ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS IN ADELE’S LYRICS
A PAPER
WRITTEN
BY
THERESIA MONICA NADAPDAP NIM: 122202029
ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III FACULTY OF CULTURE SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA MEDAN 2017
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
Approved by
Supervisor,
Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. NIM: 19630216 198903 1003
Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Science University of North Sumatera
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program
Approved by The chairperson of English Study Diploma III,
Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP: 19521126 198112 1 001
Approved by the English Study Diploma III Program, Faculty of Culture Science, University of North Sumatera As a paper for the examination board Feberuary 20th, 2017
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the examination board in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Science of University of North Sumatera.
The examination is held on: Feberuary 20th, 2017
Faculty of Culture Science University of North Sumatera
Dean,
Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP: 19600805198031001
Board of examiners:
1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Head of ESP) …………….
2. Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum. (Supervisor) …………….
3. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (Reader) …………….
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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I am, Theresia Monica Nadapdap, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
Signed : …………………………………… Date : Feberuary 20th, 2017
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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
Name : THERESIA MONICA NADAPDAP Title of paper : ANALYSIS OF METAPHORS IN ADELE’S LYRICS Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya Study Program : English
1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.
2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.
Signed : ………………………………… Date : Monday, Feberuary 20th, 2017
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ABSTRACT The title of this paper is the Analisys of Metaphors Used in the Adele’s Lyrics. The problem of writing written on this paper is how the lyrics presented dealt with the aspects of metaphors. The method applied in writing this paper is liberary research because all the data for further discussion were taken from written texts, those are the lyrics of the song ‘Someone like you’. As the writer has finished tabulating and analysing and interpreting the data that the lyrics of the song are fully poetics and metaphorically.
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ABSTRAK Judul Kertas Karya ini adalah Kajian Metafora yang Termaktub dalam Launya Adele. Yang merupakan masalah di dalam kertas karya ini adalah bagaimanakah metafora digambarkan dalam lirik lagu ‘Someone like you’ yang dinyanyikan oleh Adele. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengkaji data yang ditemukan dalam lirik lau tersebut adalah metode kepustakaan di mana seluruh data yang diambil untuk bahan kajian adalah diambil dari bahan tertulis, yaitu lirik lau tersebut. Setelah data ditelaah dapat ditemukan bahwa kata ataupun istilah yang dituliskan dalam frasa ataupun klausa adalah sagat puitis dan penuh dengan mengandung unsur metafora.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all the writer of this paper would like to say thanks ALLAH SWT who has given a lot of blessing to her in writing this paper. Therefore she is able to finish writing this paper. The writer believes that without the blessing that God send her this paper cannot be completed as it is. Secondly, the writer also wants to send thanks to the people or friends who have given her spiritual encouragements to complete this paper. The writer also believes that this paper has not reached its perfectness so she would be very happy when its readers want to give some valuable suggestions for its perfectness. The writer does not forget to give special thanks to: 1. Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., the Dean of the Faculty of Culture Science for the facilities during her study at the Faculty. 2. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A., the chairperson of the English department of the D-III Program, and as the reviewer. 3. Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum., the adviser and supervisor of this paper for his valuable supporting and correction. 4. All lecturers in English Diploma Study Program for giving her great advices and lessons. 5. My beloved father, Drs. Marudut Nadapdap, M.M., mother, Dra. Juliana Panggabean who have never found it boring to grow and send me to the university for my future, and so for the finance during my study. Without their loves to me, it wll be impossible for me to finish my study from the English Department of Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. And so I thank you for your big support of material and spiritual. 6. My beloved brother, Joy Vanduan Sebastian Nadapdap and sister, Laura Mariska Nadapdap for their supports and encouragement to finish my study. 7. My grandmother, Hot Basana br. Manalu who has never found it boring to give encouragement to finish my study from USU. 8. My beloved old friends, Ira Elpriana Girsang and Eka Yunita Panggabean and so to group for their big supporting deal with spiritual and moral.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 9. SOLIDAS and all of my classmates, I’ll be missing all of you. 10. The staff of local government for the facilities and information I really need for the completion of this writing and my studies. 11. 12. Terefore, it can be added to the collections of program diploma III library and so to the USU’s library’s collections.
Monday, Feberuary 20th, 2017 The writer,
Theresia Monica Nadapdap 1222022029
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA THE CONTENTS Page AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ...... i COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... ii ABSTRACT ...... iii ABSTRAK ...... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... v THE CONTENTS ...... vii
1. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 The Background of Writing ...... 1 1.2 The Problem of Writing ...... 3 1.3 The Scope of Writing ...... 4 1.4 The Purposes of Writing ...... 4 1.5 The Reason for Choosing the Topic ...... 5 1.6 The Method of the Research ...... 5
2. A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...... 7
3. ADELE’S BIOGRAPHY ...... 9
4. THE ANALYSIS ...... 17
5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...... 28 5.1 Conclusion ...... 28 5.2 Suggestion ...... 28
REFERENCES ...... 30
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of Writing
A language is a human phenomenon, which will differ some-fi
what even from person to person; it will differ far more from one place to
another and from one time to another. These variations in persons, times, and
places give rise to such studies as dialectology, linguistic geography,
historical and comparative linguistics; and, collaborating even more with
other disciplines, lexicography, the making of dictionaries, orthography, the
study of spelling, and paleography, the study of ancient texts.
Language evolves in accordance with advancement or progress of
thought by the users. However, its development will not be the same from one
language to another, because every community of language users will have
different backgrounds as required by the need of the community. It is closely
influenced by the situation and circumstances where the language
communityis located. This will be discussed by linguists working in the field
of meaning, semantics.
Semantics is one of the areas of science that discuss the ins and outs of
meaning. We will be able to know that a word will have a meaning in
accordance with the functions within the language used. We may also say that
a word will experience change of meaning when it is being used in a new
situation. We may also add that a meaning can be conveyed by speakers to
the receiver of the message in different ways. Literally and denotatively a
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA word can also be expressed in a metaphor, comparison, parableor by using metonymy and so forth.
Linguists, especially in the field of semantics can see that the language user often wants to convey meaning in various ways. Among them are George
Lakoff, Terri Eynon, Mark Turner, Mark Johnson, William Croft and many others have talked a lot about meanings. Initially the writer also likes wrestling with the figurative language by using hyperbole, like, sinecdot, or metaphor.
Croft (2002:194) says that in recent years metaphor and metonymy have become the main study objectives of cognitive linguistics. Furthermore, Eynon
(2002:82) said that metaphor is not just a portion of the literary studies, but has appeared and used in everyday language.
Metaphor and metonymy are two ways of the formation and delivery of meaning that is not literal. In a relatively short article, the author will discuss the definition, nature, characteristics, and functions of metaphor before metonymy can be delivered by speakers to the receivers of the message in different ways. For example, literally and denotatively a word can also delivered through a metaphor, comparison, parabole, or by using metonymy and so forth.
Linguists, especially in the field of semantics we can see that the language user often wants to convey meaning in various ways. Among others there are Lakoff, Eynon, Turner, Johnson, Croft, and others who have discussed about meaning.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Initially, the writer also likes to be involved in figurative language by
using hyperbole, like, sinecdot, or metaphor. Croft (2002:194) says that in
recent years metaphor and metonymy have become one of the main study
objectives of cognitive linguistics. Furthermore, Eynon (2002:82) said that
metaphor is not just a portion of the literary studies, but has appeared and is
used in everyday language. Metaphor and metonymy are two ways of the
formation and delivery of meaning that is not literal. In this short article, the
author will discuss the definition, nature, characteristics, and functions of
metaphor before metonymy, using the terms primary and secondary.
Many people think or argue that the use of metaphor is only a deviation
from the reasonable form, but this has actually been the use of metaphor
caused by earthly experience and the use of everyday language that cannot be
avoid and not all can be delivered literally either. If the speaker did not find
word with its literal meaning the speaker will convey the meaning into a
figurative meaning with the sameeffect. Figurative meaning could be more
attention-grabbing message to the recipients or can cause presenting a
complex image that cannot be done any other way.
Eynon (2002:401) says that we unconsciously use metaphors and
intuitive as well as for understanding the emotions and thoughts of all the
abstract concept of time we see with the eyes or the feeling of tactile hand.
Beardsley (1975:423) stated that metaphor is a linguistic tool that is very
beneficial, because we can explore a lot of meanings in a few words.
1.2 The Problems of Writing
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA a. What words do contain the aspects of metaphors used in the lyrics?
b. What are the possible interpretaions of the metaphors pictured in the Adele’s lyrics?
1.3 The Scopes of Writing
When someone wants to write a writing there will be tramendous things
to be written. Therefore, the writer in this writing needs to give a limitation to
be written. The writer on this occasion wants to write about the metaphors that
can be found in the lyrics of Adele’s songs. It can be understood that Adele is
an Eglish popular singer and writes many songs, therefore the writer limit her
analysis just to one of Adele’s most popular song entitle ‘Someone like you’.
Deal with the volume of this kind of paper it is enough to give the
metaphorical analysis to one of her song lyrics. On the other occasion the
writer of this paper promises to write te others.
1.4 The Purposes of Writing
When someone drives his or her car of course he or she has a purpose to go on. So to a writer, when she writes something of course there is the pur[pose of his or her writing. Without one goal of writing he or she will not come to the end of the writing. Therefore, the writer has her goal or purposes to write the metaphors that can be found in the lyrics of Adele’s songs. The purposes are:
(1). To fulfill one of the requirements to get the degree from the English
Department of Diploma III programme,
(2). To apply her studies she received from her different lecturers,
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (3) Trying to tell the readers of this writing and so to the people who loves to the
songs of Adele,
(4). Showing the Adele’s fans the possible meanings hidden in the lyrics of those
songs.
1.5 Reasons for Choosing the Topic
Different people to different things can be seen many different reasons
to do. Deal with this statement that the writer of this paper has some reasons in
writing this simple paper. Firstly, she wants to let the readers understand that
the words used in the lyrics has not only one interpretation as it is, but
different people can have different interpretation of a word. For instance,
bread is something people may have in order to avoid hunger, but for the
congregations who worship on Sundays in the churh bread means the body of
Jesus Christ who who had accepted for the remission of their followers.
Therefore there are many words written in the luyrics of the Adele’s songs.
The lyrics also have different meanings to different people. It is one of her
reason to write down the analysis of the lyrics metaphorically.
Te writer of this paper at the begining like to listen to Adele’s singing
dealing with the rythems used for the songs besides the band who play to
adele while she was singging also very good and nice to listen to. As times go
on she tried to translate and uderstand the lyrics. She could see that there are
the possibilities of different interpretations seen on the dictions. The writer of
this paper realises that when we find a word which has more than one
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA meanings it means that the word is polysemi. For istances, ‘desert’ may mean
the desert in middle east or fruits that people usually have after their meals.
1.6 Methods of Writing
When a writer wants to apply approaches to do a small project on
writing a writing he or she may apply the approaches deal with the things he
or she is writing. For instances, he or she can apply experiment, liberary
research, and field research. These three different methods will be different
deal with the techniques he or she apply to get the required data for further
analysis. When he or she is doing an experiment, it means that he or she uses
experiment strategy. When he or she takes data from some informants it
means that he or she uses field reseach. When he or she takes data from
written text, it means that he or she is applying liberary research. So deal with
these phenomena the writer of this paper applies two different methods as the
same time. Liberary research is applied for the guideline to the field research.
The data which taken from the informant, they are the fans of Adele’s songs.
The writer of this paper tries to find out their reasons in fonding in listening to
the songs. It can be by listening to the rythem or the interpretation of the
dictions.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
People even within the same culture carry several layers of mental
programming within themselves. Different layers of culture exist at the
following levels: a). The national level: Associated with the nation as a whole. b). The regional level: Associated with ethnic, linguistic, or religious differences
that exist within a nation. c). The gender level: Associated with gender differences (female vs. male) d). The generation level: Associated with the differences between grandparents
and parents, parents and children. e). The social class level: Associated with educational opportunities and
differences in occupation. f). The corporate level: Associated with the particular culture of an organization.
G). Applicable to those who are employed.
A variable can be operationalized either by single- or composite-
measure techniques. A single-measure technique means the use of one
indicator to measure the domain of a concept; the composite-measure
technique means the use of several indicators to construct an index for the
concept after the domain of the concept has been empirically sampled.
Hofstede (1997) has devised a composite-measure technique to measure
cultural differences among different societies: a). Power distance index: The index measures the degree of inequality that exists
in a society.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA b). Uncertainty avoidance index: The index measures the extent to which a society
feels threatened by uncertain or ambiguous situations. c). Individualism index: The index measure the extent to which a society is
individualistic. Individualism refers to a loosely knit social framework in a
society in which people are supposed to take care of themselves and their
immediate families only. The other end of the spectrum would be collectivism
that occurs when there is a tight social framework in which people distinguish
between in-groups and out-groups; they expect their in-groups (relatives,
clans, organizations) to look after them in exchange for absolute loyalty. d). Masculinity index (Achievement vs. Relationship): The index measures the
extent to which the dominant values are assertiveness, money and things
(achievement), not caring for others or for quality of life. The other end of the
spectrum would be femininity (relationship).
Before venturing on a global assignment, it is probably necessary to
identify the cultural differences that may exist between one's home country
and the country of business operation. Where the differences exist, one must
decide whether and to what extent the home-country practices may be adapted
to the foreign environment. Most of the times the differences are not very
apparent or tangible. Certain aspects of a culture may be learned consciously
(e.g. methods of greeting people), some other differences are learned
subconsciously (e.g. methods of problem solving). The building of cultural
awareness may not be an easy task, but once accomplished, it definitely helps
a job done efficiently in a foreign environment.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Discussions and reading about other cultures definitely helps build
cultural awareness, but opinions presented must be carefully measured.
Sometimes they may represent unwarranted stereotypes, an assessment of only
a subgroup of a particular group of people, or a situation that has since
undergone drastic changes. It is always a good idea to get varied viewpoints
about the same culture.
Clustering cultures:
Some countries may share many attributes that help mold their cultures
(the modifiers may be language, religion, geographical location, etc.). Based
on this data obtained from past cross-cultural studies, countries may be
grouped by similarities in values and attitudes. Fewer differences may be
expected when moving within a cluster than when moving from one cluster to
another.
Determining the extent of global involvement: a). All enterprises operating globally need not have the same degree of cultural
awareness. Metaphor illustrates extent to which a company needs to
understand global cultures at different levels of involvement. The further a
company moves out from the sole role of doing domestic business, the more it
needs to understand cultural differences. Moving outward on more than one
axis simultaneously makes the need for building cultural awareness even more
essential.
The U.S. construction industry has always been adept at winning work
overseas, but the lure of reconstruction contracts in places like Afghanistan
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and Iraq could draw some firms in over their heads. Large international firms have many resources to deal with the enormous challenges of working in the global marketplace. But the massive reconstruction of countries devastated by war could trip up the best of them.
Political and physical risks are the most treacherous and must be reckoned with. Language and cultural differences can't be ignored either.
Addressing them sensibly can unlock many opportunities for success. The
U.S. government's conference on rebuilding Afghanistan, held in Chicago last week, went a long way to outline opportunities there. These outreach programs are a good start because many firms need an education on how to work abroad. The first lesson is to drop ethnocentric views that the world should accommodate our method of contracting rather than the other way around.
In a separate meeting, also held in Chicago last week, ENR brought together construction executives at its annual leadership conference. U.S. firms interested in China's Olympic building plans and other work, particularly those willing to listen patiently through translation, heard rich detail from Chinese representatives.
Patience, attentiveness and sensitivity are not common construction traits, but they can help in cultures different from our own. Language and cultural differences can be treacherous to negotiate.
Words can be grouped into two sets - (i) those that have meanings which refer to the world and our experience of it, and (ii) those whose job it is to link or
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hold together the structure that makes sentences from words, phrases and clauses. The first set are called lexical words (the subject of this chapter); the second set are called function words. The two categories are not altogether separate, but this general distinction is a useful one.
The set of lexical words is continuously being changed, as words drop out of use and new ones are coined. It is therefore an open classof words.
Function words, on the other hand, are much fewer in number, and change much more slowly and so make up a closed class.
Here is the opening paragraph of a story, printed firstly with only the open class, lexical words, and secondly with only the closed class, function words.
Linguistics has been defined as the scientific study of language. A more modest definition would be the systematic study of human languages.
Scientific study is today commonly associated with such natural sciences as physics, Chemistry, and biology, whose conclusions lend themselves to objective verification more readily than those arrived at by investigators of human behavior. Since speech is a uniquely human phenomenon, the systematic study of it remains, despite the assistance received from other disciplines, a humanistic study, a study whose ultimate objectives are based on humane values. Linguistics is scientific, nevertheless, both in the rigor and objectivity of its methods and in the technical help it has received from the natural and social sciences.
Any language-in this book our examples are drawn mainly from
English—is an extraordinarily complex phenomenon. The more thoroughly
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA languages are analyzed, the more astonishing their complexity becomes. This complexity suggests a structure, and even the earliest ancient Greek investigators of language recognized the existence of a structure.
Since language is sequences of sound, and sound is invisible, we cannot see its structure as we can, for example, see the bony structure of a body—its skeleton. As we recognize the basic elements of the linguistic structure we invent names for them and attempt to describe the total structure part by part. It is one of the great beauties of plane geometry that its structures can be seen in their entirety. Though the native speaker seems to have a full grasp of the total grammatical structure of his language, we have no way of describing that structure so that it can all be seen at once. Instead we must break it up into what seem to be its most significant or at least its most conveniently describable parts and present them one after another. This is a most exasperating approach. All the parts are interrelated and necessary to the functioning of the whole, and a native speaker controls them all, utilizes them simultaneously, and never gives a conscious thought as to how he is using the structure to communicate hi| ideas. We know our English "but we seldom know how it work. So we find it irritatingly hard to learn a lot of names for what we do so easily and unconsciously. It is the function of linguistics to discover the structure, to find names for its parts, and to use those names to explain how the system operates.
Semantics studies and attempts to describe meaning. In this ' definition
"meaning" is not used in the same sense. Semantics studies the relationship
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA between the word and what it stands for; the relationship between cat and the concept of a feline which it represents for us is its meaning.
Semantics gets us into what is called meta linguistics—studies that go beyond linguistics—matters that involve more than the language itself. The structures of meaning, in so far as they exist, are certainly far less apparent than the structures examined in phonology, morphology, and syntax. The modern linguist has therefore given most of his attention to these more obvious aspects of language. There is an irony in this because the layman is far more interested in what an utterance means than in how it is structured. And his attitude is right to this extent: Language does have as its primary purpose the communication of meaning. But the educated layman tries to/have some understanding of all the more significant aspects of his environment.
Language is the most important of these and he should therefore have some understanding of it. This linguistics tries to provide.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. ADELE’S BIOGRAPHY
Adele Laurie Blue Adkins, MBE is an English singer-songwriter. After
graduating from the British School for Performing Arts and Technology in
2006, Adele was given a recording contract by XL Recordings.
Born: May 5, 1988 (age 28 years), Tottenham, London, United Kingdom
Spouse: Simon Konecki (2017)
Education: British School (2006)
Children: Angelo James Konecki
Awards: Grammy Award for Album of the Year, More
In little more than eight years, Adele has come from nowhere to establish herself as one of the world's biggest entertainment brands, right up there with
Grand Theft Auto, Star Wars, FIFA 2016, and Call of Duty. The proof was in the prizes on Wednesday night, when she walked away with a record-equalling four
Brit Awards. Her success is a remarkable achievement - all the more impressive given that she is operating in a market that has roughly halved in size over the past decade.
It is a feat for which she has been been lauded, applauded and awarded across the globe. And called a "freak", by Tim Ingham, the respected music journalist who runs the website Music Business Worldwide. She is not normal, he told me. At least, in terms of her achievements: "Breaking album sales records in
2016 is in and of itself a miracle." That is a sentiment echoed by a high-ranking music exec who preferred not to be named. He called Adele "an anomaly", "label- proof", and a beacon "of hope for the industry".
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA For a beleaguered and besieged music business Adele is living proof that money can still be made in an industry dominated and decimated by streaming and freeness. The bad news, according to Ingham, is that Adele is "the artist you cannot manufacture". She's a one-off. Which was apparent from the start.
Media captionAdele won four awards at the 2016 Brit Awards
There is a slightly irritating but quite enlightening lo-fi video you can watch of Adele Adkins online. It was recorded in the back of an Airstream caravan as part of Pete Townshend's In The Attic series of webcasts, which were usually made around the time of a Who show. This particular edition was filmed in late May 2007, just before Adele got famous.
She had turned 19 a couple of weeks earlier and was still working on her first album (eventually released in January 2008 and called 19 after her age).
Townshend's partner, the musician Rachel Fuller, plays the Chat Show Host. She and Adele sit side-by-side in the foreground on faux Louis XIV chairs,
Townshend and songwriter Mikey Cuthbert are squeezed in at the back.
The interview aims at a Tiswas/TFI Friday informality and irreverence. It misses. But it is telling, nevertheless. We learn a lot. There are the basics: Adele was born in Tottenham, North London. Around the age of 10 she moved to South
London (Brixton, then West Norwood). She didn't enjoy school until she was 14 years old. That was when she accepted an offer to attend the selective, state- sponsored Brit School for Performing Arts & Technology in Croydon. There she thrived. Her dad - of whom more later - bought her the Simon & Patrick guitar she plays in the video, an instrument she says she'd only taken up 18 months earlier.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA By then she'd cracked playing the sax, having given up the flute at 13 because she'd started smoking.
There's plenty more bio-type info to pick over, but that's not what makes this homespun tape an ace in Adele's archive pack. It's her performance as an ingenue interviewee and singer. In both guises she is conspicuously composed and self-assured. So much so she makes her hosts look like the wannabes. It is apparent even at this very early stage of her career that Adele knew what she was about. She is neither star-struck by Townshend's presence nor impressed by
Fuller's overbearing style. She goes along with the banter enough to ensure she doesn't appear rude or arrogant, but makes it obvious she thinks the conversation is a bit silly. She comes across as an independently minded, matter-of-fact alpha- female who is comfortable in her own skin. She has since been variously described as fun, gobby, bolshie, and loud - a big personality who (and this comes up less frequently) is not one to suffer fools. I have heard that a lot. Not publicly though. ‘Off the record’ was a standard refrain used by industry-types when speaking to me about her. They were worried about upsetting the singer, which is not surprising. She is a powerful individual who can make people nervous. My guess is that has always been the case. Adele Adkins is a force to be reckoned with. As is her voice.
Grammy ards
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. THE ANALYSIS
Metaphor is a figurative speech in wich a term or phrase is applied to something to which it is not literally applience, in order to suggest to a remblance and a mixed metaphor is a figurative expression in which two or metaphors are employed, producing an incongruous assemblage of ideas.
Therefore, there are so many songs that people think mean one thing, but they are actually about something else altogether. Metaphors are everywhere in popular music, keep an ear out and you might just hear a few yourself.
Metaphors are devices usually used in poetry, novels, movies, and books to make a comparison between two things. In music, the comparison often connects with themes, popular gossip of the time, or connects to other songs.
If the artist or writer is comparing or portraying a person, action, feeling, place, or thing as being something else, then they are utilizing a metaphor.
A metaphor is a word or phrase that is used to make a comparison between two people, things, animals, or places. They can be very helpful for kids who are learning the meaning of specific words because they provide a more visual description of the word or thought. Similes and Metaphors.
A simile is where two things are directly compared because they share a common feature. The word AS or LIKE is used to compare the two words. For instance, a metaphor also compares two things, but it does so more directly
WITHOUT using as or like. Some figurative language is known as imagery.
Figures of speech, such as similes, metaphors, idioms and personification are all examples of imagery. A composer uses imagery in
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA order to link two ideas and to create a vivid or life-like image in their
audience's mind. Metaphor Examples. The definition of a metaphor is a
figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase
ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another. For example,
‘the curtain of night’ or ‘all the world's a stage.’
Both similes and metaphors are literary techniques used to compare
two different things; however, they do so differently. A simile is a
comparison that uses ‘like’ or ‘as’ in the comparison. A metaphor is a
comparison that says something is something else.
Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with
a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. When a writer uses
literal language, he or she is simply stating the facts as they are. Figurative
language is very common in poetry, but is also used in prose and nonfiction
writing as well. Metaphor Definition. Metaphor is a figure of speech which
makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are
unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a
resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a
single or some common characteristics.
Descriptive language— Language intended to create a mood, person,
place, thing, event, emotion, or experience. Descriptive language uses images
that appeal to the reader's senses, helping the reader to imagine how a subject
looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels. A simile is a figure of speech that makes
a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Therefore, it is a direct comparison. We can find simile examples in our daily speech.
Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics. In simple English, when you portray a person, place, thing, or an action as being something else, even though it is not actually that ‘something else,’ you are speaking metaphorically. ‘He is the black sheep of the family’ is a metaphor because he is not a sheep and is not even black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that person. A black sheep is an unusual animal and typically stays away from the herd, and the person you are describing shares similar characteristics.
Furthermore, a metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a simile i.e. we do not use ‘like’ or ‘a’ to develop a comparison in a metaphor. It actually makes an implicit or hidden comparison and not an explicit one. Most of the people think that a metaphor is as a devise used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life.
According to the fact that all of the people in their lives speak, write, and think in metaphors. Surely that no people can avaid from using metaphors in his or er livas. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common lanuage.
These situations are called conventional metaphors. For example, by calling a
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA person a ‘night owl’ or an ‘early bird’, or saying ‘life is journey’ are common
conventional metaphors. These examples are commonly heard and uderstood
by most of the people who use English as their media of communication. Here
the writer mof this paper writes down some examples of conventional
metaphors which we very often hear in our daily life. a). My brother was boiling mad. It means that the speaker wants to say that he was
too angry. b). The assignment was a breeze. It means that the people who are in charge to do
the task orf the assignment feel that it was very easy to do. c). It is oing to be clear skies from now on. This statement implies that clear skies
are not a threat ad life is going is going to be without hardship. d). The skies of his future began to darken. Darkness is a threat, therefore, this
implies that the coming times are oing to be hard for him. e). Her voice is music to his ears. It means that the person who say the statement
means that the person who is talking and talking feels that his voice makes
him feel very happy.
Language, culture, and society are three different things that cannot be
separated to one hother. They are always go together. These three things are
linked to one anather. One human being cannot live his life without the
present of a language. Human beings have to live in a society. Culture refers
to the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, rolesseparated., spatial
relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. Culture is the systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Culture is communication among the hhuman beings therefore communication is culture. The way people communicate to one another is communication.
Culture in its broadest sense is cultivated behavior, that is the totality of a person's learned, accumulated experience which is socially transmitted, or more briefly, behavior through social learning. A culture is a way of life of a group of people—the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next. Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.
Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon further action. Culture is the sum of total of the learned behavior of a group of people that are generally considered to be the tradition of that people and are transmitted from
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA generation to generation. Culture is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.
The position that the ideas, meanings, beliefs and values people learn as members of society determines human nature. People are what they learn.
Optimistic version of cultural determinism place no limits on the abilities of human beings to do or to be whatever they want. Some anthropologists suggest that there is no universal "right way" of being human. "Right way" is almost always "our way"; that "our way" in one society almost never corresponds to "our way" in any other society. Proper attitude of an informed human being could only be that of tolerance. The optimistic version of this theory postulates that human nature being infinitely malleable, human being can choose the ways of life they prefer. The pessimistic version maintains that people are what they are conditioned to be; this is something over which they have no control. Human beings are passive creatures and do whatever their culture tells them to do. This explanation leads to behaviorism that locates the causes of human behavior in a realm that is totally beyond human control.
Different cultural groups think, feel, and act differently. There is no scientific standards for considering one group as intrinsically superior or inferior to another. Studying differences in culture among groups and societies presupposes a position of cultural relativism. It does not imply normalcy for oneself, nor for one's society. It, however, calls for judgment when dealing with groups or societies different from one's own. Information about the nature of cultural differences between societies, their roots, and their
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA consequences should precede judgment and action. Negotiation is more likely
to succeed when the parties concerned understand the reasons for the
differences in viewpoints.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to that of
other cultures. It is a form of reductionism that reduces the "other way" of life
to a distorted version of one's own. This is particularly important in case of
global dealings when a company or an individual is imbued with the idea that
methods, materials, or ideas that worked in the home country will also work
abroad. Environmental differences are, therefore, ignored. Ethnocentrism, in
relation to global dealings, can be categorized as follows:
Important factors in business are overlooked because of the obsession with certain
cause-effect relationships in one's own country. It is always a good idea to
refer to checklists of human variables in order to be assured that all major
factors have been at least considered while working abroad.
Even though one may recognize the environmental differences and
problems associated with change, but may focus only on achieving objectives
related to the home-country. This may result in the loss of effectiveness of a
company or an individual in terms of international competitiveness. The
objectives set for global operations should also be global.
The differences are recognized, but it is assumed that associated changes are so
basic that they can be achieved effortlessly. It is always a good idea to perform
a cost-benefit analysis of the changes proposed. Sometimes a change may
upset important values and thereby may face resistance from being
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA implemented. The cost of some changes may exceed the benefits derived from the implementation of such changes.
Cultural differences manifest themselves in different ways and differing levels of depth. Symbols represent the most superficial and values the deepest manifestations of culture, with heroes and rituals in between. Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, or objects that carry a particular meaning which is only recognized by those who share a particular culture. New symbols easily develop, old ones disappear. Symbols from one particular group are regularly copied by others. This is why symbols represent the outermost layer of a culture.
Leech (2003) says that metaphor would happen when an element of a language in a discourse used to refer to some object by using other words that are not shown on the word to be replaces by a process or concept in a way that is unconventional and speech acts are being cited can be understood by the other person as the recipient of the message. Furthermore Cruse (1986) says that the use of metaphor may affect the recipient as talking opponent or perhaps in situations of correspondence. Metaphor is generally used by the users of that language to describe the meaning o a point, but most important is that in the metaphor of the sender of the message and the recipient news should not be translating the metaphor literally, because the metaphor is not included in the true sense.
On the title of Adele Lyrics Someone like you can be seen the example of metaphor. As it cannot be denied that in the example a mathematics What is
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA X if X = 20 + 10? Then the solution for this problem can be answered that X is
30 or X is equal to 30. It can be seen that the X is the process of metaphor.
Therefore on the title Someone like you has the element of metaphor because the speaker or the writer has to write Someone likes you. So she used Someone instead of ‘I’. It is supposed to be written I like you. If she wants to tell the object that there is a woman who likes him, of course the word verb like must be added the suffix –s in remembering that someone is one of the singular third person used as the subject of the clause.
On the first line of the lyrics which is used as the opening for the lyrics she wrote down settled down. This phrase may mean that the object ‘you’ agreed or received her. Her on this circumstance means ‘I’. ‘I’ is the person who sang the song.
The first lyric followed by the second lyric ‘That you found a girl and you are married. The process of metaphor on this lyrics can be seen clearly.The word found on this lyric used to representative of the word meet.
On this lyric can be seen that the process of metaphor that the clause he like her and then as the clause you are settled down which means that he agreed to love her but on the time being he is already married he was not single anymore. Therefore he felt disappointed.
The third lyric said ‘I heard that your drems came true’. This lyric may mean that I understood that your wishes has come to you now. The fact was true. It proved by the following lyrics or the fouth line which says ‘Guess she ave you things I don’t ive you’. There can be seen a niceen that the object
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hoping her agree to make love with him but she di not agreed anymore because he was not singgle anymore, he was married. She used the word
‘things’ instead of love. So the process of metaphor on the fourth lyrics written in line four is full of metaphor elemens.
Old friend, why are you so shy? Ain’t like you to hold back or hide from the light. On these lyrics the elements of metaphor can be seen clearly and very poetics. She let him know that he was very disappointed for he was married. She said I don’t want you to keep our friendship since you are not single anymore. She said you are hiding from the light which may mean that he wanted to pretend that he is single. He thought that she did not know that he was having a wife. So the clause you are hidden from the light is an example of exciting diction. On the other interpretation it can be seen that e wanted to hide his background. So hidden from the light is full of poetics.
Line seven on the lyric of Adele ‘someone like you’ which says,’I hate to turn up out of the blue uninvited’ is a very nice lyric when we are able to find out the interpretation of those terms in the phrases. She remembered to the past which she did not mean it, but accidentally she had to experienced it.
Although she did not do it in purposes, it was happened. So the phrases to turn up and univited are purely nice which contented of metaphors. Saying the lyrics of line seven, it may mean that I wanted to foret it but it came up to my mid though I did not want to remember it. The blue uninvited may mean out of planning. I hate to turn up also may mean did not want to remember. So there are words used not showing the literally meaning.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Line eight says,’But I could not stay away, I could not fight it. Tese clauses are very meaningful. It has the contents of aspects of metaphors. They are hidden on the lyrics.Surely she wanted to escape from the nice nostalgia, but she could not. She had tried very hard to foret it, but she was not able to.
She wanted to burry their nostalgia but she was not able to do it.
Line nie of the lyrics says,’I had hoped you would see my face and that you would be reminded’. This lyric consist of two clauses. She wanted to see him ad face to face therefore he could see her face in order to tell him all the nice nostalia that they had ever made. She hoped very much that they could see one another or face to face to remember the whole nice nostalgia of their memoirs. So when we want to interpret the lyric of line nine we are able to see te metaphoric elements. The clause you would see my face may mean not to look at her face, but she wanted him to see and read and understand the recording og their nice nostalgia which was existed on heer mind. Therefore to see the picture of their nostalgia could turn up to his mind their past time.
Line ten of the lyric says, ‘That for me it is not over’. It may mean that although they are not as the same as the last situation they experience, she still wises that they can make their relationship as nice as before. For her, their dreams ave not been reached the end.
Line eleven of the lyrics says, ‘Never mind, I’ll find someone like you’. On the former lyrics she says that it was not over, because though she had tried very hard she still coiuld not forget im and er effort to solve her mind to escape from their nice nostalgia, she says ‘never mind’ as it is, therefore I
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA will try to see someone like you in order to replace your position to make me will be able to forget you. So she wanted to make their memoirs over by looking for someone to accompany her.
Line twelve of the lyrics says, ‘I wish nothing but the best for you too’.
The clause I wish nothing is a funny verse. How come someone may feel to wish nothing. It means that that she almost loose her mid. We may remember that a human being without one single wish is not a man anymore. The dad body is without wishes, so she wanted to say that she was noone anymore, and she wanted to declare that this was your purpose. You are very happy to ave me experienced it.
Then on line thirteen of the lyrics which says ‘Don’t foret me, I beg’.
This clause has the contents of metonymy. She said in the former lyrics that she had tried very hard to forget him, but now on this lyric she invited him not to forget her. She said ‘I beg you ot to left me behind. So it has the connection to the lyric of lines eight that she was confused that she could not fight it. On line twelve also she said that I wish nothing, but here on lyric fourteen she wishes that he would not forget her.
Line fifteen and sixteen of the lyrics have the same ideas, line sixteen is the repetition of line fifteen. On these two lines of the lyrics she wanted to answer the whole nostalgia that they had ever made. She realized now that life is full of drama. Sometimes the day may have a lot of rainfal and sometimes may not. Today can not be as the same as tomorrow. So something can be
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA positive and sometimes can be negative. Love is very nice wen it last in purposes, but it will be hurtful wen it last out of our purposes.
Line seventeen of the lyrics says, ‘You know how the time flies’. This lyric is full of poetic and as a nice aspects of metaphor. She used the word or the term time to fly. We know that time has no wings. Therefore how can a time to fly. That is er reason to ask him the way the time will fly. So she wanted to say that in the past they had a nice time to enjoy, but as it ad gone she became upset for the nostalgia which had already gone away. So the term time which they used to share the lives had gone, which may mean that the bird flied away ad left them felt unhappy. This interpretation can be seen clearly on line eighteen of the Adele’s song’s lyric.
Line eighteen of the lyrics says, ‘Only yesterday was the time of our lives’. This clause as the contets of metaphor. The term yesterday was metaphorically and it may mean the whole time tey had ever used to live their lives happily in the past, but here the term yesterday ment last yesterday which was has a day the periode of time. It was really a very short time, but she wated to tell to the whole time in the past time. She said yesterday was during the past time that they spent the time with full of appiness. On the last time, on the nice nostalgia they were enjoyable and that was their dreams of their relationship. That is why she said it was our life.
Line nineteen of the lyrics says, ‘We were born and raised’. This line followed by line twenty which says, ‘in a summer haze’. Here on this lyrics
Adele wanted to tell er fas that she was born in a situation that was not
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA pleasant. During the summer season the sky usually clear and blue, but unfortunatelyshe told us that the situation was not so clear, but it was cloudy and foggy. The situation is telling about the sadness she felt now.
The rest of the lyrics of the song ‘Someone like you’ are the repetition of the lyrics that have been analysed and iven the possible interpretation of each lyric. The writer of this paper wants to tell the readers that the song of
Adele ‘Someone like you’ is full of poetics and metaphorically. All the term and phrases used on te songs are very romantic. The people who are not able to inteerprete the lyrics of the Adele’s song ‘Someone like you’ can not be enjoy the meanings of the lyrics. The fans of Adele enjoy the ryhtm and the nice and exiting voice of Adele while she was presenting the song, but the adult people who are able to interprete the hidden meanings of the song lyrics are able to enjoy it.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
As the writer of this paper has finished writing chapter one, the
introduction, chapter two, review of related literature, chapter three, the
biography of Adele, chapter four, the analysis of the data, and now, on this
occasion she came to write the conclusion to it. According to the data anlysed
ad the interpretaion of the data that the lyrics of the song ‘Someone like you’
was written poetically and metaphorically. Most of the terms, phrases, and
clauses have the contents of metaphor. On the lyrics of the song ‘someone like
you’ can be seen the proveable of metaphor. As it says that Metaphor is a
figurative speech in wich a term or phrase is applied to something to which it
is not literally applience, in order to suggest to a remblance and a mixed
metaphor is a figurative expression in which two or metaphors are employed,
producing an incongruous assemblage of ideas. Therefore, there are so many
songs that people think mean one thing, but they are actually about something
else altogether. Metaphors are everywhere in popular music, keep an ear out
and you might just hear a few yourself. Metaphors are devices usually used in
poetry, novels, movies, and books to make a comparison between two things.
In music, the comparison often connects with themes, popular gossip of the
time, or connects to other songs. If the artist or writer is comparing or
portraying a person, action, feeling, place, or thing as being something else,
then they are utilizing a metaphor.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5.2 Suggestion
The writer of this paper want to sugests and encourages the students of
English Department to give their analysis to the lyrics of other English songs,
because at the beginning the writer herself did not understand as it is for the
time being. Fitsly, at the beginning she was interested in the song of Adele
entitled ‘Someone lie you’ because of the nice exiting rythm played by the
band while she was presenting the song ‘Someone like you’ but after she had
tried to analysed and tried to find out the possible interpretations of the lyrics
she may come to enjoy the meanings of the songs. Therefore she wishes that
the fans of Adele can feel it more enjoyable while listening to it. So now at
this time I encourae the other students to write and give the interpretation of
other English songs.
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES
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