SSKAUGENKAUGEN PPETROETROTTRANSRANS IINC.NC. LighteringLightering 101101 -- IntroductionIntroduction toto W:\data\exec\susan\forms\genpres.ppt LighteringLighteringSKAUGEN PETROTRANS What is Lightering? IIIIII

What: Lightering is defined as the process involving -to-ship transfer of oil .

Why: This process is used because economical shipment of crude oil from its source to the United States requires the use of extremely large tankers called very large crude carriers (VLCCs) and ultra large crude carriers (ULCCs). In turn, may not be deep enough, or have narrow entrances, or have small berths such that these large tankers cannot be accommodated. Thus, lightering allows offshore unloading of the crude oil cargoes of the very largest tankers.

How: The lightering process consists of maneuvering a smaller tanker (service vessel) alongside the larger tanker or STBL (ship to be lightered), typically with both vessels underway. The two vessels are moored together with lines while using large rubber bumpers called fenders between the two vessels to prevent damage. A portion of the crude oil cargo from the larger ship is discharged through hoses connected between the two vessels to the smaller ship. The two vessels may be anchored or may continue underway while the transfer takes place depending upon sea conditions.

Where: Lightering locations are dictated primarily by water depth and traffic. In the Gulf of Mexico, this process takes place twenty (20) to sixty (60) miles from land. Lightering any further offshore would be both time consuming and less convenient

When: All the time!

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 2 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Glossary of Terms IIIIII

Glossary:

STBL (Ship-to-be-Lightered) Very large or ultra large tanker carries crude into Gulf of Mexico from foreign ; too large to enter ports.

SS (Service Ship) Smaller tanker which offloads a portion of the STBL’s crude and takes it into port.

NOR (Notice of Readiness) Notice served by the Master to inform the terminal/charterer that the vessel is ready in all respects to load or discharge cargo.

DOP (Dropping Outward Pilot) Frequently used provision in a time charter to determine the time and place of redelivery of a ship to the owner by the charterer. The hire ceases at the moment the pilot disembarks.

Laydays/Laycan A spread of dates – e.g.: “Laydays 1st September/Canceling 15th September,” between which dates a vessel is to present for loading. Too early and she will probably have to wait. Too late and the risks being canceled by the charterers.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 3 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Glossary of Terms IIIIII

Glossary: (continued…)

MM (Mooring Master) Specially trained master mariner who maneuvers the SS alongside the STBL.

Mooring Master Assistant Person that assists the mooring master and works on the STBL.

LSV (Lightering Support Vessel) Workboat (180’ long) which carries the fenders and hoses, and assists in putting the fenders on the STBL.

Fenders Specially designed air-inflated rubber “cushions” placed on either the STBL or SS that float on the water and will absorb the forces of bringing the two vessels together.

Hoses Specially designed, 12” diameter, 1¼” reinforced rubber hoses that the crude oil flows through from the STBL to the SS.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 4 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Tankers IIIIII

AsAs shownshown inin thethe picturepicture toto thethe left,left, somesome tankerstankers areare equippedequipped withwith fendersfenders andand hoses.hoses. TheseThese tankerstankers maymay alsoalso havehave CaptainsCaptains whowho areare MooringMooring Masters.Masters. IfIf thisthis isis thethe case,case, andand thethe CaptainCaptain isis inin compliancecompliance withwith thethe USCGUSCG workwork--hourhour regulations,regulations, hehe maymay conductconduct thethe mooringmooring betweenbetween thethe serviceservice shipship andand thethe STBLSTBL withoutwithout assistance.assistance. IfIf thethe shipship isis notnot soso--equippedequipped oror thethe CaptainCaptain isis notnot ableable toto dodo thethe mooringmooring operation,operation, anan LSVLSV withwith MooringMooring MasterMaster isis needed.needed.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 5 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Lightering Support Vessels (LSVs) IIIIII

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 6 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS LSVs and Their Role in Ship-To-Ship Transfers IIIIII

TheThe jobjob ofof thethe LSVLSV isis toto deliverdeliver thethe MooringMooring MasterMaster andand MooringMooring MasterMaster AssistantAssistant toto thethe serviceservice shipship andand STBL;STBL; andand deploydeploy andand recoverrecover thethe fendersfenders andand hoseshoses neededneeded forfor thethe lighteringlightering operation.operation. TheyThey areare alsoalso onon standbystandby throughoutthroughout thethe operationoperation inin casecase ofof emergencies.emergencies. LSVsLSVs carrycarry thethe fenders,fenders, hoses,hoses, andand personnelpersonnel neededneeded toto conductconduct thethe lighteringlightering operation.operation. InIn addition,addition, somesome LSV’sLSV’s areare equippedequipped withwith firefire--fightingfighting andand oiloil--spillspill responseresponse equipment.equipment.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 7 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS The Lightering Process IIIIII

DependingDepending onon weather,weather, cargocargo transferstransfers cancan bebe mademade whilewhile underway,underway, drifting,drifting, oror atat anchor.anchor. AtAt thethe lighteringlightering positionposition inin thethe designateddesignated lighteringlightering area,area, upup toto 7070 nauticalnautical milesmiles offshore,offshore, thethe LSVLSV fendersfenders oneone ofof thethe tankerstankers involvedinvolved inin thethe transfertransfer andand deliversdelivers thethe MooringMooring Master.Master. AtAt thisthis time,time, thethe cargocargo transfertransfer hoseshoses maymay alsoalso bebe loadedloaded ontoonto oneone ofof thethe tankers.tankers. InIn thethe picturepicture atat lowerlower left,left, thethe serviceservice shipship isis approachingapproaching thethe STBLSTBL withwith fendersfenders alreadyalready inin place.place.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 8 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS The Mooring Master IIIIII

TheThe MooringMooring MasterMaster isis stationedstationed onon thethe bridgebridge ofof thethe serviceservice shipship duringduring approachapproach andand mooring.mooring. UnderUnder normalnormal conditions,conditions, bothboth vesselsvessels willwill bebe underunder wayway atat aa prepre--agreedagreed speedspeed untiluntil thethe vesselsvessels areare safelysafely mooredmoored together.together. TheThe speedspeed andand coursecourse ofof thethe STBL,STBL, asas wellwell asas thethe relativerelative movementmovement betweenbetween thethe twotwo vesselsvessels mustmust periodicallyperiodically bebe verifiedverified throughthrough thethe ARPAARPA oror radar.radar.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 9 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS The Approach IIIIII

AsAs thethe mothermother shipship maintainsmaintains herher setset coursecourse andand slowslow speed,speed, thethe lighteringlightering tankertanker maneuversmaneuvers alongside.alongside. ItIt slowlyslowly edgesedges closercloser toto thethe mothermother shipship untiluntil itit matchesmatches coursecourse andand speed.speed. TheThe approachapproach angleangle betweenbetween thethe twotwo vesselsvessels shouldshould bebe decreaseddecreased asas thethe parallelparallel distancedistance decreases,decreases, andand whenwhen thethe distancedistance isis approximatelyapproximately 500500 feet,feet, thethe approachapproach angleangle shouldshould notnot exceedexceed 33--55 degrees.degrees.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 10 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Edging Closer IIIIII

TheThe preferredpreferred speedspeed duringduring finalfinal approachapproach andand mooringmooring isis usuallyusually betweenbetween 44 andand 66 knots.knots. However,However, thethe speedspeed mustmust bebe adjustedadjusted inin eacheach casecase toto optimizeoptimize thethe maneuverabilitymaneuverability ofof bothboth vessels.vessels. AsAs thethe twotwo vesselsvessels comecome nearnear together,together, theythey shouldshould bebe asas closeclose toto parallelparallel asas possible,possible, soso thatthat allall fourfour fendersfenders simultaneouslysimultaneously shareshare thethe loadload ofof thethe impact.impact.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 11 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS The Fenders IIIIII

TheThe OCIMF’sOCIMF’s ShipShip--toto--ShipShip

transfertransfer GuideGuide ()(Petroleum)

recommendsrecommends thethe useuse ofof fourfour 6.5m6.5m

xx 3.3m3.3m highhigh pressurepressure pneumaticpneumatic

fendersfenders forfor berthingberthing ofof anan

AframaxAframax andand aa VLCCVLCC typetype

tanker.tanker.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 12 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Mooring Lines IIIIII

MooringMooring isis toto bebe donedone byby thethe crewcrew ofof eacheach vesselvessel involvedinvolved inin thethe operation.operation. AsAs aa minimum,minimum, thethe followingfollowing lineslines willwill bebe passedpassed toto thethe STBLSTBL fromfrom thethe SS:SS: 44 toto 66 headlines,headlines, 22 forwardforward springspring lines,lines, 22 aftaft springspring lines,lines, andand 44 toto 66 sternstern lines.Thelines.The STBLSTBL willwill alsoalso bebe requiredrequired toto supplysupply 22 toto 44 mooringmooring lineslines aftaft andand forward.forward. UponUpon completioncompletion ofof mooringmooring operations,operations, bothboth vesselsvessels mustmust ensureensure thatthat messengermessenger lineslines andand stoppersstoppers areare mademade readyready inin properproper positionposition forfor fastfast castcast offoff ofof thethe mooringmooring lineslines shouldshould thatthat bebe necessarynecessary atat somesome point.point.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 13 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS All Fast Offshore IIIIII

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 14 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Hose Connection IIIIII

NextNext comescomes connectingconnecting thethe 1212--inch,inch, 9090--footfoot cargocargo transfertransfer hoseshoses andand thethe gauginggauging ofof thethe tanks.tanks. CrewCrew membersmembers ofof eacheach vesselvessel areare responsibleresponsible forfor connectingconnecting thethe reducersreducers andand cargocargo hoses.hoses. TheThe hosehose bodybody mustmust bebe supportedsupported betweenbetween thethe hosehose andand thethe ship’sship’s railrail byby aa nylonnylon strapstrap withwith rubberrubber “chafe”“chafe” fittingfitting andand suspendedsuspended fromfrom thethe ship’sship’s derrick/crane.derrick/crane. ContinuousContinuous attentionattention mustmust bebe givengiven toto thethe manifoldmanifold area.area. AA qualifiedqualified membermember fromfrom eacheach vesselvessel mustmust bebe stationedstationed atat thethe manifoldmanifold duringduring thethe entireentire transfer.transfer.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 15 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Cargo Transfer IIIIII

DuringDuring thethe cargocargo transfer,transfer, thethe STBLSTBL mustmust keepkeep aa properproper bridgebridge watchwatch toto ensureensure thatthat aa safesafe anchoranchor positionposition isis maintained;maintained; oror ifif slowslow steaming,steaming, thatthat safesafe navigationnavigation isis carriedcarried out.out. TheThe pumpingpumping ofof cargocargo shallshall commencecommence atat aa slowslow rate,rate, butbut whenwhen flowflow hashas beenbeen established,established, andand nono leaksleaks found,found, thethe STBLSTBL maymay increaseincrease pumpingpumping pressurepressure toto optimumoptimum rate.rate. AllAll hosehose connectionsconnections shallshall bebe continuouslycontinuously monitoredmonitored forfor leaks.leaks. WhenWhen transfertransfer isis completed,completed, hoseshoses areare draineddrained andand returnedreturned toto thethe serviceservice ship.ship.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 16 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Unmooring Operation IIIIII

UnderUnder normalnormal weatherweather conditions,conditions, thethe unberthingunberthing willwill bebe carriedcarried outout withwith thethe STBLSTBL atat anchor.anchor. ItIt may,may, however,however, bebe necessarynecessary toto dodo thethe operationoperation underway.underway. InIn thatthat case,case, thethe STBLSTBL willwill bebe instructedinstructed byby thethe MMMM toto maintainmaintain aa speedspeed andand coursecourse previouslypreviously agreedagreed upon.upon. DuringDuring unmooring,unmooring, plentyplenty ofof slackslack mustmust bebe givengiven onon thethe mooringmooring lineslines andand goodgood qualityquality messengermessenger lineslines mustmust bebe usedused toto avoidavoid difficultiesdifficulties inin removingremoving thethe eyeseyes offoff bitts.bitts.

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 17 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Crude Oil Transportation Time Line IIIIII Day 1 Day 23 Day 42 Day 45

AG Cargo loads VLCC VLCC loads W. Africa VLCC Crude Nominate to SPT arrives arrives USG at port Day 44/0001 Day 45/0200 Day 45/0600 Day 45/1200 Day 42/0001 Day 43/0001 Day 46/1500 Day 46/2200 the dock Sail from Arrival at complete their cargo their cargo their cargo Clark loads Bayoil loads Valero takes discharge port Drop pilot / Job Carbo transfer Arrival at the dock Cargo discharge

f:\data \shared\Lightering 101\Master Copy.ppt, page 18 SKAUGEN PETROTRANS Lightering Coastline IIIIII

PASCAGOULA

BEAUMONT

CorpusCorpus N27N27--4646 W96W96--2525 FreeportFreeport N28N28--3030 W95W95--0505 GalvestonGalveston N28N28--3535 W94W94--1515 SabineSabine N28N28--3535 W93W93--4545 S.S. SabineSabine Pt.Pt. N28N28--3737 W93W93--2222 S.W.S.W. PassPass N28N28--1818 W90W90--3232

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