Name ______The Major Protestant Reformers

Martin Luther Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin King Henry VIII

Protestant Reformation Leaders

Born – Died 1483-1546 1484-1531 1509-1564 1491-1547

• German priest & professor • Swiss priest • Prominent French • King of England

• Began the Reformation • Educated as a humanist theologian • 2nd Tudor to rule after posting Ninety-Five • Influenced by Erasmus • Educated as a humanist • Had 6 wives Key Facts about their Theses on Oct. 31, 1517 • Led the Swiss Reformation • Settled in Geneva in 1536 • Wanted/needed a male heir life • Refused to retract his • Killed in a battle against • Established theocratic rule to secure his dynasty statements & is condemned Catholics during the Swiss in Geneva through the • 1521 – was declared by the Diet of Worms in Civil War Consistory “defender of the faith” by the 1521; later Catholic Church when he excommunicated & defended it against Luther declared a heretic • 1533 – excommunicated by • Opposed the Peasants’ Pope Clement VII War • Influenced other reformers

• Only 2 sacraments needed: • Salvation by faith alone • Reforms needed to • Annulment for his marriage to

Baptism & Eucharist (only • The Bible as the basis of transform society (God’s Catherine of Aragon, ones mentioned in the religious practice will) daughter of Ferdinand & Bible) • Wanted to break from the • No gambling, drinking, Isabella, who didn’t produce a Reform of Catholic Church dancing, swearing or going male heir Reforms Sought • Catholic Church practices & beliefs to the theater • To end the pope’s authority • Ending the sale of • Only 2 sacraments needed: when he refused to grant the indulgences Baptism & Eucharist sought annulment • Creating a community of • Program of reform through believers the Consistory, an ecclesiastical court of elders & pastors in Geneva

Countries where the Germany, Scandinavia Switzerland The Netherlands, Scotland, England, American Colonies religion/ideas France, American Colonies, spread to England

• Disagreed with the need for • Rejected priestly celibacy • God directs everything • Agreed with celibacy &

7 sacraments • No religious images in • Predestination transubstantiation

• Faith = key to salvation (not churches & banned church • Faith was a gift from God • Believed in Luther’s idea of What they faith and good works) music • World is full of opportunities “justification by faith” said/disagreed with • Attacked the sale of • Didn’t agree with the idea of for sin • Only allowed 3 sacraments the Catholic Church indulgences as illegitimate Purgatory • No masses & no statues • Ended papal authority • Denied papal authority • Didn’t believe in any • Need communities ruled by • Book of Common Prayer about • Return to Scripture sacraments religious laws, based on the included English translations • Prayers were written & said • Opposed transubstantiation Bible of prayers for all believers in German, not Latin • Correct behavior revealed who was destined to go to heaven

Opposed by Catholics, Zwingli Catholics, Luther, Anabaptists Catholics, Anglicans (later on) Catholics, Puritans, Presbyterians

• Started the Reformation • Established a theocracy in • Belief in predestination • Monarch became & remains

• Translated the Bible into Zurich • Development of the the head of the Church of

German • Civil wars occurred in Presbyterian Church (still England

• Use of vernacular in church Switzerland over religion prominent today) • Over time, the Anglican Influence/Impact Then writings & services • Was overshadowed by • Replaced Lutheranism as Church becomes more & Today • Converted peasants Luther & Calvin the dominant Protestant Protestant • Hymns inspired the • Theocracy in Zurich ended faith • Protestant faith most similar development of after his death • Influenced Puritans & the to Catholicism today congregational singing • Clergy can marry (impacts original colonists Protestants) • Swiss Reformed Church follows some of his ideas