The University College of Sierra Leone
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ANNUAL REPORT
1962/63
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N° Entrée - Jsalfe - CONTENTS Page The University College Council 1
Officers of the College 2
Academic Staff 3
Senior Administrative Staff 5
Review of the Year 7
Appointments and Resignations 8
Distinguished Visitors 9
The Faculties 11
The Library 32
Extra-Mural Studies 37
Miscellaneous 39
Report on Students' Activities 39
List of Publications 40
Students' Statistics 45
Balance Sheet and Accounts 51
VISITOR
Her Majesty the Queen THE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE COUNCIL
President
The Most Rev. and Rt. Hon. Arthur Michael Ramsey, p.c., m.a., d.d., d.c.l., Archbishop of Canterbury Vice-Presidents
Hon. Mr. Justice S. B. Jones, m.a., b.c.l. E. H. Taylor-Cummings, c.b.e., d.c.l., m.d., ch.b., d.p.h., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p.
The Principal Davidson Nicol, m.a., m.d., Ph.D.
Members
D. G. Christopherson, o.b.e., f.r.s., d.phil., m.i.Mech.e. Professor J. H. Davies, m.a. Hon. A. J. Demby, j.p. The Rev. Fr. W. Dwane M. C. F. Easmon, o.b.e., m.d., b.s., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p. The Rev. J. K. Fergusson T. J. Forde, m.a. D. Gledhill, b.sc. J. H. Gransden, m.a., f.i.l. A. Gregory, o.b.e., b.a. Professor S. L. Hockey, m.a. The Right Rev. M. N. C. O. Scott, d.d. Mrs. L. C. Hyde-Forster, m.b.e., b.a. D. G. James, m.a., ll.d. E. D. Jones, m.a., Ph.d. W. G. Jones, m.a. Hon. J. Karefa-Smart, b.a., b.sc., m.d., c.m., d.t.m. m.p.h. A. J. Momoh, c.b.e. S. B. Nicol-Cole, b.com. S. A. S. Adams, b.a. A. T. Porter, m.a., ph.d. Alderman A. F. Rahman, j.p. S. H. Robbin-Coker, m.b.e. D. L. Sumner, m.a., b.sc. F. J. Taylor, m.sc., Ph.D. E. D. Thorpe The Rev. P. A. J. Williams Professor A. Zulauf, Dr. Rer. Nat., Ph.D.
Secretary to the Council
M. R. O. Garber, b.a., b.c.l., ll.b.. Registrar 2
OFFICERS OF THE COLLEGE
President
The Most Rev. and Rt. Hon. Dr. A. M. Ramsey, p.c., m.a., d.d., d.c.l., Archbishop of Canterbury
Vice-Presidents
Hon. Mr. Justice S. B. Jones, m.a., b.c.l.
E. H. Taylor-Cummings, c.b.e., d.c.l., m.d., ch.b., d.p.h., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p.
Principal
Davidson Nicol, m.a., m.d., Ph.d.
Vice-Principal
A. T. Porter, m.a., Ph.D.
Dean of the Faculty ofArts
J. H. Gransden, m.a.
Dean of the Faculty of Economic Studies Professor J. H. Davies, m.a.
Dean of the Faculty of Pure and Applied Science
Professor A. Zulauf, Dr. Rer. Nat., Ph.D.
Registrar
M. R. O. Garber, b.a., b.c.l., ll.b.
Bursar
H. G. Hall, F.c.w.a., F.comm.a.
Finance Officer
G. A. P. Hamilton
Librarian
M. Jolliffe, b.a., f.l.a.
Chaplain
Rev. P. E. S. Thompson, m.a.. Dip. th. ACADEMIC STAFF
FACULTY OF ARTS Institute of African Studies
Professor A. T. Porter, m.a., Ph.D. Director Classics
Lindis M. Dolphin, m.a. Senior Lecturer G. H. Wikramanayake, m.a. Lecturer J. H. Harrop, m.a. Lecturer A. T. von S. Bradshaw, m.a. Lecturer
Helen M. Fuller, b.a. .. Assistant Lecturer Education
S. L. Hockey, m.a. Professor 0. M. Ferron, b.a. Lecturer A. Herbert, m.a., d.u.p. Lecturer
English Language and Literature
T. R. M. Creighton, m.a. Professor R. C. R. Morrell, m.a. Senior Lecturer D. R. Carroll, b.a. Lecturer P. G. Edwards, b.a. Lecturer E. D. Jones, m.a., Ph.D. Lecturer
N. D. J. Smart, m.a. .. Lecturer Modern History
A. T. Porter, m.a. Ph.D. Professor A. P. Kup, m.a., Ph.D. Senior Lecturer P. E. H. Hair, m.a., D.phil. Lecturer Modern European and African Languages
J. H. Gransden, m.a., f.i.l Lecturer Eunice Kirkman, m.a. Lecturer W. Pichl, D.Phil. Lecturer Paule Charmette Lectrice
Philosophy
Rev. J. P. Ferguson, m.a., f.r.a.s. Senior Lecturer L. Kenner, m.a., Ph.D. Lecturer Helen M. Fuller, b.a. Assistant Lecturer Theology
Rev. Canon H. A. E. Sawyerr, m.b.e., m.a., m.Ed. Senior Lecturer Rev. H. M. Gibson, m.a., b.d. Lecturer 1. P. Ellis, m.a., B.Litt. Lecturer Rev. F. N. Jasper, m.a., b.d. Lecturer 4
FACULTY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES Accounting Lecturer in S. Hall, b.a. (Com.), f.c.a. charge
Economics Professor J. H. Davies, m.a. Senior Lecturer D. A. Lury, b.sc. (Econ.), f.i.s. H. Van der Laan, Econ. Drs., m.sc. Lecturer Lecturer S. R. Dixon-Fyle, b.a., b.com. Dip.Econ.plan Lecturer Ann Spackman, b.a. M. S. Levitt, b.sc. (Econ.) Lecturer Assistant Lecturer Sylvia A. Harrop, b.sc. (Econ.)
Law
F. C. Tuboku-Metzger, ll.b., Barrister-at-Law (on study leave 1962-63) Lecturer in charge W. S. M. Jones, ll.b., ll.m., Barrister-at-Law (locum tenens for Mr. Tuboku-Metzger;
FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE Botany Senior Lecturer F. J. Taylor, m.sc., Ph.d., f.l.s. Lecturer D. Gledhill, b.sc., m.i.bíoI., f.l.s. Lecturer S. T. Matturi, b.sc., Ph.D. K. A. Longman, b.sc.,Ph.D. Lecturer E. C. O. Ansah, a.i.s.t., m.r.s.h. ChiefTechnician
Zoology Senior Lecturer J. Phipps, m.sc., d.i.c., f.r.e.s. . Lecturer D. E. B. Chaytor, b.sc., Ph.D. . Lecturer M. O. Williams, b.a., Ph.D. A.Todd Chief Technician
Chemistry Senior Lecturer E. Downing, o.b.e., b.sc., Ph.D., f.r.i.c. R. E. K. Taylor-Smith, b.sc., Ph.D., a.r.lc. Lecturer Lecturer A. J. Henry, b.sc., Ph.D., d.sc. Lecturer e. H. Wright, b.sc., Ph.D. T. Lloyd Chief Technician
Engineering
M. E. K. Thomas, b.sc., ph.d. Lecturer Lecturer B. Nicholl, B.sc. (Eng.) A. L Smith Chief Technician 5
Geography and Geology
M. M. Anderson, b.sc. Senior Lecturer in Geology P. K. Mitchell, b.a. Lecturer in Geography J. C. Creigh, b.sc. .. Lecturer in Geography D. J. Siddle, b.a., oip.Bd. Lecturer in Geography S.J. A.Nelson Cartographer/Draughtsman
Physics
A. E. Bate, m.sc., Ph.D., f.inst.p. Professor E. R. T. Awunor-Renner, m.sc. Lecturer D. G. Rivers, b.sc., a.inst.p. Lecturer D. R. Lane-Smith, m.sc., a.inst.p. Lecturer
Mathematics
A. Zulauf, Dr.Rer.Nat, Ph.D. Professor E. M. R. Smith, b.sc., a.k.c., m.c.h. Senior Lecturer E. J. A. Williams, b.sc., Ph.D. Senior Lecturer A. Y. Amin, b.sc., Ph.D. Lecturer D. A. Jonah, b.sc., Ph.D. Lecturer J. C. Turner, b.sc. .. Lecturer E. L. Dubinsky, m.a., ph.d. Lecturer
Extra-Mural Studies
J. C. Hatch, b.a. Director C. R. A. Cole, b.a., Dip.Ed. Tutor G. O. Roberts, m.a., Ph.D. Tutor P. P. Lawrence, b.a., Dip.Ed. Tutor F. B. S. Ngegba, b.a. Tutor
LIBRARY
M. Jolliffe, b.a., f.l.a. Librarian Olive S. Caulker, m.a., a.l.a Assistant Librarian Gladys M. O. Sheriff, b.a., a.l.a. Assistant Librarian
SENIOR ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
Principal ...... Davidson Nicol, m.a., m.d., ph.d.
Secretary .. ., .. Margaret Langley
Vice-Principal ...... A. T. Porter, m.a., ph.d.
Registrar's Office
Registrar M. R. O. Garber, b.a. B.c.L., LL.B. Secretary Naomi Williams Assistant Registrar T. S. A. Cole, m.a. 6
Bursar's Office Bursar H. G. Hall, f.c.w.a., f.comm.a. Secretary Isobel L. Hall Maintenance Superintendent J. V. T. Richards, m.b.e. Plant Maintenance Superintendent R. R. Rawlingson Ground and Gardens Superintendent G. R. Paul Superintendent of Works W. H. Callar Assistant Superintendent of Works R. E. Wescoe Finance Office
Finance Officer .. G. A. P. Hamilton Secretary .. Kezia E. I. Williams AccountantIOffice Manager .. R. A. Dillsworth, a.c.a.
.. J. O. Assistant Office Manager . . Thompson Catering Superintendent .. R. J. Blatchford
Domestic Bursar .. Myra O. S. Ayoub
Superintendent Matron ofHall .. Claudia A. Buxton-Thomas College Chapel
Chaplain .. Rev. P. E. S. Thompson, m.a., Dip.Th. Medical Officer E. O. Pratt, l.r.c.p. & s., l.m. Halls ofResidence
Warden .. Rev. J. P. Ferguson, m.a., f.r.a.s.
.. Lindis M. Deputy Warden ( Women) .. Dolphin, m.a. Deputy Warden {Men) .. J. H. Harrop, m.a. Hall Wardens D. A. Jonah, b.sc., Ph.D. E. H. Wright, b.sc., Ph.d. 7
REVIEW 1962-1963 Dr. Davidson Nicol, Principal, gave the Aggrey-Fraser-Guggisberg Memorial Lectures at the University of Ghana in April. He addressed a plenary session of the Quinquennial Congress of the Association of Universities of the Commonwealth in London later that year. He was elected President of the West African Science Association at its biennial conference in April. University Status
The session was a very significant one for the College in many ways. It saw, for instance, the first firm move towards University status when Council in March, 1963 unanimously decided that the College should become autonomous within the next triennium, that is between 1964 and 1967, and set up a committee to go into the iegal and constitutional changes necessary towards this end. Congregation The Annual Congregation which was to have taken place on 30th November, Royal Visitors' Day, had to be postponed to 1st February, to co-incide with the visit of the Vice-Chancellor of the University, Dr. D. G. Christopherson. At an impres¬ sive ceremony held in the Amphitheatre, the Vice-Chancellor conferred the Honorary Degree of D.C.L. on the former Chief Justice, Sir Salako Benka-Coker, and also other degrees on deserving graduands. He presented a mace on behalf of the University to the College as a token of the long and cherished association between the two institutions. While here he was informed of the College's desire to become a full-fledged University and he did not only give this proposal his blessing, but pro¬ mised that the University would give the College every support in achieving its objective. Triennial Grants Commission Considerable preparations preceded the visit of this Commission which took place in May. It comprised the following members: Sir James Cooke, f.r.s. (Chairman), Dr. S. O. Biobaku, c.m.g., Mr. L. J. Pratt, Professor G. D. Rochester, f.r.s., the Honourable Paramount Chief Abu Baimba III and Mr. A. T. Thomas, (Secretary). In the space of nine days the Commission was able to complete its crowded pro¬ gramme of interviews, visits and the consideration of a mass of details regarding the requirements of the College for the next triennium. The Commission was also able to write and submit its report within this period. Departmental Developments No changes took place in the Registrar's Department. Among some of the important appointments made during this period were the following: (a) Professor A. T. Porter, formerly Professor of African Studies, was appointed Professor of History. The Department of African Studies became an Institute with Professor Porter as its first honorary Director. (b) Canon H. A. E. Sawyerr, c.b.e., formerly Senior Lecturer and Head of Department of Theology, was appointed to a personal Chair in Theology. (c) Mr. G. A. P. Hamilton, formerly Assistant Bursar, was appointed Finance Officer. 8
{d) Dr. A. E. Bate, formerly Head of the Department of Physics and Mathematics at West Ham College of Technology, was appointed Professor of Physics. The Department of Geology which had hitherto been associated with the Depart¬ ment of Geography became a separate department. For the first time the College offered candidates for final honours examinations. This was in the Faculty of Economics and the two candidates presented were successful. Njala University College The establishment of this College took care of the pressing need which had been felt at Fourah Bay College for a Faculty of Agriculture. Dr. S. T. Matturi, formerly a Lecturer in Botany at the College, was appointed the first Principal of this University College. It is hoped that Njala will be associated with the College when the latter becomes a University. Student Numbers The student numbers continued to rise with increased diversification, with the help of the U.S.A.I.D. scholarships which attracted students from various parts of Africa south of the Sahara. It was most welcome that the awards for the next session would be increased to fifty. The Kalamazoo College students who were here for two terms returned to the United States of America after a pleasant and it is hoped, mutually rewarding stay at the College. APPOINTMENTS AND RESIGNATIONS—1962 63
The following appointments were made:
Professor .. .. A. E. Bate, m.sc., Ph.D., F.inst.P. (Physics)
Senior Lecturer .. M. M. Anderson, b.sc. (Geology)
Lecturers .. .. I. P. Ellis, m.a., B.Litt. (Theology); F. N. Jasper, m.a., b.d. {Theology); J. C. Turner, b.sc. {Mathe¬ matics); N. D. J. Smart, m.a. {English); M. S. Levitt, B.sc. (Econs) {Economics); D. J. Siddle, b.a., m.Litt. {Geography); W. J. Pichl, d.Phil. {Modern Languages); G. J. Williams, b.a. {Geo¬ graphy); S. Burney-Nicol, Dip. Ing. {Engineering); D. Hantschmann, m.sc, {Zoology). F. B. S.
Tutor .. .. Ngegba, b.a. {Extra-Mural Studies). Appointments relinquished by: J. H.Harrop, m.a .{Classics), O. M. Ferron, m.a. {Education); A. Herbert, m.a, d.u.p. {Education); D. R. Carroll, m.a., Ph.D. {English); P. G. Edwards, m.a. {English); J. H. Gransden, m.a. {Modern Languages); D. A. Lury, b.sc. (Econs.) {Economics); Ann Spackman, m.a. {Economics); Sylvia Harrop, b.sc. (Econs.) {Economics); S. T. Matturi, b.sc., Ph.D. {Botany); J. C. Creigh, B.sc. (Geography); E. L. Dubinsky, m.a., Ph.D. {Mathematics); P. P. Lawrence, b.a. {Extra-Mural Studies); J. C. Hatch, m.a. (Extra-Mural Studies); Olive S. Caulker, m.a. {Library); G. H. Wikramanayake, m.a. {Classics); K. A. Longman, b.sc., Ph.D. {Botany); R. E. Wescoe, Assistant Superintendent of Works. 9
DISTINGUISHED VISITORS TO THE COLLEGE September, 1962-August, 1963 Prof. James C. N. Paul University of Pennsylvania, U.S.A. His Excellency Mr. J. Owusu-Ansah Acting Ghana High Commissioner Mr. Philippe Georges .. .. Faculte de Droit, University of Dakar The Rt. Hon. A. Creech Jones Member of Parliament, United Kingdom His Excellency Mr. Masotsha M. Hove High Commissioner for Rhodesia & Nyasaland, Lagos, Nigeria Mr. C. W. Collins Under Secretary, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Rhodesia. Mr. C. Cox Department of Technical Co-operation, London Dr. Richard T. Stavig Kalamazoo College, Michigan, U.S.A. Madam Houphouet-Boigny Wife of the President, Ivory Coast Mr. E. D. Varnah Department of Public Instruction, Monrovia, Liberia Mr. Sawe Chief Education Officer, Tanganyika Mr. R. Armstrong University College, Ibadan, Nigeria Mr. P. Allsop Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., London Prof. G. J. A. Terra Director, NEDERF Dr. J. Struycken F.A.O. Consultant, Utrecht, Holland His Excellency Mr. G. B O. Collier Sierra Leone's Ambassador to the U.N. Mr. William Clark Overseas Development Institute, London Dr. D. G. Christopherson Vice-Chancellor, University of Durham His Excellency Sir H. Lightfoot- Boston Governor-General, Sierra Leone Sir Salako Benka-Coker Chief Justice Sir Milton Margai Prime Minister Mr. R. Rowat F.A.O. Adviser, Ibadan, Nigeria Mr. M. H. Hussain F.A.O. Representative, Sierra Leone Lord & Lady A. Head British High Commissioner, Nigeria Mr. John Neville Nottingham Playhouse Dr. W. K. Chagula Registrar & Vice-Principal, University Col¬ lege, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika Rev. Seth I. Kale Oyo, Nigeria Mr. Brooks Hays Special Assistant to the President of the U.S.A. His Excellency Mr. G. de Freitas British High Commissioner, Accra Mr. N. T. Harvey Production Engineers, London Mr. F. C. Campbell District Grand Master, Scotland Vice-Admiral A. A. F. Talbot Commander in Chief, South Atlantic and South America Sir J. W. Cook University of Exeter Prof. G. D. Rochester University of Durham 10
Mr. J. A. Cronje .. Acting Registrar, W.A. Exams. Council Accra.
Mr. John Keto .. Chairman, Civil Service Commission, Tanganyika
Mr. J. Bikangaze .. Chairman, P.S.C., Uganda His Excellency Mr. M. Raoid .. The Ambassador of Israel in Guinea Mr. G. Hall Governor, Bank of Sierra Leone
.. Mrs. S. Bagley Bloom .. President, AHEAD Foundation 11
THE FACULTIES
FACULTY OF ARTS
Institute of African Studies
The Institute ran, for the first time, two courses which were open to all students. One was a lecture course on " The Peoples and Cultures of Africa ", and the other a Seminar on " Social Science Methods and African Research Average attendance at both the lecture course and the seminar was about thirty. These numbers were encouraging, considering that both programmes were not obligatory and were addi¬ tional to the students' degree commitments. The Director, who is also Professor and Head of the Department of History, continued as the only member of the Institute's staff. Mr. Jonathan Hyde was awarded a nine months' travel and subsistence grant by the African and American Universities Programme to enable him to visit centres of African Studies in the United States of America and Britain before taking up duties in the Institute as Research Fellow/Secretary. Research in progress: A compilation of records and biographical material on political leadership as part of a more comprehensive survey of the process of elite formation in contemporary Sierra Leone. Publications: See A. T. Porter, Department of History. Distinguished Visitors: The following visited the College and held discussions at the Institute:
Dr. Wilbert Chagula, Vice Principal, University College, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanganyika. Dr. William H. Martin, Dean of Faculty, Hampton Institute, Hampton, Virginia, U.S.A. Mr. M. von Kleist, Deutsche Africa Gesellschaft, Bonn, Germany. Dr. Herbert Abel, Chairman, German Scientific Council, Uberesse Museum, Bremen, Germany. Dr. Carl Widstrand, Director, The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Mr. Brooks Hays, Special Assistant to the President of the United States, c/o The White House, Washington, U.S.A. Dr. William H. Alloway, Director, Education Abroad Programme, Univer¬ sity of California, U.S.A.
The Nuffield Foundation, through the Department of Social Anthropology of Edinburgh University, donated the sum of £500 towards books and other expenses for the running of the Social Science Seminar. 12
Membership of national or international bodies: The Director was elected to the Executive Council of the International African Institute for the period 1963-6.
The Department of Classics
The number of students taking Greek and Roman Culture has increased and the number taking Latin has decreased. We have not yet been able to introduce Ancient History as a separate subject because for this we need an increase of establish¬ ment. The class offering Greek in the First Year Examination was the largest we have ever had, and the students were promising and did well. None of them was a Classical specialist, but the best among them were reading for honours in English, Theology and other subjects, and taking Greek as a subsidiary. D. H. Thomas, in the Second Year Class, did well in both Latin and Greek and was transferred to Newcastle at the end of the session to read for honours in Latin (with Greek to Final Year General B.A).
During the first term of the session the vacancy caused by the departure of Mr. N. Levitt was unfilled. Then Mr. A. T. von S. Bradshaw, formerly a lecturer at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, joined the staff in January. At the end of the session we lost Mr. G. H. Wikramanayake who accepted a senior lectureship at the University of Cape Coast, and Mr. J. H. Harrop who has taken a post near Man¬ chester where he is continuing his studies in papyrology at the Rylands Library.
Research in progress include:
Mr. G. H. Wikramanayake .. The Rhetorical Theory of Plato, Aristotle and The Sophists.
Mr. A. T. von S. Bradshaw (a) Greek Tragedy (6) Portugese survivals in Sierra Leone languages.
Mr. J. H. Harrop .. The influence of Greek Rhetoric on the New Testament and the Christian Church.
Miss H. M. Fuller .. Roman Frontier Policy in the late Republic and early Empire.
Miss L. M. Dolphin .. (a) The Iliad of Homer (with a view to pub¬ lishing a school edition of Iliad XXIV). (b) Latin versions of accounts of travels in West Africa (with a view to publishing a selection for schools).
A generous gift of Bude Classical Texts was made to the College Library by the French Government.
Two Latin Reading Competitions were held, one in Freetown and one at Bo. This is the first time that the Department has organised a competition outside Freetown. The final round of the competition in Freetown was followed by a short play in Latin performed by a group of students. 13
Department of English
The total number of students reading English was 169.
It seems probable also that the standard of English proficiency of new entrants from the schools to the IG, and more particularly the Preliminary (I/I) year was higher in 1962-3 than heretofore, though the same cannot be said of their skill and knowledge in reading literature.
There room is for a very great improvement in standards of attainment in both English language and literature. The department tries to ensure that every General Degree student possesses by the end of the course (a) a complete mastery of modern English language (b) the ability to read literature in English with ease, understanding, skill and adequate historical knowledge, (c) an awareness of the litera¬ ture of Africa in English and of its place in world literature in the English language. In spite of the improvements referred to, these objectives were still far from com¬ plete attainment. Two handicaps in the past year were:— (a) a considerable shortage of staff caused by unavoidable departures or absences and
(b) the fact, mentioned in last year's report, that the syllabuses in force con¬ tained much that were not relevant to the needs of students in West Africa and omitted much that were. The process of syllabus reform is inevitably was long-drawn and it procedurally impossible to introduce in this year any of the changes adumbrated in the report for 1961-2.
Honours Courses: An Honours school was started in 1962-3 with three students from the 1st Year General course who showed sufficient promise. Two of them satisfied the examiners in June, 1963 and have proceeded to Final Honours, Year I. One through absences due to ill health did not satisfy them and, having been recommended to return to Year II of the General Degree, has done so.
It is too early to report on the probable future of English honours and the con¬ sideration of three students is an inadequate guide. Their work has however provided sufficient evidence of ability, and more than enough of industry. Tutorial System: A system of tutorial instruction was introduced, under which all regular students of English in all four years are assigned to one member of staff as their tutor in English and have two tutorials a week from him in groups of not less than 4 and not more than 7. Lectures on the principal subjects of study by specia¬ lists in them are also provided, but the tutor is responsible for the progress of his pupils in all branches of their course; they are encouraged to consult him freely and personally either in tutorials or privately; and lectures are regarded as ancillary to tutorials. This increase in contact between teacher and pupil, in a subject which demands it, has proved beneficial. Senior Staffs: Mr. R. C. Morrell, joined the department as Senior Lecturer in October, 1962. He was forced by unforseeable difficulties to leave in December, 1962. 14
Dr. D. G. Carroll was on sabbatical leave for the Michaelmas Term, 1962, continuing his work on George Eliot. He left the College in June, 1963, having been invited by the University of Toronto to take up a lectureship there.
Mr. Paul Edwards left to take up another appointment at the end of the Epi¬ phany Term, 1963 and is now lecturer in the teaching of English as a second language at the University of Edinburgh.
Mr. Newman Smart was appointed lecturer in English in October, 1962. He was awarded the first Longman's Fellowship in English Language at University College, London in June, 1963, to begin in October, 1963.
The department was one below full strength in the Michaelmas and Epiphany Terms and two below in the Easter Term. Teaching loads, in view of the tutorial system, were between 12 and 18 hours a week which, considering the amount of preparation and correction required by this subject, afforded very little opportunity for original work. The staff faced and accepted this necessity when the tutorial system was introduced and it would be hard to exaggerate the dedication and loyalty with which they contributed to its success.
Research in Progress in the last five years: Professor Creighton worked on a long-standing study of some aspects of the poetry of Rilke, Hardy and Yeats and on the position of the English language in the life and literature of Africa.
Mr. Morrell continued his work on Thomas Hardy.
Dr. Jones continued work on drama at the Folger Library and prepared his thesis on African Figures in Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama for Oxford Uni¬ versity Press, which has accepted it for publication.
He continued work on a Krio-English dictionary, on the analysis of the Krio language and wrote an article, on Krio in Sierra Leone Journalism; he began a consi¬ deration of the interrelation between writing and the other arts in contemporary West Africa, for the pursuit of which he received a research grant from the College to visit Nigeria in the long vacation, 1963.
Mr. Edwards prepared a collection of West African Narrative publication and continued work on an edition of the Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa, the African.
Dr. Carroll prepared his thesis on George Eliot, which had gained hima Ph.D. at Durham, for the press.
His sabbatical leave was devoted to an edition of the critical writings of George Eliot. When it was nearly completed, it was found that an edition of these writings had been made by an American scholar, and was due to be published in Britain long before his own could be printed. (It has appeared in September, 1963). 15
Conference, Visits and Miscellaneous Activities
Professor Creighton attended the Nyasaland International Symposium on Development in August, 1962 (with the help of a grant from the Ford Foundation) and visited the Ministries of Education and other government institutions in Nyasa¬ land, Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, Kenya and Uganda; the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, the Royal College, Nairobi, and Makerere College, Kampala, were also visited.
He visited the Danish Foreign Office, and the Swedish Committee for Technical Assistance for discussions on Scandinavian participation in linguistic education at Fourah Bay College in September, 1962.
He gave, by invitation of the University of Uppsala, the initial lecture in the African Institute of the University on Central Africa and Western Europe in October, 1962.
He attended the International Conference of Africanists at the University of Ghana in December, 1962 as an observer and was co-opted to be a full member of the sub-committee on literature. The sub-committee presented a resolution, which was accepted, to a plenary session of the conference urging African universities to include the literature of Africa in all university literature courses and defining African literature as " all writing in which an African setting is authoritatively handled or to which experiences which originated in Africa are integral."
He attended the Dakar conference on La Littérature Africaine d'Expression Française in March, 1963.
Dr. Jones visited the Folger Library as Folger Research Fellow from June to September, 1962.
He interrupted this work to visit Britain on the invitation of the British Council and attended the British Council Conference on the teaching of English overseas at King's College, Cambridge in July, 1962. He read two introductory papers to this conference, one of which will shortly appear in the conference report.
He visited several British universities, at the invitation of the British Council, to study their educational methods.
International Conference at Fourah Bay A conference of the English-language Literature of Africa and the University Curriculum was organised by the staff of the department, under the Presidency of the Principal, at Fourah Bay College in 1963 with the invaluable assistance of the Congress for Cultural Freedom. Representatives from all English-speaking African universities and colleges between the Sahara and the Limpopo, and of the universities of Durham and Leeds attended. The senior members of the department took an active part in the work of the conference and the following papers were presented by them : 16
Professor Creighton .. Literature in University Education and its particular function in African Universities.
Dr. Jones .. .. The Literature of Africa and the University curriculum: academic problems and cri¬ tical techniques.
Mr. Edwards and Dr. Carroll An Approach to the English Literature Syllabus in West Africa.
The conference recommended the foundation of an inter-University Association for African Literature in English, which should publish a Bulletin of African Litera¬ ture in English thrice yearly, and requested the department of English at Fourah Bay to form the provisional secretariat for both the Association and the Bulletin. Most of the English-speaking universities of Africa have already become members.
The first Bulletin of African Literature is in preparation but, owing to inevitable delays in establishing the membership of the Association, is unlikely to appear before the end of 1963.
Benefactions: The department acknowledges with deep gratitude the gift of a further £1,000 worth of books for the English section of College library from the British Council; and the great generosity of the Congress for Cultural Freedom in sharing with the College the expenses of the conference on African Literature in English. Mr. D. Lury has presented a useful collection of books to the departmental library and Mrs. M. Howard a generous sum for its further growth.
Department of Education Comments
Six out of seven of the candidates who registered for the Diploma of Education Course were successful in the June examinations. They included a higher propor¬ tion of Sierra Leoneans and one student from Nyasaland. Ten students, in addition, began the part-time course for the M.Ed, examination and four of these will enter for the preliminary examination in December. Change ofStaff Dr. A. Herbert, who lectured on curriculum studies and methods in English and modern languages as well as in comparative education and general theory, left in March to take up an appointment as Senior Lecturer in French at Ibadan. He made contributions in audio-visual education and did research into learning difficulties among Mende children.
Mr. O. M. Ferron also left in May for an appointment as lecturer at Ahmadu Bello University, Northern Nigeria. He had been working on problems connected with introducing new teaching techniques in Freetown schools. Departmental activities included the following: January, 2nd-5th—A workshop for Examiners held in the Department in association with the West African Examinations Council. 17
May 20th-25th An Exhibition of School Textbooks arranged and held at the British Council building in Freetown, at which 5,000 school textbooks were on view to schools. Department students spent an average of 3 hours daily at this exhibition where they were able to meet visiting teachers and students.
Professor Hockey visited the following during the year: the Advanced Teacher Training College at Lagos; the University of Nigeria, Nsukka; the Institute of Educa¬ tion at the University of Ghana, Accra, and the Department and the Institute of Education at the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland at Salisbury.
Professor Hockey was invited to act as external examiner in the post-graduate course in the University of Ghana and he also served on the following: the Sierra Leone Schools Broadcasting Committee; the Teacher Training Board, the Nursery School Association and was a member of other committees on education. In addi¬ tion, the Department's staff acted as examiners at all the certificate levels in the theory of education and at all except the Elementary Certificate in practical teaching. Professor Hockey accepted an invitation from the Ministry of Education to prepare a draft on memorandum the educational implications of introducing a decimal monetary system.
Distinguished Visitors Mr. E. A. Hewitt of the Education Department of the Durham Colleges in the University of Durham, acted as Visiting Examiner in practical teaching. Mr. P. Cavaye, Principal of Yundum College, Gambia, explored the possibilities of establishing links in education between his college and the University College. Acknowledgements
We acknowledge a gift of about 3,000 school textbooks generously donated to the Department Library by British publishing houses following the Book Exhibition organised by the Department and a further gift of 50 books from members of staff of the College.
Department of History
The Department of History was responsible during the academic year for the following courses : History, in the Arts courses, and also Political and Constitutional History of Modern Britain which was open to all students in the Faculty of Econo¬ mics.
The number of students offering History in the Arts Faculty continues to increase, the total during the academic year being 112.
Staffing: The Department was unable to fill all its established posts. One vacancy remained unfilled. The Professor of History was appointed in February, 1962.
Research in Progress: Dr. Hair continued work on a bibliography of Sierra Leone and also on the early cartography of West Africa. 18
Dr. Kup continued his work on the papers of Afzelius, the Swedish botanist, which he hopes to publish in co-operation with the Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden. Professor Porter continued his investigation into the development of higher education in West Africa in the 19th century. Visitors: Dr. Roger Anstey, Lecturer in History, University of Durham. The Department continued to perform much needed service outside their strictly departmental duties. Dr. Porter continued as Editor of Sierra Leone Studies, Dr. Kup as Government Archivist, and Dr. Hair as a member of the Editorial Board of the Sierra Leone Languages Review.
Department of Modern European and African Languages
Mr. J. H. Gransden, Senior Lecturer and Head of the Department, left in February, 1963 to take up appointment as Reader at Perth University. Miss Kirk- man became acting Head of the Department. Miss E. Kirkman and Mile Charmette left the College in June, 1963. Dr. W. J. Pichl was appointed asa lecturer in October, 1962.
Dr. W. J. Pichl continued his research on the Bullom language cluster. As a preliminary result, a duplicated vocabulary, Sherbro-English and English-Sherbro, was published in April, 1962. A thoroughly revised and enlarged edition of this vocabulary is now ready for print.
During this research, Dr. Pichl obtained some valuable manuscripts, (one vocabulary Mmani-French with grammatical notes, one Kisi Grammar from Guinea and five translations of religious texts in Kisi), which will be copied for the library. Dr. W. J. Pichl worked too on the results of his research done with the Safen in Senegal in 1961. It will appear in Dakar in book form in 1964/65. At the end of the term he continued his research on Krim. A grammar, texts and vocabulary will be ready for print at the end of 1963.
A study on the Kisi language which will contain a grammar, texts and a vocabu¬ lary for all Kisi dialects is half ready. The Third West African Language Congress At the Second West African Language Congress at Dakar, 12th to 16th April, 1962, the participants were invited by Mr. Gransden to meet for their next congress in Freetown, in March of 1963. The aim of these annual meetings is the study of West African languages or problems arising in these languages. Those invited to the meetings are usually internationally outstanding linguists specializing in West African languages and a few laymen interested in doing serious linguistic work in the future.
The Congress was attended by 71 participants who came from the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Dahomey, England, Ghana, Guinea, Holland, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togoland, U.S.A., and West Germany. 19
Most of the participants presented papers. Fourah Bay College staff presented two papers: (1) P. E. H. Hair, " Koelle's Polyglotta and its Antecedents", and (2) W. J. Pichl, " Sherbro and Krim A third paper by A. Herbert, " Selective Frequency Perception in Normal Hearing and its Possible Application to Language Teaching", was distributed as its author was not present.
There were also some working groups which demonstrated to the linguists the problems of Sierra Leone languages.
All the participants were guests of Fourah Bay College and, on the last day of the meeting, they were taken on a bus tour of part of the Peninsula.
The opening ceremony was performed by His Excellency the Governor-General who gave a speech of welcome and also invited members of the Congress to a recep¬ tion at the State House on March 29.
At the closing session, it was decided that the next meeting should be held in March, 1964, at Ibadan.
Department of Philosophy
During the session 1962-63 the number of students in the Philosophy classes continued to be large in all years, and the results in the egree examinations were most satisfactory. Several enquiries were made concerning honours courses, but with the present small staff numbers, it is not yet possible to inaugurate full honours courses in the subject. At the same time, Philosophy is being taken as a subsidiary subject by students taking honours in English.
The Department continued to provide a special course in Logic for students in the Economics Faculty.
All members of the Department took part in various public lectures and discus • sions on philosophical topics, in which considerable interest was aroused. Mr. Ferguson continued his research into the moral philosophy of Bishop Butler, while Dr. Kenner worked on several articles which he was preparing for publication. It is worthy of record that Professor W. H. F. Barnes, formerly Professor of Philosophy at Durham and examiner in Philosophy for Fourah Bay College, was appointed during the course of the year to the Vice-Chancellorship of Liverpool University. Professor Barnes has always taken a keen interest in the progress of Fourah Bay College and, in appreciation of his service, a message of congratulation was sent to him on his appointment.
Department of Theology Courses provided (i) Honours B.A. (Theology)—The Department was allowed with the approval of the Principal, and the Faculty of Theology of the University of Durham to pro¬ ceed to Second Year honours teaching. (ii) Licence in Divinity—This course has moved on to the Second Year and two groups—First and Second Years—were catered for. 20
Numbers of Students taking Courses within the Department A. B.A. Second Year Honours l(m) Final Arts (General) 3 Second Year Arts (General).. 9 First Year Arts 15
B. Licence in Divinity Second Year 1 (Anglican) First Year 4 (1 Anglican 3 Methodists). The examination results were excellent.
Changes in Staff The Department welcomed Mr. I. P. Ellis (Dogmatics) and the Rev. F. N. Jasper (Old Testament) to the staff. Mr. Ellis arrived in September, 1962 and the Rev. F. N. Jasper in April, 1963. Research in Progress Faculty and Department (i) The African Studies Seminar on Fear Fetish now on its third year con¬ tinued its study of problems relating to the effective evangelisation of Africa. Special attention was paid to St. Paul's use of the Old Testament, in his preaching to Gentile converts. (ii) The Church History Group continued its study of the historical data related to tne Church in Sierra Leone.
Individual Research The Head of Department has continued to examine African religious thought- forms, with special reference to the emergence of the spirits and demons. Some of this has filtered through to the African Studies Seminar. Mr. I. P. Ellis has continued his study of (i) Edwin Sandys and the settlement of Religion in England (1558-1588) (ii) Essays and Reviews (1860). (iii) The Virgin Mary and the English Reformers. Miscellaneous (i) The Head of the Department attended the Fourth World Conference of Faith and Order in Montreal July 11-23, 1963, and a Pre-World-Angli- can-Congress-in-Toronto Conference of Heads of Anglican Theological Colleges, August 1-5, 1963. (ii) The Rev. P. E. S. Thompson attended a meeting of the West African Examinations Council International Panel on Religious Knowledge in Accra in February, 1963. (iii) Easter Vacation Course—The Seventh Annual Easter Vacation Course for Clergy and Ministers was held from April 6-11, 1963 on the Theme " God's christs." Sixteen participants attended. 21
FACULTY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES
Department of Economics
Student numbers continued to grow and showed an increase of about 30 per cent over the figures for 1961/62. This rate of growth is very satisfactory and encou¬ raging particularly as the proportion of Sierra Leonean students to the total student population is also increasing. However, it seems clear that the Department is now reaching saturation point and unless there is an expansion in the staff establishment, admissions will have to be restricted for the Session 1964/65. The outstanding feature of the examination results for 1962/63 was the success of Mr. M. O. Anekwe and Miss V. B. C. Iwuji in the Final Honours Examinations. Mr. Anekwe was awarded a Second Class Honours Degree and Miss Iwuji a Third Class Honours Degree and they were the first students to emerge from the newly established Honours School in Economic Studies; indeed, they were the first students to graduate with Honours while resident in the College. The Honours School is now well-established and in 1962/63 there were 12 students reading for an Honours School as compared to 9 in 1961/62. Examination results in the First and Second Examinations for the Degree of B.A. in Economic Studies were unsatisfactory although the Final Examination results were extremely good. The potential " drop-out " in the first and second years remains high. Entrance requirements may have to be raised, therefore, abov e those which are normal to the University.
The experiment of admitting less qualified students to the Diploma of Public Administration and of Economic Studies was unsuccessful and there was a very high failure rate. It is not proposed to pursue the present liberal policy of admissions to these diplomas in the future.
On the other hand, the concessional entry students showed promise and, in view of the continuing shortage of good 6th Forms in Sierra Leone, admissions to this course will continue for the time being although preference will be given to students with " O " level Mathematics.
The following appointments were made:— Mr. D. A. Lury, formerly Chief Statistician to the Government of Uganda, as Senior Lecturer in Economics.
Mr. M. Levitt, formerly Knoop Research Fellow, University of Sheffield, as Lecturer in Economics.
Mr. J. Cartwright, University of Toronto, as Teaching Fellow in Politics with effect from September, 1963.
The following resignations were accepted:—
Mr. D. A. Lury on his appointment as Senior Lecturer in Economics and Co-Director of the Institute for Economic Development, the Royal College, Nairobi;
Miss Ann Spackman on her appointment as Lecturer in Government in the University of the West Indies; 22
Mrs. Sylvia Harrop;
Mr. Philip Beach, part-time Lecturer in Economics on his return to the United States of America.
Mr. Van der Laan was granted study leave for research in the United King¬ dom and elsewhere into the economics of the diamond industry. This project was supported by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
Research in Progress: Professor J. H. Davies "The Economics of Independence"—a textbook at University level which is concerned with econo¬ mic development in West Africa since 1957.
Mr. H. Van der Laan , . " The Economics of the Diamond Industry " with special reference to the period 1952-61. The manu¬ script has been completed and publication is being considered.
Mr. S. R. Dixon-Fyle "Long Term Dynamics of Industrial Changes in the West African Region".
Miss Ann Spackman .. "A Comparative Study of Representation in Multi-Racial Communities with special reference to Ceylon and Trinidad since 1946." Submitted to the University of Oxford for the D.Phil. Degree.
Mr. J. R. Cartwright " The Development of Political Parties in Sierra Leone."
Mrs. S. Harrop .. "Economic History of West Africa".
Mr. P. Beach .. "The Development of Small Scale Industries in Sierra Leone ".
Distinguished Visitors this year included:
Dr. D. Dinour .. Director of the Achimota Statistical Training Centre, Achimota, Accra, Ghana.
Mr. Le Harivel .. Chief of the Training Section of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
Mr. G. E. Hall .. Governor of the Bank of Sierra Leone.
Mr. H. E. B. John .. Diamond Corporation Ltd., Sierra Leone.
Mr. W. Greenwood .. Chief Census Officer, Sierra Leone.
Dr. W. Livingstone .. Lecturer in Public Administration, University of Manchester. 23
Dr. David Carney .. Economist to the Government of Sierra Leone.
Professor E. Allen .. Professor of Economics, University of Durham.
Faculty Lectures:
A series of public lectures were arranged by the Department of Economics. (a) Dr. David Carney on " Development Planning."
(b) Dr. Livingstone on " Some Problems of Public Administration."
(c) Mr. W. Greenwood on " Problems of Census Taking."
(d) Mr. H. E. B. John on " The Diamond Corporation."
(e) Mr. G. E. Hall—three Lectures on " Central Banking." (/) Professor Allen "Some Basic Economic Problems."
Awards and Distinctions
(u) Mr. H. van der Laan received an award from the Rockefeller Foundation in support of his research into the " Economics of the Diamond Industry."
(b) The Faculty Prize was awarded to Mr. Daniel O. Nnadi; Mr. H B. Bright received an honourable mention.
(c) The Solomon J. Pratt Departmental Prizes were awarded as follows:
(i) First year Mr. D. O. Nnadi
(ii) Second year .. Mr. M.O. Lawal
(iii) Third year .. Mr. P. L. O. Anozie
Gifts of Money The Department of Economics again wishes to thank the A.l.D. authorities for their generous grant of scholarships and the Bank of West Africa for continuing its award of two scholarships for two students reading for the Diploma of Economic Studies.
The Department also wishes to thank Mr. Solomon J. Pratt for his generous gift towards the establishment of departmental prizes.
Statistical training within the department has also been greatly helped by grant from the Humanities Research and Publications Committee towards the purchase of calculating machines.
Research
Regional industrial integration and growth: theoretical and empirical study of West African Economies. To reconstruct certain aspects of the theory of economic integration through analysis of industrial and production structures with the help of operational methods. 24
Department of Accounting
The number of students taking Accounting was higher than in previous years. Examination results, particularly in the second year class, were disappointing.
During the year, the Pergamon Press accepted a manuscript on Accounting Principles by the Lecturer in charge of the Department. This was accepted for publication in the new Commonwealth and International Library of Science, Tech¬ nology, Engineering and Liberal Studies.
A collection of Management Games was purchased for the use of students. The games are proving enjoyable and instructive. The funds used for this purchase were provided by the gift (previously acknowledged) from Messrs Peat, Marwick, Casseleton Elliott and Co.
At two departmental meetings, the students met the accountant of the Guma Valley Water Company and a practising accountant from Freetown. Both gave interesting answers to a constant flow of questions from the students.
Law Department
Law continues to be a favourite subject among students of the Faculty of Economic Studies; consequently the inadequate staff situation in the Department is more keenly felt with the increase of students.
The Lecturer-in-Charge, Mr. Fred Tuboku-Metzger, ll.b. (Durham), ll.m. (Pennsylvania), Barrister-at-Law, was away on study leave during the session and Mr. W. S. Marcus-Jones, ll.b. (Birmingham and London), ll.m. (Yale) was appoint¬ ed in his place for a year. He was assisted by Mr. Carrington of the Peace Corps. Mr. Percy Davies, Barrister-at-Law and Mr. George Davies, m.a., as part-time lecturers
During the session the Sierra Leone Government accepted the principle of establishing a Law Faculty as soon as practicable and a committee was set up to pursue the matter. The department is still housed in temporary buildings.
During the session Mr. Fred Tuboku-Metzger successfully took up a Fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania and was awarded the degree of Master of Compara¬ tive Law.
FACULTY OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE
Botany Department
The Department has been preparing for the establishment of honours degree courses during the next session. This has involved reconstruction and extension of the buildings to provide extra student laboratories and to accomodate additional staff.
Work on the development of a botanic garden and arboretum has continued on a 90 acre site. The potentialities of this site are considerable but development is hampered by the shortage of funds. 25
Student Affairs: Satisfactory results were obtained in the final examinations and all our students passed in Botany.
Dr. Matturi resigned during the session to become the first Principal of the new college being established at Njala.
Dr. Longman resigned at the end of the session to take up an appointment in the University of Ghana.
Work continued in the department on various aspects of West African Botany.
Dr. Longman was engaged on a study of the effects of temperature and day length on growth and flowering in West African trees; also on the effects of gravity and other factors on apical dominance in cassava, and on field experiments to deter¬ mine the optimum conditions for growth of Terminada ivorensis seedlings.
Dr. Matturi continued his study of the soil fungi of Sierra Leone and the collec¬ tion and naming of the larger fungi of the country.
Mr. Gledhill's work on the biosystematics of the local grass Axonopus compres¬ sas has been extended. Several strains of this grass are proving to be particularly suitable as lawn grass under local conditions and one is to be planted on the wall of the Gunia Dam. Further general collections of plants and part of the preliminary work for the preparation of a local flora have also been made.
Dr. Taylor continued his work on various aspects of the physiology of the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda and has embarked on a study of anthocyanins and poly¬ phenols in developing mango leaves.
Mr. G. H. Banbury of the University of Durham was our external examiner and visited the College in May and June.
Professor G. E. Fogg, Professor of Botany at Westfield College, University of London, visited the College in February.
Members of the London University Imperial College Expedition to Sierra Leone visiied the Department in July and presented us with duplicate specimens of their collections.
An extensive reconstruction of the department has begun in preparation for the establishment of honours degree courses.
Four plant growth rooms with control of light and temperature have been constructed.
The department received gifts of a Torbal desalter and dissecting microscopes from USAID, and also from the same source the Faculty of Pure and Applied Science has received a refrigerated centrifuge which is being housed in the Botany Department. These gifts are greatly appreciated and will facilitate the teaching and research activities of the Department and Faculty. 26
Department of Chemistry
There was little change in the numbers in the various courses in Chemistry as compared with last session.
Once again all the final year passed, but the standard at which they did was distinctly higher than last year.
The staff was reduced by two since Dr. Taylor-Smith was in Israel for a year at the Weizmann Institute, and Mr. Cole was appointed to the post of Assistant Registrar.
The remaining three members of staff should be congratulated on their effort, and Mr. Cole thanked for continuing the Level 2 Organic Chemistry course in his spare time. Thanks should also be offered to the three part time demonstrators, Mr. A. J. Cole, Mr. A. J. Pratt and Mr. W. Pratt who assisted in the practical classes.
Dr. Henry continued his work on the analytical uses of silver and his work has now been accepted for publication in the " Analyst." Dr. Wright continued with his work on the absorption of fatty acids and some derivatives on the surface of metals and metallic oxides.
This year has introduced a new sphere of usefulness to the community, in that there is now a considerable demand for anayltical work by various government departments. The time of Dr. Downing was occupied with this and with the organic chemistry courses which he undertook in addition to his own work.
The following have visted the department during the year. Professor Barford of Imperial College, London. Professor Lawson of Legon, Ghana and Mr. J. R. Martin, Reader in Radiochemistry, Durham.
Dr. Wright was awarded a Royal Society studentship to allow him to work for three months at Bristol University. Dr. Taylor-Smith was at the Weizmann Institute, Israel for a year holding a fellowship endowed in memory of the late Revd. Solomon Caulker, former Vice- Principal of the College.
Department of Engineering There was an increase in student numbers from 11 in 1961/2 to 13 in 1962/3. During the session three lecturers were appointed. Research in Progress 1. Study of the hydroelectric potential of the rivers Sewa and Moa. 2. The study of flow in open channels with the aid of models. 3. Survey of thunderstorm and lightning activitv in Sierra Leone. 4. Determination of range and factors influencing behaviour of E.R.A. lightning stroke counters. 27
5. Stress distribution in reinforced concrete beams repaired after a shear collapse. 6. Corrosion of steel reinforcement in the tropics. 7. Influence of curing conditions and mix proportions on the structural properties of " sandcrete " blocks. 8. Reinforced concrete in saline atmosphere. 9. Precasting techniques and their influence on the cracking of concrete in hot countries.
Mr. Brian Nicholl was elected Associate Member of the Electrical Research Association and Scientific Consultant for a series of educational television pro¬ grammes on magnetism and electricity produced by the Centre for Educational Television Overseas, London. Distinguished Visitors 1. The British High Commissioners for Nigeria & Sierra Leone 2. Mr. Alan Chambers of Manchester, one of the U.K's leading architects 3. Mr. Peddle & Mr. Newman of the U.A.C. Technical Branch 4. Mr. Sebastian, Director, Radio Spares Ltd. Gifts of equipment: 1. Denison Universal Testing Machine—the U.K. Technical Assistance plan 2. Colchester Lathe .... do. 3. Elliott Shaper .. .. do.
4. Band .. Saw .. .. U.S.A.I.D. 5. Tinius Olsen Universal Testing Machine (60,000 lb) .. .. do.
Department of Geography Student numbers again continued to rise, and examination results were satisfac¬ tory. Pour students took a new preliminary honours course; all passed in June. One Sierra Leonean student previously transferred to Durham University, Mr. M. E. E. Harvey, passed with 2nd Class Honours (1st Division) and was awarded a Delco studentship for post-graduate research in the department for the years, 1963/66. Following the departure of Mr. K. G. Dalton, Mr. P. K. Mitchell became acting head of department for the session. He was joined by Mr. D. J. Siddle as lecturer, Mr. G. J. Williams as temporary lecturer, and Mr. S. J. A. Nelson as carto¬ grapher. Mr. J. C. Creigh resigned at the end of the session for a lectureship at Montana State College. Dr. J. I. Clarke was appointed Professor with effect from September, 1963, being granted leave of absence for two years from the University of Durham.
Collective research efforts were devoted to:
(1) the preparation of maps and the study of boundaries for the national population census of 1963; 28
(2) the recording and analysis of meteorological data at Kortright; (3) the study of settlements in Sierra Leone, notably Mattru and Kabala to which student field parties were taken.
Mr. Mitchell continued research on potential evapo-transpiration, trade routes, and chiefdom boundaries in Sierra Leone, and rainfall in Malta. Mr. Creigh con¬ tinued work on his Ph.D. thesis. Mr. Siddle completed a thesis on Holderness in Yorkshire and was awarded the M.Litt. degree of the University of Durham. Two papers on this region are in preparation. Mr. Williams was enabled to return to England during the summer vacation in order to complete field work for his Ph.D. thesis on the geomorphology of part of South Wales.
The Department had great pleasure in welcoming a number of distinguished visitors, including Professor W. B. Fisher of Durham who came as external examiner; Dr. J. T. Coppock of University College London; Professor S. Daveau of University of Dakar; M. C. Hiernaux, I.F.A.N., Dakar; Mr. S. Reichman, University of Liverpool and Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Dr. D. Gamble, Dept. of Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh ; and Professor Lamotte, University of Paris. With the completion of the Geology department, two new rooms were added to the department of Geography, a professor's room, and an office for meteorolo¬ gical and photographic work. As the Geography department is cramped for space, one study and a typist's office have been generously lent by the Geology department. The grounds around the departments have been most successfully landscaped. Many additions were made to the departmental map library, which is probably the best in Sierra Leone.
A fine collection of American maps was donated by students of the Geography department of the University of Colorado. Material continued to be received from the Directorate of Overseas Surveys, and the Meteorological Services of Nigeria and Czechoslovakia. The Census Office granted custody of a quasi-complete cover of vertical air photographs of Sierra Leone. Mr. Mitchell attended a conference at Ibadan to discuss the preparation of an International Atlas of West Africa, and later a meeting of the West African Exami¬ nations Council in Accra.
Department of Geology Geology, which had been attached to Geography, during the session 1961-62 became a full department of the Faculty of Pure and Applied Science in December, 1962, and Mr. M. M. Anderson became its first head of department. Twenty-six students were admitted to courses in Geology for the first time in October, 1962, eight at Level 1 (1) and eighteen at Level 1 (2). The Department was able to move from its temporary quarters in the Geography Department to its new building early in 1963.
Mr. Anderson, as President of the Sierra Leone Science Association, attended the 4th Bi-Annual Conference of the West African Science Association held in Kumasi, Ghana, at the end of March, 1963. At this Conference he was elected Secretary of the West African Science Association for the period March, 1963 to March, 1965. 29
Dr. W. Hopkins, Reader in Geology at the Durnam Colleges, came to the Department as \isiting examiner in May, 1963. A national committee for Sierra Leone of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics was established in June, 1963, and Mr. Anderson was elected Vice- Chairman.
Department of Mathematics
During the academic year 1962/63, the department provided honours and general degree courses in Pure and Applied Mathematics, courses in Engineering Mathematics, and instruction in the teaching of Mathematics. The courses were attended by a total of 65 students. Most of them made satisfactory progress, and over 75 per cent were successful in their examinations. The Solomon Pratt subject prizes in Mathematics were awarded to students E. T. Bangura (1st year), D. K. Olorunsola (2nd year), J. Egbejimba (3rd year).
The teaching programme was carried out by seven full-time lecturers and three part-time instructors. Dr. E. J. A. Williams returned from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he held a post-doctorate fellowship. Two new lecturers, Mr. J. C. Turner and Dr. E. L. Dubinsky, joined the Department. Dr. E. Lieb returned to the I.B.M. Research Centre, Yorktown Heights, from where he had been seconded to the department for one year. Research was concerned mainly with the following topics: Analytic theory of numbers (Prof. Zulauf), study programmes in mathematics (Mr. Smith), molecular and atomic structure and rate processes (Dr. Williams), activity coefficients at infinite dilution, a molecular approach (Dr. Jonah), statistical thermo-dynamical models (Mr. Turner), differential equations in Montel spaces (Dr. Dubinsky). The activities of the Mathematical Seminar included series of lectures and discussions on the follow¬ ing subjects; theory of distributions (led by Dr. Dubinsky), quantum mechanics (Dr. Williams), statistical mechanics (Dr. Jonah), Markov chains (Mr. Turner), distribution of prime numbers (Prof. Zulauf). Dr. S. Hill of Stanford University, California, was a guest speaker.
A c onference on " Liquid State " at Imperial College, London, was attended by Dr. Jonah and Mr. Turner. Mr. Smith attended a conference of mathematicians in university education departments at the University of Leicester. Dr. Jonah was awarded a travel grant under the African-American University Programme to enable him to take up a fellowship at the University of Oregon during the summer.
The department continued to take an active interest in the African Education Study project of the Educational Services Inc. Experimental texts were distributed and the schools using the texts were visited. An examination of some of the transfer linguistic problems was conducted by Mr. G. Ansre, a linguist of the Institute of African Studies in Legon, accompanied by Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith also visited Liberia on two occasions to advise on the use of the texts, and to conduct a survey of eacher training.
The department gave two series of open lectures to which all fifth and sixth form pupils of secondary schools in Freetown were invited. 30
The Department gratefully acknowledges two generous gifts. The American Mathematical Association donated an almost complete set of their publications, and a large number of textbooks on Mathematics was received from " Books for Africa " in association with the African-American Institute.
Part-time Instructors .. N. A. Hayes, b.sc. (Rangoon) J. E. M. Taylor-Pearce, b.sc. (Durham) M. Hartman, b.sc. (Eng.) (London), a.m.i.c.e.
Department of Physics
The intake of about a dozen students annually is disappointing but the examina¬ tion results were good.
There is still a vacancy for one lecturer on the staff. Research in progress:—
Professor A. E. Bate has been working on the theory of Optics.
Mr. E. Awunor-Renner is investigating point discharge currents in atmospheric electricity. Photographic recording commenced last session (1962-3) and has con¬ tinued since. Recently, the field recording apparatus was out of action but the fault has been located and is being rectified. The results are promising.
Mr. D. Rivers is recording changes in the magnetic field. The magnetic obser¬ vatory at Kortright continued to function throughout the session. Over a period of twenty-seven months complete daily photographic records have been obtained, and scaling of these is in progress.
A detailed study of one aspect of the geomagnetic field variations, undertaken in conjunction with Dr. D. G. Osborne of the University of Ghana, resulted in a paper being presented to the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aero- nomy at the XIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at Berkeley, U.S.A. in August, 1963. Mr. Rivers represented Sierra Leone at this Conference.
Mr. Lane-Smith's research concerns atmospheric electricity associated with rain. Records have been taken during the rains. Stabilized power supplies, amplifiers and other electronic devices have been made and others are in the process of being constructed, in the departmental workshop. During several thunderstorms within the last few weeks, continuous fast records have been made of point discharge current, precipitation current and rainfall. The Simpson 'Mirror Image' effect has been recorded and experiments to investigate its validity are being devised. Apparatus is being prepared for the measurement of the actual charge on raindrops ; this should be operative by the next rainy season.
Professor Bate was elected a member of a 4-man committee to co-ordinate research in African universities and also acted as external examiner (Higher Degree) to the University of London in August. 31
Mr. D. Rivers and Mr. Lane-Smith were elected to the Associateship of the Institute of Physics (A.Inst.P.).
As a result of discussions between members of this department and interested persons in government departments, the Sierra Leone National Committee for the I.U.G.G., (to which the country has become affiliated) was formed.
A conference was held at the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, sponsored by the Leverhulme Trust (June, 1963). Delegates from several African Universities as well as representatives from Britain attended. The opening paper was by Professor Bate on "Physics in African Universities." Much useful discussion followed each paper, and ranged from entrance requirements to research ; it was decided to set up a committee to co-ordinate research in the tropical Universities.
Resulting from the conferences, mentioned above, it is hoped that the depart¬ ment may become a centre for research on (a) Ionosphere, (b) long range lightning detection, the former in association with U.N.E.S.C.O. and the latter with a research team at King's College, London.
Department of Zoology
Examination results were very satisfactory; all final degree candidates were again successful.
Dr. M. Williams joined the staff of the Department, from the Marine Labora¬ tories, in September, 1962. Mr. D. Hantschmann joined the staff as lecturer in February, 1963, and is now responsible for teaching and research in Marine Zoology. Mr. J. Phipps continued work on grasshopper ecology. Studies undertaken during the session included: An investigation of the effects of crowding on Zonocerus variegatus, an import¬ ant agricultural pest in West Africa.
Investigations of the behaviour of nymphs and adults of Z. variegatus. These may have a bearing on control methods.
Studies on activity in relation to maturity in a number of grasshopper species. Dr. D. Chaytor continued his work in experimental embryology, and is now investigating sex determination in the developing chick. He also began work on a survey the freshwater fishes of the Western of Area and selected rivers in the pro¬ vinces of Sierra Leone.
Dr. M. Williams worked on the natural history of fish parasites, and worked with Dr. Chaytor on a joint survey of freshwater fishes.
Mr. D. Hantschmann has spent considerable time in sorting out and cataloguing the equipment at Kissy, and making it serviceable. He has also started chemical and biological sampling and analysis, and made collections of benthos of various parts of the coast. 32
He has begun two pieces of experimental work: (i) Analysis of the oxygen-water-salt balance of Periophthalmus. (ii) Analysis of the salt-temperature responses of various planktonic animals. For this it was necessary to include taxonmic work especially on the copepods of the West African coast. Distinguished visitors, many of whom made use of the laboratories included: Professor M. Lamotte, University of Paris Dr. P. Aguesse, University of Paris M. R. Roy, University of Dakar Dr. N. Tuppen, Tulane University, New Orleans Dr. F. Williams, Director, Gulf of Guinea Trawling Survey Mr. A. Schitz, Zoologisk Have, Copenhagen, Denmark Dr. Meschkat, F.A.O., Accra.
Work was begun on building an undercroft, to provide additional working and storage space. UNESCO agreed to supply equipment to the value of $3000 for use in the Marine Laboratories.
THE LIBRARY
Work on the new building began in July of this year and there is a reasonable prospect that it will be ready for occupation during the long vacation in 1964. By the end of the session the staff was somewhat depleted, there being vacancies for two assistant librarians two library assistants and one messenger; in addition the Senior Assistant, the Revd. I. M. Ndanema, continued to be absent through attending a course in Ghana School of Librarianship. The extensive employment of temporary staff partly compensated for the lack of permanent staff, and without their services the plight of the Library would have been serious; even so, with four posts vacant and one other person absent out of a total staff of eleven the work of the Library suffered towards the end of the session. The triennial estimates for 1961-64 provided for a third assistant librarian in September, 1963 but Council advanced the date to March, 1963. No appointment was however made. Acquisitions A statement of the expenditure on books and periodicals will be found at the end of the report. Ordering of books again fell into arrears during the session but was brought up-to-date by the end of it. 2,688 volumes were acquired by purchases as against 2,145 for the previous session and this reflects improved speed or ordering During the summer university librarians in Britain expressed concern in the corres¬ pondence columns of The Times about the inadequate book funds prevailing, in Great Britain, contrasting the annual acquisitions of between 10,000 and 20,000 volumes in the larger British university libraries with 60,000 and more volumes in 25 American university libraries, and five of this number extending to 100,000. The Library's total acquisition of 4,573 volumes demonstrates the very modest scale on 33
which the Library is being conducted; the position is not quite as bad as it seems because the College has fewer departments than most British universities. Never¬ theless an with annual intake of approximately 4,600 volumes it is not possible to meet the demands arising from the growing volume of research and from the intro¬ duction of Honours Courses in three Departments. It was for this reason that the Committee in its estimates recommended that for the next triennium the book fund should be raised from £8,250 to £16.000 a year.
Donations
The Committee is glad to express its appreciation of the generosity of donors of books and periodicals, and their names will be found at the end of this report. 222 volumes relating to English Language and Literature were received from the British Council, as a further instalment of its gift, and the Theological Education Fund continued to help the Theological Department of the College by a gift of 43 volumes including further volumes of the Corpus Christianorum.
Accessions and total book stock (1961/62) On the 1st September, 1962 the number of volumes in the
Library (excluding periodicals) were .. .. 27,255 (22,830) During the session the number of volumes added were:
Purchases ...... 2,688
Donations ...... 1,621 4,309 (4,425)
so that on the 31st August, 1962 the number of volumes
(excluding periodicals) were ...... 31,564 27,255 Estimated number of completed volumes of periodicals 9,100 8,100
40,664 35,355
Periodicals
The number of current periodicals was 899 compared with 859 for the previous session, the increase being mainly the result of donations and the furtherance of exchange relationships. Shortage of funds prevented the Committee sanctioning any increase in subscriptions except where the department concerned agreed to its cost being met from the subject vote.
Photocopies Two hundred microfilms and photostats were supplied to readers during the session. The total number of requests was 267, and the majority were for articles in periodicals not kept in the Library. The Assistant to the Library Adviser to the Inter-University Council for Higher Education Overseas handles all the Library's requests for photocopies. She relieves our library staff of considerable labour and without her work the service would be much slower and less certain. 34
Cataloguing Further progress in recataloguing the Library was made during the session and by the end of August 1963, about 25,000 volumes of books and periodicals had been recorded in the new catalogue leaving approximately 16,000 for recataloguing apart from current accessions of approximately 5,000 volumes a year. There is a reasonable prospect that this may be accomplished during the next three sessions together with the compilation of an alphabetical index of subjects to the classified catalogue. In its report for 1961/63 the Committee hoped that recataloguing would be completed in 1962/63, but this would have been an impossibility even if the stall had been up to full strength. Fortunately the fears expressed in its last report that if recataloguing were not finished this session the Library might once again be on the brink of chaos have proved unfounded. With the exception of pamphlets and the most recent accessions awaiting cataloguing there is an entry for every volume in the Library in one or other of the three catalogues so that any book in the Library can be located, although the process takes longer than it would if there were only one catalogue to consult. Most of the entries in the oldest catalogue (in wooden boxes) have been transferred to the new catalogue so that generally speaking a reader need only consult the new catalogue and the older compilation in sheaf binders. Library of Congress catalogue cards have been acquired wherever possible, and when the catalogue is up-to-date it will consist for the most part of these cards. Last session 27,615 cards were purchased at a cost of approximately £590. Much of the work involved in ordering these cards and in processing them on arrival was performed by junior temporary staff, and without Library of Congress printed cards the compilation of the new catalogue would be much less advanced.
Binding was again allowed to accumulate in 1962/63 partiy througn pressure of other work and partly because of the hope that the British Department of Technical Co-operation would assist in the establishment of a bindery in the Library. Late in the session the Ministry of Development announced that the Department of Tech¬ nical Co-operation had approved the scheme in principle and it may be hoped that a bindery will be established as soon as the new building is completed. The plans for the latter provide for a bindery in the basement. Reading Rooms This Department was busy throughout the session. The number of volumes borrowed increased from 7,825 in 1961/62 to 12,080 this session. No statistics are available for the number of people who actually read in the Library but there can be little doubt that the number of people frequenting the reading rooms increased; 170 places were available as compared with 107 the previous session and randon counts on some evenings in the session showed that 140 to 150 seats were being occupied. Although for the most part the staff in the reading rooms consisted of only one senior library assistant and one literate messenger, its general running was smoother compared with the previous session, mainly because with the removal of the Periodi¬ cals Library to the old Dining Hall it was possible to keep the books much more tidily as the shelves were less crowded. Student employees continued to control the Issue Desk in the late evening, on Sunday mornings, and from 4.00 p.m. to 6.00 p.m. during the Christmas and Easter vacations. Hitherto students have not been allowed to borrow and return books whenever student librarians controlled the Issue Desk. This restriction has now been removed. 35
Conclusion
The improvement in the catalogues that began in 1961/62 and which has con¬ tinued during the present session has stimulated a more methodical use of the Library, particularly on the part of students. Consequently the volumes of ordinary business was greater this session than in the previous session and there was a further expan¬ sion with the increase in the membership of the College both senior and junior. This greater demand was welcome but unfortunately the number of library staff was less in 1962/63 than in 1961 /62, and at the same time the need to maintain the momentum of recataloguing was as urgent as ever. However the Library has fared well. Recataloguing has proceeded at a steady pace although not as fast as was originally planned. It is probable that most readers located books more easily than was possi¬ ble in previous sessions. Those who requested works not in the Library still had to wait far too long before they were supplied, but the period of waiting did not increase and in fact slightly diminished towards the end of the session. A year ago, the Committee was conscious that the Library could still fall into chaos. This danger still exists but it has become more remote, and it will completely disappear within two or three further sessions provided that the present output of work can be main¬ tained. The probabilities are that the Committee's fears about the organisation of the Library have now diminished but anxiety as to the means of meeting adequately the demands for books and periodicals is still present.
Expenditure on Books and Periodicals in 1962/63 £
Periodicals ...... 3,375
General ...... 179
Librarianship & Bibliography .. .. 61
Philosophy ...... 118
Theology ...... 351
Economics ...... 701
Law ...... 179
Education ...... 90
Mathematics ...... 489
Physics ...... 151
Chemistry ...... 531
Geology ...... 289
Botany ...... 224
Zoology ...... 213
Engineering ...... 93
Accountancy ...... 12
English ...... 354 Modern Languages ...... 103
Classics ...... 191
Geography ...... 160
History ...... 556
African Studies ...... 113
8,533 36
LIST OF DONORS, 1962-63 Acame Code Company, Inc. New York American Anthropological Association, N.Y. American Afro-Asian Educational Exchange, Inc. N.Y. American Embassy, Sierra Leone A.M.A. Publications Australian National University, Canberra Barclays Bank D.C.O., Freetown Dr. John Blell, Freetown British Council, Freetown Bureau of International Labor Affairs, Washington, U.S.A. Cambridge University Press, London Dr. D. R. Carroll, Fourah Bay College Commission on Civil Rights, Washington, U.S.A. Conference Council & Steering Committee, Toronto, Canada Crown Agents for Overseas Governments & Administrations, London Mr. E. J. Davies, Ministry of Works, Freetown. Development Secretary, Freetown. Division of Agriculture, Niala Mr. P. Edwards, Fourah Bay College Electrical Research Association, Surrey, England Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Freetown Embassy of Japan, Accra, Ghana Franklin Publication Inc. N.Y. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Washington, U.S.A. Freedom Fund, Inc. New York, U.S.A. German Embassy, Freetown George A. S. Goddard Fund, U.S.A. Institut des Sciences Humaines et de la Bibliothèque Nationale, Lome, Togo Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, Togo Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques, Paris 7e Institute of Commonwealth Studies. W.C.I Institute of Race Relations, Oxford University Press, Oxford Institute of the Study of the USSR, Germany Embassy of Israel, Freetown Italian Ambassador, Monrovia, Liberia Johnson Foundation, Wisconsin, U.S.A. John Murray (Publishers) Ltd., London Mrs. Frida Laski, London Pastor Joseph U. Moziouzor, Ahoada Division, Omoku Miss M. Miller, Liberia Ministry of Lands, Mines & Labour, Freetown The Principal Ministry of Information and Labour, Khartoum Mr. Norman H. A. Cole, University of California Northwestern University Library, U.S.A. 37
Ranfurly Library, London Madam Madeleine Trebous, Paris Regional Plan Association Inc., New York Fellow of the Royal Society, London Shell Company of Sierra Leone, Ltd. Sierra Leone Library Board, Freetown Dr. F. J. Taylor, Fourah Bay College Dr. K. Thomas, Fourah Bay College Miss Helen Thompson, England Mr. L. Tindall. Freetown University of Hong Kong University of Ibadan University of Ife, Nigeria University of Liberia, Monrovia University Library, Newcastle-on-Tyne United States Aid Mission, Freetown United States Information Service United States National Archives, Washington Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel World Assembly of Youth, Brussels, Belgium West African Rice Research Institute, Rokupr, Sierra Leone. Mr. G. H. Wikramanayake
DEPARTMENT OF EXTRA-MURAL STUDIES
Much of our work during the year was designed to bring within the ambit of University adult education those adults who had not had the chance of obtaining University education or of pursuing a sustained course of studies but were intelligent enough to respond to the quality of teaching and stimulation for learning and development of their personality.
A broad liberal background of education was provided and a wide range of subjects was offered. Quite an interesting feature in our programme was the intro¬ duction within the last two sessions of science for the layman. The response though not widespread was so encouraging that we feel its inclusion in our programme has been justified, especially in a community where local superstitions born of ignorance of simple scientific phenomena halt or delay progress.
Altogether some forty-three short courses and tutorial classes involving about three hundred students all over the country were provided. In the Western Area a new course entitled " African Writing " conducted by Dr. Eldred Jones provided facility for critical examination and intelligent discussion of writings based on African themes.
It was discovered that a twelve-week term was too long to hold the interests of students in tutorial classes. In this connection a reversion to the eight-week term strongly recommends itself. This will fit in very well with the school vacation con¬ sidering that most of our part-time tutors and students are school teachers. 38
Easter Residential School Some fifty students attended the Residential School.
Two scholarships at £2 10s. and two bursaries at £1 5s. were awarded by the Department.
The School was divided into seven seminars as follows: Subject Tutors University Adult Education Dr. G. O. Roberts The Role of Science in a Developing Society Dr. K. Thomas The Use of English Language Mr. N. D. J. Smart Christian Stewardship Professor Harry Sawyerr The Development of National Literature Dr. D. R. Carroll The Principles of Reasoning Rev. J. P. Ferguson Economic Development and Trade Unionism Mr. S. R. Dixon-Fyle
Public Lectures were delivered as follows:— Subject Lecturer The Role of Science in a Developing Society Dr. E. Downing The Role of University Adult Education Mr.C. R.A.Cole The Role of Literature in Adult Education Professor T. R. M. Creighton The Role of University Adult Education in Deve¬ loping Societies : A Christian Outlook Professor Harry Sawyerr The Role of African Studies in University Educa¬ tion Professor A. T. Porter The Rev. J. P. Philosophy of University Adult Education .. Ferguson Trade Unionism in Developing Countries Mr. H. N. Georgestone Economics and Industrial Relations Professor J. H. Davies African Universities and Adult Education Dr. Davidson Nicol
Staff Dr. G. O. Roberts assumed duty as Staff Tutor for a month after which he was forced to return to the United States for personal reasons.
Mr. P. P. Lawrence resigned his post as Staff Tutor on 30th September, 1963. He is now engaged in the Public Relations Department of the Diamond Corporation of Sierra Leone.
Mr. C. R. A. Cole, Staff Tutor, continued to act as Director of Extra-Mural Studies. Research
Mr. C. R. A. Cole completed his research on the History of Local Government and Voluntary Associations of the Peninsula of the Western Area from 1905 to the present day. This has been presented as a thesis to Durham University for the M.A. Degree. 39
OUTLINE OF STUDENTS' UNION ACTIVITIES
At the beginning of the session the Union, in collaboration with the Registry, conducted an orientation course for new students. They were allowed to come into residence a week earlier than other students. Representatives of the Union came into residence with the new students and during the week the " Freshers " had lectures and discussions on various aspects of college life. From what they said afterwards this orientation course was a useful introduction to college life.
To allow students, particularly those from outside Sierra Leone, to get to know the country, the Union with the kind co-operation of Mrs. Prince Thompson, wife of the College Chaplain, made effective arrangements which enabled some students to travel to the Provinces during the Christmas vacation. The Union would like to mention gratefully the Principals of the many schools and Colleges where our students stayed during their visits.
One highlight of students' activities this session was the international week which lasted from the 1st to the 9th of February, 1963. Events of the week included traditional dancing, folklore, plays & songs, debates and discussions. There was also a photographic competition and photo display. The international week was open to the public and the Union provided free transport service during the week. The week was opened by His Excellency the Governor-General, Sir Henry Lightfoot Boston, who was accompanied by Lady Boston. Among the dignitaries who attended the opening session were the Vice-Chancellor of Durham and Warden of Durham Colleges, Dr. D. G. Christopherson, f.r.s.; the Chairman of the College Council, Mr. Justice S. B. Jones, the Principal, Dr. Davidson Nicol and Mrs. Nicol, Ministers of State and leaders of religious and social bodies.
The executive council made an attempt at obtaining vacation employment for students. To this end, letters were sent out to firms and government departments asking for employment opportunities. This scheme enjoyed moderate success and it is hoped that it would be a framework for future expansion into other West African countries where many of our students spend the long vacation.
Music
A course in Music has been introduced this year and is divided into three sections. It is extracurricular.
(a) Advanced (b) Intermediate
(c) Those with no previous musical experience at all.
(a) 1 student, who will be taking Grade III of the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music examinations in March. 40
(b) 6 students 4 of whom will be taking Grade I of Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music examinations in March.
(c) 48 students who have learnt to play the recorder and have been familiarised with the keyboard. 4 of them have become fairly competent on the piano. Twenty of them have attended regularly,
Games
In this session, we received a visit from the University of Liberia. Football and Volley Ball were the games played and this first meeting between both institutions was most memorable. The football match ended in a draw 1-1. It was a most exciting game. At Volley Ball, the visitors were superior, but the games were enjoyed by all.
The game of Volley Ball was introduced at college for the first time this ses¬ sion. It has proved enormously popular.
The Cricket Team had a most successful season and was one of the strongest teams in the Freetown League. The Tennis Club was again popular but the Freetown competitions took place too late in the session for students to take part.
Other sporting activities, hockey, tenniquoits and athletics, were carried on as usual. Facilities for athletics are grossly inadequate and the students are to be commended for persevering in such a difficult situation.
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
The Principal
Nicol, D. S. H. W. .. " Politics, Nationalism and Universities in Africa African Affairs (.Journal of the Royal African Society) January, 196J. " The Intellectual Community in West Africa " in The West African Intellectual Community (Ibadan University Press, 1962).
Nicol, D. et al—Report of a Committee on Needs and Priorities of the University of East Africa (Uganda), 1963.
Faculty of Arts Department ofClassics
Bradshaw, A. T. von. S. .. The Watchman Scenes in the Antigone (Classical Quarterly, New Series Volume XII Nqv. 1962).
Harrop, J, H. A Christian Letter of Commendation, (The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 48, 1962). 41
department ofEducation Herbert, A. (with J. P. Tucker) (Review). G. Innés. A Mende Grammar. West African Journal of Education. Vol. 7. No. 2.
June, 1963. p. 113. Hockey, S. L. Development in Sierra Leone. Teacher Educa¬ tion (O.U.P.). Vol. 3. No. 3 February, 1963. pp 233-4 & Vol. 4 No. 1. May, 1963. pp. 57-58-
Education and Economic Development in Sierra Leone. Journal of the Durham University Insti¬ tute of Education. Vol. 14 No. 71. January, 1963, pp. 67-69 and 142.
Opportunities in Geography & History Teaching: A Plea for Boldness. Teacher Education (O.U.P.). Vol. 4 No. 1. May, 1963. pp. 18-26. Department ofEnglish Creighton, T. R. M. Race. Review of St. Antony's College (Oxford) Books of African Studies, No. 1. June, 1962. 2 pp.
Journal of Modern African Studies, February, 1963. Review of E. Mphahlele, The African Image. 3 pp.
A few articles on African affairs in the Spectator.
Morrell, R. Makerere Journal. December, 1962. Thomas Hardy. 12 pp.
Jones, E. D. Shakespeare Quarterly No. 2 Vol. XIV, Spring 1963. Aaron and Melancholy in Titus Androni- cus.
Language and Theme in " Things Fall Apart, " Review of English Literature, Vol, V, No. 4, pp. 40-43,
Edwards, P. G. and Carroll, D. Phylon (The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture.) Winter, 1962. Vol. XXIII.,No. 4. An Approach to the West African Novel. 13 pp. Department ofHistory
Hair, P, E, H. Í ♦ « » (1) " A West African in Tartary ", West African Review, May, 1962 pp 45-47. (2) " E. W. Blyden and the C.M.S. Freetown 1872", S.L. Bulletin of Religion Vol. iv, No. 1 lune, 1962 pp 22-8. 42
(3) " An Episode in the River (1743) Wat African Review, June, 1962 pp 63-4. (4) " A Slave Mutiny (1730) West African Review, August, 1962 pp 66-7. (5) " Yalunka of Timbucktu (1895-1940)", West African Review September, 1962 pp 65-6. (6) " A Contribution of Freetown and Fourah Bay College to the study of West African Lan¬ guages ", Sierra Leone Languages Review, Vol. 1 1962 pp 7-18. (7) " A Bibliography of Mende ", Sierra Leone Languages Review, Vol. 1 1962 pp 39-61.
Kup, A. P. .. . (1) " Early Portuguese Trade in the Sierra Leone and Great Scarcies Rivers ", Boletim Cultural de Guine Portuguese, Vol. xviii, January, 1963, pp 107-124. (2) " Jesuit and Capuchin Missions of the Seven¬ teenth Century ", Sierra Leone Bulletin of Reli¬ gion, Vol. v No. 1 June, 1963, pp 27-34.
Porter, A. T. .. .. (1) " Problems of African Development ", Ismun Review, Vol. I No. 2 July, 1962. (2) " Family Histories and Social Development" Chap. XII in Historians in Tropical Africa (Salisbury, 1963). (3) " The Creation of a Clearing House and Bib¬ liographical Services in West African Subjects" Chap. X in The West African Intellectual Com¬ munity (Ibadan University Press; Ibadan, 1962). (4) "CREOLEDOM: A Study of the Develop¬ ment of Freetown Society", (Oxford University Press; London, 1963).
Department of Modern European and African Languages
Pichl, W. J. .. .. Sherbro-English and English-Sherbro Vocabu¬ lary, April 1963, V. 130 pages. La Permutation et l'Accord en Serer, Actes du II Colloque de Linguistique Negro-Africaine, Limo¬ ges-Dakar 1963, 10 pages. "Sherbro and Krim", Journal of African Lan¬ guages, Vol. H/3, Michigan 1963, 10 pp. The same article by W. J. Pichl will appear in a revised edition with an appendix "Krim texts with Translations and Vocabulary", about 10+ 10 pages in No. 3 of the Sievrr Leone Languages Review. 43
"Urgent Research in Senegal and Sierra Leone." Bulletin of the International Committee on Urgent Amthropological and Ethnological Research, (U.N.E.S.C.O.), Vienna Vol. 5/1962, 3 pages. Department of Theology The Sierra Leone Bulletin now in its fifth year continuer to enjoy good patronage from Univer¬ sities, seminaries and Libraries in Africa, Europe and America.
Overseas subscriptions from Institutions con¬ tinue to be high.
Sawyerr, H. A. E. .. .. "The Dogma of Super-Size 1" (S.L. Bulletin of Religion Dec. 1962, pp 41-51). "The Basis of a Theology for Africa" (Interna¬ tional Review ofMissions July, 1963 pp 266-278). "The Dogma of Super-Size II" (S.L. Bulletin of Religion June, 1963, pp 1-18).
Faculty of Economics Department of Economics
Davies, J. H. .. .. "Manufacturing Industry in Sierra Leone" Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Conference Proceedings March, 1962, published in 1963 by the Institute pp 142-151.
Dixon-Fyle, S. R. .. " Ten-Year Plan of Economic and Social Deve¬ lopment for Sierra Leone 1962/63-1971/72. A Review." Journal of Modern African Studies Vol. 1. No. 2. June 1963. Pages 275-277.
Faculty of Pure and Applied Science Department of Geography
Mitchell, P. K. .. .. "Trade Routes of the Early Sierra Leone Protec¬ torate" Sierra Leone Studies, New Series, No. 16, June, 1962, pp. 204-17. "Early Rainfall Observers in the Maltese Islands" Malta Historical Society, 1962. "Irrigation in Sierra Leone, possibilities and prospects, Papers of U.N.E.S.C.O. Conference on Application of Science and Technology in underdeveloped countries. Geneva, 1963. Department of Mathematics
Dubinsky, E. L. .. .. "Fixed points in non-normed spaces", Ann. Acad. Sei. Fennical, I (1963), 331. 44
"Factoring of second order difference equations with periodic coefficients", Michigan. Math. Journal 10 (1963), 17-24. Department ofPhysics Bate, A. E. 1. Article on the "Physics of Music" Chambers Encyclopaedia. 2. " Acoustics and Vibration Physics" with R. W. B. Stephens, Reader in Acoustics in the University of London, (by Edward Arnold), in Press.
Rivers, D. "Large magnetic pulsations near the equator" (with D. G. Osborne, University of Ghana). International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy at the XI11 General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics at Berkeley, U.S.A. in August, 1963. Department of Zoology Phipps, J. Laboratory Observations on the activity of Acridoidea. Journal of Insect Physiology, Vol. 9, 531-543, 1963.
Chaytor, D. Mitotic index in vitro of embryonic heart fibro¬ blasts of different donor ages. Exp. Cell Res., Vol. 28, 212-213, 1962. Department of Botany Gledhill, D. Biosystematic Studies of the Axonopus Compres¬ sas Complex; a new subspecies in West Africa. Phytomorphology 12, 4: 412-418. Check list of the flowering plants of Sierra Leone, pp 38. Bunumbu Press. 45
STUDENT NUMBERS
M W M W Total B/F 220 30 ARTS ECONOMIC STUDIES General Degree General Degree
1st .. Year 17 9 Is Year 13
2nd .. Year 48 5 2nd Year 40
3rd . . Year 47 5 3rd Year 26 4th Year 26 5 4th Year 31 Honours Degree Honours Degree 1st Year (Preliminary) 1 st Year (Preliminary) 2nd Year (Final I) .. 2nd Year (Final I) .. 3rd Year (Final II) .. 3rd Year (Final II)
SCIENCE
General Degree Diploma
1st Year ...... 14 1 1st Year .. ..12 —
2nd Year ...... 20 1 2nd .. Year .. —— 3rd Year (& Honours Qualify¬ ENGINEERING
ing Year.) .. ..19 1 Diploma
4th .. .. Year .. 18 1 .. 1st .. Year .. 3 — Special Degree 2nd .. Year .. 5 — 1st Year .. .. — 3rd .. (Final I) 2 Year .. 5 — 2nd Year (Final II) .. .. — —
DIVINITY EDUCATION
Honours Degree Diploma .. .. 5 2 1 st Year (Preliminary) 2nd Year (Final I) .. 1 — PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 3rd Year (Final II) .. Diploma
1st .. .. Year .. 8 — Licence 2nd .. Year .. 2 —
1st Year .. 4 2nd Year 1 — SPECIAL (INTER-FACULTY) 3rd Year COURSES 2* 3*
Total C/F 220 30 TOTAL 382 39
421 * Foreign students enrolled for less than one academic year. 46
LIST OF MATRICULANTS. 1962
Adewuyi, J. A. Ezeh, J.E. Adophy, W. O. Fabiyi, T.F. Agba, J. N. E. Fadeshere, P. I. Agbele, E.O. Famorati, J. A. Akinfolarin, R. O. Fasaye, G. A. Akinwunmi, J. 0. Gaisie, Miss E. A. Akinyemi, D.K. Gboje, Z. 0. Akpom, F. O. Hassan, I. M. Aladejana, A. Ifediba, F. C. Amobi, A. E. O. Izuwah, A. E. N. Ansumana, J. G. F. Jane-Onyigbue, R. C. Anthony, I. N. Janneh, S. Auber, Miss G. P. Johnson, Miss O. H. O. Audu, M. A. Jones, F. C. V. Awolola, M. A. Jones-Asgill, F. E. S. Bamgboye, S. V. K. Kainyek, A. T. Bangali, J. B. Kanu, J. S. A. Bangura, E. T. Kanu, J. S. Y. Braima, F. M. Kanweka, Miss M. E. Carew, E. A. S. Kargbo-Labor, A. E. P. Chapusa, F. W. P. Konteh, A. R. Chibuluzo, F. N. Kpakiwa, S. Y. Chimphamba, B. B. Kumapayi, R. A. A. Chukwumah, S. G. 0. Labor, Miss O. A. Coker, Miss C. E. Lamin, J. J. Cole, M. J. S. S. Leighton-Davies, Miss L. Conteh, K.P.G. Lengar, J. N. A. Conteh, P. G. A. Lisk, E. E. Decker, Miss D. O. Macfoy, Miss 0. D. G. Dumbuya, A. R. Manneh, K. B. A. S. Dumbuya, B. Mbonu, E. N. Egba, B. N. M'cormack, A. D. A. Ehirim, C. Mendy, Miss H. C. Engena, Y. M. Mofor, A. T. M. Etang, B. U. Mzungu, P. A. Nwamaghinna, A. A. Njie, A. A. Nwanguma, S. C. O. Nnadi, D. 0. Nwankwo, B. N. Nnanedu, E. C. Nwolum, J. B. C. Nwagbara, G. I. Obiefule, C. A. Terera, G. W. Obiezu, M. J. Turay, H. M. Obijiofor, B. I. Udofia, P. P. Ogídiolu, D. F. Ugwunze, E. O. Ogbolu, J. N. Umeji, A. C. Ogu, T. E. I. Uzoma, N. U. Ogundayisi, M. S. Uzuakpunwa, A. B. Ogunleye, S. O. Sealy, N. A. Ogunribido, F. A. Sheriff-, P. J. Ohazurume, N. M. Sonola, 0. O. Okpala, L. C. Sowe, Miss G. A. Okoye, V. O. Stephens, F. R. S. Olagundoye, J. A. Tariah, H. I. A. Olarinde, D. O. Tejan, A. O. Oniah, F. C. Tengbe, T. M. Onumonu, F. E. B. Vincent, D. S. Onwuka, R. R. I. Williams, L. Othman, O. N. R. Williams, Miss O. P Oyeh, A. O. Wilson, O. G. H. Oyelakin, J. G. Wurie, A. R. Ozumba, H. O. I. Olomajeye, J. A. Panje, P. P. E. Ajuzie, E. N. Pepple, M. K. Tucker, J. S. Roy-Macauley, Miss M. E. O. Fawty, M. N. Saidu, S. M. Muma, P. A. Saronwiyo, C. M. Thakur, A. S. r
48
EXAMINATION RESULTS, 1963
B.A. with Honours in English Language and Literature No. No. Entered Passed
Preliminary Examination ...... 3 2
B.A. with Honours in Geography
Preliminary Examination ...... 2 2
B.A. (General)
Final Year ...... 33 28
Second Year ...... 57 47
First Year ...... 52 46
B.A. with Honours in Economic Studies
Final Examination ...... 2 2
Preliminary Examination ...... 7 3
B.A. in Economic Studies
Final Year ...... 31 28
Second Year ...... 27 14
First Year ...... 41 21
Diploma in Economic Studies
First Examination ...... 11 2
Diploma in Public Administration
Second Examination ...... 3 2
.. First Examination .. .. 9 3
B.Sc. with Honours in Mathematics
Final Examination Part I ...... 2 2
B.Sc. (General)
Final Year ...... 22 19
Second Year ...... 22 18
First Year ...... 22 19
Diploma in Engineering
Final Year ...... 3 1
Second Year ...... 5 4
First Year ...... 5 5
Diploma in Education ...... 7 6 49
Final University Examination Results, 1963 B.A. (General) Adebayo, A. Division III Afolayan, E. A. do. Alozie, Miss A. C. do. Angulu, Miss M. K. L. do. Atolagbe, B. A. do. Barber, D. S. do. Becker, H. R. M. Division 11 Berewa, S. D. E. Division 111 Cheetham-Smart, Miss D. E. L. M. Division II Davies, H. F. O. do. Deen, A. S. Division III Dixon, A. B. do. Inukan, J. S. do. Kamara, Miss A. M. do. Kamara, J. M. L. do. Kolawole, R. A. do. Legg, J. M. Division II Mondeh, R. E. Division III Odedeyi, Miss F. S. Division II Oguntokun, J. A. Division III Palmer, F. C. T. Division II Robinson, A. J. Division III Samura, F. B. do. Strong, A. B. N. Division II Taylor, P. J. Division III Thompson, J. S. T. E. Division II Tucker, N. J. A. Division III Udegbunam, Miss S. O. Division II B.A. with Honours in Economie Studies Anekwe, M. O. Class II Iwuji, Miss V. B. C. Class III B.A. (Econ.) Adenipekun, T. A. Ekeh, J. O. Akindolire, O. A. Idaboh, N. C. Akpan, O. U. John, L B. C. Anene, C. C. King, E J. Anozie, P. C. O. M'bayo, E. E. Bangali. J. A. Ndulue, C. C. Bangura, L S. Nwakalo, J. O. Bassi, P. J. Nwobi, V. A. Chioke, A. E. Ogunjobi, A. A. Cijioke, A. A. Okafor, B. 1. A. Cole, T. B. A. Timbo, S. B. Davies, R. O. Titiloye, M. O. Dibie, M. O. Walters, S. J. Doherty, A. M. Wyse, C. E. 50
Diploma in Public Administration Egenti, M. C. Gana, E. A. B.Sc. (General) Akinlade, J. A. Division II Akusoba, E. do. Aiyeleso, J. F. do. Conteh, S. A. S. do. Dabi, P. J. O. do. Egbejimba, J Division 1 Golley-Morgan, E. T. Division 11 Hedd, Miss F. C. C. do. lzuora, J.U. do. Josiah, M. O. do. Koledade, E. do. l.avaly, A. K. do. Mackie, A. do. Nnaoma, C. U. do. Oguego, C. M. O. do. Olagbemi, E. O. do. Oyewole, E. I. do. Salami, A. U. do. Scott, W. A. L. do. Diploma in Engineering Dworzak, R. J. Diploma in Education Adewakun, S. O. Division III Carter, A. G. do. Dworzak, Miss J. A. Division II Kanweka, Miss M. do. Moore, H. G. Division III Yillah, A.B.T. do. FOURAH BAY COLLEGE The University College of Sierra Leone Balance Sheet as at 31st August, 1963
1962 1963 1962 1963 £ £ £ £ Fixed Assets 994,057 Accumulated Fund Account 1,067,489 1,004,069 Buildings and Equipment 213,053 Endowment and other Funds 193,757 at cost 1,077,500
415,639 Works in Progress 468,553 Reserves and Provisions 1,546,053 472,076 Capital Development Re¬ 1,419,708 Investments of Endowment serves 462,797 213,053 and other Funds 193.757 Current Assets
8,501 MiscellaneousReserves .. 17,117 16,924 Stock on Hand (Certified by 52,109 Income and Expenditure Bursar) 21,995 532,686 Account 86,842 1,245 Less Provisions for Obsoles¬ 566,756 cent Stores 15,679 9,627 Unexpended Balances of Spe¬ 21,995 cial Grants and Donations 8,967 36.507 Debtors and Prepayments 88,306
206,633 Creditors and Accrued Charges 174,602 5.547 Short Term Investments .. 136,699
265,562 Balance at Bank and Cash 323,295 in Hand 24,761 271,761
£1,956,056 £2.011,571 £1,956,056 £2,011,571
Note: There is a contingent liability of £18,652 representing the outstanding balances of Car Loans to members of the Staff by the Bank of West Africa Limited guaranteed by the College Council. DAVIDSON N1COL, Principal. G. A. P. HAMILTON, Bursar.
Report of the Auditors to the Members of the Fourah Bay College Council, The University College of Sierra Leone
We have audited the above Balance Sheet and annexed Income and Expenditure Account and have obtained all the information and explanations which we considered necessary. Proper books have been kept and the Accounts which are in agreement therewith, comply with the requirements of the College's Charter of In¬ corporation. In our opinion, the Balance Sheet and Income and Expenditure Account give respectively a true and fair view of the state of the College's affairs at 31st August, 1963 and of the excess of Income over Expenditure for the year to that date.
Freetown. PEAT, MARWICK, CASSELTON ELLIOTT & CO. 6th May, 1964. Chartered Accountants. en K)
FOURAH BAY COLLEGE The University College of Sierra Leone Income and Expenditure Account for the Year ended 31st August, 1963 1962 1963 1963 1962 1963 1963 £ EXPENDITURE £ £ £ INCOME £ £ Administration 354,828 Sierra Leone Government Grants 420,378 Other Grants 6,134 Principal's Office ... 7,752 Church Vice-Principal's Office ... 2,676 1,325 Missionary Society 1,725
11,049 Registrar's Department ... 13,849 1,000 Evangelical United Brethren 1,000 Finance Officer's Depart¬ 300 Methodist Missionary So¬
ment ...... 29,045 ciety 300 Bursar's 250 Freetown 250 20,996 Department ... 35,682 City Council 2,684 Other Administrative Ex¬ — Token Grants from United
States A.I.D. Mission ... penses ...... 4,577 4,100 93,581 7,375 Academic Departments
114,707 Emoluments ...... 175,610 20,868 Tuition and Other Fees ... 23,693
Rents ... 5,464 Superannuation ... 8,205 5,509 6,109 General 21,521 Expenses ... 14,964 3,854 Electricity and Water 5,090 Income 19,749 Library ...... 25,213 1,515 Miscellaneous 2,907
1,034 Botanical Gardens ... 317 224,309 50,983 Maintenance of Grounds and Premises 34,164
8,253 Deficit on Dining Halls, Halls of Residence and Students Welfare and A menities 16,382 30,588 Passages and Travelling Ex¬ penses 12,386 293,162 Carried forward 380,822 389,449 Carried forward 465,552 293,16 Brought forward 380,822 389,449 465,552 Miscellaneous Expenditure
3,088 Medical Services (Part) .. 4,605
8,500 Pensions and Gratuities .. 8,500 3,639 Deficit on Transport De¬
partment .. .. 7,444 6,500 Special Research and Equip¬
ment .. .. 6,750 27,299 7,594 General Purposes Replacement
Charge .. .. 7,788 7,115 Scientific Equipment Replace¬
ment .. .. 7,995
890 Expenditure on Examinations 475
549 Less Examination Fees .. 278 341 197 59,510 Excess of Income over Ex¬ penditure for the Year carried down 41,451
1389,449 £465,552 £389,449 £465,552
Capital Expenditure met from Income 59,510 Excess of Income over Expen¬ 10,500 Minor Development Works — diture for the year brought
2,753 Mechanical Accounting Sys¬ down ...... 41,451 tem .. .. — 16,352 Balance brought forward from W Excess 3,470 C D & Schemes 7,485 previous year .. .. 52,109 16,723 7,485 — Grants Commission Reserve
7,030 Reserve Accounts .. —- written back 767
52109 Balance cart ied forward .. 86,842
£75 862 £94,327 £75,862 £94,327
u> G.F. R/6316/66/200/3.66.