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Die Gattung Atypus LATREILLE 1804 in Deutschland Mit ARACHNE 12(3), 2007 ARACHNE 12(3), 2007 Die Gattung Atypus LATREILLE 1804 in Deutschland mit • Atypus muralis BERTKAU, 1890 SYSTEMATIK UND TAXONOMIE besonderem Augenmerk auf die Typusart Atypus • Atypus pedicellatus ZHU et al., 2006 • Atypus piceus (SULZER, 1776) (Typusart) PIERRE ANDRÈ LATREILLE (*1762 - †1833) pi ce us (SULZER, 1776) • Atypus quelpartensis NAMKUNG, 2002 stellte 1804 anhand der von SULZER 1776 als von Bastian Drolshagen • Atypus sacculatus ZHU et al., 2006 Araneus piceus (= Atypus piceus) beschriebenen • Atypus sinensis SCHENKEL, 1953 Art die Gattung Atypus auf. • Atypus snetsingeri SARNO, 1973 ZHU et al. publizierten 2006 eine Revisi- EINLEITUNG • Atypus flexus ZHU et al., 2006 • Atypus sternosulcus KIM et al., 2006 on der Gattung Atypus aus China, in der sie • Atypus formosensis KAYASHIMA, 1943 • Atypus suiningensis ZHANG, 1985 insgesamt dreizehn Arten beschrieben, von Zurzeit sind 28 Atypus-Arten aus der Familie • Atypus heterothecus ZHANG, 1985 • Atypus suthepicus SCHWENDINGER, 1989 denen sieben in der Revision zum ersten der Atypidae THORELL, 1870 bekannt (vgl. • Atypus javanus THORELL, 1890 • Atypus sutherlandi CHENNAPPAYIA, 1935 Mal beschrieben wurden (Atypus flexus, A. PLATNICK 2007): • Atypus karschi DÖNITZ, 1887 • Atypus suwonensis KIM et al., 2006 lar gosaccatus, A. ledongensis, A. pedicellatus, A. • Atypus lannaianus SCHWENDINGER, 1989 • Atypus tibetensis ZHU et al., 2006 sacculatus, A. tibetensis und A. yajuni). Mit Hil- • Atypus affinis EICHWALD, 1830 • Atypus largosaccatus ZHU et al., 2006 • Atypus yajuni ZHU et al., 2006 fe des in der Re vision veröffentlichten Be- • Atypus baotianmanensis HU, 1994 • Atypus ledongensis ZHU et al., 2006 stimmungsschlüssels ist es möglich alle • Atypus coreanus KIM, 1985 • Atypus magnus NAMKUNG, 1986 Die Gattung Atypus ist hauptsächlich im asi - zwölf in China vorkommenden Arten und • Atypus dorsualis Thorell, 1897 • Atypus medius OLIGER, 1999 ati schen Raum verbreitet. Lediglich vier eine Art aus Taiwan zu bestimmen. Arten kommen außerhalb von Asien vor, drei davon in Europa (Atypus affinis, A. mura- BESTIMMUNGSSCHLÜSSEL FÜR DIE IN EU- lis und A. piceus, wobei Atypus affinis bis nach ROPA BEHEIMATETEN A TYPUS-ARTEN Nordafrika vorkommen soll) und eine Art in den USA (Atypus snetsingeri). Die Gattung Die drei in Europa vorkommenden Arten Atypus stellt damit die ein zigen in Deutsch- sind anhand ihrer Spinnwarzen leicht zu un- land vorkommenden Ver treter der Mygalo- terscheiden. morphae. Bei der Familie der Atypidae handelt es 1. Hintere seitliche Spinnwarzen bestehend sich um eine sehr urtümliche Spinnenfami- aus drei Gliedern . .2 lie. – Hintere seitliche Spinnwarzen bestehend Den in der Gattung Atypus beschriebe- aus vier Gliedern nen Arten ist ein mit dem Labium ver- . .Atypus muralis schmolzenes Sternum gemeinsam. Des Wei- 2. Apikales Segment der hinteren seitlichen teren weisen Atypus spp. im Verhältnis zu ih - Spinnwarzen pseudosegmentiert, d.h. r er Körpergröße extrem verlängerte Chelize- Seg mentierung ist durch einen pigment- ren und Chelizerengrundglieder auf (Bei- freien Ring angedeutet spiel: Atypus piceus(?) Chelizeren: 4 mm; Che- . .Atypus piceus lizerengrundglieder: 4 mm; Körperlänge: 9 – Apikales Segment der hinteren seitlichen mm) Spinnwarzen nicht pseudosegmentiert Alle Atypus-Arten sind Schlauchnetzbau- . .Atypus affinis er, die für gewöhnlich den Großteil ihres Le - bens innerhalb ihres Gespinstschlauchs bzw. Atypus piceus besitzt vier Paar Sternalsigillen, in der dem Gespinstschlauch angeschlosse- deren Größe zu den Chelizeren hin zu - nen, senkrecht in die Erde gegrabenen Röh- nimmt. Die Maxillen sind am cranialen Rand Abb. 1: Atypus piceus, Weibchen Foto: Bastian Drolshagen re verbringen. mit feinen Dörnchen besetzt (Abb. 2). 12 13 ARACHNE 12(3), 2007 ARACHNE 12(3), 2007 förmig auslaufenden Fortsätzen bestehen der Grenze zu Polen. Die ge nauen Fundorte (Abb. 5). der Populationen werden nicht ge nannt, um diese nicht zu gefährden. VORKOMMEN UND LEBENSWEISE Teilweise ist das in den Verbreitungsge- bieten vorliegende Erdreich sehr stark ver- Die drei in Deutschland verbreiteten Atypus- dichtet und durch lang anhaltende Wärme Arten finden sich vorwiegend in wärmebe- verbacken, was auch ein Grund für die mas- günstigten Gebieten wie dem Na he tal, Tei- sigen Chelizeren und Chelizerengrundglie- len des Saarlandes oder Gebieten Branden- der der Tiere sein könnte, da sie diese ein- burgs. Das größte Verbreitungsgebiet inner- setzen um ins Erdreich zu graben. An einem halb Deutschlands hat Atypus affinis, welche vom Autor besichtigten Fundort von Atypus auch noch bis in die nördlicheren Re gionen piceus fand sich Gestein des Rotliegenden verbreitet sein soll. Das kleinste Verbrei- Sand-, Silt- und Tonstein und dessen Verwit- tungsgebiet dagegen hat Atypus muralis, wel- terungsprodukte (tonig-sandige Erde mit Abb. 2: Sternum und Maxillae von Atypus piceus Abb. 3: Bulbus von Atypus piceus che nur an zwölf Orten in Deutschland zu sehr feiner Körnung). An der Oberfläche Zeichnung: Bastian Drolshagen Zeichnung : Bastian Drolshagen finden sein soll. Der aktuellste Nach weis für war eine etwa 2 cm starke, verbackene Die Chelizeren zeigen eine Reihe aus Augenhügels. Der Radius der VMA ent- diese Art findet sich in Brandenburg, nahe Schicht zu finden, unter der das Erdreich Zäh nen, basal drei kleinere, vier große und spricht dem Abstand zu den VSA. Die Tar- apikal zwei, die kleiner als die basalen sind. sen und Metatarsen I und II weisen unge- Der Clypeus, also der Abstand zwischen den ordnete, weiche Setae (= Haare) auf (keine Vorderaugen und dem Carapaxrand, ist in Scopula!). etwa so breit wie der Augenhügel. Die Fo - Der Bulbus von Atypus piceus weist einen vea ist procurv (= nach vorne gebogen) und kurzen Embolus mit basalem, weit auslau- relativ tief. Die Augen können in zwei fendem, geschwungenen Kiel auf (Abb. 3). Gruppen eingeteilt werden: Vorderseitenau- An den Tibien der Vorderbeine der Männ- gen (VSA), Hinterseitenaugen (HSA) und chen sind keine Apophysen vorhanden Hintermittelaugen (HMA) sind zu dreiecki- (Abb. 4). gen Gruppen angeordnet. Die Vordermit- Die Weibchen der Art besitzen Sperma- telaugen (VMA) liegen abseits dieser drei- theken, deren Receptacula seminis aus einer eckigen Gruppen an der höchsten Stelle des zweilappigen dreieckigen Form, mit finger- Abb. 4: Tibia eines Männchens von Atypus piceus Abb. 5: Spermathek von Atypus piceus Abb. 6: Vom Autor besichtigter Fundort von Atypus piceus. Zeichnung : Bastian Drolshagen Zeichnung : Bastian Drolshagen Foto: Bastian Drolshagen 14 15 ARACHNE 12(3), 2007 ARACHNE 12(3), 2007 zu unterscheiden (Abb. 8 & 9). re bis zum Verlassen des müt- Der Fangschlauch setzt sich terlichen Gespinstes keine Nah- in einer meist ca. 30 cm tiefen, rung aufnehmen, doch ist es senkrecht ins Erdreich gegrabe- wahrscheinlich, dass die Jung- nen und mit Spinnseide ausge- tiere gemeinsam mit dem Mut- kleideten Röhre von etwa 1 cm tertier an Beute fressen, die von Durchmesser fort. der Mutter überwältigt wurde. Die Spinne sitzt zum Beu- Der Autor konnte beobachten, teerwerb innerhalb des Fang- wie mehrere Nymphen der Art schlauchs und wartet darauf, ge meinsam an toten Futtertie- dass potentielle Beutetiere über ren fraßen. den Schlauch krabbeln. Ist dies In den ersten wärmeren der Fall, durchstößt die Spinne Mo naten des darauf folgenden mit ihren langen Chelizeren Abb. 8: Fangschlauch von Atypus piceus. Frühlings verlassen die Nym- Foto: Bastian Drolshagen den Schlauch, packt das Beute- phen durch ein ca. 2 mm gro ßes Loch im tier und zieht es ins Schlauchin- FORTPFLANZUNG Fangschlauch der Mutter deren Gespinst, nere, um es dort zu verspeisen. klettern auf die nächst beste hö her gelegene Die vom Autor gefundenen In den wärmeren Sommermonaten (etwa Er hebung und verbreiten sich von dort am Fang schläuche wiesen keinerlei Juni bis Juli) verlassen die adulten Männchen sog. Fadenfloß. Löcher auf, was darauf hindeu- ihre Gespinstschläuche und wandern umher, Die Entwicklung der Tiere ist mehrjäh- tet, dass die Spinne nach er folg - bis sie auf den Fangschlauch eines Weib- rig, was erklären kann, warum die Populati- reichem Beuteerwerb das da - chens treffen. Haben adulte Männchen ei - onsdichte innerhalb mehrer Jahre starken durch entstandene Loch relativ nen solchen Schlauch entdeckt, beginnen sie Schwankungen unterliegt. schnell wieder verschließt. den Schlauch zu betrommeln. Nach diesem Der Autor besichtigte den Teil der Balz geben sie ein Verdauungssekret ZUKUNFTSPERSPEKTIVEN gleichen Fundort in den Som- ab, um einen kleinen Teil des Schlauches Abb. 7: Ein weiterer Fundort von Atypus piceus. mermonaten zwei aufeinander auf zulösen und ins Innere zu kriechen. Die Es bleibt zu hoffen, dass die Populationen Foto: Bastian Drolshagen folgender Jahre und konnte Paarung findet dann innerhalb des Schlau- von Atypus spp. geschützt und erhalten blei- lockerer wurde. Das darunter liegende Erd- zahlreiche Fangschläuche von Atypus piceus ches oder der dem Schlauch an - reich war mit größeren Steinen und Wurzel- finden. In te res santerweise lagen diese alle in geschlossenen Röhre statt und werk durchsetzt (Abb. 6). Nicht selten führ- einem Hang. In den umliegenden Ebenen konnte vom Autor nicht beob- ten die von den Tieren gegrabenen Röhren konnten dagegen keine Fangschläuche ent- achtet werden. Im darauf fol- durch Spalten zwischen zwei größeren Stei- deckt werden. Er staunlich ist, dass kein ein- genden Sommer baut das Weib- nen und/oder Wurzelwerk. ziger Fangschlauch mehr auszumachen war, chen einen Ko kon mit etwa 80-
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