(jiA*yiyji j** C/J
THE.INPLUEHCE OP LEYDEU
UP OH THE RISE OP THE
EDINBURGH MEDICAL SCHOOL
By: // a. if riu'v- rf Samuel Polsky J
&'k- ' „
Submitted: 3o /9^9 When in 1575 the citizens of Leyden chose
a university rather than ten years remission of 1
taxes as their reward from a grateful prince , the
choice was a happy one for Edinburgh as well as for
Leyden. Here at Leyden the nucleus of medical
education was to halt its northward drift from
Greece, Salerno, Kontpellier and Padua "before
continuing still further north to Edinburgh early
in the eighteenth century.
The very factors which resulted in the
creation of the University of Leyden were to some
degree responsible for its success. ¥ith the over¬
throw of Spanish domination, liberty of conscience
and a national spirit of independence had been
fostered. In such a climate of mind it is difficult
for centers of learning not to thrive. And in
Leyden such a mental clime was particularly pre¬
valent. It was in recognition of their stern
resistance to Philip II of Spain that William of
Orange gave them the famed choice, resulting in the
University. The economic well-being of the city was indirectly reflected in the fact that after
twelve months of fighting and hardship the citizens
still felt that they could afford to forgo the
remission of taxes. A more direct reflection is
1 D. Guthrie, A History of Medicine (1945) p. 193. that of the character of a people capable of making
such a choice at such a time.
The peace that came to Holland toward
the close of the sixteenth century heralded her
greatest age. The list of her famous sons of the
seventeenth century is replete with genius. This was the age of Spinoza, G-rotius , the de ¥itt brother^
Tasman, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Hals, Hobbema, the
Elzevirs, Huggens, Swammerdam, van Leeuwenhoek and
Boerhaave, to name but a few. Every field of art,
science and thought was explored; philosophy, law,
statesmanship, navigation and exploration, painting, printing, physics, entomology, microscopy and
inevitably as part of the same movement, medicine underwent the same experience.
It was hardly a matter of accident that
Leyden attracted so many Scotsmen to its halls of medicine. The pre-eminence of Leyden as a medical center came at a time when conditions were most opportune for the Scottish influx. Having a Protest¬ ant foundation, the University placed no religious bar of any kind in the way of students. This free¬ dom from discrimination attracted a superior faculty as well. Their religious freedom was matched by a freedom of learning with respect to political belief.
Both were out-growths of the spirit that had defeated
Spain. In the twentieth century we have seen political tests imposed upon learning in so many countries that a seventeenth, century object lesson may not "be amiss j Duncan Gumming (M.A. Edin., / M.D. Leyden) left Scotland as a political refugee to
Leyden where he was eventually to take his M.D. degree. On June 23, 1684, Professor Drelincourt reported to the Leyden Senatus that Gumming was ready to proceed with his public disputation for the M.D. degree, but that the English Ambassador had requested that this right be withheld. Dr. Innes
Smith succinctly states the attitude of the Univer¬ sity. "The Senatus, however, gave it as their decision, that the University had nothing to do with politics, and that the function of a university was in regard to knowledge in the various faculties, and that they neither could nor would renounce their rights, consequently if the individual in question was up to the standard in his public Disputation, the degree to which he aspired would be granted.
Further, Drelincourt was instructed by the Senate 2 to intimate their decision to the English Ambassador1.'
Geography and commerce also played their parts in fostering the Scottish migration of medical students to Leyden. The geographical position of the two countries brought them into early commercial
2 R.¥. Innes Smith, English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the University of Leyden. (Oliver and Boyd, 1932) p. 60. contact and facilitated social and educational
intercourse. Wool, coal and fish were sold to
Holland. In 1601 woolen factories were established
within what is now Edinburgh and Dutch weavers came
over as instructors in the atta of weaving and
dyeing. Further, as Dr. Turner points out:"A period
of foreign education had long been part of the
recognized training of such Scotsmen as were able to
indulge in it. It became a European movement made
possible through the common use of the more or less 3 universal Latin speech,"
c entury During the first quarter/of its existance,
1575 to 1600, the fledgling University of Leyden
exercised no direct influence upon Edinburgh. Of
the total enrollment of 128 students there were 4 only 13 from England and none at all from Scotland,
nonetheless, this period is not without interest to
us. The nature and method of medical instruction
instituted were in time to have a decisive effect
on the development of the medical school. This
effect was in turn to be transmitted eventually to
Edinburgh. The early faculty, trained in large
measure at Padua, were themselves the product of a,
great medical tradition. Chairs were founded in
3 A. Logan Turner, Story of a Great Hospital, The Royal Infirmary 1729-1929 (Oliver and Boyd,1937) p.23.
4 A. Logan Turner, op. cit. p. 21. "botany, chemistry, medicine and anatomy. The chair
of anatomy in particular deserves mention. Peter 5
Paaw who hs,d studied under fabricius at Padua , had
an anatomical theater built in 1597 and furnished
an anatomical museum. He is reputed'to have dissect- 6 ed some sixty bodies while Professor of Anatomy .
Human dissection became firmly established as the
accepted mode of teaching anatomy. And it was in
the field of anatomy, that one of the great strengths
of Edinburgh medicine was subsequently to be found.
Equally important was the institution of clinical
teaching by means of bedside instruction similar to
the methods of padua. The hospital wa.s integrated with the University. Beds were set aside in the
Convent Infirmary for clinical tuition by the Univ¬
ersity and permission for post-mortem examinations
^was secured.
The period of indirect effect was essenti¬ ally to continue for another fifty years during the first half of the seventeenth century. During this period, English-speaking students comprised about
9.6 % of the matriculation, and of course only a 7 portion of these were Scottish . As in all pro¬ gressive development,however, signs of a more direct
5 D. Guthrie, op. cit. p. 194.
6 D. Guthrie, op. cit. p. 194.
7 A. Logan Turner, op. cit, p. 23. influence began to appear and grow in strength as
the middle of the seventeenth century approached.
Thus in 1602 we find James (jacobus) Maculo register
ed at Leyden and also early in the same century,
John (Johannes) Maculo, his brother, appears in
the Leyden Acta. Both became physicians to James I
and both taught at Lisa, James teaching medicine and
John teaching chemistry and physic. They may well
be the James and John Maculo who received Master of
Arts degrees from the University of Edinburgh in
1588 and 1592 respectively. Yet we must note that
of the nine Edinburgh physicians or surgeons to the
King only the two Maculo brothers were at Leyden
before the middle of the seventeenth century; the
other seven physicians and surgeons were all at
Leyden after the mid-point of the century. (See
Table Uo. 2, p.38 for the complete list, based upon
the data contained in R.W. Inn.es Smith, English-
Speaking Students of Medicine at the University of
Leyden).
Another influencing factor of note that had its origins, at least, in the first half of the
seventeenth century was the -early attempt to obtain
a charter for a College of Physicians in Scotland.
Dr. Turner speaking of Scotsmen at Leyden during
this period says that " five of them were sign¬ atories of the Patent of 1656, when the physicians
in Edinburgh made their third unsuccessful attempt, in the time of Cromwell, to found a College of
8 , Physicians in the city." My own study of the 9 source material suggests a different number of
Leyden-trained physicians who participated in the
effort to obtain the 1656 charter. The complete
list, as I have found it, is set out in Table Ho. 3?
p. 39 , based upon the data contained in R.V. Innes
Smith, "English-Speaking Students at the University
of Leyden." Of this group of eight physicians, it
will be noticed that the first name is open to 10 question. ¥e simply know that Alexander Douglas
was at Leyden in 1622, and that a contemporary
person of the same name appeared first on the list
of those who attempted to form the "College of
Physicians of Scotland" in 1656. The eight physi¬
cians are,as much as anything else, transitional
factors bridging the first and second halves of the
seventeenth century. Seven of the group were at
Leyden in the first half of the century. Pour of
these, John Sydserf (Leyden 1644), Henry Ilenrison
(Leyden 1647), George Hepburn (Leyden 1648) and
Alexander Yeaman (Leyden 1649) were there in the
closing six years of the first half century; the
other three, Alexander Douglas, supra, James
Beaton (Leyden 1627) and David Balfour (Leyden 1634)
were earlier. Thomas Glegg (Leyden 1652) came to
8 A.L. Turner, op. cit., p. 23.
9. R.V, Innes Smith, op. cit.
10 R.V, Innes Smith, op. cit., p. 70. Leyden just after the mid-point of the century and
Henry Henrison, supra, returned to Leyden in 1651.
Their unsuccessful effort of 1656 helped pave the way for the future Royal College of Physicians of 11 Edinburgh, and ushered in the second half of the seventeenth century when more direct influences
"began to he felt.
■With the second half of the seventeenth century, the seventy-five year old school of Leyden entered its period of fullest flower when such names as Sylvius, Pitcairne and Boerhaave were to adorn its faculty. Prom this time until its pre¬ eminence begins to wane, it is the teaching span of particular men rather than arbitrary periods of years that best delineate the growth and influence of
Leyden.
!l Francis de la Boe, or Franciscus Sylvius as he is better known, was elected to the chair of medicine at Leyden in 1658. For almost fifteen years he exerted a profound influence on medicine and medical teaching there. Chemical physiology was his particular sphere of development. He studied the digestive processes and the nature of such bodily juices as saliva, pancreatic juice and
11 Historical Sketch and Laws of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (1925) pp. 32, 33. H.
"bile. Sylvius also demonstrated such body chemistry 12 as fermentation and gas formation. Hot content with these considerable achievements, he took a keen interest in clinical or bedside instruction.
His writings on this subject could serve as a guide
even today; "I led ray students by the very hand
into the practice of medicine. I took them daily
into the hospital for the purpose of seeing the
sick, to whose complaints and other notable symptoms
I directed attention, asking immediately afterwards what they had observed, their views as to the cause and proper treatment. *** I pitted.against each 13 other those students holding different opinions'.'
Some 1109 students were enrolled at Leyden during the Sylvius period, of whom 32 were from 14 Scotland. Of the latter group, two became members of the faculty at Edinburgh. Robert Sibbald, who in 1685 was made Professor of Medicine in the
Town's College (later the University of Edinburgh), was inscribed at Leyden on April 28, 1660. Gilbert.
Rule, who became Principal of the University of
Edinburgh, was inscribed at Leyden on February 9,
1666. Sibbald was also one of the founders of the
Royal College of. Physicians of Edinburgh. I have been able to find only three additional founders
12 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 199.
13 A. Logan Turner, op. cit. , p. 23
14 A. Logan Turner, op. cit., p. 24 of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinbutgh who were at Leyden during the Sylvius period although 15 Dr. Turner mentions that there were five. The only other figures that Dr. Turner gives, namely,- that of the twenty-one founding physicians, nine had studied at Leyden, coincide with my findings.
In addition to Sihbald, the following, who were on the Original Patent of the Royal College of Physic¬ ians of Edinburgh, were also at Leyden during the
Sylvius period: Archibald Stevensone, the first
President, 1681-1684 R.C.P. Edin., and again Presi¬ dent in 1693, was inscribed at Leyden on October 7,
1659. Robert Trotter, President R.C.P. Edin. in
1694 and in 1700 was inscribed at Leyden on March 1,
1670. Robert Crawfurd was inscribed there on
December 15, 1668. Vith respect to surgeons, that storehouse of information, Dr. R.W. Innes Smith's,
"English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the Univ¬ ersity of Leyden", yields but one name, and even that is open to some question. ¥illiam (G-uilielmus)
Borthwick was inscribed at Leyden on September 20,
1667, while Sylvius was still teaching there. While we know that a William Borthwick was a member of the
Edinburgh Corporation of Surgeons in 1665, we cannot be certain that this was the same man. In
15 A. Logan Turner, op. cit. , p. 24. j|.
any event, the foregoing group constitutes a
nucleus of some importance in Edinburgh medical \ circles during the last half of the seventeenth
century. If augmentation in terras of numbers were
needed, it is readily available among those Edinburgh
Masters of Arts who were at Leyden during the pro¬
fessorship of Sylvius. Omitting the ubiquitous
Sibbald, as well as Stevensone and Trotter, all of
whom were M.A. Edin. , we still have the follox-ring:
James Cathcart, M.A. Edin.1648; Leyden 1660 and 1657.
James Murray,? M.A. Edin. 1650? Leyden 1659.
John Livingston,M.A. Edin.1654; Lejrden 1659 ,M.D. 1661.
David Dickson, M.A. Edin. 1658; Leyden 1667.
Robert Hepburn, ? M.A. Edin, 1658; Leyden 1661.
Colin Mackenzie, ? M.A. Edin. 1661; Leyden 1671.
William Park, M.A., Edin. 1662; Leyden 1668.
John Millar, M.A. Edin. 1664 ; Leyden 1668.
Alexander Pennecuik, M.A. Edin. 1664; Leyden 1668.
The above list has been compiled from the data
contained in R.W. Innes Smith's, "English-Speaking
Students of Medicine at the University of Leyden."
This list is part of Table Uo. 8 to be found at
page 56 , infra.
Before turning to Pitcairne, mention should be made of three other faculty members af
Leyden. Hicolas Tulp (1593-1674) who has been immortalized in Rembrandt's painting, "The Lesson in Anatomy" was the first physician to describe the 16
disease beri-beri . Another anatomist of note was Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) who discovered a means of anatomical preservation by injecting a
liquid, which solidified upon cooling, into the 17 blood vessels of the specimen . Finally, there was Govert Bidloo (1649-1713) whose memorable atlas 18 of anatomy must have been a prime teaching aid in those days of relative difficulty in procuring anatomical specimens. The work of these three anatomists constitutes part of the heritage which
Leyden was to bequeath to Edinburgh.
Archibald Pitcairne may well be regarded as the founder of the Edinburgh School of Medicine, among his numerous other claims to fame. He was born in Edinburgh in 1652, the son of a bailie of the city. Pitcairne entered the study of medicine by a rather devious route. He took his M.A. degree 19 at the University of Edinburgh . Apparently, how¬ ever, his earliest interest was lav/. It was after he had left Edinburgh and gone to Paris that his study of medicine began. He remained in Paris 20 studying medicine from 1675 to 1680. On August 13,
1680 he was granted the degree of M.D. Rheirns.
16 D. Guthrie, op. cit. , p. 194.
17 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 194. 18 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 193. 19 A. Logan Turner, op. cit., p. 24. 20 J.D. Comrie, History of Scottish Medicine to 1860 (Research Studies in Medical History llo. 4, ¥ellcorae Hist. Med, Museum) (Bailliere, Tindall & Cox 1927) p. 185. nineteen years later, on August 7, 1699, he was to receive another M.D. degree from King's College,
Aberdeen; this diploma is still preserved in the
Royal Scottish Museum of Antiquities, Through the influence of David Gregory, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, litcairne developed a deep interest in mathematics, When this interest is coupled with his medical interests it is not strange to see him developing later as a leader of the Iatro-physical, or latro-mechanical or latro- mathematical, as it is variously called, school of medical thought. When Harvey asked himself "how much" blood leaves the heart after ea.ch contraction, he took the first long step to the discovery of the circulation of the blood. The same question, how¬ ever, became the point of departure for a whole theory of medicine which,in the form of latro- physical medicine, formed a, working hypothesis for the century after Harvey. Pitcairne threw himself into the controversies still raging about Harvey's discovery, with zest. He wrote in able defence of
Harvey's claim little more than a year after receiv¬ ing his Rheins degree. The nature of his advocacy 21 may be inferred from the title of an attack made
21 J.D. Gomrie, op. cit. , p. 185. If.
upon Mm many years later by Sir Edward Eizat in
"Appollo JJathematicus , or the Art of Curing Diseases by the Mathematics" (1695). Even before Pitcairne began his formal study of medicine in Paris? he had participated in the medical life of Edinburgh. At about 1670? Pitcairne, along with Sir Robert Sibbald,
Sir Andrew Balfour, Sir Thomas Burnet and Sir
Archiba-ld Stevensone (s.s their were afterwards to be titled) , participated, in laying out a Physic Garden and considered the means of forming a College of
Physicians at Edinburgh. A year after Pitcairne's receipt of the Rheims M.D. degree, the efforts to obtain a charter came to frtiition. In 1681 he became one of the original fellows of the Royal
College of Physiciand of Edinburgh; his name is the last on the Original Patent. In 1685 Pitciarne,
Robert Sibbald and James Hallcet were constituted the first three Professors of Medicine in the
Town's College, or the University of Edinburgh as it was beginning to be called. His eminence in medicine steadily increased until, by 1692, he may fairly be considered the outstanding Scottish- physician of his time.
On ITov ember 28, 1691, after intimation from James Dalrymple, President of the Court of
Session in Scotland, that Pitcairne would accept such a post, the Curators of the University of Leyden appointed Pitcairne Professor of Practice of Physic 22 at a salary of 1000 gueldres. On Js.nu3.ry 24, 1692, there is read to the curators Pitcairne's letter of acceptance in which he informs them that he will arrive at Leyden in [March or April. The psychologi¬ cal effect of this appointment upon the young
Edinburgh Medical. School must have been tremendous.
It was a case of the eagle requesting aid of a fledgling in the nest with respect to instruction in flight. On April 26, 1692, Pitcairne delivered his inaugural lecture at Leyden and was granted an extra honorarium of 400 gueldres. In September of the same year, he was appointer Treasurer of the 25 Fa.cu.lty. After one yea.r of teaching, he returned to Scotland and on December 29, 1693, wrote to the curalors requesting them to choose another
Professor in his place, since "a-n unexpected obstacle" had a.risen to hinder his return.
Fitcairne did not a.bandon teaching altogether with the term.ina.tion of his Leyden post.
Pitcairne joined with others of the Incorporation 24 of Surgeons in combined anatomical demonstrations.
The minutes of the Incorporation for January, 1703, 25 describe the course of demonstration.
22 R,¥. Innes Smith, op. cit., p. 183
23 R.V. Innes Smith, op. cit. , p. 183
24 J.D. Comrie, op. cit., p. 97
25 O.H. Creswell, The Royal Goliege of Surgeons of Edinburgh (Oliver & Boyd, 1926). Pitcairne's writings, published as "Dissertationes
Medicae" were among the factors that led to his 26 Leyden appointment. His dissertation upon the
"Cures of fevers" deserve especial mention when it is remembered that in his day fevers constituted 27 two-thirds of all diseases. Some of his handi¬ work in anatomy is still preserved, rather time- worn, in the Royal College of Surgeons at Edinburgh.
The students of Pitcairne at Leyden form a significant group,despite the shortness of his tenure there, foremost among them was Hermann
Boerhaave who has been described by Dr. Guthrie as "By far the greatest clinical teacher of the eighteenth century, and one of the g'reatest of all 28 time #**". In thirty-seven years of teaching at
Leyden, Boerhaave was to have a profound effect on the rising School of Medicine at Edinburgh.
Another celebrated physician who studied under
Pitcairn at Leyden was Richard Mead, a pioneer of 29 Preventive State Medicine in England. In addition to these renowned pupils, there were others who had journeyed from Scotland to study at Leyden under Pitcairne, another Scot. The outstanding
26 D. Guthrie, op. cit. , p. 226.
27 J.D. Comrie, op. cit., p. 188,
28 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 220.
29. A. Logan Turner, op. cit., p. 24,25. member of this group was John Monro, a member of
the Edinburgh Corporation of Surgeons (1703), who, 30 in 1712-13, became president of that body. Dr.
Innes Smith says of him that,"PIis great desire xtas
to see a Medical School established in Edinburgh on
the lines of Leyden and Padua, and he educated his
son Alexander for this purpose." He may be
considered, with Pitcairne, a founder of the
Edinburgh Medical School; his son, the well known
"Monro Primus", became Professor of Anatomy at
Edinburgh University. Another of Pitcairne's
outstanding students was Robert Elliot. Elliot became a member of the Edinburgh Surgeons in 1696.
A year later he became First Professor of Anatomy to the Edinburgh Surgeons. In 1706 he was appoint- 31 ed Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh University.
A favourite pupil of Pitcairne, and one who was 32 promoted by Pitcairne at Leydem^was George Hepburn,
He became a E.R.C.P. Edin. in 1694, and was personal physician to Sir Robert ¥alpole. Hepburn was suspended from his Fellowship as the result of his disputes with other Fellows in vigorous defence of his master, Pitcairne. Alexander Thomson, author of "Dissertationes Kedicae" (1705), also
30 R.V. Innes Smith, op. cit. , p. 162.
31 R.¥. Innes Smith, op. cit., pp. 78, 79.
32 R.W. Innes Smith, op. cit,, p. 115. studied under Pitcairne. He has been described as 53 "Professor ex schola Pitcairniana" by Haller.
Finally we have Thomas Young who became a F.R.C.P.
Edin. in 1707, and whose Utrecht M.D. thesis is
"Dedicated to his teacher at Leyden, Archibald 34 Pitcairne, M.D."
The teaching of clinical medicine
received a tremendous thrust forward as the result
of the work of Hermann BOerhaave. He was born on
December 31, 1668, the son of a pastor of the
Reformed Church of Holland. Although his early
education was directed toward the profession pf his
father, Boerhaave1s interest in medicine was not to
be denied. Dr. Guthrie gives an interesting
account of a determinative incident which set
Boerhaave firmly on the path toward a medical career:
"Young Hermann was traveling in a packet boat when
a discussion arose among the passengers regarding
Spinoza, who had just startled Europe by affirming
that God was everywhere. One speaker was particu¬
larly severe in his condemnation of such heresy,
until Boerhaave asked him whether he had ever tead
the works which he so hotly attacked. This silenced
the critic, but he had his revenge. On reaching
Leyden, Boerhaave found that there had arrived
before him the rumor that he was a follower of
Spinoza,. It was useless to protest. Instead, the
33 R.W. Innes Smith, op. cit. , p. 232.
34 R.V. Innes Smith, op. cit. , p. 2.56. young divine determined to change his profession,
and to adopt the calling to which he was already 35 strongly attracted. Success came rapidly". That
medicine may owe Boerhaave to Spinoza adds a
provocative footnote to history. Boerhaave had 36 already read "books on "botany and chemistry and 37 attended lectures on anatomy while pursuing his
studies in theology and philosophy at the University
of Leyden. low enlarging upon his medical studies he progressed to the M.D. degree of the University
of Harderwijlc. In 1701, he was appointed Lecturer
in the Institutes of Medicine, at Leyden. Eight years later, in 1709, he was elected to the double
Professorship of the Institutes of Medicine and of
Botany. Eis amazing versatility enabled him to range freely over the whole field of medical instruction. On the death of Bidloo in 1714,
Boerhaave was granted the post of Professor of the
Practice of Physic, a,nd two years later the chair of Chemistry was added to his numerous appointments.
The acceptance of the 1714 chair was particularly apposite, for as Dr. Turner points out, it was,
"In the chair of practice of physic and in the wards of the hospital (that) his genius as a, teacher found its fullest expression: in the role of an
35 D. Guthrie, op. cit. ,. p. 220. 4 36 A. Logan Turner, op. cit. , p. 25.
37 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 220. interpreter of ITature, rather than in that of a 38 discoverer ***{,' The fame of "the great preceptor
of medicine" spread even to America; the number of
English-speaking students at Leyden reached its
apogee.
Before directing our attention to these
English-speaking pupils of Boerhaave, mention must
be ma.de of his writings. The "Institutiones
Medicae"(1708), and "Aphorismi" (1709) are his 39 principal works. These two books were the repre¬
sentative medical works of their time and "guided
and controlled medical tea.ch.ing at Edinburgh for 40 nearly fifty years". Ranging wide in books as in
teaching, he also wrote the "Index.Plantarum" (1710)
and "Elements. Chemiae" (1731) .
Hh.il e Edinburgh physicians who studied under Boerhaave are our chief concern at the moment, we cannot entirely lose sight of two of his
continental nupils. Albrecht von Haller was to 41 become "the founder of modern physiology" and the author of numerous important works in that field,
including "Elementa Thysiologiae" in eight volumes
(1759-66). Gerhard van Swieten accepted the post
38 Logan Turner, op. cit. , p. 26,
39 D. Guthrie, op. cit. , p. 221.
40 A. Logan Turner, op. cit., p. 29.
41 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 224. of lecturer at Leyden after completing Ms studies, and eventually went on to reorganize and vitalize the Old Yienna Medical School, initiating its period 42 of greatness.
During the almost three decades of Boer¬ haave's Leyden professorships, approximately 1,919 students were enrolled in the medical school. More than one-third were English-speaking with 205 from
Scotland alone, and seven from the distant American 43 colonies. Boerhaave's actual teaching span at
Leyden was closer to four decades, however, since he joined the faculty in 1701 a,nd served as lecturer until 1709 when he received his first professorial appointment; his professorial period continued from
1709 until 1738.
During Boerhaave's tenure at Leyden, no less than eight physicians, who were afterwards to attain professorial chairs at the University of
Edinburgh, studied at Leyden. The first of these in point of time was James Crauford who was inscribed at Leyden on May 31, 1707,and who received his M.D. degree there on July 6th of the same year; he became the first Professor of Chemistry at the University
42 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 225.
43 A. Logan Turner, op, cit., p. 29. of Edinburgh. During the year 1718 three others, who were to attain distinction on the Edinburgh faculty, were enrolled at leyden. Alexander Monro I was inscribed in the Leyden Album on November 16,
1718; he eventually received his M.D. degree at the
University of Edinburgh where he became Professor of
Anatomy. Charles Alston, who was inscribed at
Leyden on September 5, 1718, became Professor of
Botany at 'one University of Edinburgh. John
Rutherford, inscribed at Leyden on August 26, 1718,
"became Professor of Practice of Physic at the
University of Edinburgh, and first introduced regular clinical instruction to this country. The year 1720 saw another group of three future Edin¬ burgh faculty members enrolled at Leyden, Andrew
Plummer was inscribed at Leyden on September 5, 1720, and two years later, on July 23, 1722, received his
M.D. degree there. He became Professor of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh in 1726, Andrew
Sinclair , who was inscribed at Leyden on September 5,
1720, became the first Profewsor of the Institutes of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1726.
John Innes, inscribed at Leyden on September 5, 1720, became Professor of the Practice of Physic at the
University of Edinburgh in 1726, This latter group of three, it will be noted, experienced the striking coincidence of having all been inscribed at Leyden on the same day , and afterwards having received their chairs at Edinburgh in the same year. Finally,
there is Robert Smith who- was inscribed at Leyden on
April 23, 1726, and in 1739 became the second
Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh, the oldest
chair of its kind in the world. The complete list
of Edinburgh facility who studied at Leyden is
contained in Table ho. 4 at page 40 • ™s Table
is based on the data contained in R.W. Innes Smith's
"English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the Univ¬
ersity of Leyden". In the foregoing paragraph, the
Christian names of the various individuals have
been anglicized; the Latin form is used in the
Table and by Dr. Innes Smith.
Edinburgh Of the nine/Bhysicians (or Surgeons) to
the King, all of whom studied at Leyden, two were
there during Boerhaave's professorship. Sinclair has already been mentioned as an Edinburgh faculty member who was at Leyden during the Boerhaave era.
Sinclair became First Physician to the King in
Scotland in 1733. Geo. Cunningham was inscribed at
Leyden on February 20, 1711, and became Surgeon-
Apothecary to His Majesty the King in Edinburgh in
1736.
The Royal College of Physicians of Edin¬ burgh also felt the impact of Boerhaave's teaching at Leyden. . Four of its presidents had studied under him at Leyden. Thirty-five of its Fellows had also been at Leyden during Boerhaave's reigh. line
Licentiates and one Honorary Member complete the
list. ' The names and dates of the entire group
follow:
Alex. Dundas, F.R. C.P. 1695 , Pres. 1702; Leyden 1722 Johannes Sinclair, P.R .C.P. 1702, Leyden 1701 II Pranciscus Pringle 1704 , Pres. 1727; Leyden 1701 James Stevenson, L.R C.P. 1706, Leyden 1703 Patrick Sinclair, P.R C.P. 1701, Leyden 1701 James Brown, P.R C.P. 1707 , Leyden 1703 Robert Lewis, P.R C.P. 1708, Leyden 1706 James Grauford, P.R C.P. 1711. Leyden 1707 John Cameron, L.R C.P. 1712, Leyden 1703 John Menzies, P.R C.P. 1712, Leyden 1709 Wm. Arthour, P.R C.P. 1714, Leyden 1706 Wm. Cochrane, P.R C.P. 1715, Leyden 1709 Tho mas C rawford, L.R C.P. 1715 , Leyden 1712 Robert Thomson, P.R C.P. 1716, Leyden 1712 James Houston, L.R C.P. 1717, Leyden 1714 James Eccles, P.R C.P. 1719 , Leyden 1716 John Lerinont, P.R C.P. 1720, Leyden 1713 Chas. Alston, P.R C.P. 1721, Leyden 1718 John Marshall, P.R C.P. 1721, Leyden 1718 ii 1718 Wm. Porterfield, 1721 , Pres. 1748; Leyden James Stuart, L.R C.P. 1721, Leyden 1721 Andrew Plummer, P.R C.P. 1724, Leyden 1720 John Rutherford, P.R C.P. 1724, Leyden 1718 Andrew Sinclair, P.R C.P. 1724, Leyden 1720 Alex. Scott, P.R C.P. 1725, Leyden 1713 James Dundas, P.R C.P. 1725, Leyden 1722 Alex. Cunningham, " 1727, Pres. 1756; Leyden 1724 Wm. Graeme, L.R C.P. 1727, Leyden 1720 Wm. Pullerton, Hon Mem .1728, Leyden 1717
John Stevenson, P.R C.P. 1729 , Leyden 1709 John Taylor, L&P.R C.P. 1729, Leyden 1727 Alex. Martin, L.R C.P. 1733, Leyden 1724 Chas. Wisbet, P.R C.P. 1735, Leyden 1731 John Pringle, P.R C.P. 1735, Leyden 1728 David Poulis, P.R C.P. 1737, Leyden 1734
James Baird, P.R C.P. 1738, . Leyden 1732 David Horsburgh, L.R C.P. 1739, Leyden 1731 George Martine, Hon Mem.1740, Leyden 1721 Adam Murray, P.R C.P. 1743, Leyden 1724 John Boswell, P.R C.P. 1748, Leyden 1733 Alex. Monro I, P.R C.P. 1756, Leyden 1718 Patrick Haldane, P.R C.P. 1758, Leyden 1737 Thomas Glenn, P.R C.P. 1760, Leyden 1724 Wm. Macfarlane, P.1768 ,L .1727, Leyden 1724 John Johnstoun, Hon. Pel .1774, Leyden 1708 The complete list of Fellows, Members and. Licentiates
of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, who
studied at LeydeA, is contained in Table Mo.,7 page
46 .
Of the fifteen, members of the Edinburgh
Corporation of Surgeons, who studied at Leyden, nine
were there during the Boerhaave period. Two of these,
Colin Mackenzie (Leyden 1722) and Jacobus Robertson
(Leyden 1707), are open to question. Two contempor¬
ary individuals of the same name, however, were
Members of the Corporation in 1719. Of the other
seven we have more positive information. Georgius
Balderston (Lsyden 1720) and Johannes Wallace (Leyden
1718) became Members of the Corporation in 1721.
In 1722 Alexander Alves (Leyden 1717) became a
Member; the next year Patricus Fife (Leyden 1720)
became a, Member; and in 1725 Guilielmus Graeme
(Leyden 1720) attained Membership. Finally, we have
Robertus Smith (Leyden 1726) who-became a Member of
the Edinburgh Corporation of Surgeons in 1731, and
Thomas Glenn (Leyden 1724) who attained his Member¬
ship in 1737. The complete list of Members of the
Edinburgh Corporation of Surgeons who studied at
Leyden is contemned in Table Ho. 6 page 45 . This
Table is based upon data contained in R.W. Innes
Smith's book, "English-Speaking Students of Medicine at Leyden". Of the forty-four Edinburgh University
Doctors of Medicine who studied at Leyden eight were students during the time of Boerhaave. Alex.
Monro I was one of this group. The other seven were: James Eccles (Leyden 1716), John Hamilton
(Leyden 1717), Samuel Kay (Leyden 1733), John
Sutton (Leyden 1733), John Arnot (Leyden 1730),
Patrick Blair (Leyden 1737) and Robert Hamilton
(Leyden 1736). The complete list of Edinburgh
University Doctors of Medicine who studied at
Leyden is contained in Table Ho. 5 page42 . This
Table has been compiled from the information contained in R.W. Innes Smith's "English-Speaking
Students of Medicine at the University of Leyden".
Some twenty-six Edinburgh University
Piasters of Arts also underwent medical training at
Leyden during the time of Boerhaave. Their names and dates follow:
Martinus Martin, M.A. Edin. 1681 Leyden 1710 Joannes Cameron, M.A. Edin. 1694 Leyden 1703 Archibaldus Adams, M.A. Edin. 1695 Leyden 1705 G-ulielmus Arthour, M.A. Edin. 1697 Leyden 1706 Jacobus Brown, M.A. Edin. 1698 Leyden 1703 Archibaldus Combrie, M.A. Edin. 1698 Leyden 1714 Johannes Haliburton, M.A. Edin. 1698 Leyden 1702 Eranciscus Pringle, M.A. Edin. 1698 Leyden 1701 jacobus Corry, M.A. Edin. 1699 Leyden 1705 Johannes Landlands, M.A. Edin. 1699 ? Leyden 1703 Jacobus Lidderdale, M.A. Edin. 1699 Leyden 1707 Patricius Hunter, M.A. Edin. 1702? Leyden 1716 Robertus Mathison, M.A. Edin. 1702 Leyden 1727 Jacobus Cunningham, M.A. Edin. 1703? Leyden 1713. Johannes Marshall M.A. Edin. 1703 Leyden 1718, David v/hyte, M.A. Edin. 1703? Leyden 1708, C-uilielmus Douglas, M.A. Edin. 1705 Lej^den 1711, Andreas Hall, M.A. Edin. 1705 Leyden 1717. Jacobus Lundie, M.A. Edin. 1705 Leyden 1709. Jacobus Reynolds, M.A. Edin. 1705 Leyden 1708, Eduardus Charleton, M.A. Edin. 1706 Leyden 1706. Jacobus Graham, M.A. Edin. 1713 Leyden 1717, Patricuis Gordon, M.A. Edin. 1714? Leyden 1719. Edmundus Calaray, M.A. Edin. 1717 Leyden 1717. Gulielmus Hay, M.A. Edin. 1717 Leyden .1725. Arthurus Robinson, M.A. Edin. 1722? Leyden 1733.
The complete list of Edinburgh. Masters of Arts who
studied at Leyden is contained in Table Ho.8 Page 56.
This Table is based upon data taken from R.W. Innes
Smith's "English-Speaking Students of Medicine at
the University of Leyden".
It is not difficult to understand how
deep an impression Boerhaave's teaching must have
made upon the rising young Medical School of Edin¬ burgh. In sheer weight of numbers, the cumulative
impact of his pupils upon Edinburgh medical life was considerable. The qualitative effect was
equally great, since many of his students attained positions of outstanding importance in the medical
community at Edinburgh. Eight University Professor- s?nips, four Presidencies and thirty-five Fellowships
of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh , as well as eight Doctorates of Medicine (Edin.),
one Physician to the King and one Surgeon to the
King; all testify to the influence his students attained in Edinburgh medicine. Inevitably, that influence must have reflected the opinions of the outstanding teacher of the time. Obviously, the period when the Edinburgh
Medical School was most susceptible to outside
influence \\ras while it was in process of formation
and during its first period of growth. At that time with no tradition of its own to guide it, survival
depended upon the models it had the wisdom or good
fortune to choose. Both elements had a role to play. While it was sagacity in their search for wisdom that brought so many of the founding group to Leyden, the acknowledged leader in medical instruction, nonetheless, it was historical chance that a figure such as Boerhaave should have been on the contemporary' scene just at the moment of parturition of the Edinburgh Medical School.
When Robert Sibbald, Archibald Pitcairne and Andrew Balfour established the Physic Garden close to the Abbey of Holyroodhouse (circa 1670), they were preparing the ground for a medical school as well. Prom this Physic Garden grew the Professor¬ ship of Botany at Edinburgh in 1676. Sutherland, the first professor, was succeeded by Charles
Preston in 1705 and he in turn by his brother.
Charles Alston followed the Prestons in the professorship. Of the first four holders of the chair,therefore, two, Charles Preston and Charles
Alston were Leyden trained. Sibbald himself, as well as Pitcairne, as has been repeatedly pointed out, were both subject to the influence of Leyden. After three miscarriages, the Royal
College of Physicians was finally established in
1681. Again the tireless Sibbald was instrumental
in the effort; Pitcairne and Stevensone, who also
cooperated in the venture, completed a Leyden trio very largly responsible for the success of the new
institution. "While the fact that the Roya,l College
of Physicians was expressly prohibited from establish¬
ing a medical school may have delayed the founding
of the Edinburgh Medical School, yet equally, the
existance of such a body as the Royal College provided an organized supply of medical leaders who could be drawn upon for a faculty when the moment was opportune. It was the atmosphere essen¬ tial to the healthy and rapid growth of the Edin¬ burgh Medical School.
Pour years later, in 1685, these resources were drawn upon and three Pellows of the Royal
College of Physicians became the first three Prof¬ essors of Medicine in the Town's College, or as some were already beginning to call it, the Univer¬ sity of Edinburgh. The historic three, Sibbald,
Hallcet and Pitcairne all had connections with the
University of Leyden; the first tas students a number of years before and the latter as a Leyden
Professor some years later. 'While the amount of teaching they actually did is problematical, still the seed had been planted. The next step in the germination of the
Edinburgh Medical School was provided "by the Incorp¬
oration of Surgeons. Their petition to the Town
Council for "bodies for dissection having "been
granted on condition that the Corporation provide
an anatomical theater, they had speedily done so.
This anatomical theater in the old Surgeon*s Hall
fostered the development of Edinburgh Anatomy. By
1705, instruction had been systematized to the
point where a "Professor of Anatomy in this City
and College" was appointed from their number.
A Leader in the Corporation of Surgeons was John Monro. He had studied at Leyden under
Pitcairne. After some years of service as an army
surgeon, he resigned when thirty years old and returned to Edinburgh. In 1700 he joined the
Incorporation of Surgeons, and in 1712-13 was made
Deacon of that body. It has been said that to him,
"by right belongs the honorable title of 'Father of 44 i the Edinburgh Medics,! School'." Whether the honor should be divided with Pitcairne is of little moment: there is enough glory for both in either event. He implemented his ardent desire to establish a "medical seminary" by training his son Alexander l) to that end,,
44 A. Logan Turner, op. cit., p. 34. Pitcairne had trained both. John Monro
and Hermann Boerhaave at Leyden. Both the latter
were to have the opportunity to train Alexander
Monro I. Boerhaave had him as a favorite pupil
at Leyden and his father John Monro lavished his
knowledge and ambitions upon him. In 1719
Alexander I followed his father's footsteps by
becoming a member of the Incorporation of Surgeons.
In the following year the Town Council appointed
him to the previously mentioned post of "professor
of Anatomy in the City and College". It was he who brought the Professorship of Anatomy within the protective walls of the University when his anatom¬
ical museum was threatened; and there the Professor¬ ship was to remain.
The next impetus to growth of the Edin¬ burgh Medical School was to come from that reserve fund of faculty material, the Royal College of
Physicians. At their petition, the Town Council in 1713 appointed James Crauford one of the Bellows to the Professorship of Chemistry, and Medicine; and in 1724 another of the Bellows was elevated to a
Professorship, this time the chair of the Institutes and Practice of Physic to which William Porterfield was appointed. Crauford was not only a former Leyden student but had been at Leyden during the time of the great Boerhaave. Porterfield would seem to be the same person who was inscribed at Leyden on January 24, 1718 and who "became a F.R.C.B. Edin.
in 1721 and President in 1748. But Dr. Innes Smith,
who gives the biographical data on page 185 of his
"English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the
University of Leyden", makes no mention of any
professorship. In Table ho.4 page 40 where I have
listed the Edinburgh Faculty who studied at Leyden,
I have,therefore, omitted Porterfield's name (since the Table is based upon Dr. Innes Smith's data).
Four other Leyden pupils of Boerhaave were admitted to the Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians in 1724. The four of them, John Ruth¬ erford, Andrew St. Clair, Andrew Plummer and John
Innes proceeded to set up a chemical laboratory in a house adjoining the College Garden. On February
9, 1726, the Town Council, "did unanimously constitute, nominate and appoint Andrew St. Clair and John Rutherford, Professors of the Theory and
Practice of Medicine and Andrew Plummer and
John Innes, Professors of Medicine and Chemistry in the College of Edinburgh ***". On October 12,
1726, the University Senatus "accepted the Act of the Town Council and appointed these gentlemen
'Professors of Medicine* and the several branches 45 thereof in the University ***" By 1726, therefore,
45 A. Logan Turner, op. cit. , pp. 36, 37. 33.
it may fee said that an organized medical school was
ready to begin flowering.
Three years later, 0)n August 6, 1729, the
"Infirmary of six feeds, destined to become the larg¬
est voluntary hospital in the United Kingdom, was 46 opened". John Drummond was the first fellow of
the Royal College of Physicians to attend; he came
in his capacity as physician on the opening day.
later in the same month Robert Lowis, another fellow
and later President R.C.P., Edin., was to attend as
physician. Of the first two physicians to attend
the Infirmary, one, Lowis, had been trained at Leyden
A month before the Infirmary opened, Alexander Monro
I and five other surgeons had been accepted to divide
the year equally, between them, to provide the medicines prescribed by the physicians without cost 47 and to consult one another on difficult cases.
When Rutherford, Plummer, Sinclair and
Innes were made Professors in 1726, they had not
exhausted the young Medical School's capacity to generate professorial chairs. In that same year
Joseph Gibson was made the first Professor of Mid¬ wifery at Edinburgh, and indeed the first to hold such a chair at a-ny university in the world. His successor Robert Smith, the second Professor of Mid¬ wifery at Edinburgh, occupied the chair in 1739.
Smith had not only been a Leyden student but had
46 A. Logan Turner, op. cit. , p. 50,
47 A. Logan Turner, op. cit., p. 57, 34.
been at Leyden during Boerhaave's professorship.
He added yet another link between Leyden and the rapidly growing Medical School of Edinburgh.
The Monro dyns,sty produced an even mote brilliant son in Alexander II than his father,
Alexander I had been. Like his father, he had studied at Leyden, but in 1757 when Boerhaave had been gone for almost twenty years. He was a, brilli¬ ant anatomist and "the leading physician of his 48 time" Although he published original work on the lymphatics and the "bursae mucosae", he is best known to medical students as the discoverer of the foramen of Monro. Brom the fissure of Sylvius at
Leyden, to the foramen of Monro in Edinburgh is a striking illustration of a great line of medical development in which each chief personality had some direct connection with his predecessors and his successors. This line of development is
in illustrated Table ITo. 1 page 37 ,
The two professors Gregory end the period of Edinburgh faculty members who had been trained at Leyden. John Gregory had been inscribed at
Leyden on September 3, 1745, when, Boerhaave
48 D. Guthrie, op. cit., p. 229. having departed, the great school was approaching
its twilight. John Gregory "became Professor of
Medicine at the University of Edinburgh. James
Gregory succeeded Cullen, one of the "two great
teachers of clinical medicine in the eighteenth 49 century". The two teachers were, of course,
Boerhaave at the beginning of the century and
Cullen towards the end. But while the departure of Boerhaave from the teaching scene at Leyden marked the end of Leyden's period of glory, the departure of Cullen from his Edinburgh chair found
Edinburgh medicine in its greatness. When James
Gregory reached Leyden to be inscribed on November
2.3, 1774, Leyden was but a shadow. When, on the other hand, the same James Gregory became Professor of the Institutes of Medicine at Edinburgh in 1776, the Edinburgh Medical School led the world.
The extent to which Leyden had been responsible in influencing Edinburgh in its rise to medical power is perhaps best summed up in the various Tables which form part of this paper. The lean, bare facts reflected there are more inpressive than fat adjectives.
49 D. Guthrie, op. cit, , p. 223. Tlae record is a starkly simple one when
reduced to figures;
Physicians to the King.. Table Ho .2 Pg.38)
It it » 2 , Surge-ons to the King ... 38) 1
If n " Professors 4 40) . 17
If it » Principal 4 40) , 1
?1 n « 7 . Presidents E.G.P.Edin. . 46) 13
»l it •• 7 , Fellows R.C.P. Edin. ... 46) 68
II tt » Hon. Members E.G.P.Edin. 7 46) . 2
If it " Licentiates R.C.P.Edin. 7 46) , 12
fl it 11 Mem. Edin. Corp. Surg. 6 45) , 15
M.A. Edin It tt 8 " 56) 101
ft n " M.D. Edin 5 42) , 44
ff i» " R.M.S. Edin q 63) . 83
ft it " 19 Edin. Scientific Soc. .. 10 69)
This is a heritage in Leyden training that the
Edinburgh Medical School can never forget. TAISLE MO. I
Chief Lines In The Medical Heritage from Leyden to Edinburgh "From the [Fissure of Sylvius to the Foramen of Monro"
Francisous Sylvius Prof, of Med. , Leyden Pupils J
f r Robert Sibbald Archibald Stevens one Gilbert Rule Pres Orig. F. 1st Pres. R.C.P. Principal of R.S.C.Edin.,Prof Idin. Edin. Univ. of Med. Edin.
■■■■daughterM •~JMI I married | Robert'Trotter Archibald Pitcairne Pres. & Orig. F. Orig. F.R.C.P. Edin. R.C.P. Edin. Prof, of Med.,Edin. Prof of Practice of Physic; Leyden Pupils: Robert Elliot Hermann Boerhaave John Monro Prof, of Anat¬ Prof, of Institutes One of omy, Edin. of Med.;Botany; Founders Practice of Physic; of Edin. and Chemistry,Leyden Med.School Pupils: son: I Alex. Dundas Charles Alston Alex Monro I Pres. R.C.P. Prof, of Botany, Prof, of Edin. Edin. Anatomy,Edin son: Francis Pringle James Crauford Alex Monro II Pres. R.C.P.., Prof, of Chem., Prof* of Edin. Edin. Anatomy,Edin. son: ¥m. Porterfield John Rutherford ^Alex Monro IS Pres. R.C.P., Prof, of Practice Prof, of Edin. of Physic, Sdin. Anatomy,Edin aA Leyd&K Alex. Cunningham Andrew Plummer Pres. R.C.P., Prof, of Chem., Edin. Edin.
Andrew Sinclair Prof, of Institutes of Medicine, Edin.
John Innes Prof, of Practice of Physic, Edin.
Robert Smith Prof, of Midwifery, Edin. TABLE I>TO .2.
Edinburgh Physicians and Surgeons to the King;
Formerly Students at Leyden
Leyden Other lame Title Year Mo.Day Facts
Maculo, Physician 1602 Jan,11 Jacobus to James I
Maculo, Physician t Johannes to James I
Wellwood, King's Physician 1675 Feb.20 Robertus for Scotland (1688)
Dalrimple, First Physician 1684 May 12 F.R.O.P Thomas to the King in (Edin.) Scotland 1694
Dundas, Physician 1684 Oct. 31 F.R.C.P. Alexander to the King (Edin.) 1702-04
Douglas,' Physicis.n 1686 May 21 F.R.C.P. Vilhelmus to the King (Edin.) before 1693
Oliphant, Physician 1687 SeptJL F.R.C.P. Carolus to the King (Edin. ) 1693
Cunningham, Surgeon- 1711 Feb.20 Georgius Apothecary to King in Edinburgh(17 36)
Sinclair, First Physician 1720 Sept.5 F.R.C.P. Andreas to King in Scot¬ (Edin.) land (1733) 1724 TABLE MO. 3
Former Leyden Students Who in 1656 Attempted to
Obtain a Charter for a College of Physicians in
Scotland
Leyden University Name Year Mo. Day Degrees
Douglas, 1622 May 18 Alexander ? (1st name on list)
Beaton, 1627 July 14 M.D. Pedua 1635 Jacobus
Balfour, 1634 Feb.25 M.D. Leyden 1634 David
Syds erf, 1644- Sept.30 Joannes
Henrison, 1647 July 6 & M.D. Leyden 165-3 Henricus 1651 June 29 M.A. Edin. 1645
Hepburn, 1648 Mar. 31 M.D. Leyden 1649 Georgius M.A. Edin. 1645 or M.A. Edin. 1647
Yeaman, 164-9 June 14 M.D. Franker 1649 Alexander
1652 Gleg■o > Mar. 15 M.D. Leyden 1652 Thomas TABLE 110.4-
Edinburgh Faculty Who Studied at Leyden
Position at Leyden Other ITame Edinburgh Year Mo,Day Pacts
Pitcairne, Prof, of Taught at Prof, of Archibald Medicine Leyden Practice of 1685 (Town Physic, College later Leyden 1692 Univ. of Edin.) 1694 On Orig. Pat of R.C.P. Edin.
Sibbald, Prof, of 1660 On Orig.Pat. Robert Medicine April 28 of R.C.P. 1685 (Town Edin. and College later pres. R.C.P. Univ. of Edin.) Edin. M.A.Edin. 1659
Halket, Prof, of 1675 On Orig.Pat. Medicine of R.C.P. Jacobus , Peb. 12 1685 (Town Col¬ Edin. and lege later Pr&s. R.C.P. Univ. of Edin.) Edin.
Rul e, Principal Edin. 1666 M.D.Leyden Gilbertus Univ. 1690 Peb. 9
Gregory, Prof. Mathe¬ 1679 P. R. S. Lo nd. David matics Sept. 28 M.D.Oxon. (1683-91) Prof. Astrob omy Gxon. 1691.
Elliot, Prof, of Anat- 1691 Studied unde Robertus omy (1706) Eov. 21 Pitcairne at Leyden. Pirst Prof, of Anatomy to Edin.Surg 1697.
Preston, Prof, of 1694 P. R. C. P. Carolus Botany Fay 18 Edin. (1706-11) M.D.Rheims.
Durant, Regent at, 1700 M.A. Edin. Jacobus Edin. Univ. Aug.28 M.D.Ultrecht TABLE HO. 4 (Cont.)
Edinburgh Faculty ¥ho Studied at Leyden
Position at Leyden Other Uame Edinburgh Year Mo.Day Pacts
P.R.C.P.ldin. Crauford, Prof, of 1707 M.D.Leyden Jacobus Chemistry May 31 1713
Alston, Prof, of 1718 F.R.C.P.Edin. Carolus Botany Sept. 5 M.D.Glasgow
Monro, Prof, of 1718 M.D.Edin. Alexander Anatomy HOY.16 F.R.C.P.Edin. F.R.S. Lond.
Rutherford, Prof, of 1718 F.R.C.P.Edin. Johannes Pi-actice of Aug. 26 M.D.Rheims. Phvsic Pioneered (1726-65) Clinical Teaching.
Pluramer, Prof, of 1720 F.R.C.P.Edin. Andreas Chemistry Sept. 5 M.D.Leyden (1726-55) "Plummer's Pill
Sinclair, Prof, of 1720 F.R.C.P.Edin. Andreas Institutes Sept. 5 First Physicia|n of Medicine to King in (1st Prof.) Scotland. (1726) M.D. Angers Student at Edih
Innes, Prof, of 1720 Physician to J ohannes Practice of Sept.5 Heriot's Hosp. Physic Student at Edi (1726-33) M.D.Padua
Smith, Prof, of 1726 ? Memb. Edin. Robertus Midwifery Apr. 23 Corp. of (2nd Prof.) Surgeons, (1739)
Monro, Prof, of 1757 M.D. Edin. Alexander II Anatomy Sept. 17 F.R.C.P.Edin. "Foramen of Monro".
Gregory, Prof, of 174-5 F.R.C.P.Edin. J ohannes Medicine Sept.3 M.D.Aberdeen
Gregory Prof, of Inst¬ 1774 M.D.Edin. Jacobus itutes of Med. Hoy.23 F.R.C.P. Edin. 1776 "Gregory(s Mixture" TABLE 10. 5"~
Edinburgh Doctors of Medicine ¥ho Studied at Leyden
Inscribed M.D. Date of at Leyden Leyden lame M.D. Edin. Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.Da 7
Melville, 1713 1681 Dec. 6 Carolus
Eccles, 1718 1716 3Mov. 10 Jacobus
Burnet, 1719 1675 Eeb.12 J ohannes
Hamilton, 1719 1717 Dec. 9 Johannes
Oswald, 1723 1695 Apr, 5 Georgius
Kay, 1731 1733 Sept.14 Samuel
Sutton, 1731 1733 July 17 Joannes
Arnot, 1734 1730 Hov.11 Johannes
Blair, 1738 173'7 Hov. 7 Patrick
Hamilton, 1738 1736 Sept.25 Hobertus
Jarvis, 174-4 1744 Sept.21 Thomas
Clerk, 1746 1746 Oct,15 David
Elliot, 1746 1746 Oct.15 Thomas
Johnston, 1750 1746 S ept.29 James ?
Dobbin, 1751 1751 Oct.25 Jacobus
Kelly, 1751 1747 May 2 Edmundus
Rogers, Christophorus 1751 1751 Oct.25 TABLE UPJO. 5"* ■ (Cont.)
Edinburgh Doctors of Medicine Who Studied at Leyden
Inscribed Date of at Leyden M.D. Leyden Name M.D. Edin. Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.&Day
¥ayne, 1753 1755 Mar.5 Franciscus
Broughton, 1755 1755 Oct.20 William
Monro, 1755 1757 Sept.17 Alexander
Monro, 1756 1718 HOY.16 A1exander
Rams ey, 1757 1758 HOY.20 Robertus
Fallon, 1758 1759 Oct.18 Jobannes
Fordyce, 1758 1759 Oct.26 Georgius
Elliot, Gulielmus 1760 1764 Apr.4
Lee, 1764 1765 May 13 Arthur
Falconer, 1766 1767 May 28 Guilielmus
Withers, 1772 1773 Mar.29 Thomas
Gregory, 1774 1774 Hoy.23 Jac obus
Henderson, 1774 1776 Mar.7 Joannes
Harv ey, 1774 1775 Oct.12 Gulielmus
Sims , 1774 1764 June 12 Jacobus
Smyth 1766 1767 June 23 Marcus Table Ho . 5" (Cont.)
Edinburgh. Doctors of Medicine Who Studied at Leyden
Inscribed Date of at Leyden M.D.Leyden Hame PhD. Sdin. Year Ko.&Day Year Mo.&Da?
Wells, 1780 1780 Eeb.19 William C.
Collier, 1784 1782 May 25 James
Hemming, 1785 1785 Dec.2 Joannes
Goodwyn, 1786 1783 Oct.23 Edmundus
Holman, 1789 1791 Aug.4 James
Blair, 1792 1792 Dec.28 Thomas
Adams, 1796 1794 JunelO John
Clare, 1797 1791 July 4 Michael B.
Austen, 1820 1817 Jan.7 James
Chapman, 1820 1819 Sept.21 Matthew
Smiles, X 1838 June 6 Samuel TABLE ¥0.
Members of Edinburgh Corporation of Surgeons Who
Studied at Leyden
Date of Memb. in Leyden Name Edin, Corp. of Surg. Year lib.Day
Borthwick, (?) 1665 1667 Sept. 20 Guilielraus
Elliot, 1689 1686 Dec. 5 Gideon Ch'man 1693-94; 1699-1700
Elliot, 1696 1691 not. 21 B.obertus
Dunlop, (Pres.?)1697-98 1690 Apr. 27 Thomas
Monro, 1703 1692 Oct. 11 Johannes Pres. 1712-13
Ki rkwood, 1713 1697 Nov. 26 J ohannes
Mackenzie, (?)1719 1722 Nov. 10 Colin
Roberts on, (?)1719 1717 Oct. 11 Jacobus
Ladderston, 1721 1720 Sept. 16 Georgius
Wallace, 1721 1718 Nov. 16 J ohannes
Alv es, 1722 1717 Nov. 16 Alexander
Fife, 1723 1720 Sept. 11 Patricus
Graeme, 1725 1720 Sept. 11 Guilielmus
Smith, 1731 1726 Apr. 23 Robertus
Glenn, 1737 1724 Sept. 22 Thomas TABLE BO.7
[Presidents! Bellows, Members and licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, \>fho Studied
at Leyden
Leyden R.G.P., Edin. Univ. Pounders: Member On Orig. (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Prig. Pel. Pres. Pellow _JL1 Pa?/
Stevenson, 1659 Archibaldus Oct.? 1st Pres 1681-84 Pres.1693
1684 Sibbald, 1660 Robertus Apr.28 1681
1694 and Trotter, 1670 RObertus 1700 Ear.l 1681
linclair, 1698 and Matheus 1708 1674 1681 Oct.17
1704 Hallcet, 1675 Jacobus Peb.12 1681
Brisbane, (Hon.p.) Eatthaeus 1681
Orawfurd, Robertus 1681 1668 Pec.15 Lauder, Gulielmus 1681 1674 Oct.8 Lermont, Johannes 1675 1681 Sept.17
Stuart, 1674 Jacobus Oct.17 1681 H7
TABLE UP.7 (Cont.)
Presidents, Fellows, Members and. Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Who Studied
at Leyden
Leyden R.C.P., Edin. Uniy. Rounders: lierater On Orig, (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Oris;. Pel. Pres, Fellow (L) Day
Pitcairne, Taught Archibaldus at Leyde a 1681
Kells, 1679 Petrus Sept.16 1683
Hay, 1683 Robertus Oct. 4 after 1685 before 1693
Douglas, Yilhelraus 1686 before 1693 May 21
Oliphant, 1687 Carolus Sept.11 1693
Carra.icb.ael, 169.2 Robert Mar.26 1694
1756-63 Dalriraple, 1684 Alexander May 12 1727
Dickson, 1685 David Apr. 6 1694
Hepburn, 1692 GFeorgius Mar.26 1694
Robertson, 1684 Jacobus June 1 1694 tabu; NO. 7 (cont.)
Presidents, Bellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Who Studied
at Leyden
leyden R.0.P., Edin, Univ. Pounders: Member On Orig. (M) Year Pat, and Licentiate Mo.& Prig, Pel. Pres. Pellow (L) Qa-Y
S me Home, 1691 Johannes May 29 1694
Stirling, Georgius 1694
Blackadder, Gulielmus 1714
Dundas, 1695 1722 Alexander S ept. 17 1702-04
Preer, 1685 Adamus Oct.27 1695
Rule, 1682 Gilbertus Sept.30 1695
Porrest, 1696 1690 Jacobus Hoy.24 1719
Gardyne, 1696 Guilielmus Sept.18 1698
Riddell, 1702 1700 J ohannes Peb.19 1731
Sinclair, 170® Johannes Bee.29 TABLE ITC.7 (Cont.)
Presidents, Pellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, i/ho Studied
at Leyden
.Leyden R.C.P., Edin. Univ. Pounders: Member On Orig. (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Orig. Pel. Pres. Pellow (L) Day
Preston, 1694 Carolus May 18 1704
Pringle, 1704 1701 Pranciscus Peb.17 1727
Stuart, 1685 Gulielmus Hov. 1 1704
Stevenson Jacobus 1703 (L) 1706 Oct.
Sinclair, 1701 Patricus Dec.29 1707
Brown, 1703 Jacobus May 17 1707
Young, 1693 Thomas Mar. 9 1707
Lowis, 1706 Robertus Mar, 5 1708
Crauford 1707 Jacobus May 31 17/11
Cameron, 1703 Joannes July 12 (L) 1712 TABLE 110,7 (Cont.)
Presidents, Bellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Who Studied
at Le.yden
Leyden R.&.i.. Edin, Unir. Pounders: Member On Orig, (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Orig, Pel. Pres, Pellow (L) Day
Menzies, 1709 J ohannes Peh,19 1712
Russel, 1696 Alexander Apr.14 (H) 1712
Arthour, 1706 Grulielmus May 10 1714
Oockrane, 1709 Guilielmus Oct.22 1715
CraxdTord, 1712 Thomas Sept.10 (L)1715
Thomson, 1712 Rohertus Peb.18 1716
Houston, 1714 Jacobus Peb.20 (L)1717
Eccles, 1716 Jacobus Hov.10 1719
Lermont, 1713 Johannes Oct.29 1720
Alston, 1718 Carolus Sept.5 1721 57.
TABLE SO. 7 (Gont.)
Presidents, Fellows* Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh* Who Studied
at Leyden
Leyden R.G.P., Edin. Univ, Founders: Member On Orig, (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Orig. Pel. Pres. Fellow (L) Lay
Marshall, 1718 Johannes Feb,16 1721
Port erfi eld, 1721 1718 Giiilielmus Jan,24 1748
Stuart, 1721 Jacobus Jan.11 (L) 1721
Oswald, 1695 Georgius Apr. 5 1723
Plummer, 1720 Andreas Sept,5 1724
Rutherford, 1718 Johannes Aug.26 1724
Sinclair, 1720 Andreas Sept.5 1724
Scott, 1713 Alexander Oct.6 1725
Dundas, 1722 Jacobus Sept.17 1725
Cunningham, 1727 1724 Alexander Sept.4 1756-63
Graeme, 1720 Guilielmus Sept. 11 (L) 1727 TABLE InTO, 7 (Cont.)
Presidents, Bellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Who Studied
at Ley!en
Leyden
R.C.P., Edin. ... Univ. Pounders: Member On Orig, (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Orig. Pel. Pres. Pellow 1L1 Day
Pullerton, 1717 Guilielmus Sept.8 (Hon.Mem.) 1728
Stevenson, 1709 J ohannes Jan. 5 1729
Taylor, (L) 1729 ^ 1727 Johannes Sept, 19 1730
Martin, 1724 Alexander Sept. 19 (L) 1733
ITisbet, 1731 Cs-rolus Sept.13 1735
Pringle, 1728 Johannes S ept.30 1735
Poulis, 1734 David Sept.29 1737
Young, 1739 George Bov.20 (L) 1737
Baird, 1732 Jacobus Oct.20 1738
' Horsburgh, 1731
David . Sept.24 CL) 1739 TABLE HQ. 7 (Gont.)
Presidents, Fellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, Who Studied
at Leyden
Leyden R.C.P., Edin. Univ. Rounders: Member On Orig, (M) Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Orig. Pel. Pres. Pellow Jil Day
Martine, 1721 Georgius Hoy. 5 (Hon.M.) 1740
Murray, 1724 Adamus Oct. 2 1743
Boswell, 1733 Johannes Aug.26 1748
Cleric, 1746 David Oct.15 1749
Elliot, 1746 Thomas Oct.15 1751
Hamilton, 1744 " Archibaldus Oct.14 (L) 1752
Mackenzie, 1700 Jacobus Mar.15 (Hon.P.) 1755
Monro, 1718
Alexander I Hoy . 16 1756
Grant, 1758 1753 Gregorius Oct.24 1779 Haldane, 1737 Patricus Oct.30 1758 TABLE HQ. 7 (Cont.)
Presidents, Fellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, "Who Studied
at Leydeh
Leyden R.C.P.» Edin, Univ. Rounders: "Member On Orig, dO Year Pat. and Licentiate Mo.& Orig. Pel, Pres. Fellow UJ Day
Monro, 1757 Alexander II Sept.17 1759
Glenn, 1724 Thomas Sept.22 1760
Ramsay, 1758 Robertas Hoy.20 1761
Gregory, 1745 Johannes Sept. 3 1765
Macfarlane, (L)1727 1724 Gulielmus Sept.19 1768
Johnstoun, 1708 Johannes Man. 30 (Hon.P.) 1774
Spry, 1767 Eduardus Hoy. 2,4 1774
Gregory, 1774 Jacobus Hoy.23 1777
Lettsom, 1769 Johannes C. June 8
Douglas, 1759 Alexander Sept.17 1796
Gashing, 1789 Jacobus June 3 1796 TABLE 1T0. 7 (Cont.)
Presidents, Fellows, Members and Licentiates of the
Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh, gflao Studied
at Leyden
Leyden R.C.P,, Edin. Uniy. Pounders: Member On Orig. (M) Year Pa,t, and Licentis.te Mo.<2; Orig. Pel. Pres. Pellow (L) Day
Campbell, 1770 Day id Nov. 29 1822 TABLE NO. *8
Edinburgh Masters of Arts Who Studied, at Leyden
Inscribed M.A. ESDin. at Leyden M.D.Leyden Name Year MO.&Day Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.Day
Maculo, 1588 1602 Jan 11 Jacobus ?
Segetus, 1588 1589 June 30 Thomas
Maculo, 1592 J ohannes ?
Hart, 1597 1635 July 10 D.Guilielmus
Scott, 1604 1621 Nov.11 Gulielmus
Sandelands, 1609 1632 July 28 Latritius ?
Gray, 1623 1631 Mar.l Gylbertus ?
Newton, 1625 1627 June 16 Archibaldus
Dries, 1627 1649 June 14 Samuel
Adamson, 1632 1634 Mar.2 David
Monro, 1634 1649 Apr.15 David
Faget, 1635 1638 Nov.25 1639 Aug.3 Nathan
Edgar, 1639 1648 July 29 Ed-war dus
Lang, 1639 1647 May 1 Tsuri S.
Eergusson, 1640 1649 Mar.8 Gulielmus ?
Young, 1641 1651 July 18 Michael TABLE UP. "? (Cont.)
Edinburgh Masters of Arts Who Studied at Leyden
Inscribed M.A.Edin. at Leyden M.D.Leyden ITame Year Mo«&Day Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.Day
Henrison, 1645 1647 &1651 1653 May 19 Henricus
Hepburn, 1645 ? 1648 Mar.31 1649 Sept.21 Georgius 1647 ?
Gilpin, 1646 1676 June 29 1676 July 6 Richardus
Stevensone, 1646 1659 Oct. 7 1661 July 16 Archibaldus
Gardens, 1647 1649 May 18 ■ J ohannes ?
Thomson, 1647 1698 June 23 Alexander
Cathcart, 1648 1657 Aug. 15 Jacobus 1660 Jan. 7
Murray, 1650 1659 May 22 Jacobus ?
Livingston, 1654 1659 Oct.7 1661 Oct.13 J ohannes
Brisbane, 1656 Matthews
Dickson, 1658 1667 Aug. 8 David
Hepburn, 1658 1661 Mar. 18 Robertus ?
Sibbald, 1659 1660 Apr. 28 Robertus
Mackenzie, 1661 1671 Feb.12 Colin ?
Park, 1662 Jly.31 1668 Oct. 17 Gulielmus
Archibald, Georgius 1663 1674 June 5 1674 June 21 TABLE ffO. V (Cont.)
Edinburgh Masters of Arts ¥ho Studied at Leyden
Inscribed M.A. Edin, at Leyden M.D.Leyden Base Year Mo.&Day Year MO.&Day Year MoDay
Millar, 1664 1668 Oct.25 Johannes
Pennecuik, 1664 July 18 1668 Sept.3 Alexander
Macmath, 1665 1676 June 6 Jacobus
Trotter, 1668 1670 Mar. 1 Robertus
Crawford, 1669 1683 July 22 Jacobus 0
Burnet, 1671 1675 Feb. 12 J ohannes
Snodgrass, 1671 Mar. 20 1677 May 7 Joannes
Douglas, 1672 1683 May 7 Jacobus ?
Alston, 1674 1677 May 12 Thomas
Gumming, 1675 1681 Oct. 24 1684 June3 Eells, 1675 1679 Sept.16 Petrus 1676 1677 Bell, , July 12 Edwardus Rule, 1677 1682 Sept.30 Gilbertus Douglas, 1679 1686 piy 21 1687 luly 24 Wilhelmus Freer, 1679 1685 Oct.27 1687 July 28 Adamus Craig, 1680 ? 1687 Boy. 29 J ohannes 1687 ? 5*1. TABLE m. ¥ (Gont.) Edinburgh Masters of Arts Who Studied at Leyden Inscribed M.A.Edin. at Leyden M.D.Leyder Name Year Mo.&Day Year ITo.&Day Year Ho&Day Dalrimple, 1681 1684 May 12 Thomas Martin, 1681 1710 Mar.6 Martinus Chalmers, 1683 1686 Dec.5 Jacobus Lament, 1684 1690 Jly.24 Andreas Oliphant, 1684 1687 Sept.11 Carolus Sibbald, 1684 1687 Apr. 17 J oha.nnes ? Trotter, 1684 1686 Mar.28 Johannes Young, 1684 1693 Mar.9 Thomas ? Garsbore, 1685 1695 Eeb.25 Alexander ¥ood, 1685 1689 Dec.12 Robertus Kintor, 1686 1690 May 18 Gulielmus Scott 1686 1689 Mar.19 Carolus ? Couper, 1687 1691 May 29 Gulielmus ? Craig, 1687 1687 hov.29 Johannes 9 Jack (Jaque) 1687 1690 Oct. 1 Hieronymus Chisholm, 1688 1696 Mar.7 Jacobus 9 i>0. TABLE HO. Y (Cont.) Edinburgh Masters of Arts Who Studied at Leyden Inscribed M.A.Edin. at Leyden M.D.Leyden Hame Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.&Day Year Mn&Da;y Cockburn, 1688 1691 May 29 Guilielraus Smellome, 1688 1691 May 29 J ohannes Logan, 1689 1696 Sept.18 Johannes ? Millar, 1690 Julielmus ? Mackenzie, 1692 1700 -Ear. 15 Jacobus Oswald, 1692 1695 Apr.5 Georgius Cameron, 1694 1703 July 12 Joannes Adams, 1695 1705 Mar.30 Archibaldus Kennedy, 1695 May 30 1697 Sept.26 Antonius Headlam, 1696 Apr.7 1698 Mar.14 Aurelius Arthour, 1697 1706 May 10 Gulielmus Drinkell, 1697 1700 July 3 Marmaducus Brown, 1698 1703 May 17 Jacobus Combrie, 1698 1714 lTov.21 Archibaldus Dundas, 1698 1746 May 29 Gulielmus 9 Haliburton, 1698 1702 May 23 Johannes TABLE HO. ¥ (Cont.) Edinburgh Masters of Arts Who Studied at neyden Inscribed M.A.Edin. at Leyden M.D.Leyden Mame Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.&Day Year Ma&Day Pringle, 1698 1701 Feb.17 1702 Jly.14 Franciscus Corry, 1699 1705 Apr.21 Jacobus Durant, 1699 1700 Aug.28 Jacobus Landlands, 1699 1703 Jly.ll J ohannes ? Lidderdale, 1699 1707 Sept£8 1708 Jly.16 Ja.cobus Hunter, 1702 1716 Oct.31 Patricius 9 Mathison, 1702 1727 Apr.7 1727 Apr.7 Robertus Cunningham, 1703 1713 Hov.l Jacobus ? Marshall, 1703 1718 Feb.16 J ohannes Whyte, 1703 1708 May 21 David ? Douglas, 1705 1711 Feb. 2.0 Guilielmus Hall, 1705 1717 Oct.11 Andreas Lundie, 1705 1709 ITov.ll Jacobus Reynolds, 1705 1708 June 27 Jacobus Charleton, 1706 1706 Dec.3 Eduardus Graham, 1715 1717 Sept.23 Jacobus \oZ. TABLE NO. ( Oont. ) Edinburgh Masters of Arts Who Studied at peyden Inscribed M.A. Edin. at Leyden M.D.Leyden Name Year Mo.&Day Year Mo.&Day Year Mo&Day Gordon, 1714 1719 Sept.21 Patricuis ? Calamy, 1717 1717 Sept.29 Edmundus Hay, 1717 1725 Jly.28 Gulielmus Robinson, 1722 1733 Nov.6 Arthurus ? ¥1ii t e, 1731 1762 Apr.20 1763 Dec.31 Jacobus - TABLE HO A Members of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, Who Studied at Leyden H.M.S. Edin, Leyden Edin. or Hame Late Year Mo. Lay Leyden Degrees Kennedy, One of 1736 Sept. 13 Jacobus Founders Clements, 1767-68 1769 my 8 M.L,Leyden Evenus 1769 Scott, 1737-38 1734 June 18 Jacobus 7 Ball, 1738-39 1740 Oct. 7 Samuel Monro, 1738-39 1747 HOY. 13 Jean Jones, 1739-40 1741 Oct. 20 M.L.Leyden Conway 1743 Brocklesby, 1741-42 1743 Hoy. 22 M.D. Leyden Richardus 1745 Roebuck, 1741 1742 Mar. 5 M.D, Leyden John 1743 Macdowell, 1743 1746 June 16 Robertus Ormston, 1744-45 1746 Oct. 15 Gulielmus Beevor, 1747-48 1749 May 14 John Collignon, 1747-48 1749 May 16 Carolus Sandiford, 1749 1751 Oct. 25 M.L.Leyden Gulielmus 1751 Hudson, 1750 1751 Oct. 25 Johannes Rogers, 1750 1751 Oct. 25 M.L. Sdin. Christonhorus 1751 TABLE NO. Q[. (Cont.} Members of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, Who Studied at Leyden R.M.S. Edin, Leyden Edin. or Name Date Year Mo. Day Leyden Decrees Ellis, 1751 1754 Jan. 11 Thomas Grant, Gregorius 1751 1753 Oct. 24 Wayne, 1752 1755 Mar. 5 M.S. Ediri. Francisous 1753 Broughton, 1753 1755 Oct. 20 M.D. Edin. William 1755 Smith, 1753 1753 Not. 12 Hugo Ramsay, 1755 1758 Nov. 20 M.D. Edin. Robertus Hon, 11. 1757 Elliot, 1756 1764 Apr. 4 11. D. EDiiic Gulielmus 1760 Fallon, 1756 1759 Oct. 18 M.D. Edin. Johannes 1758 Paterson, 1756 1763 Mar. 4 Georgius Ussher, 1759 1762 Oct, 5 Guilhelraus 9 Purcell, 1762 1759 Sept. 19 M.D. Leyden J ohannes Hon. M. 1761 Percival, 1762 1765 June 17 M.D. Leyden Thomas 1765 Farr, 1762-63 1765 June 17 M.D. Leyden Samuel 1765 Forbes, 1762 1764 Mar. 5 M.D. Leyden Franciscus 1764 Ramey, 1763-64 1764 Sept. 12 M.D. Leyden Daniel Pres. 1764 TABLE HO. (\. (Cont.) Members of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, Who Studied at Leyden R.M.S. Edin. Leyden Edin. or Bame Date Year Mo. Day Leyden Degrees Haygartli, 1763 1765 May 13 J ohannes Douglas, 1763 1766 Feb. 26 M.D. Leyden Sylvester 1766 Smyth, 1764 1767 June 23 M.D. Edin. Marcus 1766 Davison, 1766-67 1768 June 21 M.D. Leyden Robertus 1768 Whi t e, 1766 1775 July 17 M.D. Leyden William 1775 Kirby, 1771-72 1773 Oct. 8 M.D. Leyden Timotheus 1773 Edwards, 1772 1773 June 7 M.D. Leyden Gulielmus 1773 Henderson, 1773 1776 Mar. 7 M.D. Edin. Joannes 1774 Hayman, 1774-75 1776 Sept. 24 Joannes Beddome, 1775-76 1777 Aug. 29 M.D. Leyden Benjamin 1777 Pemberton, 1775 1777 July 31 M.D. Leyden Thomas 1777 Tucker, Hathaniel 1775 1777 July 31 M.D. Leyden 1777 Blyden, 1776-77 1778 June 29 M.D. Leyden George, L. 1778 Cave, 1777-78 1779 May 6 M.D. Leyden Samuel 1779 TABLE HO. ^ (Cont.) Members of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, Who Studied at Leyden R.M.S. Edin. Leyden Edin. or Hame Date Year Mo. Day Leyden Degrees Chorley, 1778-79 1779 Dec. 6 M.D. Leyden Ed-wood 1781 .Pringle, 1778 1783 1Toy. 27 M.D. Leyden Robertus 1784 Simmons, 1779 1776 June 1 M.D. Leyden Samuel F. 1776 Athill, 1780-81 1782 Oct. 20 M.D. Leyden Jacobus 1782 Gilby, 1780 1783 Sept. 27 M.D. Leyden William 1784 Jeffery, 1780^ 1781 hoy. 12 M.D. Leyden Thomas 1782 Stovin, 1780 1782 hoy. 5 M.D. Leyden Jacobus 1783 Ailcin, 1781-82 1784 July 12 M.D. Leyden Johannes 1784 O'Reilly, 1781 1782 May 27 M.D. Leyden Edwardu.s 1784 Watson, 1781 1782 Aug. 14 M.D. Leyden Thomas 1782 Cooper, 1782 .1785 Aug. 1 M.D. Leyden Robertus ' 1785 Mac Gilchrist 1782-83 1789 Jan 27 Archibaldus Smith, 1782 1786 June 23 M.D. Leyden Jacobus E. 1786 Williams 1782 1785 Feb. 24 M.D. Leyden Alexander 1785 White, 1782 1786 July 11 M.D. Leyden Thomas 1786 Crompton, 1783-84 1784 Oct. 20 M.D. Leyden Petrus 1785 TABLE HO. (Gont.) Members of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh.> Who Studied at Le.yden R.M.S. Edin. Leyden Edin. or Lame Date Year Mo. Day Leyden Degrees Darwin, 1783-84 1784 Oct. 20 M.D. Leyden Robertas ¥. 1785 Hayle, William P. 1783 1786 Jan. 10 M.D. Leyden 1786 Hird, 1783-84 1786 Dec. 5 M.D. Leyden Benjamin 1787 Michell, 1783-84 1786 June 23 M.D. Leyden Robertus G. 1786 Plumb, 1783-84 1786 July 25 M.D. Leyden John 1786 Bardsley, 1784-85 1786 Aug. 9 M.D. Leyden Samuel A. 1786 Cox, 1784-85 1787 June 27 M.D. Leyden Joseph M. 1787 Cappe, 1786-87 1790 Sept. 6 M.D. Leyden Joseph 1790 Parr, 1786 1788 July 5 M.S. Leyden Joshua 1788 Sayers, 1786 1789 July 27 Eranciscus Edmonds, 1787 1788 May 23 M.D. Leyden Samuel G. 1788 Girdlestone, Extra-ord.1787 May 8 M.D. Leyden Thomas Memb. 1787 Hutchinson, 1787 1788 May 23 M.D. Leyden Michael 1788 Toms on, 1787 1788 Sept. 8 M.D. Leyden Thomas 1788 Thorp, 1787 1790 Eeb. 10 M.D. Leyden Robert G.D. Pres. 1790 TABLE NO. 1 (Cont.) Members of the Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh., Who Studied at Ley-den R.M.S. Edin. Leyden Edin. or lame Bate Year Mo. Bay Leyden Degrees Alexander, 1788-89 1791 Oct. 5 M.D. Leyden Edward 1791 Thorp, 1789 1790 Feb. 10 M.B. Leyden Gervaise 1790 Perciwal, 1790 1789 Apr. 22 James Osborn, 1791 1792 May 31 M.B. Leyden Kean Srown 1792 Pinchard, 1791 1792 May 31 M.B. Leyden Georgius 1792 Holme, 1791 1793 Nov. 29 M.D. Leyden Eduardus 1793 Read, 1793 1795 Oct. 30 M.B. Leyden James Bond 1795 Glare, 1796-97 1791 July 4 M.D. Edin. Michael B. ? 1797 , TABLE NO. 10 Leyden Students ¥hose Theses Describe Them As Members of Edinburgh Scientific Societies Society Hoted Leyden M.D. Hame on Thesis Year Mo.Lay Leyden Knowles, Memb. Physical 1772 June IS 1772 Thomas Society of Edin. Mandeville, Memb. Edin. Med. 1773 June 7 1773 Jacobus Phys. Society Burrowes, Reg. Soc. Edin. Georgius et Soc. Phys. Honor 1780 Jan. 3 1782 Fisher, Memb. Physical 1780 Aug. 11 1780 Josephus Society of Edin. O'Reilly, ' Chirurgo-Physic 1782 May 27 1784 Eduardus Society Edin, Donly, Societat Physic. 1783 Hot. 7 1784 Henricus Chirug. Edin.etc. Horris, Soc. Phys. Chir. 1783 Hov. 17 1783 Johannes Edin. Soc. Honor Fryer, Soc. Chirurg. 1784 Sept.18 1785 Eduardus Physic, ac Hist. Hat. Edin. Socius Cooper, Soc. Reg. Med, 1785 Aug. 1 1785 Robertus Edin. Crichton, Societat Physic. 1785 July 15 1785 Alexander Chirurg. Edin.etfcc. Michell, Memb. Edin. Soc. 1786 June 23 1786 Robertus C. Study Hat. Hist. Cox, Soc. Reg. Med. 1787 June 27 1787 Joseph M. Edin. Sodalis etc. Leathern, Memb. Chemical 1789 June 13 1789 Samuel Society Edin, Clidsdale, Soc. Reg. Chys. 1790 Sept.15 1790 Jacobus Edin. Soc. Hon. Redfern, Memb. Royal Phys. 1790 Sept.11 1791 Richardus Society Edin. 70 TABLE HO. jO (Cont.) Leyden Students i/hose Theses Describe Therm As Members of Edinburgh Scientific Societies Society Noted Leyden M.D. Name on Thesis Year. Mo.Day Leyden Falcon, Hon. Memh. Royal 1791 July 4 1791 Ormandus Physical Soc. Edin. Harrison, Soc. Reg. Phys. 1791 Sept.28 1791 John Lawrence Edin. Sod. Lindoe, Pres. Edin. Soc. 1791 Hoy. 17 1792 Rohertus Study Nat. Hist. Bucan, Physic. Edin. 1793 June 29 1793 Alexander P. Socius