Brazil and 'Latin America'
J. Lat. Amer. Stud. 42, 457–485 f Cambridge University Press 2010 457 doi:10.1017/S0022216X1000088X Brazil and ‘Latin America’ LESLIE BETHELL Abstract. This essay, part history of ideas and part history of international relations, examines Brazil’s relationship with Latin America in historical perspective. For more than a century after independence, neither Spanish American intellectuals nor Spanish American governments considered Brazil part of ‘Ame´rica Latina’. For their part, Brazilian intellectuals and Brazilian governments only had eyes for Europe and increasingly, after 1889, the United States, except for a strong interest in the Rı´o de la Plata. When, especially during the Cold War, the United States, and by exten- sion the rest of the world, began to regard and treat Brazil as part of ‘Latin America’, Brazilian governments and Brazilian intellectuals, apart from some on the Left, still did not think of Brazil as an integral part of the region. Since the end of the Cold War, however, Brazil has for the first time pursued a policy of engagement with its neighbours – in South America. Keywords: Brazil, Latin America, Spanish America, South America, United States, western hemisphere, pan-Americanism The Origins of the Idea of ‘Latin’ America It has been the conventional wisdom of the past several decades, since the publication in 1968 of John Leddy Phelan’s influential essay, ‘Pan-Latinism, French Intervention in Mexico (1861–7) and the Genesis of the Idea of Latin America’, that ‘Latin America’ was originally a French concept, l’Ame´rique latine, used by French intellectuals to justify French imperialism in Mexico under Napoleon III.1 There existed, the French argued, a linguistic and cul- tural affinity, a unity, of ‘Latin’ peoples for whom France was the natural leader and inspiration (and their defender against Anglo-Saxon, mainly US, influence and, ultimately, domination).
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