57th Annual Missouri Conference on History and Midwest Regional Meeting of Phi Alpha Theta March 11-13, 2015

DoubleTree Hilton and Conference Center, Chesterfield, Missouri

University of Missouri–St. Louis Department of History 2014-2015 Steering Committee President Louis S. Gerteis, University of Missouri–St. Louis Welcome to the 57th Annual Vice President and Secretary/Treasurer Gary R. Kremer, Missouri Conference on History! The State Historical Society of Missouri Brooks Blevins, Missouri State University, 2013-2016 Diane Mutti-Burke, University of Missouri–Kansas City, 2014-2017 A hard-working program committee, chaired by Professor Kevin Debra Foster Greene, Lincoln University, 2012-2015 Fernlund of the University of Missouri–St. Louis, has put together Pam Sanfilippo, Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, an exciting program beginning with the Digital History Showcase on 2014-2017 Thursday morning and concluding with the Poster Presentations on Jeffrey Smith, Lindenwood University, 2013-2016 Friday afternoon. Our keynote luncheon on Wednesday features St. Tim Westcott, Park University, 2014-2017 Louis Mercantile Library Professor Carlos Schwantes, who will compare the commercial fortunes of two historic cities, St. Louis, Missouri, and Venice, Italy. Following the luncheon Professor Priscilla Dowden-White Event Sponsors of the University of Missouri–St. Louis will lead a roundtable discussion, Missouri History Museum The Meaning of Ferguson, Missouri, about the recent events that have The State Historical Society of Missouri brought the St. Louis region to national attention. Throughout the University of Missouri–St. Louis conference, members of the history honor society, Phi Alpha Theta, will present panels on a wide variety of topics, and a panel on National Contributing Vendors History Day will explore the interaction of academic historians and University of Kansas Press institutions with students in Missouri’s middle schools and high schools. Missouri Preservation The State Historical Society of Missouri Special thanks go out to the Missouri History Museum for sponsoring Truman State University Press our pre-conference reception and to the State Historical Society of University of Missouri Press Missouri for hosting a conference reception featuring the political cartoons of Tom Engelhardt. Future Dates and Locations 2016 – Columbia, Missouri I look forward to seeing everyone at the conference. There’s a lot to talk March 10 - 11, 2016, Courtyard Marriott about! Hosted by The State Historical Society of Missouri 2017 – Springfield, Missouri Best wishes, Dates and Location – To be determined Hosted by the Missouri State University History Department Louis S. Gerteis 2018 – Jefferson City, Missouri President, 2015 Missouri Conference on History March 15 - 16, 2018, Capitol Plaza Hotel Hosted by the Missouri State Archives

Cover: William Cullen Bryant, Picturesque America, or, The Land We Live In, vol. 2, 1874, SHSMO-C

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5:30 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. Robert Manley, St. Louis Mercantile Library Mercantile Library Digital Reference Room Pre-Conference Reception Shannon Davis, Washington University Bixby’s at the Missouri History Museum, Forest Park Documenting Ferguson 5700 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, Missouri, 63112 Gary Larsen, Springfield-Greene County Library District The Missouri Conference on History welcomes the new President Over There: Missouri & the Great War; Community & Conflict: of the Missouri History Museum, Dr. Frances Levine, at this Pre- The Impact of the Civil War in the Ozarks Conference event. While in St. Louis, attendees should be sure to take Gerald Hirsch, The State Historical Society of Missouri in the many exhibits currently at the Missouri History Museum. Missouri Digital Newspaper Project Sponsored by the Missouri History Museum and University of Missouri–St. Louis Schools and Scholarship Conference Room B Chair Rob Good, Ladue Horton Watkins High School Thursday, March 12 [email protected] Papers Lisa Gilbert, Saint Louis University 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Resistance within Slavery: Representations in Scholarship Conference Registration and Schools Nancy M. Ehrlich, Independent Scholar 8:00 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. One Room Combination School and Church House Vendor Displays Luke Ritter, Troy University Civil Religion in America’s Early Public Schools 8:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. Comments Audience Steering Committee Meeting Board Room I Phi Alpha Theta Panel Valley Amphitheater 9:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Monarchy, Holocaust, and Religion Sessions Chair Patrick McGarrity, McKendree University Digital History Showcase Conference Room A [email protected] Convener Papers Emily Jaycox, Missouri History Museum Frank S. Shaw, Western Illinois University [email protected] Navigating the Holocaust: Sephardim and Spanish Diplomacy Projects in Vichy Emily Jaycox, Missouri History Museum DPLA 4 5 Thursday, March 12 Thursday, March 12

Zach Crawford, Western Illinois University Sexuality: Religious and Commercial Conference Room B The Administration of Death: Karl Brandt, Philipp Bouhler, Chair Viktor Brack, and Leonardo Conti Kathleen Nigro, University of Missouri–St. Louis Kathleen J. Miller, University of Central Missouri [email protected] Lutheran Deaconesses: The Milwaukee Experience Papers Comments Morgan Creekmore, University of Oklahoma Audience As Above, So Below: Interpretations of the Body and Sexuality in Kabbalah, Hasidism, and New Age Judaism 10:15 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Patrick Dobson, Johnson County Community College Refreshments Walking Kansas City Streets: Moralists, Prostitutes, and the Pendergast Machine, 1920-1940 10:30 a.m. – 11:45 a.m. Comments Kathleen Nigro Sessions Phi Alpha Theta Panel Valley Amphitheater Where History Leaves Us: Historical Archaeology in Cold War Espionage: Foreign Spies and Missouri, 1769-1875 Conference Room A Domestic Surveillance Chair Chair Michael J. Meyer, Missouri Department of Transportation Timothy C. Westcott, Park University [email protected] [email protected] Papers Papers Steve Dasovich and Brianna Patterson, Lindenwood University Adam Benson, University of Central Missouri “So, he is like a myth, right?”: The Oral Tradition and Archaeology The Motives behind Soviet Espionage in the Twentieth Century of the Founding of St. Charles, Missouri Andrew S. Olden, McKendree University Emma Verstraete, Lindenwood University A Game of Cat and Mouse: J. Edgar Hoover’s Pursuit of Settlement of the Little Flat Creek Valley, Barry County, Missouri Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Judith Finot and Jordan Schaefer, Lindenwood University Comments The Identification of a Nineteenth-Century Church: Timothy C. Westcott Archaeological and Historical Documentation of the Dardenne Presbyterian Church Michael J. Meyer, Missouri Department of Transportation Class and Community in the Transatlantic World A Sense of Charity: Archaeological Excavation of the Worthy Conference Room C Woman’s Aid and Hospital Chair Commentator Kenneth Winn, Missouri State Archivist, 1991-2007 Judith Deel, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, State Historic [email protected] Preservation Office 6 7 Thursday, March 12 Thursday, March 12

Papers Andrew Hurley, University of Missouri–St. Louis Greta Bell, California State University, Fresno Keona Ervin, University of Missouri–Columbia The Making of English Tradesmen: Negotiating Social Position Comments in Eighteenth-Century England Audience Kevin Deen Scharlau, University of Missouri–Kansas City Edge of the Precipice: Joseph Smith Jr. from Kirtland to Far West The Great War and the Missouri “Home Front” and the Redemption of Mormonism in America Conference Room B Comments Chair Kenneth Winn Steve Randoll, St. Charles Community College [email protected] 12:00 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. Papers Keynote Luncheon Great Room A James N. Tallon, Lewis University Carlos Schwantes, St. Louis Mercantile Library Endowed Professor Albania in the First World War of Transportation Studies, University of Missouri–St. Louis Petra DeWitt, Missouri University of Science & Technology Distant Glory: Comparing the Commercial Empires Duty, Courage, and Patriotism: The Missouri Home Guard of Venice and Saint Louis during the Great War Timothy C. Westcott, Park University Carlos Schwantes holds a doctorate in American History from the Catastrophe or Triumph? The Kansas City Public Health Service University of Michigan. He has written or edited twenty books about Reacts to the 1918 Influenza Epidemic various facets of the American West and about transportation. His Comments most recent book is Just One Restless Rider: Reflections on Trains and Steve Randoll Travel (University of Missouri Press, 2009). Before coming to the University of Missouri–St. Louis he taught at the University of Idaho. Phi Alpha Theta Panel Valley Amphitheater He is an avid landscape photographer. Settlement and Social Division Chair 2:00 p.m. – 3:15 p.m. Robert D. Ubriaco Jr., Meramec Community College Sessions [email protected] Papers Roundtable Discussion: The Meaning Jaime Juhas, McKendree University of Ferguson, Missouri Conference Room A Aztec Life on Lake Texcoco Chair Cameron Harsey, McKendree University Priscilla Dowden-White, University of Missouri–St. Louis Division and Riots: A Comparison between Chicago 1968 and [email protected] Tiananmen Square 1989 Roundtable Clarissa Hayward, Washington University

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Loel L. Hickman, University of Missouri–St. Louis Papers The Lead Belt Riot of 1917: Repression of Immigrants in a Joe Harl, Archaeological Research Center of St. Louis Missouri Lead Mining Community Are There Really Any Archaeological Remains under Those Comments Buildings: Information Learned and Hazards of Urban Robert D. Ubriaco Jr. Archaeology Mary Lynn Longsworth, University of Missouri–St. Louis Parks, Cemeteries, and Landscapes Conference Room C Playing for Keeps: St. Louis Children of the Nineteenth Century, Chair Their Toy Marbles, and Their Families Esley Hamilton, St. Louis County Parks Meredith Hawkins Trautt, Archaeological Research Center of St. Louis [email protected] Investigations into a Turn-of-the-Twentieth-Century Working- Papers Class Neighborhood in the City of St. Louis, Missouri Ruth Keenoy, Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Inc., and Nancy Brianne Greenwood, Missouri Department of Transportation Ylvisaker, Bellefontaine Cemetery and Arboretum The Soul of the Foot: Below-Ground Investigations and Above- Bellefontaine Cemetery Ground Remembrances Esley Hamilton, St. Louis County Parks Comments Tower Grove Judith Deel, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, State Historic Carol Grove, University of Missouri–Columbia, and Cydney Millstein, Preservation Office Architectural & Historical Research, LLC Hare & Hare Panel on National History Day in Missouri Conference Room B Comments Convener Esley Hamilton Maggie Mayhan, The State Historical Society of Missouri [email protected] 3:15 p.m. – 3:30 p.m. Panel Members Refreshments Peter Acsay, University of Missouri–St. Louis Maggie Mayhan, The State Historical Society of Missouri 3:30 p.m. – 4:45 p.m. Paul Teverow, Missouri Southern State University Comments Sessions Audience

The Places We Live: Urban Archaeology in Missouri, Phi Alpha Theta Panel Valley Amphitheater 1865–1950 Conference Room A Public Health Chair Chair Michael J. Meyer, Missouri Department of Transportation Petra DeWitt, Missouri University of Science & Technology [email protected] [email protected]

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Papers 9:00 a.m. – 10:15 a.m. Brenda Thacker, University of Missouri–St. Louis Sessions Quarantine Island and Public Health in Nineteenth-Century St. Louis Setting the Stage: Getting Ready to Remake St. Louis— Daniel Schneider, University of Missouri–St. Louis A Brief History of American Healthcare Policy A Look at Harland Bartholomew and Raymond Tucker Jason Brown, Lindenwood University Conference Room A The Disease of Government: Finding Cures through Chair Private Development Maire Murphy, Washington University Comments [email protected] Petra DeWitt Papers Emily Jaycox, Missouri History Museum 5:30 p.m. – 7:00 p.m. Mapping Recovery: A Look at the Use of Maps by Harland Bartholomew Opening Reception, An Evening with Tom Engelhardt Mark Abbott, Harris-Stowe State University Grand Ballroom A Who Knew?: Harland Bartholomew as Missouri Conference on History attendees have the first opportunity Neighborhood Conservationist to celebrate the newest title published by the State Historical Society, Andrew Theising, Southern Illinois University–Edwardsville Four Turbulent Decades: A Cartoon History of America, 1962–2001. Not Just Pruitt-Igoe: Raymond Tucker and a Revolution in The book features works by Tom Engelhardt, longtime political Municipal Governance cartoonist for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, selected from the SHSMO Comments art collection by curator Joan Stack. This event includes a public Maire Murphy interview of Engelhardt by SHSMO trustee and recently retired Missourinet director Bob Priddy as well as a book signing. America: Biography, Baseball, and the Klan Sponsored by The State Historical Society of Missouri Conference Room B Chair Andrew Hurley, University of Missouri–St. Louis [email protected] Friday, March 13 Papers Larry G. Brown, University of Missouri–Columbia 8:00 a.m. – 1:30 p.m. Circumstance and Pomp: The Life of Jean Baptiste Charbonneau Conference Registration Peter K. Johnson, University of Central Missouri The Mysterious “Mr. Bean Solid”: Tracing the Life of Eugene 8:00 a.m. – 3:30 p.m. Pourée dit Beausoleil Vendor Displays

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Michele R. (Scout) Johnson, University of Arkansas Papers The Life, Double-Life, and Afterlife of Kathy Ainsworth Chris Huggard, Northwest Arkansas Community College Comments Pea Ridge: Civil War Battle, Collective Memory, and the Making Audience of a National Park Dennis Boman, Lindenwood University Phi Alpha Theta Panel Valley Amphitheater Slavery, Loyalty, and Unionism The Great Twentieth-Century War Comments Chair Silvana Siddali, Saint Louis University Peter Acsay, University of Missouri–St. Louis [email protected] Popular Culture in Twentieth-Century America Papers Conference Room B Janelle Brimer, University of Missouri–St. Louis Chair The German Revolution Has Begun: American Reaction to the Kevin Fernlund, University of Missouri–St. Louis Nazi Party during the 1930s [email protected] Matt Brimer, University of Missouri–St. Louis Papers The Bombing of Dresden: Ethics, Aerial Warfare, and Kelsey T. Frady, University of Missouri–Columbia the Aftermath Gladys Wheat: Advancing Art across Missouri during the First Leah Huesing, University of Missouri–St. Louis World War John le Carre: Narratives of Intrigue and Cold War Edward Salo, Arkansas State University Popular Culture What Can Green Lantern Teach Us about Race Relations: Use of Comments Comic Books as Primary Sources in History Class Peter Acsay Joan Stack, The State Historical Society of Missouri The Civil Rights Cartoons of Tom Engelhardt: Evidence and 10:15 a.m. – 10:30 a.m. Instruments of Social Change in Missouri during the 1960s Refreshments and 1970s Niklas Trzaskowski, Mississippi State University Taking Stances: The Vietnam War inThe American Rifleman, 10:30 a.m. – 11:45 a.m. 1965-1973 Sessions Comments Audience US Civil War Conference Room A Chair Louis Gerteis, University of Missouri–St. Louis [email protected]

14 15 Friday, March 13 Friday, March 13 Public, Private, Political: The American Family in the Papers Nineteenth-Century United States Conference Room C Marshall Hier, Esquire Chair The Real Story behind the Blues Ballad: “Duncan Shot a Hole in Lorri Glover, Saint Louis University Brady’s Breast” [email protected] Allen Wagner, University of Missouri–St. Louis Papers The St. Louis Metropolitan Police Approach the Paula Hunt, University of Missouri–Columbia Twentieth Century Every Mother’s Duty: “The Slave’s Friend” and the Abolitionist Comments Recruitment of Children Louis Gerteis Sarah Lirley McCune, University of Missouri–Columbia “I Know No Reason for Her Act”: Mothers Who Committed Distance, Community, and African American Farm Suicide, St. Louis, Missouri, 1875 to 1900 Owners Conference Room B Stan Maxson, University of Missouri–Columbia Chair “At the Time of Freedom”: The Making of Emancipation in Debra Foster Greene, Lincoln University Howard County, 1863–1870 [email protected] Comments Papers Lorri Glover Mark Schultz, Lewis University The Geography of Settlement and Race Relations among Black 12:00 p.m. – 1:30 p.m. and White Farm Owners in Georgia, Arkansas, and Missouri Awards Luncheon and Business Meeting Heidi Dodson, University of Illinois–Urbana-Champaign Black Community Development in the Missouri Delta— Great Room A Migration, Landownership, and Social Networks Join the Missouri Conference on History in celebrating exceptional Spencer D. Wood, Kansas State University, and Jess Gilbert, University scholarship on the Show-Me state. of Wisconsin, Madison Please note this luncheon is not included in the registration fee. “You Don’t Own Me”: Black Landowners and New Deal Planners Build Democratic Communities in Mississippi, Louisiana, and 1:45 p.m. – 3:00 p.m. Texas, 1937–1965 Sessions Comments Debra Foster Greene The Police and the African American Community in Late Nineteenth-Century St. Louis Conference Room A Utopianism, Syncretism, and Mining in the Americas Chair Conference Room C Louis Gerteis, University of Missouri–St. Louis Chair [email protected] Steve Rowan, University of Missouri–St. Louis [email protected]

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Papers John York, Westminster College Alice Regina Lapoint, University of Oklahoma Go West Young Ma’am: The Myths and Realities of Women on The Goddesses and Mary: The Survival of Indigenous Female the Frontier Deities in New Spain Andrew Flanigan, Westminster College Eric C. Sonnicksen, Western New Mexico University So You Want Independence, Eh? The Role of Education in A Tale of Two Potosí: Mining and Divergence in the Americas Canada’s Quiet Revolution Comments Levi Molenhour, Southern Illinois University–Edwardsville Steve Rowan “I Hope to Have God on My Side, but I MUST have Kentucky”: A Case Study of One State’s Significance in the American Civil War The Great Depression and the Second World War Valley Amphitheater Chair Jeffrey Smith, Lindenwood University [email protected] Papers Arley R. Ward, University of Arkansas Segregation at Home: Inequality on the Home Front David Harrisville, University of Wisconsin–Madison Conquerors in a Strange Land: German Soldiers Imagining and Encountering Civilians in the Soviet Union Comments Jeffrey Smith

Poster Presentations Conference Room F Posters Bridget Watkins, Westminster College Reel Rosies: Exploring Gender Roles in Mainstream World War II Movies Jack Ketcher, Westminster College Strategic Failures: The Strategic Hamlet Program and Early US Involvement in Vietnam Meredith Bolen, Westminster College Tortoise Tussles: Class, Culture, and the Historical Evolution of a Scientific Theory

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