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Volume 16 • Number 4 Winter 2016 OHIO VALLEY HISTORY VALLEY OHIO Periodicals postage paid at Cincinnati, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. A Collaboration of The Filson Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, and the University of Cincinnati. VOLUME 16 • NUMBER 4 WINTER 2016 VOLUME • NUMBER 16 4 • WINTER 2016 Ohio Valley History is a Submission Information for Contributors to OHIO VALLEY STAFF David Stradling Allison H. Kropp University of Cincinnati Brian G. Lawlor collaboration of The Filson Editors Nikki M. Taylor Gary Z. Lindgren Historical Society, Cincinnati LeeAnn Whites Texas Southern University Mitchel D. Livingston, Ph.D. Museum Center, and the The Filson Historical Society Frank Towers Phillip C. Long Department of History, University Matthew Norman University of Calgary Julia Poston Department of History Thomas H. Quinn, Jr. of Cincinnati. University of Cincinnati CINCINNATI Anya Sanchez, MD, MBA Blue Ash College MUSEUM CENTER Judith K. Stein, M.D. Cincinnati Museum Center and One digital copy of the manuscript, saved in Microsoft Word, *Regarding general form and style, please follow the BOARD OF TRUSTEES Steve Steinman should be sent by email to: 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. For The Filson Historical Society Book Review Editor Carolyn Tastad specific style guidelines, please visit The Filson’s web- William H. Bergmann Chair Anne Drackett Thomas are private non-profit organiza- Matthew Norman, Editor or LeeAnn Whites, Editor site at: http://www.filsonhistorical.org/programs- Department of History Edward D. Diller Kevin Ward tions supported almost entirely Ohio Valley History Ohio Valley History and-publications/publications/ohio-valley-history/ Slippery Rock University Donna Zaring Asst. Professor of History Director of Research submissions/submissions-guidelines.aspx. Past Chair James M. Zimmerman by gifts, grants, sponsorships, University of Cincinnati Filson Historical Society Managing Editors Francie S. Hiltz admission, and membership fees. Blue Ash College 1310 South 3rd Street The refereeing process for manuscripts is blind. Referees Scott Gampfer FILSON HISTORICAL 9555 Plainfield Road Louisville, KY 40208 are members of our editorial board or other specialists in Cincinnati Museum Center Vice Chairs SOCIETY BOARD OF Blue Ash, OH 45236 [email protected] the academy most appropriate to each manuscript. We have The Filson Historical Society McKenzie Nalley Greg D. Carmichael DIRECTORS [email protected] no quotas of any kind with regard to authorship, topic, The Filson Historical Society Hon. Jeffrey P. Hopkins membership includes a subscrip- chronological period, or methodology—the practitioners *Preferred manuscript length is 20 to 25 pages via their submissions determine what we publish. Authors Cynthia Walker Kenny President & CEO tion to OVH. Higher-level Cincin- (6,000 to 7,500 words), exclusive of endnotes. must guarantee in writing that the work is original, that it Editorial Assistant Rev. Damon Lynch Jr. Craig Buthod nati Museum Center memberships *Please use Times New Roman, 12-point font. has not been previously published, and that it is not under Kayla Reddington Mary Zalla *Double-space text and notes, with notes placed at consideration for publication elsewhere in any form. also include an OVH subscription. The Filson Historical Society Chairman of the Board the end of the manuscript text. Accepted manuscripts undergo a reasonable yet rigorous General Counsel Carl M. Thomas Back issues are $8.00. *Include author’s name, institutional affiliation, editing process. We will read the manuscript closely as to Editorial Board George H. Vincent and contact information (postal address, phone style, grammar, and argument. The edited manuscript will be Luther Adams Vice President number, and email address) on separate cover submitted to the author for consideration before publication. University of Washington, Treasurer A. Stewart Lussky For more information on page. Only the article title should appear on the The Filson Historical Society (FHS), Cincinnati Tacoma Matthew A. Sheakley Cincinnati Museum Center, first page of the article. Museum Center (CMC), and the University of Cincinnati *Illustrations, tables, and maps that significantly (UC) hold jointly the copyright for all material published Joan E. Cashin Secretary including membership, visit Ohio State University Secretary W. Wayne Hancock enhance the article are welcome. in Ohio Valley History. After a work is published in the www.cincymuseum.org or call Kathleen Duval Martine Dunn *Authors who submit images should also provide journal, FHS/CMC/UC will grant the author, upon writ- University of North Carolina Treasurer 513-287-7000 or 1-800-733-2077. citations, captions, credits, and suggestions for ten request, permission to republish the work, without fee, placement of images. subject to the author giving proper credit of prior publica- Nicole Etcheson President & CEO J. Walker Stites III tion to Ohio Valley History. Each author will receive five free Ball State University Elizabeth Pierce For more information on copies of the journal in which the published article appears. Craig T. Friend Anne Arensberg North Carolina State General Counsel David L. Armstrong The Filson Historical Society, University George H. Vincent William C. Ballard, Jr. including membership, visit R. Douglas Hurt Phillip Bond www.filsonhistorical.org Purdue University Trustees J. McCauley Brown James C. Klotter Jessica Adelman Kenneth H. Clay or call 502-635-5083. Georgetown College Mark A. Casella Marshall B. Farrer Statement of Ownership Tracy K’Meyer Brian D. Coley, MD, FACR Laman A. Gray, Jr. University of Louisville Susan B. Esler Robert E. Kulp, Jr. Clarence Lang E. Thomas Fernandez Patrick R. Northam University of Kansas David E. Foxx Anne Brewer Ogden David A. Nichols Robert L. Fregolle, Jr. H. Powell Starks Indiana State University Jane Garvey John P. Stern Christopher Phillips David L. Hausrath William M. Street University of Cincinnati Carrie K. Hayden Orme Wilson III John David Smith Jeffrey P. Hinebaugh University of North Carolina, Katy Hollister Senior Research Fellow Charlotte Peter Horton Mark V. Wetherington Ohio Valley History (ISSN 1544-4058) is published quarterly in Contact the editorial offices at [email protected] or Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Museum [email protected]. Center, 1301 Western Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45203, and The Filson Historical Society, 1310 S. Third Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40208. Page composition: Michael Adkins, Ertel Publishing Postmaster, send address changes to Filson Historical Society, © Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society 2016 1310 S. Third St., Louisville, KY 40208. Volume 16, Number 4, Winter 2016 A Journal of the History and Culture of the Ohio Valley and the Upper South, published in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society. Contents 3 The Most Sung Music in History The Hill Sisters, the Louisville Kindergartens, and “Happy Birthday” Ann Taylor Allen 20 A Show of Force The Northwest Indian War and the Early American State Kristopher Maulden 41 “Misunderstood and Misrepresented” Beriah Magoffin and the 1859 Kentucky Gubernatorial Election Robert Goebel 60 Collection Essay The Civil War on the Rivers The William R. Hoel Papers at the Cincinnati Museum Center Christine Schmid Engels 64 Review Essay America’s Western Middle Border Region and Its Inner Civil Wars John David Smith 69 Book Reviews 91 Announcements on the cover: Patty Smith Hill (1868-1946). FILSON HISTORICAL SOCIETY Contributors Ann Taylor Allen is Professor Emerita of history at the University of Louisville. She is the author of Satire and Society in Wilhelmine Germany (1984); Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (1991); Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890-1970: The Maternal Dilemma (2005); and Women in Twentieth-Century Europe (2008). She has published many articles on interna- tional feminist movements and on the history of the kindergarten in Germany and the United States. Her next book, The Transatlantic Kindergarten: Women’s Movements and Education in Germany and the United States, will be published by Oxford University Press in 2017. Robert Goebel received an MA in history from the University of Louisville. His thesis focused on the governorship of Beriah Magoffin. He is currently a deputy clerk in the office of the Circuit Court Clerk of Jefferson County, Kentucky. Kristopher Maulden holds a PhD from the University of Missouri and teaches American history at William Woods University in Missouri. He is completing a book manuscript, “The Federalist Frontier: The Old Northwest from Hamilton to Lincoln,” and writing an article on Federalist newspaper editor Charles Hammond during the War of 1812. John David Smith is the Charles H. Stone Distinguished Professor of American History at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He has written and edited twenty-nine books, including most recently, Interpreting American History: Reconstruction (2016). 2 OHIO VALLEY HISTORY The Most Sung Music in History The Hill Sisters, the Louisville Kindergartens, and “Happy Birthday” Ann Taylor Allen mong the controversies that have roiled the worlds of music distribution and publishing during recent years, one of theA most famous has focused on the song “Happy Birthday.” This work, perhaps the most popu- lar and widely known song of the twentieth cen- tury, and even into the twenty-first, has been
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