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Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Final Reports of Prmclpal Investigators

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Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Final Reports of Prmclpal Investigators Volume 3. Biological Studies Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Boulder, Colorado 80302 June 1978 \LF.@ ‘TM0%6e@ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & I.. -?+,a Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary g : ~ Na~onal oceanic and AtnlOSpheriC ~rninlstratlorl ~ w j Richard A. Frank, Administrator C* # %*%=&m ~c co++ w., .,., “. Environmental Research Laboratories Wilmot Hess, Director The facts, conclusions and issues appearing in these reports are based on interim results of an Alaskan environmental studies program managed by the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce, and primarily funded by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior, through interagency agreement. DISCLAIMER The Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the Environmental Research Laboratories or to this publication furnished by the Environmental Research Laboratories in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that the Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this publication. CONTENTS RU # INVESTIGATOR(S) AGENCY TOP I C PAGE 108 John A. Wiens OregowState Community Structure, 1 Dennis Heinemann University, Distribution, and Inter– Wayne Hoffman Corvallis relationships of Marine Birds in the Gulf of Alaska 417 Dennis C. Lees Dames & Reconnaissance of the 179 Moore, Intertidal and Shallow Homer, AK Subtidal Biotic Lower Cook Inlet 428 N.E.G. Roller Environmental Airborne Multispectral 507 F.C. Polcyn Research Mapping of the Intertidal Institute of Zone of Southern Alaska Michigan, Ann Arbor FINAL REPORT RU # 108 - PHASE I August 1975 - October 1977 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF MARINE BIRDS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA John A. Wiens Dennis Heinemann Wayne Hoffman Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Submitted 16 January 1978 ● ● ● ● ● 1 SUMMARIZATTQN . ● ● . ✎ ● ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ● 1 Census Methods . ✎ . ● ✎ Transect Census Results . ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ● O * . ● ✌ ● ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ . 2 ✎ ✎ ✎ Feeding Flocks . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● . ● ● ✎ ✎ ✌ ✎ ✎ ● ● , . 4 Potential Impacts of Petroleum Development ✌ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✌ ✎ ● ✎ ● . ✎ . ✎ 6 INTRODUCTION . .* . ,** ● ✌✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ☛ ✎ ✎ ● ● ● ● ● * ✎ 7 A TRANSECT CENSUS METHOD FOR DENSITIES ● ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ 9 ✎ Field Methods . ● . , . , ● ● . ● ● ● ● . ✎ ● ● ✎ ● 9 Problem Situations . ✎ . ● . ✎ ● . ● ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ .27 LINE TRANSECT METHODOLOGY . ● ✎ . ● . ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● 31 Line Transect Theory . ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ● . ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 31 The Simulation Model . ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✌ ● . ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ 43 Simulation Results . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● ● s ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 46 Discussion . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✌ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 56 Recommendations: Analytical Methods . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✌ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✌ 60 Recommendations: Field Methods . ● ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✟ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● 64 Applications to OCSEAP Research . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ● ● 67 Special Problems . ; . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● 68 STUDY AREAS . ✌ ● ● ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● 70 TRANSECT DENSUS RESULTS . ✌ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ 70 OTHER SAMPLING ACTIVITIES . ● ✌ ● ● ✎ ● ✌ ● ✎ ✌ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ “, 117 MIXED SPECIES FEEDING FLOCK COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ , 119 Methods . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● . 120 Results . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 123 Related Feeding Flock Observations . ✎ ● ✌ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 158 2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT . 163 APPENDIX I - Scientific Names of Bird Species . , . 167 APPENDIX II - Feeding Methods used in North Pacific Feeding Flocks . 169 LITEIQTURECTTED. s . ● . ● . ● * s ● c ● ● “170 PAPERS PRESENTED OR IN PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION . 175 3 SUMMARIZATION Census Methods To study the population and community dynamics and energetic of marine birds, ana to assess oil development impacts on bird populations, accurate density estimates of birds at sea are essential. The line transect is the most suitable method for this purpose. We describe a standardized method for transect censusing of marine birds from shipboard at sea. All birds seen in an arc of 90°, from the bow to one beam, are recorded over 15-30 min transect runs. For each sighting, the number of birds, species, distance, the angle from the transect line to the birds, and the direction of flight of flying birds are recorded. Distances are determined using a rangefinder developed specifically for this task. Using these data, densities are calculated from information on the frequency of sightings in distance intervals perpendicular to the transect line. Representative “detection curves” for major marine bird species are presented. Problems in the collection of such transect data arise when the density of birds in an area is very high, when weather or sea condi- tions are unsuitable for use of the rangefinder to determine distances, or when birds are attracted to the observer’s ship. Partial solutions to these sampling problems are suggested. Six conditions tend to decrease the accuracy and/or precision of density estimates of marine birds. They are 1) patchy distributions of the birds, 2) non-uniform detection probabilities during a transect or among different members of the population, 3) the detection of one bird leading to the detection of other birds, 4) measurement errors, 5) less than complete detection on the transect line, and 6) movement by the birds. The first four tend to decrease the precision and occasionally the accuracy of transect census estimates, but we conclude that these errors can usually be maintained at 4 -2- acceptable levels by the appropriate survey design and sampling method. The effect of the last two conditions is to decrease the accuracy of census estimates, often drastically. Incomplete detection on the transect line will lead to underestimation and may be very common at sea for most species. We speculate on how one might determine the magnitude of this bias, but tF.e problem has yet to be examined closely. The effect of bird movement is investigated by computer simulations of pelagic transect conditions. These show that the effect of bird movement. is to severely decrease the accuracy of census estimates in some cases. Both the velocity and angle of flight of the birds relative to the observer are important. However, there. is a highly significant relationship between the estimated density and true density and rela- tive velocity. Applying a correction factor derived from this regression effectively removes any biases due to bird movements relative to the observer for all but one of the estimators we simulated. Based on these findings and an analysis of line transect theory as applied to pelagic bird censusing, we suggest a generalized field and analytical method for the estimation of bird densities at sea. Transect Census Results Densities of marine birds determined by transect censusing are considered by 13 time-area blocks, largely contained in the Gulf of Alaska. Overall seabird densities in the Northeast Gulf of Alaska (NEGOA) doubled from April to May, reflecting an influx of migrant populations. The Kodiak region had low spring densities but high densities in late summer and fall, largely due to the presence of vast concentrations of shearwaters. Patterns for the major species were as follows. Fulmars were found throughout the areas covered in all months sampled, but in greater abundance in the western Gulf and the Bering Sea than in the NEGOA. Shearwaters (perdominately Short-tailed and Sooty) exhibited 5 -3- complex distributional patterns, but were present in most areas at most times, often in extremely high densities. Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels were not found in the NEGOA in April, but returned to occupy primarily areas from the contin- ental shelf break outward in May. Jaege,rs likewise returned to NEGOA in early May, and were widely distributed from June through August. Large gulls (Glaucous-winged, Herring, Thayer’s, and Glaucous) occurred frequently in the area, being especially widespread during the non-breeding season. In summer only Glaucous-winged gulls remained at sea in any numbers, but they were concentrated near shore. During summer most gulls occur near shore. Black- legged Kittiwakes were recorded in all areas in all months sampled. Densities were greatest in the Kodiak area, and summer abundances were typically greater than in the non-breeding season. Arctic Terns migrated north into the NEGOA in late April and early May, departing in late August-September. During their breeding season in June they were not seen at sea. Common Murres were . mesent in all areas at all month sampled; Thick-billed Murres, on the other hand, were not found east of Kodiak, and were more frequently encountered in the NWGOA and Bering Sea, where Common Murres were less abundant. Horned Puffins were rarely recorded in the NEGOA and Kodiak areas until late May, and low densities were recorded by transects during summer (when the birds were concen- trated close to their breeding colonies). Highest densities were recorded in the Kodiak area in October, when the birds were apparently dispersing to their wintering areas in the North Pacific.
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    White Paper Research Project T1803, Task 35 Overwater Whitepaper OVERWATER STRUCTURES: MARINE ISSUES by Barbara Nightingale Charles A. Simenstad Research Assistant Senior Fisheries Biologist School of Marine Affairs School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences University of Washington Seattle, Washington 98195 Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) University of Washington, Box 354802 University District Building 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 535 Seattle, Washington 98105-4631 Washington State Department of Transportation Technical Monitor Patricia Lynch Regulatory and Compliance Program Manager, Environmental Affairs Prepared for Washington State Transportation Commission Department of Transportation and in cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration May 2001 WHITE PAPER Overwater Structures: Marine Issues Submitted to Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Washington Department of Ecology Washington Department of Transportation Prepared by Barbara Nightingale and Charles Simenstad University of Washington Wetland Ecosystem Team School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences May 9, 2001 Note: Some pages in this document have been purposefully skipped or blank pages inserted so that this document will copy correctly when duplexed. TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. WA-RD 508.1 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE Overwater Structures: Marine Issues May 2001 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Barbara Nightingale, Charles Simenstad 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) University of Washington, Box 354802 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. University District Building; 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 535 Agreement T1803, Task 35 Seattle, Washington 98105-4631 12.
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum

    Proceedings of the United States National Museum

    PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM VoL 109 WMhington : 1959 No. 3412 MARINE MOLLUSCA OF POINT BARROW, ALASKA Bv Nettie MacGinitie Introduction The material upon which this study is based was collected by G. E. MacGinitie in the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska. His work on the invertebrates of the region (see G. E. MacGinitie, 1955j was spon- sored by contracts (N6-0NR 243-16) between the OfRce of Naval Research and the California Institute of Technology (1948) and The Johns Hopkins L^niversity (1949-1950). The writer, who served as research associate under this project, spent the. periods from July 10 to Oct. 10, 1948, and from June 1949 to August 1950 at the Arctic Research Laboratory, which is located at Point Barrow base at ap- proximately long. 156°41' W. and lat. 71°20' N. As the northernmost point in Alaska, and representing as it does a point about midway between the waters of northwest Greenland and the Kara Sea, where collections of polar fauna have been made. Point Barrow should be of particular interest to students of Arctic forms. Although the dredge hauls made during the collection of these speci- mens number in the hundreds and, compared with most "expedition standards," would be called fairly intensive, the area of the ocean ' Kerckhofl Marine Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. 473771—59 1 59 — 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. los bottom touched by the dredge is actually small in comparison with the total area involved in the investigation. Such dredge hauls can yield nothing comparable to what can be obtained from a mudflat at low tide, for instance.