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La Invención Cultural De Un Territorio Nacional Imaginado, 1938-1961

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La Invención Cultural De Un Territorio Nacional Imaginado, 1938-1961 1 3 7 ÍNDICE Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………….………… 1 Capítulo I: La Comisión Nacional del Antártico en la construcción simbólica de un nuevo territorio nacional……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Las tareas reservadas y la agenda pública de la Comisión Nacional del Antártico .…………………….. 7 Capítulo II: Una nueva cartografía nacional: textos e imágenes para la Antártida Argentina en publicaciones populares…………………………………………………………………………….…………..… 10 Permanencias y rupturas en la representación del espacio nacional: normas y leyes de la cartografía de Estado …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 La cartografía nacional y sus textos asociados en las publicaciones de circulación masiva…………….. 13 Atlas y libros de propaganda oficial.…………………………………………………………………….. 13 La Antártida: mapas, fotos y prosa en las revistas periódicas de los “mundos peronistas”……………… 19 El Sector Antártico Argentino en los textos escolares de las primeras lecturas y manuales de enseñanza… 27 Capítulo III: Miniaturas hacia la conquista visual de la Argentártida: la querella de las estampillas………………………...…………………………………………………………….. 31 Instrumentos del Estado en el control material y simbólico del espacio nacional: oficinas de correo, estafetas, estaciones y sellos postales …………………………………………………………………… 31 La reproducción de mapas esquemáticos australes y vistas antárticas en las estampillas nacionales……… 32 Las estampillas argentinas como parte del régimen visual de las políticas peronistas: panoramas, paisajes y mapas simplificados en competencia transnacional…………………………………………………… 36 Capítulo IV: La Argentártida en la nueva Sala Antártica del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia …………………………………………………………...……………………………… 43 Capítulo V: La Argentártida en el cine documental, en los filmes institucionales y en los cortometrajes de los noticiosos……………………………………………………………...……………………………………….. 50 Medios de información y cine durante el Peronismo …………………………………………………………… 50 La representación cinematográfica del territorio nacional y las regiones australes antes de la llegada del Peronismo al gobierno: los filmes de Federico Valle …………………………………………………………… 51 Del Ártico al Antártico: Nanook of the North y Entre los hielos de las Islas Orcadas…………………… 54 Las representaciones cinematográficas del territorio nacional en los documentales del Peronismo: la Antártida como una más de las regiones geográficas del país …………………………………………… 59 Los noticiosos en las salas de cine: Sucesos Argentinos en la Argentártida……………………………… 61 i El raid aéreo de 1947 al Polo Sur: fotos institucionales, fotos sociales y aerofotogrametría estratégica…………………………..……………………………………………………………………... 62 La expedición científica de 1951: prólogo de la creación del Instituto Antártico Argentino ..… 63 Conclusión………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 67 Bibliografía………………………………………………………………………………………...…………...… 70 Fuentes……………………………………………………………………………………………..……………… 72 Libros…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72 Publicaciones oficiales…………………………………………………………………………………… 73 Revistas de circulación popular………………………………………………………………………… 73 Artículos periodísticos…………………………………………………………………………………… 73 Películas documentales, institucionales y cortometrajes de noticieros…………………………………… 73 Intersitios de organizaciones nacionales e internacionales……………………………………………… 74 Índice de imágenes……………………………………………………………………………………… 74 ii INTRODUCCIÓN decisiones públicas destinadas a concientizar a la población sobre la Antártida como parte constitutiva del territorio nacional. Hecha esta afirmación a esta altura Hay varias versiones sobre el momento en que se conjetural, tratamos de dar respuesta a lo largo del libro advirtió que no hay osos polares en la Antártida. a los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuál fue el origen de los Víctor Manuel Infante contaba esta anécdota: el reclamos antárticos y cómo a partir de esos planteos este puente Antártida Argentina estaba a punto de territorio se difundió y se representó a través de medios inaugurarse cuando alguien le susurró al intendente de divulgación popular? ¿Qué relación tuvo este que ese tipo de fauna no existía en el Polo Sur. proceso con los reclamos soberanos que inició la Asombro, órdenes, corridas. Una cuadrilla municipal 1 Argentina en la segunda parte de la década del 40? ¿Qué levanta el Oso y se lo lleva en un camión. instituciones estatales iniciaron este emprendimiento que se tradujo luego en reclamos en el terreno de las relaciones internacionales? Y finalmente, ¿cuáles Cuenta la anécdota que, a mediados de la década del fueron fundamentalmente las entidades y los medios 50, el intendente de la ciudad de Córdoba quiso hacer su culturales y educativos que empleó el Estado para crear contribución para no ser menos en la zaga por el conciencia nacional sobre el tema? reclamo antártico argentino. Por entonces, tuvo la idea En este trabajo nos propusimos responder las de crear un monumento alusivo para lo cual mandó a preguntas antes explicitadas analizando el derrotero esculpir la estatua de un oso blanco devorando un institucional por el cual una porción de la Antártida se salmón para engalanar un nuevo puente que llevaría el convirtió en objeto de reclamo soberano. Pero sobre nombre Antártida Argentina en el centro urbano. La todo, y este es el núcleo de nuestro mayor interés que idea de bautizar el puente «Antártida Argentina» y tratamos de develar en este libro, buscamos dar cuenta mostrar tan hercúleo animal frente a un territorio de cuáles fueron los medios, mensajes y vías de reclamado por el país parecía una apropiada adhesión comunicación que el Estado privilegió con el fin de simbólica por parte de la gestión local a las iniciativas lograr llegar a la subjetividad popular manteniendo que desplegaba el gobierno nacional. Cuando se estaba vigente la cuestión de la Argentártida como tema a punto de inaugurar la obra con la ceremonia ritual, a principal entre otros contenidos. un allegado del jefe comunal se le ocurrió exponer sus Surgió así una cartografía y toponimia geográfica dudas sobre la existencia de tal animal en los confines novedosa de tinte nativo para nominar las inhóspitas helados del Sur. Finalmente, luego de interconsultas se superficies reclamadas como propias. Más tuvo la certeza de que tal mastodonte no moraba por precisamente, comenzó a llamarse la totalidad de ese esos confines. Esta desconcertante información llevó a espacio Sector Antártico Argentino o en menor medida la pobre escultura del oso a vagar durante años por bajo otro topónimo que no tuvo mucha vigencia ni parques, plazas y paseos de Córdoba capital. De hecho, divulgación: Argentártida. Este último no logró los relatos populares sumaron uno más a las vicisitudes imponerse con el transcurso del tiempo; de hecho, hoy del oso: cuando la estatua era trasladada ya decidido su es inusual y sólo subsiste de manera confusa a duras emplazamiento luego del episodio comentado, se penas en escasas enciclopedias y en unos pocos folletos produjo la Revolución Libertadora, por lo cual el turísticos sobre la Argentina. camión que lo transportaba fue decomisado en el acto En nuestro derrotero, examinamos los documentos por los comandos civiles revolucionarios y el oso fue públicos fundacionales sobre la cuestión antártica, pero depositado en la acera para destinar la caja del camión a básicamente seguimos el camino que tomó la estrategia transportar insurgentes. Rescatado de su soledad, el oso oficial de creación de la denominada “conciencia encontró su morada definitiva, y así se lo puede ver territorial” entre los ciudadanos, en el cual descolló la cómodamente instalado en el terraplén del Museo voz estatal a través de la legislación y las prácticas Provincial de Bellas Artes Emilio Caraffa frente a Plaza concretas como los discursos textuales y las España en la ciudad de Córdoba. representaciones gráficas mediadas por imágenes fijas y Relato popular, mito o creencia urbana cargada de dinámicas en libros, revistas populares, productos significado político, se contó por años con palabras, postales y el cine. Así, los canales y ámbitos dichos y giros un tanto diferentes. Esta narración privilegiados de transmisión fueron la educación provinciana nos da una cierta idea que para inicios de la sistematizada, los textos escolares, los mapas en década del 50 todavía la población argentina no estaba distintos soportes, las estampillas o sellos postales, las muy instruida en el conocimiento de la geografía salas de los museos y el cine documental con sus antártica, y menos aún sobre su estatus político. noticieros de época. A poco de tomar el poder, el Precisamente fue en este período cuando el Estado Peronismo tuvo la capacidad de crear estas iniciativas Peronista efectuó sus principales acciones y reclamos a traducidas en rituales y en una simbología de notable través de sus Servicios Exteriores, pero sobre todo potencia, a juzgar por los mensajes que hizo llegar a la desplegó medidas internas en el orden cultural y población como parte de un sistema de sentido en la educativo de fuerte sesgo didáctico geográfico – búsqueda por sumar un consenso de orden más 1 Rodríguez, E. (20 de febrero de 2014). La Estatua que se equivocó https://www.lavoz.com.ar/amp/ciudad-equis/la-estatua-que-se- de hemisferio. Diario La Voz. Recuperado de: equivoco-de-hemisferio 1 generalizado bajo la conducción centralizada desde Antártida que hemos analizado son aquellas que figuran agencias estatales. en documentos oficiales tales como normas, legislación, En la época que ahondamos, las imágenes
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