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Forensic Toxicology Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs Forensic Toxicology Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs

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Forensic Toxicology Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs Forensic Toxicology Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs Forensic Toxicology Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs Forensic Toxicology Controlled Substances and Dangerous Drugs W T. Lowry and James C. Garriott Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences Dallas, Texas Plenum Press· New York and London Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lowry, William Thomas, 1942- Forensic toxicology. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Chemistry, Forensic. 2. Drugs. 3. Narcotics, Control of - United States. 4. Drugs - Laws and legislation - United States. I. Garriott, James C., joint author. II. Title. HV8073.L75 614'.19 78-26439 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3446-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-3444-6 001: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3444-6 © 1979 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979 All righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microftlrning, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Preface With the rapid spread of drug use and abuse in this country over the last decade, events relating to drugs have become increasingly prominent in the court of law as well as in society in general. It is anticipated that throughout the 1980s this problem will continue to be one of the major social problems in the United States. With the complexity of the Federal and state laws and their interrelationships, and with the increasing demand for the expert chemist or toxicologist, or both, in the courtroom, more education for these people relating to drugs must be implemented. The prosecuting and defense attorneys are also in need of accurate toxicological information to adequately handle cases in which drugs playa role. This book is intended to be a practical as well as an educational book-a resource tool for the active forensic chemist, as well as for the student. It is with the forensic chemist in mind that the material on controlled substances and substances found in cases of drug abuse has been arranged in a systematic order for quick and easy reference. This section includes synonyms, pharma­ ceutical preparations, biochemistry and/or pharmacognosy, toxicology and/or pharmacology, and how the substance is controlled under Federal law. Under the concept of scientific consideration as compared with the Federal law, this book enables one to deal with some of the major conflicts in the American legal system concerning scientific evidence and how it is presented in a court of law. The first section of the book discusses the concept of drugs and specifica­ tions that pharmaceutical companies must meet and maintain to market a new product. The next section deals with the Federal Controlled Substances Act, including requirements for registration of controlled substances, and the rules and regulations under which a forensic laboratory must handle drug evidence relating to testing. Among the topics discussed are security requirements, including recommendations presented by the Drug Enforcement Admin­ istration for handling drug evidence obtained from police seizures, labeling and packaging requirements for controlled substances, record-handling for v vi PREFACE controlled substances, inventory requirements, prescriptions, and statement of the Act itself, listing drugs included in Schedules I, II, III, IV, and V. Brief discussions on adulterated and misbranded drugs, as well as illicit preparations and their legal status, are included. The section describing pharmaceutical dosage forms includes packaging types and formulations such as aerosols, capsules, creams, elixirs, emulsions, extracts, fluid extracts, gels, inhalants, injections, jellies, lotions, ointments, pastes, powders, solutions, spirits, suppositories, suspensions, syrups, tablets, tinctures, and waters. The discussion of excluded and excepted substances under the Controlled Substances Act provides a systematic protocol for handling pharmaceutical preparations encountered in the laboratory, especially when extrapolating Federal law to state laws. Specific exceptions are listed and described. The discussion termed" dangerous drugs" deals with a broad range of regulations outside the Controlled Substances Act. These include legend drugs, banned drugs, and nonapproved new drugs undergoing clinical trial. Certain over-the-counter drugs, or nonprescription drugs, are listed if they are frequently found in cases of drug abuse or encountered in excepted and excluded substances. The final section of the text provides an alphabetical listing of all substances listed in the Controlled Substances Act, and other selected dangerous drugs and nonprescription drugs. Each substance is listed by generic name. A listing of other generic names and IUPAC names under the heading" Synonyms" provides the reader with a quick reference to the drug. Included with each substance is a listing of its common trade names and its formulations containing the titled drug. If the pharmaceutical preparation causes deviation of control due to its formulation, it is so stated. Also included for each substance is a discussion of the biochemistry and/or pharmacognosy, and of the toxicology-pharmacology of that substance. Basically, all information discussed is intended to include the necessary material to provide the scientific expert with information to testify in a court of law; to provide the attorneys with enough information to assist in prosecuting or defending a drug case; and to provide physicians with information on drugs and drug laws to assist in maintaining proper records and prescription practices. Under no circumstances do the authors of this book intend for this to be a legal document. All subject matter is based on legal documents with certain opinions of the authors found throughout. In general, this book should give the reader an overall working knowledge of how to apply state and Federal laws, how to interrelate these laws, and how to interpret them scientifically when called upon to do so. It is the intent of the authors to bridge the gap between scientific and legal investigations in the fields of controlled substances and dangerous drugs. PREFACE vii We wish to acknowledge some special people who were diligent in their efforts during the preparation of this manuscript. Thanks go to Mrs. Karen Partain, Mrs. Aileen Langston, Mrs. Jan Laird, Miss Laura Seaman, and Mrs. Terri Austin. Also, we are grateful to Mr. Frank Jackson, Criminal Defense Attorney, Dallas, Texas and Mr. Jim Barklow, Chief Felony Prosecutor, Office of the District Attorney, Dallas County, Texas, for the time they gave in consultation on legal matters set forth in this book. We are also indebted to the staff of Plenum Publishing Corporation for continuous and skillful advisement during the final stages of preparation of the manuscript. Special appreciation goes to Ms. Nancy Mester, Senior Production Editor, for her patience with us when we failed to meet deadlines. W. T. Lowry J. C. Garriott Dallas Contents List of Controlled and Noncontrolled but Commonly Abused Substances xii 1. Introduction 1 New Drugs 2 Advertising 4 Adulterated Drugs 4 Misbranded Drugs 5 Drug Nomenclature 6 2. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 9 Aerosols 9 Capsules 10 Creams. 11 Elixirs . 11 Emulsions . 11 Extracts 11 Gels and Magmas 12 Inhalations 12 Injections 12 Powders 13 Solutions 14 Spirits . 14 Suppositories 14 Suspensions 15 Syrups. 15 Tablets. 15 Tinctures 16 be x CONTENTS 3. Classification of Scheduled Substances 17 Schedules. 17 Fraudulent Offenses . 20 Commercial Offenses. 21 Prescription of Nonscheduled Drugs 21 4. Regulation of Controlled Substances. 23 Requirements for Registration 23 Applications for Registration 26 Application Forms 27 Modification, Transfer, and Termination of Registration 28 Security Requirements . 33 Labeling and Packaging Requirements for Controlled Substances. 35 Records and Reports of Registrants 38 Inventory Requirements. 42 Continuing Records 44 Order Forms . 45 Prescriptions . 53 Controlled Substances Listed in Schedule II 55 Controlled Substances Listed in Schedules III and IV 57 Controlled Substances Listed in Schedule V . 59 5. Excluded Substances . 63 Exclusion from a Schedule 63 Excluded Substances. 63 6. Excepted Substances . 67 Requirements for Exception 67 Excepted Substances. 68 Allobarbital Preparations 68 Amobarbital Preparations . 68 Amphetamine Preparations 69 Aprobarbital Preparations (None Excepted). 69 Barbital Preparations . 69 Butabarbital Preparations . 69 Butalbital Preparations. 71 Butallylonal Preparations (None Excepted) 71 Buthalital Preparations (None Excepted) 71 Butobarbital Preparations (None Excepted) . 71 CONTENTS xi Chloral Betaine Preparations (None Excepted) 71 Chlordiazepoxide Preparations 71 Clonazepam Preparations (None Excepted) . 71 Clorazepate Preparations (None Excepted) . 71 Cyclobarbital Preparations (None Excepted) 72 Cyclopentylallylbarbituric Acid Preparations 72 Diazepam Preparations (None Excepted) 72 Ethclorvynol Preparations (None Excepted) . 72 Ethinamate Preparations (None Excepted) . 72 Flurazepam Preparations (None Excepted) . 72 Glutethimide Preparations (None Excepted). 72 Heptobarbital Preparations (None Excepted) 72 Hexobarbital Preparations (None Excepted). 72 Ibomal Preparations (None Excepted) 72 Lysergic Acid Preparations (None Excepted) 72 Lysergic Acid Amide Preparations (None Excepted) 72 Mebutamate Preparations (None Excepted) . 72 Meprobamate Preparations 72 Methamphetamine
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