Live and Learn Family News November 2nd, 2020

THINGS TO KNOW….

Director/Owner We start every day OUTSIDE and Johanna Booth-Miner plan to stay OUTSIDE. Co-Director Please send your child into Live and Learn with Sarah Miner, M.Ed.

Address 114 Mast Road Lee NH 03861 Live and Phone 659-5047 Learn is Fax 659-7908 CLOSED Do NOT forget to *call first* turn your clocks Wednesday Rising Hawk Cell back 1 hour Phone 231-5099

November Saturday night www.live-learn.org

11th (Fall back!) [email protected]

Tax ID #02-0335768 Nature Note Cedar- Galls by Mary Holland

Galls are abnormal plant growths caused by various agents including insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses. During the summer of a particular cause the formation of brown Cedar-Apple Rust galls (Gymnosporangium junipe- rivirginianae) on Eastern Red Cedar trees. Members of the fungal family are known as rusts because the col- or of many is orange or reddish at some point in their life cycle. This fungus requires two hosts, Eastern Red Cedar and primarily or crabapples, to com- plete its life cycle. The two host trees are usually located within a mile of each other. When the Cedar-Apple Rust galls on cedar trees get wet from spring rains, orange, -filled fingers or horns, called telia, emerge from pores in the gall. As the horns absorb water, they become jelly-like and swollen (see inset). When the jelly dries, the spores are car- ried by the wind to apple trees, where they cause a brownish mottling on apples, re- ferred to as Cedar-Apple Rust, which makes apples difficult for growers to sell, even though it doesn’t affect the flavor or texture of infected apples. The rust produces spores on the underside of apple leaves in late summer, which, if they land on East- ern Red Cedar trees, cause galls to form, thereby continuing the cycle. Spores produced on apple trees do not infect apple trees, only cedar; spores pro- duced on cedar trees infect only apple trees. (Photo: Brown winter form of Cedar- Apple Rust gall & (inset) orange spring form of Cedar-Apple Rust gall. Blue "fruit" on Eastern Red Cedar branch is actually a cedar cone.) TEACHER UPDATES AND SHOUT OUTS

Help us welcome Sadie Nadon. I have worked in childcare for upwards of 4 years and have had a couple internships working with children. I am majoring in Human Development and Family Studies and Psychology at the University of New Hampshire. I am excited to join the PreK and school age team part-time, working towards something I am passionate for. In my spare time I teach and enjoy dance.

Shout Out: Crista Gonzaless of PreK has stayed late on her own time to help put up the security and camera system and is changing out the toilets to low water useage ones. Thank you Crista for always going above & beyond