitoring plan has been designed with a focus to analyse the significant impacts over time, particularly the effect on the marine environment and water quality. Cost of monitoring is estimated at Rf80,000. − A management framework has been proposed and it is essential that this framework be used in the construction stage of the project. − This project mainly has beneficial socio-economic impacts.
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REFERENCES
BINNIE BLACK & VEATCH 2000.Enviromental / Technical study for dredging / reclamation works under Hulhumale' Project - Final Report. Male': Ministry of Construction and Public Works.
DHI 1999.Physical modelling on wave disturbance and breakwater stability, Fuvahmulah Port Project. Denmark: Port Consult.
GODA, Y. 1998. Causes of high waves at Maldives in April 1987. Male': Asia Development Bank.
KENCH, P. S., BRANDER, R. W., PARNELL, K. E. & MCLEAN, R. F. 2006. Wave energy gradients across a Maldivian atoll: Implications for island geomorphology. Geomorphology, 81, 1-17.
MEC 2004. Maldives: State of the Environment 2004, Male', Ministry of Envrionment and Construction.
NASEER, A. 2003. The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives. PhD, Dalhousie University.
Rashaa behey mauloomaath form – Sh. Kanditheem Council, December 2013
SEEDS Asia. (2007). Building resilience to tsunami in the Indian Ocean - Baseline study report Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives. Retrieved from SEEDS Asia: http://www.seedsasia.org/eng/wp- content/uploads/2013/03/Base-Line-Study-Report.pdf
SIEWERS, F. D. AND MARTIN, J. B. 2010. Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on the Geology of the Bahamas and Other Carbonate Regions. Bahams: Gerace Research Centre.
UNDP 2006. Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives, Male', United Nations Development Programme and Government of Maldives.
YOUNG, I. R. 1999. Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate. International Journal of Climatology, 19, 931–950.
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APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX B – Site Plan
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Legend N " N 5 " 4 5 ' 4 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° Shore protection 6 Type Reef Entrance Maintenance Dredging Armour Rock Breakwater Length: 100 m Width: 24 m Quaywall Area: 2,700 sq m Dredge Depth: -3.0 m Revetment Volume: 2100 cbm Reef Entrance
Harbour Basin New Breakwater A Length: 153.79 m Land Reclamation / Backfilling New Breakwater B New Revetment B Length: 21 m Length: 142.24 m Breakwater footprint N " N 0 " 4 0
' High Tide Line 4 6 ' 2 6 ° 2
6 New Revetment B ° 6 Length: 21 m Low Tide Line
Harbour basin enlargement Dredge waste disposal Length: 218 m Excavation Area: 2500 sq m Width: 90.98 m Area: 2,750 Sq m Volume: ~5500 cbm Area: 19,834 sq m Average Height: +1.3 m Height: +1.5 Dredge Depth: -3.0 Estimated Volume: 11,825 cbm Dredge Volume: 9000 cbm
New Quay Wall Dredge waste disposal Length: 376 m Area: 3900 sq m Volume: ~8580 cbm Height: +1.5 Backfilling Near Quaywall µ Area: 1325 Sq m Existing Depth: -2.0 m Backfill Height: +1.5 m MSL N " N 5 Backfill Volume: 4635 cbm " 3 5 ' 3 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6
1:1,750 Meters
0 20 40 80 Kanditheemu Island Shaviyani Atoll Harbour Redevelopment Project Proposed Site Plan
PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge Map version: 01/06/2014 Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives 72°54'55"E 72°55'0"E 72°55'5"E 72°55'10"E EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX C – Detailed Drawings
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Legend N
" Land Reclamation N 5 " 4 5 ' 4 6 ' 2 6 °
2 Dredging from land 6 ° 6 Cut/Fill Assessment Backfill Area VOLUME
Reclamation Required
Reef Entrance Unchanged
Reclamtion Not Required
Cut/Fill Assessment Harbour Basin Dredge Areas
Dredging Not Required
Unchanged
Dredging Required
Vegetation Line 2014 N
" High Tide Line 2014 N 0 " 4 0 ' 4 6 ' 2 6 ° 2
6 Low Tide Line 2014 ° 6
Coral Reef Dredging Dredge waste disposal Outer reef line required Area: 2500 sq m Volume: ~5500 cbm Dredging Height: +1.5 not required Volume to be dredged within from existing reclaimed area: 12,000 cbm
Dredge waste disposal Area: 3900 sq m Volume: ~8580 cbm Height: +1.5 Volume required Volume to be dredged within the harbour µ for backfilling: 6,500 cbm basin and reef entrance (in blue): 11,500 cbm N " N 5 " 3 5 ' 3 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6
1:1,845 Meters
0 25 50 100 Kanditheemu Island Shaviyani Atoll Harbour Redevelopment Project Dredging and Reclamation Site Plan PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge N
" Map version: 01/06/2014 0 3 ' 6
2 Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives °
6 72°54'55"E 72°55'0"E 72°55'5"E 72°55'10"E
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX D – Survey Locations
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|129 72°54'20"E 72°54'25"E 72°54'30"E 72°54'35"E 72°54'40"E 72°54'45"E 72°54'50"E 72°54'55"E 72°55'0"E 72°55'5"E 72°55'10"E 72°55'15"E 72°55'20"E 72°55'25"E 72°55'30"E N " N 5 " 4 5 ' 4 6 ' 2 6 Legend ° 2 6 W2 ° !. C1 6 T2
27 ! ! Currents M ! A M26 A 1
M0 2 M
N !
! S ! 2
" ! 5
! N
! 3 S T ! T 0 " 4 ! 0
' #0 Ground Water Samples 4
6 2 ' 0 !
2
M C2 6 ° ! 2 6 °
6 !
!
!
! ! ! ! TS4 2 A W1 P M 24 O! Soil Profiles 03 !. M N "
N !. Marine Water Samples 5 G3 "
3 C6 5 ' 3 6 ' 2 #0 6 ° ! 2 6 M °
A 6 2 4 3 Beach Profiles 0 M ! T ! S5 P Marine Transects N ! 1 " N 0 " 3 0 '
C3 3 6 ! C7 ' 2 6
° A ! ! ! 2 6 ° Timed Swims
! 6 5 M 0 A T M 4 2 P3 2 G2 #0 G5 Manta Tows
N #0 " N 5 " 2 5 ' 2 6 ' Topographic Transect 2 6 °
6 2 6 0 ° M 6
G4 1 Vegetation Line 2014 2 #0 M N " N 0 " 2 0
' Low Tide Line 2014 2 6 7 ' 2 0 6 ° 2 6 M G1 ° 6 P #0 4 Dredged Areas 20 M N
" Coral Reef N 5 " 1 5 ' 8 1 6 0 ' 2 6
° M 2 6 ° 6 ! 5 19 P M Outer reef line
6 ! P C8 A! C4 18 ! M ! 1 N S
" A N
T 0 "
1 ! 0 ' 1 6 ' 2 9 6 ° 2 0 6
7 °
! 1 M 6 M µ M16 M15
N W3 " N 5 " ' 14 5
6 M !. ' 2 M ! 6 °
1 C5 2
6 A 0 M13 ° 6 M12 M11 N " N 0 " ' 0 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6 1:7,026 Meters
72°54'20"E 72°54'25"E 72°54'30"E 72°54'35"E 72°54'40"E 72°54'45"E 72°54'50"E 72°54'55"E 72°55'0"E 72°55'5"E 72°55'10"E 72°55'15"E 72°55'20"E 72°55'25"E 72°55'30"E 0 50 100 200 Currents Ground Water Marine Transects Beach Profiles Marine Water Kanditheemu Island
SiteID X Y code X Y Site_ID X_Start Y_Start X_Start Y_Finish Profile_ID X Y code X Y Shaviyani Atoll C1 72.9183 6.44526 G2 72.9533 5.60804 T1 72.9163 6.43541 72.9168 6.43551 P03 73.1915 -0.684095 W3 73.2394 -0.591208 Harbour Maintenanct Project C2 72.9153 6.44411 G3 72.952 5.60776 T2 72.9177 6.44513 72.9181 6.44512 P04 73.1918 -0.683832 W4 73.2387 -0.592467 Survey Locations Map C3 72.9232 6.44151 G1 73.111 -0.655797 T3 72.9108 6.44236 72.9111 6.44265 P05 73.192 -0.683508 W5 73.236 -0.596178 C4 72.9166 6.43687 G2 73.1101 -0.655039 T4 72.9234 6.44145 72.9235 6.441 P06 73.1922 -0.683184 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator C5 72.9164 6.43475 G3 73.1105 -0.655821 P07 73.1923 -0.682839 (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; C6 72.9105 6.44293 P08 73.1925 -0.682505 VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge C7 72.9116 6.44169 Map version: 03/04/2014 C8 72.9119 6.43651 Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX E – Coastal Geomorphology
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Reef Entrance ° 6 N
" Existing damaged breakwater N 0 " 4 0 ' 4 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 °
6 Legend
Harbour Beach Rock Boat yard area Breakwater N " N 5 " 3 5 ' 3 6 ' Vegetation Line 2014 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6 High Tide Line 2014
Low Tide Line 2014 N "
N Dredged Areas 0 " 3 0 ' 3 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° Coral Reef 6
Outer reef line N " N 5 " 2 5 ' 2 6 Kanditheemu ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6 N " N 0 " 2 0 ' 2 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6 N "
N µ 5 " 1 5 ' 1 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6
Beach rock N " N 0 " 1 0 ' 1 6 ' 2 6 °
Kudadhoo 2 6 ° 6
1:6,284
N Meters " N 5 " ' 5 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6 0 100 200 400 Kanditheemu Island Shaviyani Atoll N " N 0 " '
0 Harbour Redevelopment Project 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 ° 6 Shoreline Surveys PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge N " All data based GPS surveys of 8 Feb 2014 5 5 '
5 Map version: 02/06/2014 2 ° 6 72°54'25"E 72°54'30"E 72°54'35"E 72°54'40"E 72°54'45"E 72°54'50"E 72°54'55"E 72°55'0"E 72°55'5"E 72°55'10"E 72°55'15"E 72°55'20"E 72°55'25"E Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX F – Beach Profiles
Beach Profile 1
1.2 1 0.8
0.6 0.4 Depth 0.2 0 -0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 -0.4 Distance
Beach Profile 2
1.5
1
0.5
Depth 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 -0.5
-1 Distance
Beach Profile 3
1.2 1 0.8 0.6
0.4
Depth 0.2 0 -0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 -0.4 -0.6 Distance
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Beach Profile 4
1.2 1 0.8 0.6
0.4
Depth 0.2 0 -0.2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 -0.4 -0.6 Distance
Beach Profile 5
1.5
1
0.5
Depth 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -0.5
-1 Distance
Beach Profile 6
1.5
1
0.5
Depth 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -0.5
-1 Distance
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Beach Profile 7
1.5
1
0.5
Depth 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 -0.5
-1 Distance
Beach Profile 8
1
0.5
0
Depth 0 10 20 30 40 50 -0.5
-1 Distance
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APPENDIX G – Water Quality Results
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EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX H – Bathychart
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Contour 1m
ExistingBreakwater
Vegetation Line 2014
High Tide Line 2014 -15 -10
-15 Low Tide Line 2014
-2 m MSL -15 -15 3 5 - -3 - -1 2 -21.7 - -20.0 0 -15 -2 -19.9 - -15.0 -5 -2 -2 -14.9 - -10.0 -4 -9.9 - -7.5
-7.4 - -5.0 -1 1 -4.9 - -4.0 Reef Entrance - -3.9 - -3.0 -1 -2.9 - -2.0
-1.9 - -1.0
N - " 4 N 0 " 4 0 ' -0.9 - 0.0 4 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 -1 -1 ° Existing damaged breakwater 0 6 -1 -1
1 - -1 3 -
-3-3
Harbour
- 2 -3 µ -3
1:1,372 Meters N " N 5 " 3 5 ' 3 6 ' 2 6 ° 2 6 °
6 0 25 50 100 Kanditheemu Island Shaviyani Atoll Harbour Redevelopment Project Bathymetry Harbour Area PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge Map version: 31/05/2014 Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives 72°54'55"E 72°55'0"E 72°55'5"E EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX I – CV’s of Consultants
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Personal Details Date of Birth: 19/02/1976 Nationality: Maldivian Gender: Male Marital Status: Married Permanent Address: Maldives Present Address: M. Muleege, Orchid Magu, Male’, Maldives.
Education PhD, Environmental Science, 2009 James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
Research degree on ‘Settlement Planning for Natural Hazard Resilience in Small Island States: The Population and Development Consolidation Approach’
BSc Land and Spatial Information Studies/Information Science. (double major), 1999-2001 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Diploma in project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, 1995 ILO training Centre, Turin, Italy
Employment History
Director, Environmental Services 2008 to present CDE Consulting Supervisor: Dr. Simad Saeed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 7777445 Head of environmental wing
Assistant Under-secretary, Spatial Planning 2002-2004 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 Head of Spatial Planning Unit. Relevant Tasks include: ♦ Oversee environment related projects and application of environmental guidelines for planned projects. ♦ Plan, implement and oversee the development of a National GIS; ♦ Aid/facilitate/oversee urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects; Provide assistance in project planning (includes urban and regional planning, natural resources planning)
Project Manager, National Digital Mapping Project 2005 (8 months) Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 ♦ Project involved aerial photography and satellite imagery of entire Maldives, ground surveying of key settlements, digital conversion of data and setting up a Mapping Unit.
Assistant Planning Officer/Planning Officer 1994-1999 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Hunaif Republic of Maldives Phone +(960) 331-3040 Relevant tasks involved: ♦ Assisting in the National GIS Development Programme (Junior GIS developer) ♦ Facilitate urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects.
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Experience in Consultancy
. September 2002: Member of the team appointed for environmental surveying and carrying capacity assessment of islands for tourism development in the southern atolls of Maldives for Ministry of Tourism Maldives. . October 2002: Developed the Census GIS for United National Population Fund . December 2002: Developed the Maldives Protected Areas Systems GIS for Maldives Home Affairs Housing and Environment. . February 2003: Participated in the preparation of Royal Island and Spa Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report for Royal Island and Spa. . April 2003: Member of the team selected for developing town plans for urban centres in Northern and Southern Regional Development Zones, looking specifically into environmental control measures, for Ministry of Planning and National Development. . April 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for Coastal Modifications on Rihiveli, South Malé Atoll, Maldives. . April 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed coastal improvements to address coastal erosion concerns on Royal Island Spa Resort, Baa Atoll, Maldives. . May 2003: Participated in the bathymetry survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Deepening of Existing Entrance Channel to Service Jetty, Soneva Gili Resort and Spa, North Malé Atoll, Maldives . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for development of an access channel into the natural inner lagoon (Vilu) of Mayafushi resort, North Ari Atoll. . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment for Landaa Giraavaru Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a Four Season’s Tourist Resort on the island of Landaa Giraavaru in Baa Atoll, Maldives. . June 2003: Participated in survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for the Development of a Mooring Area and Associated Beach Replenishment in, Boduhithi Club, North Malé Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Short- term and Long-term Shore Protection Measures at Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Conducted shoreline and vegetation line of Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying for Initial Environmental Examination for Short-term and Long- term Shore Protection Measures at Dhiggiri Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Fun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Sun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Holiday Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . August 2003: Developed the Initial Environmental Examination for the construction of Sun Decks along the southern beach of Kudarah Island Resort. . September 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Fonaddoo Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the development of fisheries complex, Fonaddoo, Maldives. . October 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Kuda Rah Erosion Study and recommendations for shore protection and erosion prevention . November 2003: Conducted vegetation and shoreline survey of Dhonveli Beach and Spa and Four Seasons Report for the Boundary Delineation between the two islands. . December 2003: Contributed to the Landuse Planning Guidelines of Maldives (environmental aspects) for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . December 2003: Contributed to the Development of a Building Code of Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . January 2004: Co-author to the Environmental Guidelines for the Development of Resort Islands in Maldives, Ministry of Tourism. . February 2004: Developed the Baa Atoll Spatial Development Plan for Ministry of Planning and National Development.
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. April-July 2004: Participated in the preparation of the Environmental aspects of the 8 bid proposals for resort Development for various proponents. . November 2005: Participated in the preparation of EIA for L.Gan Resettlement Project for Ministry of Housing. . December 2005: Participated in the surveying and preparation of EIA for Gn Fuvahmulaku Tourist Hotel Development . November 2005: Developed a GIS for strategic planning to select islands for tourism development for Ministry of Tourism. . January 2006: Local consultant for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Maldives Regional Development Plan, for AGRIFOR Consult Consortium, Belgium. . June 2006: Developed the Baa Atoll Resource Management GIS for Ministry of Environment and Energy. . August 2006: Consultant to the Integrated Climate Change System (ICCS) project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Islands and Beaches to climate change . September 2006: Consultant to the ICCS project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Infrastructure to climate change . November 2006: Consultant to the preparation of National Adaptation Programme of Action in Maldives for Ministry of Environment. . December 2006: Environmental Consultant to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected nine Safe Islands in Maldives. . April 2007: Prepared the Coastal Erosion Assessment and Management Report for Ga.Meradhoo Island. . May 2007: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Randheli Resort Development Project, I&T Management group. . June 2007: Participated in the preparation of Millennium Development Goals, Maldives Country Report. . October 2007: Natural Hazard Assessment consultant to the UNDP Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . November 2007: Prepared the EIA for proposed coastal protection, beach replenishment and access improvement of Elaa, Thaa Atoll, for Mr Abbas Mohamed, H. Merry Rose. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sand sourcing and beach replenishment project of Viligilli Island, Addu Atoll, for Shangri-La at Viligilli.. . April 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Maafaru Airport Development Project for Noonu Hotels Pvt Ltd. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for resort development in Huvandhumaavattaru, Noonu Atoll . June 2009: Prepared a status of the environment report Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . July 2009: Prepared the Environmental EIA for harbour development in Fiyoari, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. . July 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for Jetty and arrival lounge development project in Gan, Addu Atoll, for Island Aviation Services Private Limited. . July 2009: Team Leader for the socio-economic risk assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . August 2009: Coastal erosion data synthesis for selected islands of Maldives, for World Bank Maldives Environmental Management Project. . September 2009: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Reethibeach Island Resort, Baa Atoll. . September 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for agricultural island development in Felivaru, Noonu Atoll, for Fantasy Private Limited. . September 2009: Consultant to review the safer islands programme and cost benefit study of mitigation measures in three islands in the Maldives for UNDP. . October 2009: Consultant to the Maldives Environmental Management Project for waste management technical assistance for World Bank. . December 2009: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . January 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Shangri-La Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . January 2010: Consultant to the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation project conservation component defining conservation areas and development controls. . February 2010: Prepared the environmental audit of Thunbafushi Island, Kaafu Atoll, for Champa Brothers Private Limited.
Ahmed Shaig page 3
. March 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control for Herathera Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . March 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for power plant upgrading project in Palm Beach Island in Lhaviyani Atoll. . April 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . April 2010: Prepared an EIA addendum for resort development in Gaakoshibee Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . May 2010: Consultant to undertake island environmental scoping studies in 30 islands in North Maldives to determine islands with resort development potential for GMR Group of India. . May 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for harbour development project in Madidhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . June 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for deep piling project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for the development of an aquaculture site in Kanduoigiri, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant for Shangri-La at Viligilli Maldives, Addu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant to the Addu Land Use Planning project (including defining development controls) in Addu Atoll Maldives for South Province Office. . August 2010: Environmental Consultant for the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project to declare Baa Atoll as a UNESCO Biosphere reserve. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Herathera Island, Addu Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for resort redevelopment in Vilamendhoo Island Resort, Ari Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Gulhifalhu land reclamation project in Gulhifalhu, Male’ Atoll, for Capital Investment and Finance Limited, UK. . September 2010: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sewerage system development project in Miladhoo, Noonu Atoll. . October 2010: Consultant to undertake the coastal adaptation survey of 40 islands in Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Environment. . November 2010: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Maamigili Island, Raa Atoll . January 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Hithadhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . March 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . April 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo-Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . May 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Six Senses Laamu, Laamu Atoll . January 2012: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Fuvahmulah Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Fushivelavaru Island . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Conrad Rangali Island for Champa and Crown Resorts . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Gasfinolhu Island Resort, Champa and Crown Resorts . May 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Gasfinolhu Island, Male’ Atoll . June 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Nakachchaa Huraa Island, Male’ Atoll . April 2012: Member of the consultant team that prepared the Tourism Opinion and Profile Survey 2011, Ministry of Tourism. . October 2012: Environmental consultant to the preparation of 4th Tourism Master plan for Ministry of Tourism, Maldives. . November 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on land reclamation, resort development and development control measures in Dhiffushi Island Reef, Male’ Atoll.
Ahmed Shaig page 4 Fathimath Saeedha / CV 1
Curriculum Vitae FATHIMATH SAEEDHA Ma. Binmavilla Dhilbaharu Magu Male’ Republic of Maldives Tel: 009603320278 Mob: 009607990008 Email: [email protected]
WORK HISTORY
February 2013 to Environmental Consultant date CDE Consulting Pvt. Ltd
Jan 2011 to Qualified Teacher Sep 2011 Thaajuddeen School Male’, Maldives Worked as a Qualified Teacher, taught Chemistry.
Jan 2003 to Teacher grade 2 Feb 2008 Aminiya School Male’, Maldives Taught Chemistry for year 8, 9 and 10 students.
Jan 1995 to April Teacher grade 2 1999 Iskandhar School Male’, Maldives Taught year 3 and 5 students. EDUCATION Sep 2011 to Sep Manchester Metropolitan University 2012 Manchester, United Kingdom Masters in Environmental Management and Sustainable Development
Feb 2008 to Dec The Maldives National University 2010 Male’, Maldives Bachelor of Teaching – Secondary
Jan 2002 to Dec The Maldives College of Higher Education 2002 Male’, Maldives Diploma of Teaching (Secondary)
Apr 1999 to Apr The Maldives College of Higher Education
Fathimath Saeedha / CV 2
2000 Male’, Maldives Foundation course for diploma of Teaching – Secondary
Mar1994 to Dec Institute for Teacher Education 1994 Male’, Maldives Pre- service Primary Teacher Training course (English Medium)
Jan 1990 to Male’ English School Feb 1993 Male’, Maldives
LANGUAGE SKILLS Fluent in both written and spoken English and Dhivehi
SOFTWARE Have experience in using Microsoft Office
Received 1st Place in Diploma of Teaching (Secondary), SHORT The Maldives College of Higher Education, Male’, COURSES AND Maldives OTHER Strategies in Life Skills and Livelihood Development for ACHIEVEMENTS Adolescents, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (9 - 19 January 2007) Life Skills Facilitators Master trainers training workshop, Ministry of Education in collaboration with UNFPA, Male', Maldives (July 2004 - April 2006) National Workshop for the Officials Responsible for Teachers Training in Education Technology Utilisation, ISESCO (16 - 20 May 2004) Olympic Solidarity course in Table Tennis, International Olympic Committee (15 - 22 July 2000) OCEANIA Umpires and Tournament Organisation Certificate, OCEANIA Table Tennis Federation (15 - 22 July 2000) Have been a Life Skills Master trainer for 5 years and took part in training more than 50 Life Skills Facilitators and carried workshops for more than 1000 adults, adolescents and troubled children Have done voluntary work to help young adults off the road. Played Table Tennis and Basket Ball in the National League
NASHIYA SAEED CURRICULUM VITAE
1. Proposed Position: Socio economic Consultant
2. Name of Firm: Commerce, Development and Environment Pvt Ltd, Maldives
3. Name of Staff: Nashiya Saeed
4. Date of Birth: February 28, 1984 Nationality: Maldivian
5. Education:
. Bachelor of Arts: Economic and Political Science, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India – July 2010 to June 2013
6. Countries of Work Experience: Maldives
7. Languages: Speak Read Write English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Excellent Excellent Excellent
8. Employment Record:
May 2009 – Present Socio-Economic Development Consultant
CDE Consulting Male’, Maldives
. Social and economic impact assessment. . Vulnerability assessment . Participatory development . Participatory rural appraisal. . Key areas of interest: Macroeconomic policy, Education policy, Youth Employment, Health Care policy, Social Justice, Social Protection, Child Rights, Gender
Mar 2008 – May 2009 Executive member and Lead Co-ordinator
Rights for All (RFA) Male’, Maldives
1 . Represent RFA at various national level meetings and international missions . Project and activity planning and executions . Organizing forums, workshops, events . Coordinated awareness and public advocacy initiatives within the organization and jointly conducted with Maldivian Civil Society Network . Media coordination
Sep 2004 – Mar 2008 Clinical Assistant Trainee
Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Male’, Maldives
. Assist in Patient – Doctor communications . Translation from Dhivehi to English . Assist doctors in cardiovascular, neurology, orthopaedics, paediatrics, obstetrics & gynaecology, dermatology, psychiatry departments. . Assist doctors, health care professionals in casualty and emergency department. . Actively participated in helping the Tsunami victims brought from islands and Male’ from the time they were brought to hospital till they were discharged or admitted to the wards. This included assisting the patients in the observation room, assisted in getting the prescribed medicines, giving them moral support and tending to their needs - 24th December 2004 – 15th January 2005
9. Detailed Tasks 12. Work Undertaken that Best Illustrates Capability Assigned To Handle the Tasks Assigned
Work Undertaken that Best Illustrates Field Research Capability to Handle the Tasks Community- Assigned consultation {Among the assignments in which the staff has Data Collection been involved, indicate The following information for those assignments that Data Analysis best illustrate staff capability to handle the tasks listed Report Writing under point 11.}
Name of assignment or project: Maldives Disaster Risk Reduction Baseline Survey 2 Year: 2014 Location: Maldives Islands Visited: AA. Thoddoo, L. Gan, GDh. Gaddhoo, HDh. Kulhudhuffushi Procuring Entity: UNDP Main project features: Maldives Disaster Risk Reduction Baseline survey Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Literature review, methodology design, field research, data analysis and report writing
Name of assignment or project: Maldives Visitors Survey February 2014 Year: 2014 Location: Maldives Procuring Entity: Minisrty of Tourism Main project features: Maldives Visitors Survey February 2014 Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Data analysis and report writing
Name of assignment or project: Assessment of Deprivations amongst Adolescents Year: 2013 Location: Maldives Islands visited: S. Hithadhoo, S. Hulhudhoo, N. Manadhoo, N. Velidhoo, AA. Rashoo, AA. Ukulhas Procuring Entity: UNICEF Main project features: Assessment of Deprivations amongst Adolescents Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Literature review, methodology design, field research, comments to report
Name of assignment or project:
3 Maldives Youth and Gender Study Year: 2013 Location: Maldives Procuring Entity: World Bank Main project features: Maldives Youth and Gender Study Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Research, data analysis and report writing – Author of chapters on Education, Employment and Civic Engagement
Name of assignment or project: Maldives Economic Diversification Strategy Year: 2013 Location: Maldives Procuring Entity: Ministry of Economic Development Main project features: Maldives Economic Diversification Strategy Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Research, data analysis and report writing
Name of assignment or project: An assessment of Economic Activities, Opportunities and Challenges in Shaviyani Atoll Year: 2012 Location: Maldives Islands Visited: All islands of Shaviyani Atoll Procuring Entity: Shaviyani Atoll Council Main project features: Assessment of Economic Activities, Opportunities and Challenges in Shaviyani Atoll Positions held: Socio economic Consultant
Name of assignment or project: Villingili Island Development Plan Year: 2012
4 Location: Maldives Islands visited: GA. Villingili, GA. Maamutaa Procuring Entity: Shaviyani Atoll Council Main project features: Island Development Plan of Villingili island Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Community consultations, data collection and report writing – (Author of Education, Health and Governance chapters)
Name of assignment or project: Sustainable Development Strategy – North Province Office Year: 2011 Location: Maldives Islands Visited: Selected islands from N, R, B, Lh atoll Procuring Entity: North Province Office Main project features: Positions held: Socio economic Consultant Activities performed: Community consultations, field research and report writing
Name of assignment or project: Social Assessment of 46 islands Year: 2009 Location: Maldives Islands visited: Selested islands from N, R, B, Lh atoll Procuring Entity: World Bank MEMP Project Main project features: Social Assessment of 46 islands Positions held: Associate Consultant (Socio economic) Activities performed: Community consultations, data collection
5 Name of assignment or project: Technical and Financial Feasibility of Waste Management in Noon, Raa, Baa and Lhaviyani Atoll Year: 2009 Location: Maldives Islands visited: Selected islands from N, R, B, Lh atoll Procuring Entity: World Bank MEMP Project Main project features: Positions held: Associate Consultant (Socio economic) Activities performed: Community consultations, data collection
Signature Date: 24 March 2014
6 Mohamed Ali
ID #: A 094918 Nationality: Maldivian Languages: English, Sinhalese, Dhivehi Date of Birth: 13/09/1983 Telephone: 960-790-6007 Email: [email protected]
Experience Marine Environmental Specialist June 2011- Present CDE Consulting
Marine Environment Officer July 2008 – May 2011 Banyan Tree Vabbinfaru
Freelance Lobster Hunter, Shark Fisherman Jan 2007 - July 2008 Laamu Atoll
Dock Assistant Sep 2006 - Jan 2007 Tourist Submarine Maldives
Education and Certifications PADI Rescue Diver June 2011 PADI Enriched Air Diver June 2011 Emergency First Responder May 2011
Basic Computer Science 2001 - 2006 Singapore Informatics, Colombo Sri Lanka
Profile I am very passionate about protecting the marine environment. After having worked as both a fisherman and a marine environment officer I am aware of the impact that human activity has on our fragile marine environment. My favorite activities are reef monitoring and planting coral gardens. With my undying passion for the underwater world and also with my vast experience diving all over the Maldives, educating people on the marine environment is my greatest mission, to ensure the preservation and protection of our most valuable treasure. Furthermore, I have got the opportunity to work besides the greatest marine experts in the world namely Prof. J.E.N. Veron,Dr. Norman Queen and Dr. Daphne G. Fautin.
References
N.D. Abdul Azeez Abdul Hakeem Former Director of Conservation Mobile: + 960 7784263 Banyan Tree Maldives
Dr. Steve Newman Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree [email protected]
Robert James Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name in Full : Ali Moosa Didi Date of Birth : 18.06.1985 Gender : Male Nationality : Maldivian
Address:
Permanent : Saraasaruge Aage, S.Hithadhoo Neelonfaru Magu
Present : Ma. Rose Villa SE, 4th Floor Dhevina Magu Male’
Telephone : +960 7912001 +960 7703969
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Madharasthul Islamiya School . Certification, University of Cambridge General Certification of Education O/L Subject English Mathematics Business Account Commerce Economics
. Secondary School Certificate Islamic Studies Dhivehi Language
WORK PLACE DETAILS
Commerce Development and Environment Pvt. Orchid Maage 4th Floor Ameeru Ahmed Magu Male’,Republic of Maldives Telephone: + 960 3312514 Fax: + 960 3315926 E-mail: [email protected]
EMPLOYMENT RECORD
January 2004 – December 2008 Commerce Development & Environment Pvt
Assistant Surveyor
January 2009 – December 2009 Ryco Investment Pvt
HR. Officer
January 2010 – To Current Date Commerce Development & Environment Pvt
Surveyor
WORK EXPERIENCE
Assistant Surveying Officer (Sep 2008 – To Current Date) -Survey proposed areas for the new projects under the instruction of survey officer.
-Determine precise location and measurements of points, elevations, lines, areas, contours for the construction studying the morphology of the seabed mapmaking and for construction staking, defining and managing parcels data, as‐built and profiling.
-Utilize recourses to the optimum level.
-Use company civil/ survey software for contouring, setting alignments, setting points construction, land division.
‐Edits and troubleshoot incoming data collector files in accordance with company procedures.
- Processing Survey Data’s Using Topcon Tools, Surfer, Sonar XP, etc
-Reviews and utilize survey crew field notes. -Imports verified data into the appropriate CAD drawing file, using company standards point layer management and description keys.
-Prepares survey drawings and documents using company standards, prototypes, templates and blocks.
-Operate digital cameras and download photo files into database and/ or CAD drawings.
‐Utilize company scanners to transfer reference maps into CAD files to facilitate utility mapping and property line.
- To perform bathymetric and topographical survey before start of the Projects
-Plotting survey data using AutoCAD 2006‐2009
- Processing Survey Data’s Using Topcon Tools, Surfer, Sonar XP, etc.
-Modeling accurate contours
- Preparation of survey maps
-Make sure all the survey instruments are working in good condition. EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX J – Commitment Letter
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|137 r-lrl.l/'r2.
(l-. "*. t.6u,.?1:i-Z p'' ;*i\j r t li Ministry z-CzOO tOC OOa ,a c, oo of Housingand Infrastructure J.tyre--tra a.rt t JA 'EP'2 a aa Male',Republic of Maldives. -car./2r.22.o? . a4
Date:24h July 2014
Environmental Protection Agency Ministry of Environment and Energy, AmeeneeMagu, Maafannu,Male', 20392, Maldives.
EIA Addendumto the mauon in Sh.
As the proponentof the project,we guaranteethat we haveread the rqport to'thebest of our knowledgeall non-technicalinformation providedhere are accur4te complete.Also we confirm our commitmentto finance and implementall construction gation and the monitoringprogram as specified in the report.
Signature:
i AbdullahMuththalib
Designation:Deputy Minister
'l.kanditheemu- eiaaddendum - commitmentletter
AmeeneeMagu, Maafannu , Male', 2O392,Republic of Maldives. .e"/t, lzvSrz .t2'--J2 .t2-24 @ +(e60)3004300 {'3. +(960)3oo 4 301 ',;:[email protected] fi www.mhe.gov.mv ffi www.facebook.com/mhe.gov.mv $ www.twitter.com/MHEgovMV EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX K – Approvals
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|138
EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
APPENDIX L – Fish Census
Fish census (Marine Transect 1)
Species Common Name Abundance Neoniphon opercularis Mouthfin Soldierfish 3 Epinephelus spilotoceps Foursaddle Grouper 3
Monotaxis grandoculis Large-eye bream 10.5
Lutjanus gibbus Humpback Snapper 3
Chaetodon trsifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 3
Chaetodon trifascialis Chevroned Butterflyfish 3
Chaetodon guttatissimus Spotted Butterflyfish 3
Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 3 Pomacanthus xanthometopan Blue-face Angelfish 1 Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot Humbug 40.5 Chromis virdis Green Puller 10.5 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 3 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 3 Pomacentrus philippinus Philipine Damsel 3 Plectroglyphidodon dickii Narrowbar Damsel 3 Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 3 Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 10.5 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 3 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 10.5 Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 10.5 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 3 Stethojulis albovittata Blue-lined Wrasse 3 Stethojulis strigiventer Silver-streaked Wrasse 3 Hemigymnus melapterus Half-and-half Wrasse 1 Scarus strongylocephalus Sheephead Parrotfish 10.5 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 3 Parapercis hexophthalma Black-tail Grubfish 3 Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 3 Acanthurus leucosternin Powder-blue Surgeonfish 40.5 Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 3 Ctenchaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 40.5 Ctenchaetus truncatus Gold ring bristletooth 3 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 3 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 3 Balistoides conspicillum Clown Triggerfish 3 Ostracion meleagris Black Boxfish 1 Cantherhinus pardalis Honeycomb Filefish 3 Tridacna squamosa Fluted Giant Clam 3
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|139 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
Fish census (Marine Transect 2)
Species Common Name Abundance Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod 1 Variola louti Lunar-tailed Grouper 1 Cephalopholis nigripinnis Blackfin Roack Cod 1 Parupeneus macronema Long-barbel Goatfish 3 Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 3 Chaetodon collare Head-band Butterflyfish 3 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 3 Amphiprion nigripes Maldivian Anemonefish 3 Dascyllus aruanus Humbug Damsel 3 Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 10.5 Pomacentrus caeruleus Blue-yellow Damsel 3 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 10.5 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 3 Pomacentrus pavo Azure Damsel 3 Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 3 Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 3 Labroides bicolor Two-colour cleaner wrasse 3 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 3 Thalassoma janseni Jansen's Wrasse 3 Stethojulis strigiventer Silver-streaked Wrasse 3 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 10.5 Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish 3 Ctenchaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 10.5 Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 3 Ostracion meleagris Black Boxfish 3 Pearsonothuria graeffei Graeffe's sea cucumber 3 Schmedelian pin-cushion sea Culcita schmedeliana 3 star
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|140 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
Fish census (Marine Transect 3)
Species Common Name Abundance Sargocentron White-tail Squirrelfish 3 caudimaculatum Neoniphon opercularis Mouthfin Soldierfish 1 Myripristis violcea Violet Soldierfish 3 Variola louti Lunar-tailed Grouper 1 Epinephelus spilotoceps Foursaddle Grouper 3 Lutjanus bohar Red Bass (Red Snapper) 1 Chaetodon guttatissimus Spotted Butterflyfish 3 Chaetodon collare Head-band Butterflyfish 3 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 3 Amphiprion clarkii Clark's Anemonefish 3 Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot Humbug 3 Chromis ternatensis Swallow-tail Puller 10.5 Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 3 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 3 Plectroglyphidodon Jewel Damsel 3 lacrymatus Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 3 Labroides bicolor Two-colour cleaner wrasse 3 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 3 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 3 Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 3 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 3 Cheilinus trilobatus Triple-tail Maori Wrasse 3 Hemigymnus fasciatus Banded Thicklip Wrasse 3 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 3 Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 3 Acanthurus leucosternin Powder-blue Surgeonfish 3 Ctenchaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 3 Ctenchaetus truncatus Gold ring bristletooth 3 Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 3 Arothron meleagris Guineafowl Pufferfish 3 Cantherhinus pardalis Honeycomb Filefish 3 Pearsonothuria graeffei Graeffe's sea cucumber 3
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|141 EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Kanditheemu Island, Shaviyani Atoll
Fish census (Marine Transect 4)
Species Common Name Abundance Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod 3 Epinephelus merra Honeycomb Grouper 1 Lutjanus bohar Red Bass (Red Snapper) 3 Chaetodon trsifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 3 Chaetodon fulca Double-saddle Butterflyfish 3 Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 3 Chaetodon collare Head-band Butterflyfish 3 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 3 Paracirrhites forsteri Forster's Hawkfish 3 Chromis virdis Green Puller 3 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 3 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 3 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 3 Amblyglyphlyphidon batunai Green Sergeant 3 Plectroglyphidodon Jewel Damsel 10.5 lacrymatus Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 3 Labroides bicolor Two-colour cleaner wrasse 3 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 10.5 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 3 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 10.5 Hemigymnus fasciatus Banded Thicklip Wrasse 3 Acanthurus leucosternin Powder-blue Surgeonfish 3 Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 3 Ctenchaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 40.5 Ctenchaetus truncatus Gold ring bristletooth 3 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 3 Pearsonothuria graeffei Graeffe's sea cucumber 3 Linckia multifora Multi - pore Sea Star 3 Tridacna squamosa Fluted Giant Clam 3
Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|142