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Can Hawaii Meet Its Renewable Fuel Target? Case Study of Banagrass-Based Cellulosic Ethanol
International Journal of Geo-Information Article Can Hawaii Meet Its Renewable Fuel Target? Case Study of Banagrass-Based Cellulosic Ethanol Chinh Tran * and John Yanagida Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-808-956-4065 Academic Editors: Shih-Lung Shaw, Qingquan Li, Yang Yue and Wolfgang Kainz Received: 9 March 2016; Accepted: 8 August 2016; Published: 16 August 2016 Abstract: Banagrass is a biomass crop candidate for ethanol production in the State of Hawaii. This study examines: (i) whether enough banagrass can be produced to meet Hawaii’s renewable fuel target of 20% highway fuel demand produced with renewable sources by 2020 and (ii) at what cost. This study proposes to locate suitable land areas for banagrass production and ethanol processing, focusing on the two largest islands in the state of Hawaii—Hawaii and Maui. The results suggest that the 20% target is not achievable by using all suitable land resources for banagrass production on both Hawaii and Maui. A total of about 74,224,160 gallons, accounting for 16.04% of the state’s highway fuel demand, can be potentially produced at a cost of $6.28/gallon. Lower ethanol cost is found when using a smaller production scale. The lowest cost of $3.31/gallon is found at a production processing capacity of about 9 million gallons per year (MGY), which meets about 2% of state demand. This cost is still higher than the average imported ethanol price of $3/gallon. -
Rapid Transit in Toronto Levyrapidtransit.Ca TABLE of CONTENTS
The Neptis Foundation has collaborated with Edward J. Levy to publish this history of rapid transit proposals for the City of Toronto. Given Neptis’s focus on regional issues, we have supported Levy’s work because it demon- strates clearly that regional rapid transit cannot function eff ectively without a well-designed network at the core of the region. Toronto does not yet have such a network, as you will discover through the maps and historical photographs in this interactive web-book. We hope the material will contribute to ongoing debates on the need to create such a network. This web-book would not been produced without the vital eff orts of Philippa Campsie and Brent Gilliard, who have worked with Mr. Levy over two years to organize, edit, and present the volumes of text and illustrations. 1 Rapid Transit in Toronto levyrapidtransit.ca TABLE OF CONTENTS 6 INTRODUCTION 7 About this Book 9 Edward J. Levy 11 A Note from the Neptis Foundation 13 Author’s Note 16 Author’s Guiding Principle: The Need for a Network 18 Executive Summary 24 PART ONE: EARLY PLANNING FOR RAPID TRANSIT 1909 – 1945 CHAPTER 1: THE BEGINNING OF RAPID TRANSIT PLANNING IN TORONTO 25 1.0 Summary 26 1.1 The Story Begins 29 1.2 The First Subway Proposal 32 1.3 The Jacobs & Davies Report: Prescient but Premature 34 1.4 Putting the Proposal in Context CHAPTER 2: “The Rapid Transit System of the Future” and a Look Ahead, 1911 – 1913 36 2.0 Summary 37 2.1 The Evolving Vision, 1911 40 2.2 The Arnold Report: The Subway Alternative, 1912 44 2.3 Crossing the Valley CHAPTER 3: R.C. -
Intercity Bus Services Task Force Final Report
Council of Deputy Ministers Responsible for Transportation and Highway Safety Intercity Bus Services Task Force Final Report September 2010 Table of Contents Executive Summary...................................................................................................................... 3 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................................11 1.2 Task Force Activities........................................................................................................................13 2.0 Summary of Previous Reports and Studies on Intercity Bus Services ............................ 15 2.1 Effects of Deregulation.....................................................................................................................15 2.2 Service to Small Communities .........................................................................................................16 2.3 Defining Features of the Intercity Bus Industry ...............................................................................17 2.4 Alternative Service Providers...........................................................................................................18 2.5 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................18 2.6 Options -
PDF Download Prevailing Trade Winds: Climate and Weather in Hawaii Kindle
PREVAILING TRADE WINDS: CLIMATE AND WEATHER IN HAWAII PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Marie Sanderson | 126 pages | 01 Feb 1994 | University of Hawai'i Press | 9780824814915 | English | Honolulu, HI, United States Prevailing Trade Winds: Climate and Weather in Hawaii PDF Book Usually by late morning, winds increase again due to the additional forcing effects from the sun. Annual weather conditions in Hawaii vary neigh. Still, we can look at the long-term trends and get a general idea of what to expect. Project Seasons of the Year on YouTube channel:. The persistent trades mean steady winds in summer months. These conditions are often accompanied by higher gusts above 40 kts. However, trends from one day to the next may be inferred. Received: 14 Feb Published Online: Oct This book is not yet featured on Listopia. The trade winds that continually blow across the island cause it to be permanently bent in one direction. Link Network. Community Reviews. Thanks for telling us about the problem. Past Climatic Changes Dennis Nullet. Currents are not well defined around the Hawaiian Islands. The best method to differentiate current direction and speed is visual observations of buoys and onboard instrumentation. The temperature falls about 3. Easterly Waves and Remnants of Tropical Cyclones: The most likely effect of tropical cyclones may come from the remains an earlier tropical cyclone or easterly wave. Cite Data - Experimental. Enjoy a CovidSafe visit to the National Library. Clouds on the leeward side often have localized cells that contain increased wind speed as a result of downdrafts. July 4 — Independence Day. Summer kau lasts from May through October, with high temperatures and reliable trade winds. -
The Rainfall Atlas of Hawai'i 2011
THE RAINFALL ATLAS OF HAWAI‘I 2011 Final Report Thomas W. Giambelluca1, Qi Chen1, Abby G. Frazier1, Jonathan P. Price2 Yi-Leng Chen3, Pao-Shin Chu3, and Jon K. Eischeid4 1Department of Geography, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA 2Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Hawai‘i - Hilo, Hilo, HI, USA 3Department of Meteorology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA 4Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA October 2011 The Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i 2011 Final Report Acknowledgments The 2011 Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i was developed under an agreement between the State of Hawai‘i Commission on Water Resource Management and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Honolulu District under Section 22 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1974. Contract No. W9128A-04-D-0019, Contract Task Order No. 0038 was awarded to Wil Chee Planning, Inc., which subcontracted the work to the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Department of Geography. The development of the 2011 Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i was supported by numerous individuals and organizations. Please see the “People” tab of the Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i web site (http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu) for information about those who contributed to this work. We are grateful to the people listed there, as well as the many other individuals who contributed to Hawai‘i’s rainfall dataset by carefully and consistently making measurements and recording and preserving the data. Those records are an invaluable resource, without which no rainfall map analysis would be possible. -
C.23 - Cw Info
APRIL 14, 2015 Page 1 of 93 11. C.23 - CW INFO FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 25, 2015 Pettapiece presents Network Southwest plan to transport minister (Queen’s Park) – When it comes to improved local transportation options, Perth-Wellington MPP Randy Pettapiece wants to get the province on board. Today in the legislature, Pettapiece presented Steven Del Duca, Ontario’s transportation minister, with a copy of the Network Southwest plan unveiled March 18 in St. Marys. “I explained to the minister how important this is to many in our community,” said Pettapiece. “He was very receptive,” he added. The MPP also wrote to the minister on behalf of the 86 people who signed postcards to support the Network Southwest plan. He presented all the postcards directly to the minister along with a full copy of the plan. The postcards state: “High quality intercity transportation, based on rail and bus, is a necessity of any modern nation. Southwestern Ontario has a particular need, due to high road congestion, population density and diverse economic activity.” They also call for a definitive study on the concept plan as outlined by Network Southwest. Pettapiece has written and spoken many times about the importance of improved transportation options – and, in particular, the need to extend GO transit service through Perth-Wellington. Last year the MPP took the extra step of submitting an Order Paper question on the Premier’s stated intention of extending GO transit service to our riding. Pettapiece was not pleased by the response, which made no mention of rural transportation challenges, focusing instead on the government’s promises for the Greater Toronto-Hamilton area. -
Hilo Talk 9-2017
Outline The big picture - what controls the climate of Hawaii? Do our volcanos control on the climate of Hawaii Island? Changes to summit climate since mid last century The cloud forest and cloud layer changes Think global act local Mauna Kea Climate, Past and Future by Steven Businger, Professor and Chair Department of Atmospheric Sciences, UHM 1 2 3 4 Fall Equinox Friday was the autumnal equinox, so called because day and night have equal length. Also, interestingly, the border between day and night, called the terminator, is oriented exactly north-south, as seen in the visible satellite image at right. • The Earth’s spectral signature (color) is a product of our planet’s teeming life. Oxygen, which we breathe, and ozone, that shields us from UV radiation, are the products of photosythesis, and scatter blue light. Earth’s vegetation reflects red light. The resulting U-shaped spectrum, if seen in other planets, can help us to identify habitable planets. 5 6 Bird Bird Exodus Exodus Weather radar even tells us Our feathered friends know the which direction the birds are season is turning, with a massive flying. Here is the Doppler southward migration going on. How Velocity at 7:54 PM HST last do I know. Weather radar! Thurs, using the Camano Here is the radar image from 8:03 Island radar. It tells you the HST last Thursday night. Lots of component of motion echo..but no rain. Those are birds. towards or away from the How can I be sure? There was no radar. Cold colors (like blue) echo before sunset and then the indicate incoming, warm radar lit up as it got dark. -
Preliminary Environmental Assessment for MAUI ELECTRIC COMPANY REQUEST for PROPOSALS for VARIABLE RENEWABLE DISPATCHABLE GENERATION
Preliminary Environmental Assessment FOR MAUI ELECTRIC COMPANY REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR VARIABLE RENEWABLE DISPATCHABLE GENERATION KAHANA SOLAR PROJECT MAUI, HAWAII Prepared for: Innergex Renewables USA, LLC 1185 West George Street, Suite 900 Vancouver, British Columbia V6E 4E6 Prepared by: Tetra Tech, Inc. 737 Bishop Street, Suite 2340 Honolulu, HI 96813 November 2019 PRELIMINARY EA FOR MECO RFP RESPONSE Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Project Description .................................................................................................................................. 1 Natural Environment ............................................................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Existing conditions .................................................................................................................. 3 2.1.2 Short- and Long-Term Impacts .......................................................................................... 3 2.1.3 Best Management Practices and Mitigation .................................................................. 4 2.2 Biology ......................................................................................................................................................... -
Thirty-Four Years of Hawaii Wave Hindcast from Downscaling of Climate Forecast System Reanalysis
1 Ocean Modelling Achimer April 2016, Volume 100 Pages 78-95 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.02.001 http://archimer.ifremer.fr http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00313/42425/ © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Thirty-four years of Hawaii wave hindcast from downscaling of climate forecast system reanalysis Li Ning 1, Cheung Kwok Fai 1, *, Stopa Justin 2, Hsiao Feng 3, Chen Yi-Leng 3, Vega Luis 4, Cross Patrick 4 1 Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 2 Laboratoire d’Oceanographie Spatiale, Ifremer, Plouzane, France 3 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 4 Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA * Corresponding author : Cheung Kwok Fai, Tel.: +1 808 956 3485 ; fax: +1 808 956 3498 ; Email address : [email protected] [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] Abstract : The complex wave climate of Hawaii includes a mix of seasonal swells and wind waves from all directions across the Pacific. Numerical hindcasting from surface winds provides essential space-time information to complement buoy and satellite observations for studies of the marine environment. We utilize WAVEWATCH III and SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) in a nested grid system to model basin-wide processes as well as high-resolution wave conditions around the Hawaiian Islands from 1979 to 2013. The wind forcing includes the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) for the globe and downscaled regional winds from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. -
Weather Extremes
Answers archive: Weather extremes Link: http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/archives-weather-extremes.htm Q: What's the hottest city in the country? A: When measured by average year-round temperature, the hottest city is Key West, where the temperature averages 78°F. A better measurement is a city’s average high temperature in July, taken during the hottest of the hot weather. Using this method, the hottest U.S. city is Lake Havasu City, Ariz., which has an average July daily high temperature of about 111°F. As for large cities, the hottest is Phoenix, where the typical July day has a high of 106°F. This information is from Christopher Burt's book Extreme Weather. (Answered by Doyle Rice, USA TODAY’s weather editor, July 23, 2007) Q: How much do Hawaii's temperatures vary throughout the year? A: Thanks to the moderating influence of the Pacific Ocean, Hawaii has a mild, tropical climate, where the temperatures don't change all that much on a day-to-day basis, in comparison to much of the USA. To illustrate this, compare Hawaii and the continental climate of Fargo, N.D. The average high temperature in Honolulu in January is about 80°F. In August, it’s about 89°F. Compare that to Fargo's high of 16°F in January and 81°F in August. Where Hawaii's high temperature only varied 9°F from summer to winter, Fargo's varied 65°F. This USA TODAY state snapshot has more about the weather and climate of Hawaii, as does this report from the National Weather Service in Honolulu. -
B-172376 DOD's Requirement for Air
aii Department of Defense COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON, D.C. 20548 B-172376 To the President of the Senate and the cl Speaker of the House of Representatives d This is our report on DOD% unnecessarily requiring the air-conditioning of military family housing in Hawaii. We made our review pursuant to the Budget and Accounting Act, 1921 (31 U.S.C. 53), and the Accounting and Auditing Act of 1950 (31 U.S.C. 67). Copies of this report are being sent to the Director, Office of Management and Budget, and the Secretaries of De- fense, the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. Sincerely yours, Acting Comptroller General of the United States Contents Page DIGEST 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 Scope of review 3 2 REQUIREMENTSFOR AIR-CONDITIONING 4 June 17, 1971, memorandum . 4 Existing family housing 5 Across-the-board air-condi- tioning 6 3 POSITIONS OF MILITARY AND CIVILIAN OFFICIALS ON CENTRAL AIR- CONDITIONING 7 Military positions concerning air-conditioning 7 U.S. Coast Guard 9 FHA and commercial builders 10 4 COSTS AND RELATED ENERGY.EFFECTS OF INSTALLING CENTRAL AIR-CONDITIONING 11 New housing 11 Existing housing 12 Utility, repairs and maintenance, and replacement costs 13 Energy consumption 13 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 Recommendations 1.5 6 AGENCY COMMENTSAND OUR EVALUATION 16 Uncomfortable climate and human comfort 16 Private air-conditioning units 17 Air-conditioning in the United States 18 Cost estimates 18 Energy usage 19 Noise control 20 - _, __ -A--_. - -___ _a---.-- - - L- __“__ .._ ~._ _-._-I -” ._____ -
Influence of the Trade-Wind Inversion on the Climate of a Leeward Mountain Slope in Hawaii
CLIMATE RESEARCH Vol. 1: 207-216, 1991 Published December 30 Clim. Res. Influence of the trade-wind inversion on the climate of a leeward mountain slope in Hawaii Thomas W. ~iarnbelluca'~~,Dennis ~ullet',* ' Department of Geography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA 'Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA ABSTRACT: The climate of oceanic islands in the trade-wind belts is strongly influenced by the persistent subsidence inversion characteristic of the regions. In the middle and upper elevations of high volcanic peaks in Hawaii, climate is directly affected by the presence and movement of the inversion. The natural vegetation and wildlife of these areas are vulnerable to long-term shifts in the inversion height that may accompany global climate change. Better understanding of the climatic effects of the inversion will allow prediction of global-warming-induced changes in tropical mountain climate. To evaluate the influence of the inversion on the present climate of the mountain, solar radiation, net radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind measurements were taken along a transect on the leeward slope of Haleakala, Maui. Much of the diurnal and annual variability at a given location is related to proximity to the inversion level, where moist surface air grades rapidly into dry upper air. The diurnal cycle of upslope and downslope winds on the mountain is evident in all measurements. Measurements indicate that the climate of Haleakala can be described with reference to 4 zones: a marine zone, below about 1200 m, of moist well-mixed air in contact with the oceanic moisture source; a fog zone found approximately between 1200 and 1800 m, where the cloud layer is frequently in contact with the surface; a transitional zone, from about 1800 to 2400 m, with a highly variable climate; and an arid zone, above 2400 m, usually above the inversion where air is extremely dry due to its isolation from the oceanic moisture source.