,to pingganفنجان From from 茶 to arbata: Loanwords and the history of the world • bang-kû – Borrowed from Malay bangku in turn from Portuguese banco

Tok Panjang = from Minnan 茶 toh 桌 + Malay panjang Tê ( ) for “tea”!

http://www.kaumperanakan.usm.my/cina-peranakan/ Definition: A loanword is a word adopted from one language and Swahili kitabu from كتاب incorporated into another language Arabic without translation. Zulu ikhofi from English There may be modifications to coffee integrate the word into the phonological and morphological systems of the borrowing language.

Languages and What are loanwords? dialects normally do not exist in a vacuum, (Hock and Joshep 1996)

Dënesųłiné lidi from French le thé • Loanwords are often spread from one language to another via: • Trade and commerce – food and commodities (tea, coffee, spices, silk, precious stones) • Specialised domains – English ballet terminology (plié, cou-de-pied, demi- pointe, glissade) are from French, classical music terms (opera, aria, alto, contralto, soprano, adagio) are Italian. Malay religious vocabulary is either from Arabic (doa, solat, kitab, masjid) or (syurga from व셍ग, neraka from नरक, agama from आ셍म, puasa from उपवास), Persian literary terms in Urdu etc. • Conquest and colonial administration – Turkish vocabulary in Albanian, Serbo- Croatian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Modern Greek. Norman French in English. Dutch words in Indonesian, Spanish in the Philippines. • Prestige language – French loanwords in German, Chinese words in Japanese, Sanskrit and words in Thai https://qz.com/1176962/map-how-the-word-tea-spread-over-land-and-sea-to-conquer-the-world/

How 茶 invaded (almost) every language on Earth. “Tea”, “Thé”, “Tee”, “Te” (Arbata = herba thea)

Afrikaans tee Armenian թեյ [tʰɛj] Basque tea Belarusian гарба́та(garbáta)(1) Catalan te

Cassubian (h)arbata(1) Czech té or thé(2) Danish te Dutch thee English tea

Esperanto teo Estonian tee Faroese te Finnish tee French thé teתה, West Frisian tee Galician té German Tee Greek τέϊον téïon Hebrew

Hungarian tea Icelandic te Indonesian teh Irish tae Italian tè

Javanese tèh Kannada ಟೀಸ ೊ꣍ಪು ṭīsoppu Khmer តែ tae Latin thea Latvian tēja

Leonese té Limburgish tiè Lithuanian arbata(1) Low Saxon Tee [tʰɛˑɪ] or Tei[tʰaˑɪ] Malay teh

Malayalam തേയില tēyilai Maltese tè Norwegian te Occitan tè Polish herbata

Scots tea [tiː] ~ [teː] Scottish Gaelic tì, teatha Sinhalese tē තේ Spanish té Sundanese entèh

tēnīr Swedish te Tamil தேநீர் tēnīru (3) Telugu తేꁀరు (4) Western Ukrainian gerbata(1) Welsh te “”

Kapampan Chinese 茶 Chá Assamese চাহ sah Bengali চা cha cha Cebuano tsá gan

cha or cha 茶, ちゃ chah English Gujarati chā Japanese Kannada ಚಹಾ Khasi sha r ચા cha

cha Punjabi ਚਾਹ Korean 차 cha(1) Kurdish ça Lao ຊາ /saː˦˥/ Marathi चहा chahā

Portugues chahen chā chá Sindhi Somali shaahچای Oḍiā cha Persian چانهه ଚା

Vietnames trà and ch Sylheti ছা sa Tagalog tsaá Thai ชา /t͡ɕʰaː˧/ Tibetan ཇ་ e è ”شاي“ ,”Chai”, “Çay“

Assyrian Neo- Eastern chai թեյ tey ݈ܟܐܝ shāyشاي Albanian çaj Amharic ሻይ shay Arabic Aramaic Armenian

Azerbaijani çay Bosnian čaj Bulgarian чай chai Chechen чай chay Croatian čaj

Finnishdialect tsai, tsaiju, sa Czech čaj English chai Georgian ჩაი chai Greek τσάι tsái al ijuor saikka

Judaeo- chaiצ'יי chāy Kazakh шай shai Kyrgyz чай chai Kinyarwanda icyayi चाय Spanish

chaa chayچای Macedonian чај čaj ചായ Mongolian цай tsai Nepali chiyā Pashto चचया

chāī (1) Romanian ceai Russian чай chay Serbian чај čaj Slovak čajچای Persian

Slovene čaj Swahili chai Tajik чой choy Tatar çäy Tlingit cháayu chai Uzbek choyچائے Turkish çay Turkmen çaý Ukrainian чай chai Urdu The Origins of Tea

Shanghai /zo²³/ Variety Location 茶 Suzhou /zo¹³/ Wu Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰa³⁵/ Hangzhou /d͡zɑ²¹³/

Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰa²⁴/ Wenzhou /d͡zo³¹/

Tianjin /t͡sʰɑ⁴⁵/ Shexian /t͡sʰa⁴⁴/ Hui Jinan /ʈʂʰa͡ ⁴²/ Tunxi /tsɔ͡ ⁴⁴/

Qingdao /ʈʂʰa͡ ⁴²/ Changsha /tsa͡ ¹³/ Xiang Almost every Zhengzhou /ʈʂʰa͡ ⁴²/ Xiangtan /d͡zɒ¹²/ ͡ Xi'an /tsʰa͡ ²⁴/ Gan Nanchang /tsʰɑ²⁴/ language in ͡ Xining /tsʰa͡ ²⁴/ Meixian /tsʰa¹¹/ Hakka ͡ the world has Mandarin Yinchuan /ʈʂʰa͡ ⁵³/ Taoyuan /tsʰɑ¹¹/ Guangzhou /tsʰa͡ ²¹/ borrowed Lanzhou /ʈʂʰa͡ ⁵³/ Cantonese Nanning /tsʰa͡ ²¹/ Ürümqi /tsʰa͡ ⁵¹/ some form of Hong Kong /tsʰa͡ ²¹/ Wuhan /tsʰa͡ ²¹³/ /ta³⁵/ the word 茶 ͡ Xiamen (Min Nan) Chengdu /tsʰa³¹/ /te³⁵/ Guiyang /tsʰa͡ ²¹/ Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ta⁵³/ Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰa̠³¹/

Nanjing /ʈʂʰɑ͡ ²⁴/ Min Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ta³³/ Hefei /ʈʂʰa͡ ⁵⁵/

Taiyuan /tsʰa͡ ¹¹/ Shantou (Min Nan) /te⁵⁵/

Jin Pingyao /tsɑ͡ ¹³/ Haikou (Min Nan) /ʔdɛ³¹/ Hohhot /tsʰa͡ ³¹/ • Burmese uses: လက်ဖက် [ləpʰɛʔ] • Tribal languages in Southwest China and Northern Myanmar use other words derived from “” and “meng” The exceptions…… Coffee

Source: https://www.fotolia.com/id/45496529 The coffee plant (Coffea arabica) is native to Ethiopia

However coffee plants were first cultivated on a large scale in Yemen. is the قهوة origin of most “Coffee” is thus rooted in the Arabic language. words for “Qahwa” is the Arabic term for the coffee drink

“coffee” Some lexicographers believe “qahwa” referred to a type of wine in mediaeval times. Others believe “qahwa” instead derives from the name of Kaffa Province.

قهوه Coffee” made its way to European languages via Ottoman Turkish“ (kahve) The Amharic word for “coffee” is ቡና (buna). Other languages spoken along the Horn of Africa use similar sounding words.

The Armenian-speakers say սուրճ (surch) which exceptions… derives from the sound of slurping coffee.

Some indigenous languages in the Americas have very creative terms for coffee: Ojibwe – makade-mashkikiwaaboo (black medicine water), Cree – pihkahtewâpoy (burnt water” Malay – “Pinggan” means Arabic “plate”, even paper plates. “finjaan means (فنجان) “coffee cup”

Persian “fenjun/fenjaan” refers to porcelain (فنجان) tea or coffee cups. The Ancient Greek word pinax πῐ́νᾰξ meaning “board”, “plank”, “tablet” eventually developed the meaning “dish” or “plate”

-a now ,(پنگان) Πῐ́νᾰξ was borrowed into Persian as pengân archaic word meaning “cup” or “bowl” and then into Arabic as Finjaan then found its way back to Persian again .(فنجان) finjaan .”Pinggan was with the specialised meaning of “porcelain cup/فنجان originally…Greek? Pengân was brought by Persian traders to Southeast Asia, evolving into modern Malay and Tagalog pinggan. The concept of “porcelain”made its way to Southern India - Tamil பீ柍காꟍ (pīṅkāṉ) meaning ”ceramic”.

before (فنجان /Finjaan also entered Ottoman Turkish (fincan dispersing into the Balkans languages during the Ottoman era. Words for Rice

https://www.reddit.com/r/etymologymaps/comments/53ab9e/rice_in_various_languages_1800x1045/ Rice is from China! from Greek όρυζα أَ ُر زّ ,Rice, Riz, ris, riso, arroz, orez, oriz • are from ancient Old Persian *vrinǰi (برنج) Pirinç, berenj • • Sanskrit vrihi (व्रीहह) and Tamil vari (வரி) • Malay-Indonesian beras and Tagalog bigas • Written Tibetan ‘bras • Modern Khmer srou • All these forms derive from an ancient Tibeto-Burman language once spoken in Southern China! *b-ras (related to Old Chinese (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤat-s/, /*[r]ˤat/, /*[r]at-s/ = 粝 (lì)

• Some languages use a form derived from Chinese fan 飯 – e.g. Japanese gohan

Sino-Tibetan Languages The Future?

• Technological advancement – social media, ease of audio-visual communication across vast geographical distances will no doubt facilitate the spread of loanwords across multiple languages. • The languages of the future will undoubtedly become even more open to borrowing words and concepts from foreign languages.