Brainy Quote ~ 001

“Let us put our minds together and see what life we can make for our children.” ~ Sitting Bull 001 ~ Ok “Mari kita menyatukan pikiran kita dan melihat kehidupan apa yang bisa kita buat untuk anak-anak kita.” ~ Sitting Bull 001 ~ Ok

Kita adalah gambaran pendahulu kita. Seperti apa generasi berikutnya, tergantung bagaimana kita mempersiapkan mereka. Kehidupan yang kita jalani sekarang merupakan hasil dari orangtua kita. Demikian juga, kehidupan anak-anak kita kelak, bergantung pada warisan kita. Sitting Bull, seorang pejuang dan pemimpin militer berkebangsaan Indian Amerika, hidup dalam rentang tahun 1831-1890, pernah meng-quote, ‘Let us put our minds together and see what life we can make for our children.’ Secara bebas diterjemahkan, ‘Mari kita menyatukan pikiran kita dan melihat kehidupan apa yang bisa kita buat untuk anak-anak kita.’ Generasi kita selanjutnya adalah bentuk dari buah pemikiran kita saat ini. Bila kita ingin anak-anak kita menjadi orang-orang yang peduli kepada sesamanya dan mencintai alam tempat mereka hidup, maka kita harus mendidik dan mempersiapkan mereka seperti yang kita harapkan. Agar kelak, mereka menjadi pribadi yang berharga seperti yang kita impikan. Dunia agar terus bergerak seiring perubahan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya. Seperti apa dunia ini di masa depan, sangat bergantung pada apa yang kita tunjukkan kepada anak-anak kita. Bagaimana mencintai alam semesta, bagaimana menghargai makhluk hidup di sekitar kita, serta bagaimana memperlakukan sesama manusia yang berdampingan dengan kita? Anak-anak kita adalah cerminan dari pemikiran dan perilaku kita. Binus Anggrek, 9 April 2018; Riset Corporation --- Sitting Bull Biography

Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 1 Warrior, Military Leader (1831–1890) Sitting Bull was a Teton Dakota Indian chief under whom the tribes united in their struggle for survival on the North American Great Plains. Synopsis Sitting Bull joined his first war party at 14 and soon gained a reputation for bravery in battle. In 1868 the Sioux accepted peace with the U.S. government, but when gold was discovered in the Black Hills in the mid-1870s, a rush of white prospectors invaded Sioux lands. Sitting Bull responded but could only win battles, not the war. He was arrested and killed in 1890. Early Years Arguably the most powerful and perhaps famous of all Native American chiefs, Sitting Bull was born in 1831 in what is now called South Dakota. The son of an esteemed Sioux warrior named Returns-Again, Sitting Bull looked up to his father and desired to follow in his footsteps, but didn't show a particular talent for warfare. As a result he was called "Slow" for his apparent lack of skills. At the age of 10, however, he killed his first buffalo. Four years later, he fought honorably in a battle against a rival clan. He was named Tatanka-Iyotanka, a Lakota name that describes a buffalo bull sitting on its haunches. Much of Sitting Bull's life was shaped by the struggles against an expanding American nation. When Sitting Bull was young he was chosen as leader of the Strong Heart Society. In June 1863 took up arms against the United States for the first time. He fought American soldiers again the following year at the Battle of Killdeer Mountain. In 1865 he led an attack on the newly built Fort Rice in what is now called North Dakota. His skills as a warrior and the respect he'd earned as a leader of his people led him to become chief of the Lakota nation in 1868. Defender of His People Confrontation with American soldiers escalated in the mid-1870s after gold was discovered in the Black Hills, a sacred area to Native Americans that the American government had recognized as their land following the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. As white prospectors rushed into the Sioux lands, the American government tabled the treaty and declared war on any native tribes that prevented it from taking over the land. When Sitting Bull refused to abide by these new conditions, the stage was set for confrontation. Sitting Bull's defense of his land was rooted both in the history of his culture and in the fate he believed awaited his people. At a Sun Dance ceremony on the Little Bighorn River, where a large community of Native Americans had established a village, Sitting Bull danced for 36 consecutive hours, slashed his arms as a sign of sacrifice, and deprived himself of drinking water. At the end of this spiritual ceremony he informed villagers that he had received a vision in which the American army was defeated. In June 1876, just a few days later, the chief led a successful battle against American forces in the Battle of the Rosebud. A week later he was engaged in battle again, this time against General in the now famous Battle at Little Bighorn. There, Sitting Bull led thousands of Sioux and warriors against Custer's undermanned force, wiping out the American general and his 200-plus men.

Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 2 For the U.S. government the defeat was an embarrassment, and the Army doubled down its efforts to wrest control of the territory from Native American tribes. To escape its wrath, Sitting Bull led his people into Canada, where they remained for four years. Sitting Bull's Return In 1881 Sitting Bull returned to the , where he was held prisoner until 1883. In 1885, after befriending , he joined Cody's Wild West Show. The pay was more than good—$50 a week to ride once around the arena—but Sitting Bull quickly grew tired of the performances and life on the road. He was shocked by the poverty he saw in the cities, and coupled with the hatred that was directed toward him by some of the show's audience members, Sitting Bull decided to return to his people. "[I] would rather die an Indian than live a white man," he famously said. Final Years Back home, in a cabin on the Grand River not far from where he'd been born, Sitting Bull lived his life without compromise. He rejected Christianity and continued to honor his people's way of life. In 1889 Native Americans began to take up the Ghost Dance, a ceremony aimed at ridding the land of white people and restore the Native American way of life. Sitting Bull soon joined it. Fearing the powerful chief's influence on the movement, authorities directed a group of Lakota police officers to arrest Sitting Bull. On December 15, 1890, they entered his home. After they dragged Sitting Bull out of his cabin, a gunfight followed and the chief was shot in the head and killed. He was laid to rest at Fort Yates in North Dakota. In 1953, his remains were moved to Mobridge, South Dakota, where they remain today. Adopted from: https://www.biography.com/people/sitting-bull-9485326 Sitting Bull SIOUX CHIEF WRITTEN BY: The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Sitting Bull, Indian name Tatanka Iyotake, (born c. 1831, near Grand River, Dakota Territory [now in South Dakota], U.S.—died December 15, 1890, on the Grand River in South Dakota), Teton Dakota Indian chief under whom the Sioux tribes united in their struggle for survival on the North American Great Plains. He is remembered for his lifelong distrust of white men and his stubborn determination to resist their domination.

Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 3

Sitting Bull was born into the Hunkpapa division of the Teton Sioux. He joined his first war party at age 14 and soon gained a reputation for fearlessness in battle. He became a leader of the powerful Strong Heart warrior society and, later, was a participant in the Silent Eaters, a select group concerned with tribal welfare. As a tribal leader Sitting Bull helped extend the Sioux hunting grounds westward into what had been the territory of the , Crow, Assiniboin, and other Indian tribes. His first skirmish with white soldiers occurred in June 1863 during the U.S. Army’s retaliation against the Santee Sioux after the “Minnesota Massacre,” in which the Teton Sioux had no part. For the next five years he was in frequent hostile contact with the army, which was invading the Sioux hunting grounds and bringing ruin to the Indian economy. In 1866 he became principal chief of the northern hunting Sioux, with , leader of the Sioux, as his vice-chief. Respected for his courage and wisdom, Sitting Bull was made principal chief of the entire Sioux nation about 1867. In 1868 the Sioux accepted peace with the U.S. government on the basis of the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie, which guaranteed the Sioux a reservation in what is now southwestern South Dakota. But when gold was discovered in the Black Hills in the mid-1870s, a rush of white prospectors invaded lands guaranteed to the Indians by the treaty. Late in 1875 those Sioux who had been resisting the whites’ incursions were ordered to return to their reservations by January 31, 1876, or be considered hostile to the United States. Even had Sitting Bull been willing to comply, he could not possibly have moved his village 240 miles (390 km) in the bitter cold by the specified time. In March General took the field against the hostiles, and Sitting Bull responded by summoning the Sioux, Cheyenne, and certain to his camp in . There on June 17 Crook’s troops were forced to retreat in the Battle of the Rosebud. The Indian chiefs then moved their encampment into the valley of the Little Bighorn River. At this point Sitting Bull performed the Sun Dance, and when he emerged from a trance induced by self-torture, he reported that he had seen soldiers falling into his camp like grasshoppers from the sky. His prophecy was fulfilled on June 25, when Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer rode into the valley and he and all the men under his immediate command were annihilated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 4 Strong public reaction among whites to the Battle of the Little Bighorn resulted in stepped-up military action. The Sioux emerged the victors in their battles with U.S. troops, but though they might win battle after battle, they could never win the war. They depended on the buffalo for their livelihood, and the buffalo, under the steady encroachment of whites, were rapidly becoming extinct. Hunger led more and more Sioux to surrender, and in May 1877 Sitting Bull led his remaining followers across the border into Canada. But the Canadian government could not acknowledge responsibility for feeding a people whose reservation was south of the border, and after four years, during which his following dwindled steadily, famine forced Sitting Bull to surrender. After 1883 he lived at the Standing Rock Agency, where he vainly opposed the sale of tribal lands. In 1885, partly to get rid of him, the Indian agent allowed him to join Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, in which he gained international fame. The year 1889 saw the spread of the Ghost Dance religious movement, which prophesied the advent of an Indian messiah who would sweep away the whites and restore the Indians’ former traditions. The Ghost Dance movement augmented the unrest already stirred among the Sioux by hunger and disease. As a precaution, Indian police and soldiers were sent to arrest the chief. Seized on Grand River, December 15, 1890, Sitting Bull was killed while his warriors were trying to rescue him. He was buried at Fort Yates, but his remains were moved in 1953 to Mobridge, South Dakota, where a granite shaft marks his resting place. Adopted from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sitting-Bull Sitting Bull Biography Sitting Bull was a Teton Dakota Indian chief who led Sioux tribes in their struggle for survival on the North American Great Plains. Quick Facts Also Known As: Jumping Badger Gender: Men Famous As: Warrior Nationality: American Born: 1831 Died at Age: 59 Born In: Grand River Father: Jumping Bull Mother: Her-Holy-Door Siblings: Spotted Elk Children: Crow Foot, Many Horses Died On: December 15, 1890 Place of Death: Grand River Cause of Death: Assassination Sitting Bull was a Teton Dakota Indian chief who led Sioux tribes in their struggle for survival on the North American Great Plains. He was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who had a lifelong distrust of white men and actively resisted the United States government policies as a tribal chief. Born into the Hunkpapa division of the Teton Sioux, he grew up to be a fearless and brave young man. He was barely in his teens when he first joined a war party and became a leader of the powerful

Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 5 Strong Heart warrior society. He was also involved with tribal welfare and emerged as a valiant tribal chief who helped extend the Sioux hunting grounds westward into what had been the territory of the Shoshone, Crow, Assiniboin, and other Indian tribes. He developed hostilities with the United States army when it started invading the Sioux hunting grounds and confrontations with the army escalated when gold was discovered in the Black Hills—a region sacred to the Native Americans—in the mid-1870s. Sitting Bull was highly distrustful of the white men who violated the rights of the Native Americans time and again, and led fierce battles resisting the United States government policies. He fought for the natives’ rights till the very end and was killed by policemen hired by United States Indian agents because the authorities were beginning to fear him.

Childhood & Early Years • Sitting Bull was born in Dakota Territory around 1831 to Jumping Bull (father) and Her-Holy-Door (mother) into the Hunkpapa division of the Teton Sioux. He was named Jumping Badger at birth and was conferred the name of Sitting Bull as a teenager. • He grew up to be a skilled warrior and a brave young man. He accompanied a group of Lakota warriors as a 14 year old as a part of a raiding party to take horses from a camp of Crow warriors. He displayed great valor during the raid despite his young age, and a ceremony was held after the successful raid to mark the boy’s passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior. • As a young man, he was chosen as leader of the Strong Heart Society of warriors, and later became involved with the Silent Eaters, a select group concerned with tribal welfare. As a tribal leader he helped extend the Sioux hunting grounds. Later Years • He fought against the United States army for the first time in June 1863, and again fought against them the following year at the Battle of Killdeer Mountain. • He proved himself to be a very courageous warrior and led an attack on the newly built Fort Rice in what is now called North Dakota in 1865. The very next year, he was made the principal chief of the northern hunting Sioux, with Crazy Horse, leader of the Oglala Sioux, as his vice-chief.

Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 6 • An intelligent and fearless leader, he was much respected and appointed the principal chief of the entire Sioux nation around the year 1867. After years of conflicts with the U.S. army, the Sioux finally accepted the Second Treaty of Fort Laramie from the U.S. government in 1868 which guaranteed the Sioux a reservation in what is now southwestern South Dakota. • However, gold was discovered in the Black Hills in the mid-1870s, and the white men violated the clauses in the treaty by invading lands guaranteed to the natives. The Sioux resisted the whites’ advance into their land which angered the U.S. government which declared war on any native tribes that prevented it from taking over the land. • Sitting Bull was greatly agitated by this betrayal by the U.S. government and developed a deep distrust towards the white men. He led a successful battle against the American forces in 1876 fighting against General George Armstrong Custer in what became known as the Battle at Little Bighorn, wiping out the American general and all his men. • The U.S. government was greatly embarrassed by this defeat and increased its efforts to capture the territory from Native American tribes. The natives fought bravely under the leadership of Sitting Bull, but the steady encroachment of the whites threatened the tribes’ survival. Dejected and starving, more and more Sioux people surrendered to the U.S. authorities. • In May 1877, Sitting Bull, along with his remaining followers moved across the border into Canada where he remained for four years before returning to the Dakota territory in 1881. He was imprisoned until 1883. • He was allowed to leave the reservation in 1885 and go to Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill Cody’s Buffalo Bill's Wild West as a performer. He became a celebrity and earned a small fortune which he mostly gave away to the less fortunate. He remained with the show for four months before returning home. Major Battle • Sitting bull is best remembered for the courage and valor he displayed in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, one of the major conflicts in the Great Sioux War of 1876 which was fought between the Sioux tribes and the United States. The tribes achieved an overwhelming victory in the battle by defeating the U.S. 7th Cavalry led by George Armstrong Custer. Personal Life & Legacy • Sitting Bull had several wives as per the customs of his tribe, the notable ones being Light Hair, Four Robes, Snow-on-Her, Seen-by-her-Nation, and Scarlet Woman. He fathered many children and also adopted several others. • The Native Americans began spreading the Ghost Dance religious movement in 1889 which was aimed at annihilating the white people and reclaiming the Native American way of life. The U.S. authorities became concerned about Sitting Bull’s involvement in the movement and sent Indian police to arrest the chief. The police entered his home on December 15, 1890, and tried to arrest him. Sitting Bull was shot dead in the gunfight that followed. • On September 14, 1989, the United States Postal Service released a Great Americans series 28¢ postage stamp featuring a likeness of Sitting Bull. • Several Hollywood motion pictures and documentaries have been made about him and the culture of the Sioux tribes. Adopted from: https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/sitting-bull-2870.php --o0o-- Brainy Quote ~ Sitting Bull 001 Page 7