Cardium pottery

Comb-Ceramic culture Ertebölle

Dniepr-Don culture

Western Linear Pottery

Eastern Linear Roucadour Sopot Pottery

Vinča Hamangia Cardium Pottery Culture Karanovo

Lusitanian megalithism

Dimini La almagra

Europe in ca. 4500-4000 BCE. showing the Cardium Culture in green.

used to define the culture which produced and spread them, mostly commonly called the “Cardial Culture”. TheLiguria alternative name Impressed Ware is given by some archaeologists to define this culture, because impres- Coppa Nevigata sions can be with sharp objects other than cockle shell, Map of showing important sites that were occupied such as a nail or comb.[1] Impressed pottery is much in the Cardium Culture (clickable map) more widespread than the Cardial.[2] Impressed Ware Cardium Pottery or Cardial Ware is a Neolithic is found in the zone “covering Italy to the Ligurian coast” as distinct from the more western Cardial extend- ing from Provence to western . The sequence in prehistoric has traditionally been supposed to start with widespread Cardial Ware, and then to de- velop other methods of impression locally, termed “epi- Cardial”. However the widespread Cardial and Impressed pattern types overlap and are now considered more likely to be contemporary.[3]

1 The Mediterranean Neolithic

This pottery style gives its name to the main culture of the A map showing the Neolithic expansions from the 7th to the 5th Mediterranean Neolithic: Cardium Pottery Culture or millennium BCE, including the Cardium Culture in blue. Cardial Culture, or Impressed Ware Culture, which eventually extended from the Adriatic sea to the Atlantic [4] decorative style that gets its name from the imprinting coasts of Portugal and south to Morocco. of the clay with the shell of the cockle, an edible The earliest Impressed Ware sites, dating to 6400-6200 marine mollusk formerly known as Cardium edulis (now BC, are in Epirus and Corfu. Settlements then appear in Cerastoderma edule). These forms of pottery are in turn Albania and Dalmatia on the eastern Adriatic coast dat-

1 2 4 NOTES

ing to between 6100 and 5900 BC.[5] The earliest date in Italy comes from Coppa Nevigata on the Adriatic coast of southern Italy, perhaps as early as 6000 cal B.C. Also during Su Carroppu culture in Sardinia, already in its early stages (low strata into Su Coloru cave, c. 6000 BC) early examples of cardial pottery appear.[6] Northward and westward all secure radiocarbon dates are identical • to those for Iberia c. 5500 cal B.C., which indicates a rapid spread of Cardial and related cultures: 2,000 km from the gulf of Genoa to the estuary of the Mondego in probably no more than 100–200 years. This suggests a seafaring expansion by planting colonies along the coast. [7]

Older Neolithic cultures existed already at this time in eastern and , apparently having arrived from the , but they appear distinct from the Cardial or • Impressed Ware culture. The ceramic tradition in the central Balkans also remained distinct from that along the Adriatic coastline in both style and manufacturing tech- niques for almost 1,000 years from the 6th millennium BC.[8] Early Neolithic impressed pottery is found in the Levant, and certain parts of , including Mezraa- Teleilat, and in North at Tunus-Redeyef, Tunisia. So the first Cardial settlers in the Adriatic may have come • directly from the Levant. Of course it might equally well have come directly from , and impressed- pottery also appears in Egypt. Along the East Mediter- ranean coast Impressed Ware has been found in North Syria, Palestine and Lebanon.[9]

• 2 Gallery 3 See also

•

• of

• Prehistoric Iberia • • Byblos

4 Notes

[1] “Impressed Ware Culture”. The Concise Oxford Dictio- • nary of . Retrieved 2008-05-11.

[2] “Impressed Ware”. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Ar- chaeology. Retrieved 2008-05-11.

[3] William K. Barnett, Cardial pottery and the agricultural transition, in Douglas T Price (ed.), Europe’s First Farmers (2000), p. 96.

[4] Antonio Gilman, Neolithic of Northwest Africa, Antiq- • uity,vol 48, no. 192 (1974), pp 273-282. 3

[5] Barry Cunliffe, Europe Between the Oceans (2008), pp.115-6; Staso Forenbaher and Preston Miracle, The spread of farming in the Eastern Adriatic, Antiquity, vol. 79, no. 305 (September 2005), additional tables.

[6] Showcase 3 in the Archeological Museum G. A. Sanna in Sassari

[7] Zilhão (2001). “Radiocarbon evidence for maritime pioneer colonization at the origins of farming in west Mediterranean Europe”. PNAS. 98 (24): 14180–14185. doi:10.1073/pnas.241522898. PMC 61188 . PMID 11707599.

[8] Michela Spataro, Cultural diversities: The Early Neolithic in the Adriatic region and the Central Balkans: a pottery perspective, chapter 3 in Dragos Gheorghiu (ed.), Early Farmers, Late Foragers, and Ceramic Traditions: On the Beginning of Pottery in the Near East and Europe (2009).

[9] Emre Guldogan, Mezraa-Teleilat settlement Impressed Ware and transferring Neolithic life style?, in Paolo Matthiae et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the Archaeology, vol. 3 (2010), pp. 375-380.

5 External links

• 4 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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• Cardium pottery Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardium_pottery?oldid=724829637 Contributors: Genie, Wetman, Danno~enwiki, Mboverload, Pasquale, Markussep, Smalljim, Cmdrjameson, Ogress, Sugaar, Joe Roe, WBardwin, Rjwilmsi, Ttwaring, RJP, Gaius Cornelius, BOT-Superzerocool, Botteville, WAS 4.250, PTSE, Andrew Lancaster, Locutus Borg~enwiki, Cm- drObot, Floris V, Kupirijo, Thijs!bot, Dmitri Lytov, Gcm, R'n'B, Idioma-bot, Raggz, FinnWiki, Miniapolis, Randy Kryn, Estirabot, Olbia merda, Catalographer, DumZiBoT, SilvonenBot, Addbot, Yobot, DSisyphBot, Citation bot 1, RjwilmsiBot, ZéroBot, Erianna, Y-barton, BG19bot, Akashsrinivas, Epicgenius and Anonymous: 17

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• File:Cardial_Impression_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Cardial_Impression_1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Josep Corominas (1925): «Prehistoria de Montserrat», Barcelona Original artist: Josep Corominas (1925) • File:Cardial_Impression_2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Cardial_Impression_2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Josep Corominas (1925): «Prehistoria de Montserrat», Barcelona Original artist: Josep Corominas (1925) • File:Cardial_Impression_3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Cardial_Impression_3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Josep Corominas (1925): «Prehistoria de Montserrat», Barcelona Original artist: Josep Corominas (1925) • File:Cardial_Impression_4.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Cardial_Impression_4.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Josep Corominas (1925): «Prehistoria de Montserrat», Barcelona Original artist: Josep Corominas (1925) • File:Cardial_fragmento.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Cardial_fragmento.png License: Public domain Contributors: Josep Corominas (1925): «Prehistoria de Montserrat», Barcelona Original artist: Josep Corominas (1925) • File:Cardium_pottery_example.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Cardium_pottery_example.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: José-Manuel Benito Álvarez -> Locutus Borg • File:Cerámica_cardial-La_Sarsa_(España).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Cer%C3%A1mica_ cardial-La_Sarsa_%28Espa%C3%B1a%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: José-Manuel Benito Ál- varez -> Locutus Borg • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi- nal artist: ? • File:European-middle-neolithic-en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/ European-middle-neolithic-en.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: modified Image:European Middle Neolithic.gif Original artist: Joostik • File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2015.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Italy_provincial_ location_map_2015.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist: TUBS • File:Lock-green.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg License: CC0 Contributors: en:File: Free-to-read_lock_75.svg Original artist: User:Trappist the monk • File:Neolithic_expansion.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Neolithic_expansion.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Cthuljew using CommonsHelper. Derived from Neolithic Expan- sion.gif from Wikipedia by Sugaar Original artist: Cthuljew at English Wikipedia • File:Red_pog.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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