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Comprehensive Architectural Survey of Beaufort County Phases II and III (Rural) Final Report

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Comprehensive Architectural Survey of Beaufort County Phases II and III (Rural) Final Report Comprehensive Architectural Survey of Beaufort County Phases II and III (Rural) Final Report Bright House, Haw Branch community, southern Beaufort County Pencil sketch by Catherine Bleeker Folger Folger Collection, BHM Regional Library, Washington, N.C. Elizabeth C. King North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office Eastern Office 117 West Fifth Street Greenville, NC 27858 January 3, 2011 Contents Introduction and Methodology ………………………………………………………….. 1 Location, Geography, and Climate ……………………………………………………… 3 Indigenous Americans in Beaufort County: Prehistory to Early European Contact ... 4 Prehistory …………………………………………………………………………... 4 Early European Contact …………………………………………………………..... 7 The Pamlico Frontier: Early English Settlement ………………………………………. 10 Cary’s Rebellion, 1708-1711 ………………………………………………………. 14 The Tuscarora War, 1711-1715 ……………………………………………………. 16 Beaufort County from Port Bath to the Revolutionary War ……………...……............ 20 Beaufort County in the Early Republic and Antebellum Era, 1789-1860 ..…………… 24 Rural Industry and Agriculture …………………………………………………….. 28 Religion and Education …………………………………………………………….. 34 Rural Domestic Architecture, 1790-1860 ………………………………………………... 37 Construction ………………………………………………………………………... 37 House Types and Forms ……………………………………………………………. 38 Style ………………………………………………………………………………... 42 Georgian Style ……………..………………………………………………. 42 Federal Style ……………..………………………………………………… 45 Greek Revival Style ……………..………………………………………….. 46 Beaufort County during the American Civil War ……………………………………… 53 Beaufort County, 1866-1962 ……………………………………………………………... 58 Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………. 59 Industry …………………………………………………………………………….. 69 Infrastructure and Innovation ………………………………………………………. 74 Rural Domestic Architecture: 1860-1910 ……………………………………………….. 80 Construction ………………………………………………………………………... 80 Traditional House Types, Forms, and Style ………………………………………... 82 Emergent Forms and Styles ………………………………………………………... 85 Late Nineteenth Century Community Spaces: Churches, Schools, and Commercial Buildings …………………………………………………………………………………... 90 Rural Domestic Architecture, 1900-1960 ………………………………………………... 93 Forms and Massing ………………………………………………………………… 93 Style: Colonial Revival and Craftsman, 1910-1940 ………………………………. 94 Other Twentieth-Century Forms and Styles ……………………………………….. 99 Twentieth-Century Farmsteads ………………………………………………………….. 100 Twentieth-Century Communities: Churches, Schools, and Civic Buildings …………. 108 Twentieth-Century Commercial and Recreational Buildings …………………………. 112 Miscellaneous Structures …………………………………………………………………. 116 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………… 117 Bibliography ………………………………………………………………………………. 119 Introduction and Methodology This report presents an architectural history of rural Beaufort County, North Carolina, told primarily through examples of extant buildings and structures constructed between 1790 and the early 1960s. Local history enriches this discussion with context for the county’s building patterns. This report represents the culmination of a comprehensive architectural survey of rural Beaufort County commissioned and administered by the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (HPO) with funding from the Golden Leaf Foundation. The survey, conducted between December 2009 and May 2012, covered all rural areas within the county, excluding the municipalities of Washington, Washington Park, Bath, Pantego, Belhaven, Chocowinity, and Aurora. The purpose of the survey was to identify and record all properties fifty years old and older having historic and/or architectural merit, thereby increasing the knowledge, awareness, and understanding of the county’s built heritage and facilitating preservation efforts at local, regional, and state levels. The comprehensive architectural survey of Beaufort County took place in three phases. In 2009, consultants with Circa, Inc. of Raleigh completed a survey of the Beaufort County municipalities listed above (Phase I). In December 2009, Gray & Pape, Inc., a cultural resource consulting firm with a regional office in Richmond, Virginia, began rural survey work in the northern half of the county and continued with the project through the summer of 2010 (Phase II). In November 2010, Elizabeth King began the survey of rural southern Beaufort County, working out of the eastern office of the HPO in Greenville, North Carolina (Phase III). King was also charged with augmenting and editing Phase II and completing the rural report and other final products of the survey. 1 The methodology for the survey of rural Beaufort County followed the project outline set forth by the HPO in accordance with the HPO’s architectural survey manual “Practical Advice for Recording Historic Resources.” The methodology was further defined by the physical nature of the county as assessed during a preliminary stage that involved mapping potential survey sites on United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps. The Pamlico River neatly divides Beaufort County into two nearly- equal segments, greatly influencing the decision to survey the rural areas in two phases. In addition to domestic buildings, commercial, agricultural, fraternal, and recreational buildings and churches and schools were documented. Cemeteries were only documented if they demonstrated a clear relationship to a standing house or church or had outstanding historic and/or artistic merit. Approximately 550 rural sites were documented during the course of the survey, including thirty-seven previously recorded sites that were updated.1 Standard documentation included digital photography, mapping, oral history, floor plans, site plans, data entry, and written narratives. Online tax records were used to gather data for each property. Deed research was executed selectively for properties of outstanding interest. Historical research was performed to establish a context for architectural history and settlement patterns and is included in this report. All buildings that were not individually recorded but appeared to be fifty years of age or older were map coded according to building type on USGS quadrangle maps. At the beginning of the survey, the Survey and National Register Branch of the HPO had files for approximately sixty-seven rural properties in Beaufort County. The 1 Access to the Archbell House near Bath (BF 143) and the North Carolina Phosphate Corporation site near Aurora (BF 165), both owned by PotashCorp, was not granted and thus these files could not be updated. 2 majority of these files were completed during the 1975 Tar-Neuse Survey and the 1979 Mid-East Commission Survey, both reconnaissance-level surveys of properties of exceptional importance throughout the county. Other files came about as the result of Study List applications, National Register nominations, Department of Transportation projects, and field visits by HPO staff. Three rural Beaufort County sites have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places: Belfont Plantation House, Zion Episcopal Church, and Ware Creek School. Prior to the survey, three additional sites had been added to the North Carolina Study List: Meadowville Plantation House, Tripp School, and First Loving Union Baptist Church. The survey revealed that twenty-eight of the sixty-seven previously surveyed properties (approximately forty percent) were no longer extant or had been moved from their original sites. Location, Geography, and Climate Located in the mid-eastern coastal plain, Beaufort County is bounded by Martin and Washington Counties to the north, Hyde County to the east, Pamlico and Craven Counties to the south, and Pitt County to the west. The county seat of Washington is located about one hundred miles east of Raleigh. Beaufort County is located on a low- lying marine terrace known as the “flatwoods region” of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Pamlico River, a wide tidewater estuary stemming from the Tar River and emptying into the Pamlico Sound, divides the county into northern and southern segments. The Pungo River determines the county’s northeastern border and empties into the Pamlico. The majority of the Beaufort County landscape lies a few feet above sea level, although the western portion of the county contains rolling hills and relatively high bluffs above inland 3 tributaries. The level topography of the entire county prevents proper soil drainage, necessitating artificial drainage in the form of ditches and canals from the earliest European settlement to the present.2 The Pamlico River and its numerous inland tributaries and the level topography of the land have had the greatest demonstrated influence over the settlement and development of Beaufort County from prehistory to the present day. Indigenous Americans in Beaufort County: Prehistory to Early European Contact Prehistory Indigenous people began to settle lands now included in North Carolina over ten thousand years ago; however, the recorded history of Beaufort County begins in 1585 when an English expedition sponsored by Sir Walter Raleigh navigated the Pamlico River. To understand the daily life of the first people to settle the Pamlico region, archaeologists have searched for a material record of the pre-European-contact world. David S. Phelps, a preeminent archaeologist of North Carolina’s northern coastal plain, theorized that during the Paleoindian period of Native American prehistory (prior to 8000 B.C.) the coast of North Carolina had not yet taken its present form. He estimated that during this period the eastern edge of North Carolina
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