版权信息 Copyright 书名:技术创新简史 作者:戴吾三 出版社:清华大学出版社 出版时间:2016 Isbn:978-7-302-45188-4 本书由清华大学出版社授权得到app电子版制作与发行 版权所有·侵权必究 “北京开放大学科学教育丛书”编委会
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Episodes from the History of Liquid Crystals
School of Mathematics UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON EpisodEs From ThE hisTory Of Liquid CrysTaLs Tim Sluckin University of Southampton 26/06/2013 I-CAMP, Cambridge 2013 1 School of Mathematics CoNTENTs UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON • Liquid crystal physics • Early German and French History • Optical devices and all that • Non-optical applications • Some brief comments about current work in the field • Commercial 26/06/2013 I-CAMP, Cambridge 2013 2 School of Mathematics UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON This is the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, so I thought I would show you some equations 26/06/2013 I-CAMP, Cambridge 2013 3 School of Mathematics UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON OK… That’s all for equations today 26/06/2013 I-CAMP, Cambridge 2013 4 School of Mathematics UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON • This is a story of some accidental and some deliberate discoveries • A large part of the early story is a German story • I shall try to talk about some of the personalities, some of the physics and some of the social history • As with all history, I have to select, and others would select differently! • At the end is a commercial for the books I have written on this subject 26/06/2013 I-CAMP, Cambridge 2013 5 School of Mathematics UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON A brief summary of liquid crystal physics Much more in the next 10 days 1. Liquid crystals are structurally intermediate between liquid and crystalline phases (except when they are not…) 2. They are not crystals! 3. Rich panoply of “mesomorphic phases” 4. Non-Newtonian hydrodynamics 5. Broken symmetry statistical mechanics phases 6. -
Physiker-Entdeckungen Und Erdzeiten Hans Ulrich Stalder 31.1.2019
Physiker-Entdeckungen und Erdzeiten Hans Ulrich Stalder 31.1.2019 Haftungsausschluss / Disclaimer / Hyperlinks Für fehlerhafte Angaben und deren Folgen kann weder eine juristische Verantwortung noch irgendeine Haftung übernommen werden. Änderungen vorbehalten. Ich distanziere mich hiermit ausdrücklich von allen Inhalten aller verlinkten Seiten und mache mir diese Inhalte nicht zu eigen. Erdzeiten Erdzeit beginnt vor x-Millionen Jahren Quartär 2,588 Neogen 23,03 (erste Menschen vor zirka 4 Millionen Jahren) Paläogen 66 Kreide 145 (Dinosaurier) Jura 201,3 Trias 252,2 Perm 298,9 Karbon 358,9 Devon 419,2 Silur 443,4 Ordovizium 485,4 Kambrium 541 Ediacarium 635 Cryogenium 850 Tonium 1000 Stenium 1200 Ectasium 1400 Calymmium 1600 Statherium 1800 Orosirium 2050 Rhyacium 2300 Siderium 2500 Physiker Entdeckungen Jahr 0800 v. Chr.: Den Babyloniern sind Sonnenfinsterniszyklen mit der Sarosperiode (rund 18 Jahre) bekannt. Jahr 0580 v. Chr.: Die Erde wird nach einer Theorie von Anaximander als Kugel beschrieben. Jahr 0550 v. Chr.: Die Entdeckung von ganzzahligen Frequenzverhältnissen bei konsonanten Klängen (Pythagoras in der Schmiede) führt zur ersten überlieferten und zutreffenden quantitativen Beschreibung eines physikalischen Sachverhalts. © Hans Ulrich Stalder, Switzerland Jahr 0500 v. Chr.: Demokrit postuliert, dass die Natur aus Atomen zusammengesetzt sei. Jahr 0450 v. Chr.: Vier-Elemente-Lehre von Empedokles. Jahr 0300 v. Chr.: Euklid begründet anhand der Reflexion die geometrische Optik. Jahr 0265 v. Chr.: Zum ersten Mal wird die Theorie des Heliozentrischen Weltbildes mit geometrischen Berechnungen von Aristarchos von Samos belegt. Jahr 0250 v. Chr.: Archimedes entdeckt das Hebelgesetz und die statische Auftriebskraft in Flüssigkeiten, Archimedisches Prinzip. Jahr 0240 v. Chr.: Eratosthenes bestimmt den Erdumfang mit einer Gradmessung zwischen Alexandria und Syene. -
Report on SID's Symposium to Commemorate 50 Years of LCD
Report on SID’s symposium to commemorate 50 years of LCD research On Thursday, June 7th 2018 at the Royal Academy of Engineering in London over 70 people participated in a one day symposium to commemorate 50 years of LCD research. In May 1968, at their headquarters in the Rockefeller Building in New York, RCA announced the world’s first Liquid Crystal Display, based on the work of George Heilmeier and his team. This announcement stimulated researchers in Europe and Japan to instigate their own LCD research programmes, directly leading to the success of the LCD industry seen today. The symposium included speakers from those early pioneering years, as well as those currently researching the next generation of LCD and related display technologies. Professor Cliff Jones from Leeds University and founder of ZBD Displays introduced the agenda for the day. Cliff was responsible for arranging the symposium and organising the speakers. The following is a summary of the 11 talks given at the symposium: 1. Cyril Hilsum, CBE, FRS, FREng focused on the first 10 years of LCD activity from 1968. The Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), later known as The Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE), began an examination of flat panel display technologies including EL, flat CRT, LCD and electrophoretic in 1968. Cyril was Chief Scientist at RSRE in those early years and initiated and led the collaboration between RSRE, Hull University and BDH that resulted in the world’s first stable room temperature liquid crystals. RSRE started serious work on flat radar display technology with MOD funding in 1978 under Cyril’s leadership. -
An Historical Survey on Light Technologies
Received March 31, 2018, accepted May 1, 2018, date of publication May 8, 2018, date of current version June 5, 2018. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2834432 An Historical Survey on Light Technologies MASSIMO GUARNIERI , (Member, IEEE) Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Following the celebration of the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies in 2015, this paper presents a survey of the exploitation of light throughout our history. Human beings started using light far into the Stone Age, in order to meet immediate needs, and widened its used when ancient civilizations developed. Other practical uses were conceived during the Middle Ages, some of which had a deep impact on social life. Nevertheless, it was after the Scientific Revolution and, to a wider extent, with the Industrial Revolution, that more devices were developed. The advancement of chemistry and electricity provided the ground and the tools for inventing a number of light-related devices, from photography to chemical and electrical lighting technologies. The deeper and broader scientific advancements of the 20th century, throughout wave and quanta paradigms and the research on the interactions with matter at the sub-atomic level, have provided the knowledge for a much broader exploitation of light in several different fields, leading to the present technological domains of optoelectronics and photoelectronics, including cinema, image processing, lasers, photovoltaic cells, and optical discs. The recent success of fiber optics, white LEDs, and holography, evidence how vastly and deeply the interaction between light and man is still growing. -
Ieee-Level Awards
IEEE-LEVEL AWARDS The IEEE currently bestows a Medal of Honor, fifteen Medals, thirty-three Technical Field Awards, two IEEE Service Awards, two Corporate Recognitions, two Prize Paper Awards, Honorary Memberships, one Scholarship, one Fellowship, and a Staff Award. The awards and their past recipients are listed below. Citations are available via the “Award Recipients with Citations” links within the information below. Nomination information for each award can be found by visiting the IEEE Awards Web page www.ieee.org/awards or by clicking on the award names below. Links are also available via the Recipient/Citation documents. MEDAL OF HONOR Ernst A. Guillemin 1961 Edward V. Appleton 1962 Award Recipients with Citations (PDF, 26 KB) John H. Hammond, Jr. 1963 George C. Southworth 1963 The IEEE Medal of Honor is the highest IEEE Harold A. Wheeler 1964 award. The Medal was established in 1917 and Claude E. Shannon 1966 Charles H. Townes 1967 is awarded for an exceptional contribution or an Gordon K. Teal 1968 extraordinary career in the IEEE fields of Edward L. Ginzton 1969 interest. The IEEE Medal of Honor is the highest Dennis Gabor 1970 IEEE award. The candidate need not be a John Bardeen 1971 Jay W. Forrester 1972 member of the IEEE. The IEEE Medal of Honor Rudolf Kompfner 1973 is sponsored by the IEEE Foundation. Rudolf E. Kalman 1974 John R. Pierce 1975 E. H. Armstrong 1917 H. Earle Vaughan 1977 E. F. W. Alexanderson 1919 Robert N. Noyce 1978 Guglielmo Marconi 1920 Richard Bellman 1979 R. A. Fessenden 1921 William Shockley 1980 Lee deforest 1922 Sidney Darlington 1981 John Stone-Stone 1923 John Wilder Tukey 1982 M. -
NAE Bridge V42 N2
Summer 2012 MANAGING NUCLEAR WASTE The BRIDGE LINKING ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY Management of Radioactive Waste: A Socio-Technical Challenge Daniel Metlay, B. John Garrick, and Nigel Mote Recommendations by the Blue Ribbon Commission on America’s Nuclear Future: A Plan for Managing Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Nuclear Waste Albert Carnesale Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel Andrew C. Kadak Emerging Regulatory Challenges in the Management of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste James Rubenstone Industry’s Safety Record and the Blue Ribbon Recommendations: The Way Ahead for the Management of Used Nuclear Fuel Marvin S. Fertel Enhancing the Acceptability and Credibility of a Repository for Spent Nuclear Fuel Hank C. Jenkins-Smith, Carol L. Silva, Kerry G. Herron, Sarah R. Trousset, and Rob P. Rechard The mission of the National Academy of Engineering is to advance the well-being of the nation by promoting a vibrant engineering profession and by marshalling the expertise and insights of eminent engineers to provide independent advice to the federal government on matters involving engineering and technology. The BRIDGE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING Irwin M. Jacobs, Chair Charles M. Vest, President Maxine L. Savitz, Vice President Thomas F. Budinger, Home Secretary Venkatesh Narayanamurti, Foreign Secretary C.D. (Dan) Mote Jr., Treasurer Editor in Chief: Ronald M. Latanision Managing Editor: Carol R. Arenberg Production Assistant: Penelope Gibbs The Bridge (ISSN 0737-6278) is published quarterly by the National Acad - emy of Engineering, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, DC. Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2012 Postmaster: Send address changes to The Bridge, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20418. -
The History of Liquid-Crystal Displays
The History of Liquid-Crystal Displays HIROHISA KAWAMOTO, FELLOW, IEEE Invited Paper The modern history of liquid crystals has been dominated by Fellow. Then, in 1985, I joined the Sharp Corporation in the development of electronic displays. These developments began Japan and met Tomio Wada, the man who developed the in 1964, when Heilmeier of RCA Laboratories discovered the world’s first liquid-crystal product, a pocket calculator, in guest-host mode and the dynamic-scattering mode. He thought a wall-sized flat-panel color TV was just around the corner. 1973. At Sharp, I also witnessed major development efforts From that point on, twisted-nematic (TN) mode, super TN mode, in LCDs at the Tenri Advanced Development Center. In amorphous-Si field-effect transistor, and room-temperature liquid 1990, I participated in the founding of the European Labo- crystals were developed. In the beginning, liquid-crystal displays ratories at Oxford, U.K., and in 1992, we welcomed Peter (LCDs) were limited to niche applications such as small-size dis- Raynes, known for his contributions to the applications of plays for digital watches, pocket calculators, and small handheld devices. That all changed with the development of the notebook cyanobiphenyls, to the Laboratories. Through discussions computer industry. In 1988, Washizuka et al. of Sharp Corporation with him, I learned about the achievements of British and demonstrated an active-matrix full-color full-motion 14-in display European scientists. using a thin-film-transistor array. The electronics industries now The modern history of liquid crystals is predominantly the recognized that Heilmeier’s 25-year dream of a wall-hanging tele- history of the development of electronic displays made of vision had become reality. -
Personenregister
Personenregister Abovitz, Rony Rony A. Abovitz (geb. 1971), amerikanischer Ingenieur, Gründer von Mako Surgical und Magic Leap Adams, William William Grylls Adams (1836–1915), britischer Physiker, Professor für Physik am Kings College in London, entdeckte mit Day den photoelektrischen Effekt Adelson, Edward Edward H. Adelson, (geb. 1952), amerikanischer Neurowissenschaftler, Professor für Vision Science am Massachusetts Institute of Technology Aëtios Aëtios von Amida (503–575), byzantinischer Mediziner in Alexandria und Medikus des römischen Kaisers Justinian in Konstantinopel Agatharchos Agatharchos (um 500 v. Chr.), griechischer Maler, wird von Vitruv als Autor einer Schrift zur Skenographie erwähnt, galt als „Schnellmaler“ Aglaophon Aglaophon „der Jüngere“ (um 500 v. Chr.), Sohn des Aristophon, Enkel des Aglaophon „der Ältere“, wird von Plinius und Cicero gerühmt Aguilonius, Franciscus Franciscus Aguilonius, auch François d'Aguilon (1567–1617), belgischer Jesuit und Mathematiker © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020 371 A. Grasnick, Grundlagen der virtuellen Realität, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60785-5 372 Personenregister Aischylos Aischylos, lat. Aeschylus (525 v. Chr. – 456 v. Chr.), griechischer Dichter, seine Tragö- dien (vor allem „Die Perser“ und „Die Orestie“) wurden auch in Deutsche übersetzt und werden bis heute aufgeführt Akasaki, Isamu Isamu Akasaki (geb. 1929), japanischer Ingenieurwissenschaftler, General Manager des Matsushita Research Laboratory, Professor für Elektronik an der Universität Nagoya sowie der Meijo University, Nobelpreis für Physik 2014 (gemeinsam mit Amano und Nakamura) Alberti, Leon Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472), italienischer Kunst- und Architekturtheoretiker, besonders bekannt für seine theoretischen Schriften über die Malkunst und Bildhauerei Alhazen Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haitham, auch lat. -
Optics & Displays
Optics & Displays CS 294-10: Virtual Reality & Immersive Computing EECS, UC Berkeley Fall 2017 Achin Bhowmik, PhD CTO & EVP of Engineering Starkey Hearing Technologies Berkeley, CA and Eden Prairie, MN Books (Optional Reading) Mobile Displays: Technology and Applications, A. K. Bhowmik, Z. Li, P. J. Bos, Ed., Wiley (2008) http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd- 0470723742.html Interactive Displays: Natural Human-Interface Technologies, A. K. Bhowmik, Ed., Wiley (2014) http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd- 1118631374.html Recall: AR/VR System Components • Sense – Accurate spatio-temporal position tracking and localization (inertial measurement unit, cameras, microphones, …) • Compute – High-performance and power-efficient hardware and software for real-time processing, rendering, and display • Display – Spatial light modulation for immersive 3D visual experience • Audio – 3D immersive sound experience • Interactions – Human inputs and interfaces Recall: AR/VR System Components • Sense – Accurate spatio-temporal position tracking and localization (inertial measurement unit, cameras, microphones, …) • Compute – High-performance and power-efficient hardware and software for real-time processing, rendering, and display • Display – Spatial light modulation for immersive 3D visual experience • Audio – 3D immersive sound experience • Interactions – Human inputs and interfaces Display: Looking Back in Time… The Stereoscope, invented by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1833 Improved construction by Oliver Wendell Holmes. Widely -
Annual Report
2012 Annual Report NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING THE FUTURE 1 Letter from the President 3 In Service to the Nation 3 Mission Statement 4 Program Reports 4 Engineering Education Frontiers of Engineering Education (FOEE) Real World Engineering Education (RWEE) 2-Year and 4-Year Engineering and Engineering Technology Transfer Student Pilot Principal Investigators (PIs) Garnering Useful Instruction on Developing [Project] Effectiveness (PI GUIDE) 2012 NAE Annual Meeting Forum—Educating Engineers: Preparing 21st Century Leaders in the Context of New Modes of Learning Role of Community Colleges in STEM Education 6 Technological Literacy Integrated STEM Education 6 Public Understanding of Engineering Committee on Implementing Effective Messages Changing the Conversation: Building the Community Media Relations Public Relations Grand Challenges for Engineering 9 Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society Educational Partnership on Climate Change, Engineered Systems, and Society Practical Guidance on Science and Engineering Ethics Education Energy Ethics in Science and Engineering Education Energy Ethics Video Challenge 10 Diversity of the Engineering Workforce EngineerGirl Website Engineer Your Life Capitalizing on the Diversity of the Science and Engineering Workforce in Industry 12 Frontiers of Engineering Armstrong Endowment for Young Engineers—Gilbreth Lectures 14 Manufacturing, Design, and Innovation Committee on Manufacturing, Design, and Innovation Making Value Workshop 15 Technology, Science, and Peacebuilding 16 Protecting -
How RCA Lost the LCD
http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/audiovideo/how-rca-lost-the-lcd How RCA Lost the LCD RCA owned the early patents but failed to commercialize the liquid crystal display By Benjamin Gross 1 Nov 2012 In September 1967, Richard Klein and his boss, Lawrence Murray, traveled to RCA’s central research facility in Princeton, N.J. It was a familiar trip for Klein, an associate engineer at the company’s semiconductor division in nearby Somerville, whose work with light-emitting diodes kept him in close touch with solid-state researchers in Princeton. On this occasion, though, Murray assured him he was going to see something new. Sure enough, upon arriving in Princeton, Klein and Murray were escorted to a room where electrical engineer George Heilmeier presented them with a seemingly ordinary piece of glass attached to a power supply. Then Heilmeier flipped a switch, and a familiar black-and-white image suddenly appeared on the previously transparent square. “It was a TV test pattern,” Klein recalled. “The thing pops up, and I almost fell over!” Once Klein had recovered, Heilmeier explained that this prototype was a new form of display that relied on an obscure class of compounds called liquid crystals. Since the 19th century, chemists had known about these strange materials, which flowed like a liquid but retained the optical properties of a crystalline solid. But nobody was quite sure what to do with them. Then, in 1962, RCA researcher Richard Williams hit upon the idea of using the crystals in some type of display, and he succeeded in getting the material to electronically modulate the passage of light. -
Liquid Crystal Displays
This is a repository copy of Liquid crystal displays. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/120360/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Jones, JC orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-0800 (2018) Liquid crystal displays. In: Dakin, JP and Brown, RGW, (eds.) Handbook of Optoelectronics: Enabling Technologies. Series in Optics and Optoelectronics, 2 . CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL, USA , pp. 137-224. ISBN 9781482241808 © 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This is an Accepted Manuscript of a book chapter published by CRC Press in Handbook of Optoelectronics: Enabling Technologies on 06 Oct 2017, available online: https://www.crcpress.com/9781138102262. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Liquid Crystal Displays J. Cliff Jones Soft Matter Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK IN J.P. Dakin and R.G.W.