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Szabó Máté Csaba 2014 DOI Azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 Doktori (PhD) értekezés Szabó Máté Csaba 2014 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 NEMZETI KÖZSZOLGÁLATI EGYETEM Hadtudományi Doktori Iskola Szabó Máté Csaba: A brit és amerikai külbirtokok státusza és biztonsági problémái Doktori (PhD) értekezés Témavezető: Dr. Szabó A. Ferenc, egyetemi tanár ………………………………….. Budapest, 2014 2 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 Tartalomjegyzék Tartalomjegyzék........................................................................................................... 3 A BRIT ÉS AMERIKAI KÜLBIRTOKOK STÁTUSZA ÉS BIZTONSÁGI PROBLÉMÁI ............................................................................................................. 6 1. BEVEZETÉS ............................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Kutatási téma indoklása ....................................................................................... 6 1.2 Kutatási célok és hipotézisek ............................................................................... 9 1.3 Tudományos módszerek..................................................................................... 13 2. A BRIT TENGEREN TÚLI TERÜLETEK ...................................................................... 15 2.1 A dekolonizáció nemzetközi háttere és hatása a brit gyarmatpolitikára............ 15 2.2 A Brit Tengeren Túli Területek közös jellemzői, fogalmi keretek és a területi politika fejlődése ................................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 A Brit Tengeren Túli Területek felsorolása és az ehhez kapcsolódó fogalmak tisztázása ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2.2 A Brit Tengeren Túli Területekkel kapcsolatos kormányzati tevékenységek ........................................................................................................................ 26 2.2.2.1 A munkáspárti kormányok kapcsolódó politikája 1997 és 2010 között 29 2.2.2.2 A konzervatív kormány kezdeményezései 2010-től .............................. 33 2.3 Alkotmányos kapcsolat az Egyesült Királysággal ............................................. 36 2.4 A területek részletes vizsgálata .......................................................................... 41 2.4.1 Csoportosítási lehetőségek............................................................................ 41 2.4.2 A Karib-térségben elhelyezkedő területek és Bermuda................................ 44 2.4.2.1 Általános helyi jellemzők....................................................................... 44 2.4.2.2 A függetlenségi törekvések.................................................................... 48 2.4.2.3 Biztonságpolitika és a brit katonai jelenlét a térségben ......................... 54 2.4.3 Dél- Atlanti és Antarktiszi Területek ............................................................ 58 2.4.3.1 Általános helyi jellemzők....................................................................... 58 2.4.3.2 Szent Ilona és a hozzá tartozó szigetek.................................................. 61 2.4.3.2.1 Szent Ilona, a börtönsziget .............................................................. 61 2.4.3.2.2 Ascension-sziget, és transzfer szerepe ............................................ 63 3 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 2.4.3.2.3 Tristan da Cunha, a vulkánsziget .................................................... 65 2.4.3.3 A Falkland-szigetek, a háborús hadszíntér............................................. 67 2.4.3.3.1 A Falkland-szigetek korai története ................................................ 67 2.4.3.3.2 A falklandi háború........................................................................... 72 2.4.3.3.3 A konfliktus következményei ......................................................... 76 2.4.3.4 A Déli-Georgia- és a Déli-Sandwich-szigetek....................................... 84 2.4.3.5 Brit Antarktiszi Terület .......................................................................... 88 2.4.4. A további területek vizsgálata:..................................................................... 99 2.4.4.1 Gibraltár, a Szikla................................................................................... 99 2.4.4.2 A Ciprusi Szuverén Bázis Területek, a kelet-mediterráneum kulcsa... 112 2.4.4.3 Brit Indiai-óceáni Terület..................................................................... 121 2.4.4.4 A Pitcairn-szigetek............................................................................... 127 2.5 Összegzett következtetések:............................................................................... 129 3. AZ AMERIKAI EGYESÜLT ÁLLAMOK SZIGETTERÜLETEI ........................................ 131 3.1 Az USA területi expanziójának történeti háttere ............................................. 131 3.2 Az Egyesült Államok területi politikájának fejlődése ..................................... 137 3.3 A szigetterületek jogi helyzete, alkotmányos kapcsolata az Egyesült Államokkal, tipizálásuk és igazgatásuk ........................................................... 144 3.4 A területek részletes vizsgálata ........................................................................ 150 3.4.1 Csoportosítási lehetőségek.......................................................................... 150 3.4.2 Karib területek............................................................................................. 151 3.4.2.1 Röviden az USA expanziós politikájáról ............................................. 151 3.4.2.2 Puerto Rico........................................................................................... 155 3.4.2.3 Amerikai Virgin-szigetek..................................................................... 165 3.4.2.4 A Karib térségben található területek katonai szerepe......................... 173 3.4.2.4.1 Puerto Rico.................................................................................... 173 3.4.2.4.2 Amerikai Virgin-szigetek.............................................................. 178 3.4.2.5 A guantánamói haditengerészeti támaszpont....................................... 180 3.4.3 Csendes-óceáni területek............................................................................. 197 3.4.3.1 Amerikai Szamoa................................................................................. 197 3.4.3.2 Guam, a Csendes-óceán Gibraltárja..................................................... 206 3.4.3.3 Az Északi-Mariana-szigetek ................................................................ 214 3.4.3.4 A Mariana-szigetek katonai jelentősége .............................................. 220 4 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 3.4.4 Röviden az Egyesült Államok fennhatósága alá tartozó apróbb szigetekről ...................................................................................................................... 234 3.5 Összegzett következtetések:............................................................................... 250 4. KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK............................................................................................... 252 4.1 Az Egyesült Királyság és az Amerikai Egyesült Államok külbirtokainak összehasonlítása ............................................................................................... 252 4.1.1 A külbirtokok történelmi szempontú összehasonlítása............................... 252 4.1.2 A külbirtokok jogi sztátusz szerinti öszehasonlítása................................... 255 4.1.3 A külbirtokok gazdasági eredményeik szerinti összehasonlítása ............... 259 4.1.4 A külbirtokok függetlenedési törekvéseinek összehasonlítása ................... 265 4.1.5 A külbirtokok biztonságát fenyegető tényezők összehasonlítása ............... 269 4.2 A külbirtokok geopolitikai helyzetének értékelése............................................ 273 4.3 A külbirtokok és az anyaországok kölcsönös előnyökön alapuló viszonyrendszere .......................................................................................................................... 278 4.4 Új tudományos eredmények............................................................................... 282 4.5 A kutatási eredmények gyakorlati felhasználására tett javaslatok és a téma további kutatási irányai .................................................................................... 283 5. ÁBRÁK- ÉS TÁBLÁZATOK JEGYZÉKE...................................................................... 284 6. FELHASZNÁLT IRODALOM:.................................................................................... 288 7. SZABÓ MÁTÉ CSABA PUBLIKÁCIÓS JEGYZÉKE ...................................................... 297 5 DOI azonosító: 10.17625/NKE.2014.021 A brit és amerikai külbirtokok státusza és biztonsági problémái 1. Bevezetés 1.1 Kutatási téma indoklása A külbirtokok témája iránti érdeklődés és a téma fontosságába vetett hit több év alatt, fokozatosan érlelődött meg bennem. Az egzotikus térségek története iránti érdeklődés már fiatal koromtól jelen volt az életemben, így az Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetemen folytatott történelem szakos tanulmányaim során különös hangsúlyt fektettem az Európán kívüli világ és a gyarmatok tanulmányozására. 2006-ban szakdolgozatom témájául a kubai-amerikai kapcsolatok 20. századi történetét választottam, külön kitérve a guantánamói haditengerészeti támaszpont történetére. Az ELTE-n
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