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Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Final Reports of Prmclpal Investigators

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Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Final Reports of Prmclpal Investigators Assessment of the Alaskan Continental Shelf Final Reports of Prmclpal Investigators Volume 3. Biological Studies Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program Boulder, Colorado 80302 June 1978 \LF.@ ‘TM0%6e@ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE & I.. -?+,a Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary g : ~ Na~onal oceanic and AtnlOSpheriC ~rninlstratlorl ~ w j Richard A. Frank, Administrator C* # %*%=&m ~c co++ w., .,., “. Environmental Research Laboratories Wilmot Hess, Director The facts, conclusions and issues appearing in these reports are based on interim results of an Alaskan environmental studies program managed by the Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (OCSEAP) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce, and primarily funded by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior, through interagency agreement. DISCLAIMER The Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the Environmental Research Laboratories or to this publication furnished by the Environmental Research Laboratories in any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that the Environmental Research Laboratories approve, recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which has as its purpose an intent to cause directly or indirectly the advertised product to be used or purchased because of this publication. CONTENTS RU # INVESTIGATOR(S) AGENCY TOP I C PAGE 108 John A. Wiens OregowState Community Structure, 1 Dennis Heinemann University, Distribution, and Inter– Wayne Hoffman Corvallis relationships of Marine Birds in the Gulf of Alaska 417 Dennis C. Lees Dames & Reconnaissance of the 179 Moore, Intertidal and Shallow Homer, AK Subtidal Biotic Lower Cook Inlet 428 N.E.G. Roller Environmental Airborne Multispectral 507 F.C. Polcyn Research Mapping of the Intertidal Institute of Zone of Southern Alaska Michigan, Ann Arbor FINAL REPORT RU # 108 - PHASE I August 1975 - October 1977 COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DISTRIBUTION, AND INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF MARINE BIRDS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA John A. Wiens Dennis Heinemann Wayne Hoffman Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Submitted 16 January 1978 ● ● ● ● ● 1 SUMMARIZATTQN . ● ● . ✎ ● ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ● 1 Census Methods . ✎ . ● ✎ Transect Census Results . ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ● O * . ● ✌ ● ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ . 2 ✎ ✎ ✎ Feeding Flocks . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● . ● ● ✎ ✎ ✌ ✎ ✎ ● ● , . 4 Potential Impacts of Petroleum Development ✌ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✌ ✎ ● ✎ ● . ✎ . ✎ 6 INTRODUCTION . .* . ,** ● ✌✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ☛ ✎ ✎ ● ● ● ● ● * ✎ 7 A TRANSECT CENSUS METHOD FOR DENSITIES ● ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ 9 ✎ Field Methods . ● . , . , ● ● . ● ● ● ● . ✎ ● ● ✎ ● 9 Problem Situations . ✎ . ● . ✎ ● . ● ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ .27 LINE TRANSECT METHODOLOGY . ● ✎ . ● . ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● 31 Line Transect Theory . ● ✎ ✎ ● ● ● . ● ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 31 The Simulation Model . ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✌ ● . ✎ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ 43 Simulation Results . ● . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● ● s ● ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 46 Discussion . ✎ . ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✌ ✎ . ✎ ✎ ✎ . ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ 56 Recommendations: Analytical Methods . ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✌ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✌ 60 Recommendations: Field Methods . ● ✎ ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✟ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ● 64 Applications to OCSEAP Research . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ● ● 67 Special Problems . ; . ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● 68 STUDY AREAS . ✌ ● ● ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● 70 TRANSECT DENSUS RESULTS . ✌ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ 70 OTHER SAMPLING ACTIVITIES . ● ✌ ● ● ✎ ● ✌ ● ✎ ✌ ● ✎ ✎ ● ✎ “, 117 MIXED SPECIES FEEDING FLOCK COMPOSITION AND ORGANIZATION ✎ ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ , 119 Methods . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ● . 120 Results . ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 123 Related Feeding Flock Observations . ✎ ● ✌ ✎ ✎ ✎ . 158 2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT . 163 APPENDIX I - Scientific Names of Bird Species . , . 167 APPENDIX II - Feeding Methods used in North Pacific Feeding Flocks . 169 LITEIQTURECTTED. s . ● . ● . ● * s ● c ● ● “170 PAPERS PRESENTED OR IN PREPARATION FOR PUBLICATION . 175 3 SUMMARIZATION Census Methods To study the population and community dynamics and energetic of marine birds, ana to assess oil development impacts on bird populations, accurate density estimates of birds at sea are essential. The line transect is the most suitable method for this purpose. We describe a standardized method for transect censusing of marine birds from shipboard at sea. All birds seen in an arc of 90°, from the bow to one beam, are recorded over 15-30 min transect runs. For each sighting, the number of birds, species, distance, the angle from the transect line to the birds, and the direction of flight of flying birds are recorded. Distances are determined using a rangefinder developed specifically for this task. Using these data, densities are calculated from information on the frequency of sightings in distance intervals perpendicular to the transect line. Representative “detection curves” for major marine bird species are presented. Problems in the collection of such transect data arise when the density of birds in an area is very high, when weather or sea condi- tions are unsuitable for use of the rangefinder to determine distances, or when birds are attracted to the observer’s ship. Partial solutions to these sampling problems are suggested. Six conditions tend to decrease the accuracy and/or precision of density estimates of marine birds. They are 1) patchy distributions of the birds, 2) non-uniform detection probabilities during a transect or among different members of the population, 3) the detection of one bird leading to the detection of other birds, 4) measurement errors, 5) less than complete detection on the transect line, and 6) movement by the birds. The first four tend to decrease the precision and occasionally the accuracy of transect census estimates, but we conclude that these errors can usually be maintained at 4 -2- acceptable levels by the appropriate survey design and sampling method. The effect of the last two conditions is to decrease the accuracy of census estimates, often drastically. Incomplete detection on the transect line will lead to underestimation and may be very common at sea for most species. We speculate on how one might determine the magnitude of this bias, but tF.e problem has yet to be examined closely. The effect of bird movement is investigated by computer simulations of pelagic transect conditions. These show that the effect of bird movement. is to severely decrease the accuracy of census estimates in some cases. Both the velocity and angle of flight of the birds relative to the observer are important. However, there. is a highly significant relationship between the estimated density and true density and rela- tive velocity. Applying a correction factor derived from this regression effectively removes any biases due to bird movements relative to the observer for all but one of the estimators we simulated. Based on these findings and an analysis of line transect theory as applied to pelagic bird censusing, we suggest a generalized field and analytical method for the estimation of bird densities at sea. Transect Census Results Densities of marine birds determined by transect censusing are considered by 13 time-area blocks, largely contained in the Gulf of Alaska. Overall seabird densities in the Northeast Gulf of Alaska (NEGOA) doubled from April to May, reflecting an influx of migrant populations. The Kodiak region had low spring densities but high densities in late summer and fall, largely due to the presence of vast concentrations of shearwaters. Patterns for the major species were as follows. Fulmars were found throughout the areas covered in all months sampled, but in greater abundance in the western Gulf and the Bering Sea than in the NEGOA. Shearwaters (perdominately Short-tailed and Sooty) exhibited 5 -3- complex distributional patterns, but were present in most areas at most times, often in extremely high densities. Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels were not found in the NEGOA in April, but returned to occupy primarily areas from the contin- ental shelf break outward in May. Jaege,rs likewise returned to NEGOA in early May, and were widely distributed from June through August. Large gulls (Glaucous-winged, Herring, Thayer’s, and Glaucous) occurred frequently in the area, being especially widespread during the non-breeding season. In summer only Glaucous-winged gulls remained at sea in any numbers, but they were concentrated near shore. During summer most gulls occur near shore. Black- legged Kittiwakes were recorded in all areas in all months sampled. Densities were greatest in the Kodiak area, and summer abundances were typically greater than in the non-breeding season. Arctic Terns migrated north into the NEGOA in late April and early May, departing in late August-September. During their breeding season in June they were not seen at sea. Common Murres were . mesent in all areas at all month sampled; Thick-billed Murres, on the other hand, were not found east of Kodiak, and were more frequently encountered in the NWGOA and Bering Sea, where Common Murres were less abundant. Horned Puffins were rarely recorded in the NEGOA and Kodiak areas until late May, and low densities were recorded by transects during summer (when the birds were concen- trated close to their breeding colonies). Highest densities were recorded in the Kodiak area in October, when the birds were apparently dispersing to their wintering areas in the North Pacific.
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