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Home , Colfax massacre, Ku Klux Klan

Black Codes Under the Reconstruction plans of , the South enacted the Black Codes. They were designed to replace the social controls of slavery that were removed by the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment. The Black Codes were intended to assure the continuance of supremacy. These codes enraged many in the North because it restricted blacks’ freedom and ruined the ideology of free labor. The took control of Congress and passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. It required all southern states to ratify the 14th and 15th amendment. However, people chose to mostly ignore this, and blacks only had small improvements in their life, and black codes remained prevalent until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. KKK

Ku Klux Klan

Mailyn Abon/Kiana Torres Background

The (KKK) was founded in 1866 by a group which included many Confederate veterans in Pulaski, . The organization coincided with the beginning of the second phase of post-Civil War Reconstruction. By 1870, the KKK had branches in nearly every southern state. Cont.

The Ku Klux Klan devoted themselves to an underground campaign violence against Republican leaders and voters (white and black) to reverse the policies of the Radical Reconstruction, and also, to restore in the South. Results

● (April 20, 1871) ○ Effort to take action against the group; gave the president the power to intervene in troubled states with the authority to suspend the writ of habeas ○ the organization practically disappeared (until reformation in 1915)

➢ After 1915, they broadened their hatred from targeting blacks to targeting Catholics, , and foreigners, wanting to advocate white supremacy Impacts

● Various societies were impacted with discrimination ○ , Catholics, Jews, foreigners, and all other groups that did not comply with the KKK’s views ● Their ideology kind of stuck around considering and they have created a false image of African Americans and other minorities at the time Force Acts By Kayla Waycaster And Katie Cutlip What are the Force Acts?

★ The Force Acts or the of 1870 were a series of four acts passed by Republican congressman who supported Reconstruction called the ★ Passed between May 31, 1870 and March 1, 1875 to protect the constitutional rights of blacks by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendment. ★ They authorized federal authorities to penalize anyone who took it upon themselves to interfere with the registration, voting, office holding, or jury of black citizens. ★ They also empowered the president to use military forces or make summary arrests. What were the results?

★ Under the act of April 20, 1871 (which allowed President to declare martial law and impose heavy penalties against terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan), nine counties were placed under martial law in October of 1871. ★ These acts resulted in over 5,000 indictments and 1,250 conviction in the South. ★ In Supreme Court decisions that followed some portions of the acts were considered unconstitutional. Election of 1872

By: Mauro Punzalan & Leitumalotalofaioumoomooga Hunkin The election of 1872 consisted of 6 candidates. The two main candidates were Ulysses S. Grant, leader of the radical republicans, and , part of the liberal republicans. During the election Greeley died he had the popular vote but he died just before the Electoral College votes. Results & Impact

Electoral votes that were for Greeley voted for different candidates. He did receive votes even though he was dead but Congress didn’t allow it. This is so far the only election in which a presidential candidate has died during the electoral process. What was the Colfax massacre An all out conflict that took place in on April 13, 1873. The clash was between the almost all black state of louisiana clashedVS with the White Leauge. Many blacks died and suffered great defeat while the only lost 3 men in the clash. What was the Colfax massacre An all out conflict that took place in Louisiana on April 13, 1873. The clash was between the almost all black state militia of louisiana clashed with the White Leauge. Many blacks died and suffered great defeat while the whites only lost 3 men in the clash. What was the Impact of this? It showed how hard Ulysses S. Grant would have to work to guarantee Black rights and safety.The federal government only convicted 3 whites for but were released the judicial court saw their conviction as unconstitutional. Conflicts soon increased over the rights of blacks. Founding of the Veronica Rimmer and Madison Brester Origins

● Started in 1874 ● Drafted in Louisiana after Civil War ● American White paramilitary group ● Goal was to turn republicans out of office and prevent freemen from voting and political organising ● Related to Ku Klux Klan ● Made up of Confederate veterans that contributed in Colfax Massacre in 1873 Impact

● On August 30th leaguers were involved with the murder of six Republican officials from Red River Parish ● September 14th the Crescent City White League battled Metropolitan Police and occupied the city hall, state house, and arsenal in ● The league disappeared after having attained its objective with the election of a Democrat as governor in 1876. Coushatta Massacre The Facts

● August 25, 1864 ● Based in Louisiana. ● Twenty six dead, six white Republicans and twenty freed blacks. The Perpetrators

The White League

● Mostly made up of Confederate veterans ● Most participated in the Colfax Massacre ● Vowed to restore white supremacy ● Accused all that were arrested that they were starting a “Negro Rebellion” Those Killed

● Six of the dead were “” ● The other twenty were freed blacks. Plan

By Kayla Waycaster and Katie Cutlip What’s the Mississippi Plan?

★ The Mississippi Plan of 1875 was a series of tactics used by whites in Mississippi in order to intimidate Black Voters. ★ White paramilitary groups like the Red Shirts, openly attacked and murdered blacks and rioted at Republican rallies. ★ White plantation owners and landlords would intimidate black sharecroppers if they even dared to vote. What were the results?

★ Black voter turnout in years to follow was nearly non- existent. ★ The Republican governor of Mississippi sought help from the federal government and was denied. ★ A dispute between the Republicans in the north and democrats in the south subsequently meant the federal government would do little to support the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments in the south. ★ Reconstruction was essentially over. United States v. Cruikshank

By: Thomas Gloyn and Megan Beauchamp-Taylor United States v. Cruikshank

● 1873 - William J. Cruikshank was a white participant in the attack on Colfax, Louisiana. ● He was charged with violating the civil rights of blacks who were killed in the attack. ● 1876 - The Supreme Court ruled that the charges against him were unconstitutional. ● Protecting the rights of citizens is the duty of the states involved not the federal government. ● Cruikshank took away one of the federal government’s most important power, which was the right to charge citizens attacking the basic right’s of African-American people. Results and Impacts

● 1883 - The Supreme Court ruled that the was deemed unconstitutional. ● The legal foundation of reconstruction was starting to crumble or fall apart. ● Many americans started losing interest in all these matters. ● With the presidential elections coming quick many candidates decided not to include anything about reconstruction in their speeches. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Ashley Watschinger and Aryana Witts Background

The Civil Rights Act occurred on March 1st of 1875 which was also known as the Enforcement Act or Force Act was a United States federal law enacted during the Era of Reconstruction which allowed African Americans equal treatment in public transportation in public accommodations in prohibiting rejection from jury service. Unconstitutional

In 1883 the Supreme Court ruled that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was unconstitutional and was not authorized by the 13th and 14th amendment. They prohibited discrimination in hotels, trains, and other public spaces. Results

In the original bill, discrimination was outlawed in schools, juries, and any other public areas. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not have any lasting effects. Representative James Rapier referred to the Civil Rights Bill “After all, this question resolves itself into this: either I am a man or I am not a man.” Many people felt that it “opened the door to legalized segregation.” African Americans had to wait until 1964 for congress to pass the law Election of 1876

By Cory Coonc and Evan Mckinney Overview

Canidates: ● Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican ● Samuel J. Tilden, Democrat Rutherford B. Hayes won the election by the count of 185-184.

Electoral Vote Controversy

Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled 's Rutherford B. Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted. The votes were later given to Hayes following a heated legal dispute between the two parties. Electoral Votes cont.

The 20 electoral ballots not counted were from three southern states and a lone western state; , Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon. The Democrats in these four states won the state election majorly by violence and fraud. The Republicans of these states claimed that hayes was only elected because the democrats used fraud and violence. Effects