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The Border, City, Diaspora: the Physical and Imagined Borders of South Asia

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The Border, City, Diaspora: the Physical and Imagined Borders of South Asia The Border, City, Diaspora: The Physical and Imagined Borders of South Asia Prithvi Hirani September 28, 2017 Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Ph.D. Department of International Politics Aberystwyth University 2017 1 Mandatory Layout of Declaration/Statements Word Count of thesis: 83,328 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Candidate name Prithvi Paurin Hirani Signature: Date 14/02/2018 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where *correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signature: Date 14/02/2018 [*this refers to the extent to which the text has been corrected by others] STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signature: Date 14/02/2018 NB: Candidates on whose behalf a bar on access (hard copy) has been approved by the University should use the following version of Statement 2: I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter- library loans after expiry of a bar on access approved by Aberystwyth University. Signature: Date 14/02/2018 2 3 Abstract The tussle between borders, identity, and territory continues to dominate politics in postcolonial South Asia. While critical perspectives in International Relations tend to regard borders as increasingly dispersed and vacillated; in South Asia’s literature, borders are considered territorially sacrosanct and stringently fixed to their traditional location. Challenging both these perspectives, this thesis questions the diffuse and abstract notion of borders while simultaneously exploring the border beyond the borderland. For this, the thesis adapts the conceptual framework of border as method to analyse narratives, processes, and practices of borders in three locations: the border, the city, and diaspora. I develop this framework of border as method using the interpretive tools of sensitivity, the work of the imagination, and the figure of the stranger to guide as well as draw connections between these seemingly disparate locations. The three cases explicate the relationship between physical and imagined borders by demonstrating how ideas, practices, and narratives of the border converge and diverge at the border, within the nation, and outside the nation. The empirical case studies combine insights from fieldwork, interviews, and observations at the border between (i) India, Bangladesh and Pakistan; (ii) in chhota or mini-Pakistans in Mumbai; and (iii) South Asian ethnic enclaves in Birmingham and London. The thesis puts forth a multi-layered argument. Firstly, it argues that there is a need to rethink the way in which we approach the study of borders. For this the thesis argues in favour of studying the border as method. This suggests that it is important to study the border on its own terms, by being in dialogue with the border, and by thinking of the border as a way of knowing. Secondly, the thesis demonstrates that the ideational border plays an important role in reproducing the border. The thesis finds that borders in postcolonial South Asia are durable and resilient. Overall, the thesis views borders holistically through an engagement with the three dimensions of the borders i.e. epistemology, ontology, and phenomenology to foreground the rigidity and territoriality of the imagined border. 4 Acknowledgements This PhD has been a journey of learning and unlearning. For having the opportunity, the doctoral scholarship, and the President’s Award for international students, I am thankful to Aberystwyth University. I am most thankful to the staff and students at the Department of International Politics, not only has the department acted as a wonderful incubator of ideas, but it is here that I have learnt of the unboundedness of international politics. I am deeply indebted to my supervisors who have fuelled my academic and personal growth. I would like to thank Dr Inanna Hamati-Ataya for anchoring me during the PhD, and for always encouraging me to trust myself and strive for finesse. I would like to thank Professor Mustapha Pasha for his support and patience as I tried to find my project. Thank you both for allowing room for mistakes, learning, and always nudging me in a better direction. I would also like to thank Dr Andrew Davenport who briefly stepped in as secondary supervisor, and Dr Berit Bliesemann De Guevera for her genuine engagement with my project during my IPRS presentation. I would also like to thank our departmental secretaries Vicki and Donia, and Elaine for all their help in these four years. My thesis has been a result of the generosity of many friends and strangers who have helped me invaluably. Firstly, I would like to express immense gratitude to India’s Border Security Force for their generosity and continual help. They not only granted access and permission but also hosted and facilitated my fieldwork in West Bengal, Assam, and Jammu. Without this, my research would not have taken the shape it did. I am especially grateful to former Director General, DK Pathak who took a keen and personal interest in facilitating my fieldwork. I owe special thanks to the several BSF Commanding Officers and jawans that I met on the field, their honesty and candour was unexpected. I am also very thankful to the academics, individuals, and friends in Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Guwahati, London, and Birmingham. I am thankful to Gaurav Gogoi for helping organise my first daunting fieldwork experience in Assam and to the warm and kind Aggarwal family for welcoming my mother and myself in their home. I would also like to thank Qudsiya Contractor, Delwar Hussain, Ratnadip Chowdhury, Ansar Ali, Georgie Wymys, Katy Wade, Shiv Rawail, 5 Ankit Maskara, Rahat Virji, and Zaheer Ratansi for helping me in different ways along the way. Aberystwyth will remain a very special place to me, however, more than the place it is the people that have given this small town its wonderful character. Living and learning with my housemates Sorana and Adhemar has been a treasured gift. I am very grateful to share the pains and pleasures of the PhD with Rakesh, Lydia, Sarah Bergh, Katarina Kušić, Matt, Jamal, Justa, Phil, Paul, Mary, Dani, Dylan, and Karijn. I would also like to thank Ben Jones, whose support and solid friendship has sailed me through these four years in Aber. I am also grateful for the friendships out of Aber that helped me endure this long and challenging adventure: Mandira, Maia, Alekha, Anisha, Camelia, Sophie, Angeline, Kate, Sophie, and Marina. I would also thank fellow PhDs friends, Maansi Parpiani, Akanksha Mehta, Lisa Tilley, and Sruthi Muralidharan for their unfailing help with doubts and questions. I am also grateful to the Ram family for their love, support, and help in making the UK home over the last ten years. I would also like to thank the porters and librarians of the National Library of Wales for making the library a sanctuary. The foundation of this thesis is built on the love and unconditional support of my family. I would like to thank my father Paurin, for always offering me the largest canvas to paint my world. I am eternally grateful to my mother Anita, for accompanying me to the borders and selflessly sharing the burden, joys, lessons, and mistakes of the PhD from start to finish. You both are the absolute best parents. I am very grateful to my sister Shreyaal, for being my greatest cheerleader, and Shaneil, my brother-in-law for always being interested, asking questions, and learning with me. This thesis is a culmination of all your love. 6 Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 5 Illustrations ................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 12 Lines and Lineage: Locating the project ............................................................................. 15 Questions emerging from the literature ............................................................................ 28 Approach and Aims .......................................................................................................... 35 Methodology, Methods and Positionality ......................................................................... 38 Structure and Argument ................................................................................................... 44 Chapter One: Approaching Borders ........................................................................... 50 The three dimensions of Borders ...................................................................................... 50 Contested, Ubiquitous, Evolving: The Border as a Concept ................................................ 54 Practices, Location, and Actors ........................................................................................
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