Second Proposed Sand and Calcrete Mine DMR 10161MP, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50 000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif)

Appendix 4b:

Palaeontological Assessment: Second Proposed Sand and Calcrete Mine DMR 10161MP, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50 000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif)

By Graham Avery (Sole Proprietor)

Archaeozoology, Stone Age Archaeology and Quaternary Palaeontology

Prepared for Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd)

February 2018

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Contents Executive Summary ...... 3 Introduction ...... 5 Declaration ...... 7 Method ...... 7 Results of the Study ...... 7 Geology and lithology...... 7 Known Sites in the Region ...... 10 Palaeontological Potential ...... 16 Palaeontology Resources: Summary of impact assessment...... 19 Conclusion ...... 19 Recommendations ...... 20 Palaeontological Points for EMP ...... 20 Heritage Permits Required ...... 21 References ...... 21 Appendix 1 ...... 27 Images illustrating examples of some significant Palaeontological and Pleistocene Archaeological occurrences associated with Springfontyn and Langebaan Formation sediments...... 27 Appendix 2 ...... 32 Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae: Graham Avery ...... 32 Contact Details ...... 32 Business Details ...... 32 Professional Qualifications ...... 32 Current Positions ...... 32 Positions Held ...... 32 Cultural Resource Management Experience (CRM) ...... 33

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Executive Summary Graham Avery was commissioned by Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of their client to provide an assessment report on the palaeontological potential at a proposed sand and calcrete mine Pit#2 DMR 10161MP on Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg. Proposed activity: Mining permit for sand and weathered calcrete. Location: Anyskop Farm, Remainder farm Langeberg 188 Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, Vredenburg District (see Figures 1, 2). The proposed sand and calcrete mine is located in a palaeontologically-sensitive region of potentially fossiliferous sediments underlain by bedrock of the Cape Granite Suite, which outcrops in the region but is not palaeontologically relevant in this instance. The proposed sand mine will focus on sediments from the Langebaan Formation of the Sandveld Group (see Table 1 for details) and will reach a depth of up to 3 m, which is above the water table. Any very recent (not mineralized) bones on the surface are likely to result from Later Stone Age occurrences, recent natural deaths and agricultural activity and are unlikely to be palaeontological. The superficial cover sands are thin, have been affected by ploughing, and do not appear to have much palaeontological relevance at the site. It should be borne in mind, however, that Springfontyn Formation sediments at nearby West Coast Fossil Park (Langebaanweg) produced Pleistocene archaeological remains. Calcareous deposits of the Langebaan Formation, which outcrop extensively in the region and underlie the surface, sands do have palaeontological potential as indicated by the finding, during monitoring, of three stone artefacts on the cleared erosional surface of the calcrete and a number of Pleistocene mammal and tortoise bones from calcareous sediments on a spoil heap in Approved Pit #1 DMR 10122MP. During mining, fossil finds may be encountered in the Langebaan Formation calcrete/calc-sands. Terrestrial molluscs (Trigonephrus sp.) are likely to occur sporadically throughout the area and are of relatively low significance. However, any fossils of other invertebrates or vertebrates from the Langebaan Formation would be significant, given the sparseness and patchiness of fossils in this formation, and would require careful recording and possible systematic excavation. Middle Pleistocene stone artefacts may be encountered in Springfontyn Formation sediments at the erosional surface between the red-grey Springfontyn and the Langebaan Formation. The excavations will not affect older/deeper formations that underlie the depth of the proposed mining in the Langebaan Formation. Excavations into sediments not normally accessible to palaeontologists should be seen as providing opportunities to recover potentially important fossil material that would enable observations to be made about our past biodiversity and environments. Palaeontological remains are rare, protected by the South African National Heritage Resources Act of 1999, and, if encountered, must be recorded by an appropriately-qualified person. A Workplan approval from Heritage Western Cape would be required to deal with any palaeontological occurrence. Protocols for managing palaeontological eventualities during the mining process should be in place before any excavation takes place. This would

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#2 DMR 10161MP 3 include monitoring by the appointed specialist that must be initiated at the same time that mining begins. A training session for staff, including machine operators, prior to mining, is recommended. Provided that the recommendations in this report are followed, there is no reason why establishment of the proposed sand and calcrete mine should not proceed.

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Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Establishment of a sand and calcrete mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188 Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif) Introduction Dr Graham Avery (Appendix 2: CV) was commissioned by Dr Jayson Orton (ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of his client Tip Trans Resources (Pty) Ltd to provide an assessment report on the palaeontological potential of the proposed establishment of a sand and calcrete mine (serving as a borrow pit for local road building) on the remainder of Farm Langeberg 188 proposed Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, Vredenburg (1:50 000 3218CA & CC Velddrif) (Figures 1, 2). See Figure 3 for indication of the current land surface.

Figure 1. Location (approx.) of the proposed sand mine (Pit #2 DMR 10161MP red star) on remainder Langeberg 188, 1:50 000 3218CA & CC Velddrif. Approved Pit #1 DMR 10122MP (blue star) is included for reference. The old borrow pits (gold star) are indicated.

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Figure 2. Location of proposed sand mine Pit#2 DMR10161MP (red polygon) on remainder of Langeberg 188; Approved Pit#1 DMR 10122MP lies immediately to the south. The old borrow pits are arrowed.

Figure 3. View south across Pit#2 DMR10161MP with Approved Pit#1 DMR 10122MP visible in the background (Photo by J Orton).

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Declaration I have no financial or interest other than palaeontological or archaeological in the proposed development and will derive no benefits other than fair remuneration for consulting services provided. Method A background study of the proposed location was conducted by Dr G. Avery Archaeozoologist. The 1:125 Geological Series 3317B and 3318A and 1:250 00 Geological Series 3218 Clan William and other geological sources (Rogers 1980; Rogers 2006; Roberts and Brink 2002; Pether 2013c; Pether, Roberts, and Ward 2000; Almond 2012; Pether 2013b, 2013a, Avery 2016, Orton 2016) were consulted for background geological information. Since little is known about the sub-surface palaeontological potential of the specific locality, literature describing known palaeontological sites in the region was consulted. Observations from the Hydrological Report (GEOSS 2018) and the monitoring of Pit#1 DMR10122MP and two old borrow pits have been incorporated. The specific site was not visited, since J. Orton, who conducted an archaeological survey of the surface area, is capable of recognizing, and would report on, any mineralized bone observed during his archaeological survey of the surface. He observed no mineralized bone on the surface and provided the site photograph (Figure 3) taken on 30 January 2018.

Results of the Study Geology and lithology The Cenozoic sediments of the region are in the Sandveld Group (Roberts et al. 2006; Pether 2013b; Pether, Roberts, and Ward 2000; Pether 2013c), (Figure 4, Table 1), which include shallow marine, back barrier, estuarine, fluvial and aeolian contexts (Rogers 1980, 1982, 1983; Rogers 2006; Hendey 1981; Roberts and Brink 2002; Almond 2012; Pether 2013b, 2013c; Roberts et al. 2011; Hendey 1982) dating from the Miocene, through the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene. Palaeozoic Cape Granite Suite bedrock outcrops in places (1: 125 000 Geological Series 3317B and 3318A; 1:250 00 Geological Series 3218 Clan William). General surface geology is shown in Figure 4 and a summary of the regional stratigraphy and lithology of the Sandveld Group is shown in Table 1. A composite for the Sandveld Group at the nearby Langebaanweg site (West Coast Fossil Park) is illustrated by Figure 5. It should be noted that some published terminology has been updated, The Bredasdorp Formation, now named The Sandveld Group, being an example. The Langebaan Formation into which the proposed calcareous sand mine will be dug is a complex series of dune build up over considerable time (Table 1), through the late Pliocene, Pleistocene and the Holocene (Roberts et al. 2009). The Formation extends >20 m deep at Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park) (Figure 5) and is some 15 m in depth at the Saldanha Steel site (Roberts 1997b) and a borehole between them on Langeberg 188. Should remnants of the Springfontyn Formation, which occurs unconformably on the Langebaan Formation erosion surface, be preserved fossiliferous sediments, including Pleistocene stone artefacts may occur within the projected depth of the mine;

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Figure 4. Surface geology in the region (from 1:125 000 Geological series 3317B and 3318A Saldanhabaai). Springfontyn Formation (Q1, Q2 = Middle Pleistocene – light-grey to pale- red sandy soil); and Langebaan Formation (QC = Quaternary Langebaan Formation – limestone and calcrete, partially cross-bedded, calcified parabolic dune sand (and see Table 1)) are being relevant to this mining application. G3 = Cape Granite Suite coarse granite) (see Table 1). The proposed Pit#2 DMR10161 MP area is starred; two Langebaan Formation fossil localities, Yzervarkensrug and Langebaanweg (WCFP), are framed in Blue.

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Table 1. Summary of the Sandveld Group. (Pether, Roberts, and Ward 2000; Pether 2013b, 2014; Roberts et al. 2006) and G Avery (pers. observation). Ma = Million years ago; ka = Thousand years ago. Formations relevant to Pit#2 DMR10161MP are arrowed. Note: chronology for the base of the Lower Pleistocene Boundary has been formally re- defined to an earlier date of 2.58 Ma; the base of the Holocene has also been formalized at 11.8 ka (Gibbard et al. 2010).

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Figure 5. Composite summary of the lithostratigraphy of the Sandveld Group and fossil- bearing formations at Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park), which represent a large part of the Saldanha region (Roberts et al. 2011). Note that fossils occur in the upper and lower parts of the Langebaan Formation; and Early Stone Age artefacts and fossil bone may occur in the overlying Springfontyn Formation (see Anyskop and Elandsfontein in Table 2). Known Sites in the Region Bones, recorded on the surface are likely to be of Holocene age or very recent and related to agricultural practices; they are not mineralized and of no relevance to this study unless associated with archaeological remains.

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A fossil record for the proposed Pit#2 DMR10161MP calcareous sand mine locality does not currently exist. Nevertheless, sufficient information is available to make at least general comments on what may be encountered in the Langebaan Formation (Figure 6a, b, Table 2). While it should be appreciated that, although there are exceptions such as the brown hyaena den accumulations at Besaansklip (Brink 2005), Sea Harvest (Grine and Klein 1993; Volman 1978) and recently discovered new occurrences (GMC) at Saldanha Bay Harbour (G Avery pers. obs.) and Hoedjiespunt (Berger and Parkington 1995; Stynder 1997; Will et al. 2013) in which large numbers of vertebrate bones, including extinct species, are preserved, palaeontological and archaeological remains are more likely to be sporadically and/or sparsely distributed in patches or as isolated items. Palaeontological remains are widely distributed through the Langebaan Formation (Pether 2010, 2009). Examples are at SALKOR (Pether 2013c), Langebaanweg (WCFP) (Hendey 1981, 1982) and Namaqua Sands (Pether 2006); a borrow pit on Namaqua Sands yielded marine vertebrate teeth and molluscs (Pether 2006). In the West Coast Fossil Park precinct on Anyskop (and Table 2), fossil gastropods, mammals, tortoises and birds occur in the Langebaan Formation. Anyskop, an Early, Middle and Later Stone Age occurrence with fragmentary bone in Springfontyn Formation sediments, is also indicative of potential, should such sediments be preserved over the Langebaan Formation (Dietl, Kandel, and Conard 2005; Conard 2001b, 2002).

Figure 6a. Location of known palaeontological sites and existing sand and calcrete mine (CMine) in the Langebaan Formation near the proposed mine location which is starred (details in Table 2).

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Figure 6b. Known palaeontological sites in the area (details in Table 2). Current monitoring of Pit#1 DMR10122MP has revealed one small pocket of bones, including Mystromys albicaudatus white-tailed rat, Bathyergus suillus Cape dune mole-rat, Chersine angulata angulate tortoise and snake in Langebaan Formation sandy calcrete found by J Orton (Orton 2018, Figure 7) and three stone artefacts (Figure 8), probably of the Middle Pleistocene Early Stone Age, were exposed on the Springfontyn/Langebaan Formation erosional surface (Avery 2018 in prep.). Sparse stone artefacts of probable Early Stone Age were encountered in Approved Pit#1 DMR 10122MP at the Springfontyn/Langebaan Formation erosion surface (Avery 2018 in prep.). Table 2. Names and summary details of palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological sites from the region. See Table 1 for lithological and chronological details regarding the formations within which fossils and/or stone artefacts occur.

Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontology. Significant brown hyaena Besaansklip – (Brink 2005); National Langebaan den accumulation in crevices in Bklip hyaena Museum, Bloemfontein Langebaan Formation. Palaeontology. Sparse bones of small terrestrial vertebrate (Bathyergus Donkergat – Langebaan G Avery pers. observation suillus) and terrestrial gastropod Dgat Military area (upper) Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianite exposure. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#2 DMR 10161MP 12

Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontology. Langebaan Formation Eensaamheid – Springfontyn included fossil gastropod Trigonephrus Wind Farm Langebaan (Avery and Avery 2009) globulus. Potential, given depth of Ens proposal ?Varswater proposed foundations reportedly to >60 m. (Archer 2010; Avery 1988, 2016 In Prep; Braun, Levin, Palaeontological and Pleistocene Roberts, et al. 2013; Braun, Archaeological. Provincial Heritage Site. Levin, Stynder, et al. 2013; Well-preserved fossils and artefacts Inskeep and Hendey 1966; exposed in extensive dune slacks by Klein et al. 2007; Klein wind erosion. Diverse terrestrial 1978; Klein and Cruz-Uribe vertebrate taxa, plants (pollens); Early Springfontyn; 1991; Luyt, Lee-Thorp, and Stone Age (ESA) – Late Acheulean.in Elandsfontein – Langebaan; Avery 2000; Roberts and probable association with fossils in the EFT Main “Main” Site Varswater; Braun 2014; Smith and Cutting 10 excavation. Rare Middle Elandsfontyn Stynder 2015; Stynder Stone Age (MSA) – Still Bay artefacts. 2009; Singer and Wymer Early Homo sapiens (Homo 1968; Rogers 1980; heidelbergensis) cranial remains Drennan 1953, 1954; Klein contemporary with ESA. Hyaena 2009; Volman 1984; accumulations (including ‘Bone Circle’ Goodwin 1953); Iziko South (EFTB), contiguous with general surface. African Museum Cenozoic Collections, UCT (Mabbutt 1956; Singer and Palaeontology and Pleistocene Wymer 1968; Roberts and Springfontyn- archaeology. Sparsely scattered Elandsfontein – Braun 2014; Plasket 2013; Langebaan mineralized bones, rare stone artefacts, EFTW Wes Avery 2016 In Prep; erosion surface exposed in blow outs and by excavations Goodwin 1953; Halkett and for mine infrastructure. Webley 2015) (Klein 1983; Berger and Parkington 1995; Churchill, Berger, and Parkington Palaeontological. Significant brown 2000; Hare and Sealy 2013; hyaena den in eroded ridge of Hoedjiespunt – Stynder et al. 2001; Langebaan Langebaan Formation with terrestrial HDP1 hyaena Stynder 1997; Woodborne and marine taxa and modern Homo 2000; Grine and Klein sapiens remains. 1993); Iziko South African Museum Cenozoic Collections (Woodborne 2000; Kyriacou et al. 2015; Hoedjiespunt – Stynder et al. 2001; Middle Stone Age artefacts associated Middle Stone Langebaan Stynder 1997; Will et al. with shell midden, which includes HDP1 Age DAMA site 2013); Iziko South African terrestrial and marine vertebrate taxa. Museum Cenozoic Collections, UCT Trackway of modern human Homo Upper sapiens footprints; spoor of probable Kraalbaai – Langebaan (Roberts and Berger 1997; hyaena. Exposed between fractured LLtrack trackway (Kraalbaai Roberts and Brink 2002) cross-bedded structures of aeolianite. Member) Rare vertebrate bones.

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Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontological. Sparse mammal and reptile bones, including Mystromys Langeberg 188 albicaudatus, Bathyergus suillus, Pit#1 DMR (Avery 2016, Orton2018, Chersine angulata and snake with Langebaan L188 10122MP – Avery 2018 in prep.) calcareous encrustations, probably from fauna erosional interface between Springfontyn and Langebaan Formations.

Langeberg 188 Archaeological. Three Early Stone Age Pit#1 DMR (Avery 2016, Avery 2018 in stone artefacts, at erosional interface Springfontyn L188 10122MP – prep. between Springfontyn and Langebaan Human Formations.

Palaeontological. Sub-surface, reached Langebaanweg (Hendey 1978); Iziko South during mining. Probably mixed Pliocene ?Langebaan; – Baard’s African Museum Cenozoic and Lower Pleistocene in river channels. Baard Varswater Quarry Collections Terrestrial and marine/estuarine vertebrate taxa. (Coetzee 1978a, 1978b); Macro and micro plant remains, Langebaanweg Iziko South African Elandsfontyn underlying Varswater Formation, LBW – E Quarry Lfm Museum Cenozoic encountered during boring for water. Collections (Dietl, Kandel, and Conard Palaeontological and Archaeological. 2005; Conard 2001a; Middle and Late Pleistocene Langebaanweg Springfontyn Conard 2002); Iziko South archaeological. Early Stone Age (ESA) Akop – Anyskop African Museum Cenozoic artefacts – Late Acheulean  and Middle Collections Stone Age  Howiesons Poort. Palaeontological. National Heritage Site (Hendey 1974; Grine and of global importance. Sub-surface, Langebaan; Hendey 1981; Hendey reached during mining. Highly diverse Langebaanweg Varswater 1981; Roberts et al. 2011); terrestrial, aquatic, marine vertebrate – E Quarry LBW (including Iziko South African taxa; marine molluscs. Most taxa varsw Saldanha) Museum Cenozoic extinct. Plant taxa (pollens). Primates Collections very rare, no hominins. Sea level > 40 m, 5.2 Ma to 2 Ma. Palaeontological. Marine fossils. First Lime Quarry – (Cooke 1955; Hendey Langebaan fossil otariid seal recorded in South LQ Hoedjiesbaai 1974) Africa, (Cooke 1955), p166. Palaeontology. Bones, from Langebaan Langebaan Namaqua Sands Formation noted in nearby borrow pit. ?Uyekraal (Pether 2006) NS Smelter Likelihood of intersecting fossiliferous ?Varswater formations if excavation is deep enough. Palaeontological. Sub-surface, reached during deep excavation for foundations. (Pether 1995; Roberts Some terrestrial Trigonephrus globulus 1997a; Avery and Klein Langebaan; in Langebaan Fm. In the Varswater Fm. Saldanha Steel 2011; Avery 1994); Iziko SS Varswater mostly marine molluscs with sparse South African Museum marine vertebrate species, some extinct. Cenozoic Collections Recorded presence of “crocodile” is incorrect – teeth are of fish.

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Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym

Saldanha Yacht Palaeontological. Barn Owl roost with Langebaan (Manthi 2002) YC Club – Barn Owl micromammal taxa.

(Avery 2014, 2013); Iziko Saldanha Yacht Palaeontological. Brown hyaena den Langebaan South African Museum YC Club – hyaena with terrestrial taxa. Cenozoic Collections Palaeontological. Significant brown hyaena den with terrestrial and marine Saldanha taxa and modern Homo sapiens Harbour GMC1 Langebaan Avery pers. observ. remains. In crevices eroded into the GMC1 – hyaena Langebaan Formation. Rhizoliths (root castes) and Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianites. Palaeontological. Significant brown hyaena den with terrestrial and marine Saldanha taxa and modern Homo sapiens Harbour GMC Langebaan Avery pers. observ. remains. In crevices eroded into the GMC3&4 – 3&4 Langebaan Formation. Rhizoliths (root hyaena castes) and Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianites. Palaeontological. Significant brown (Grine and Klein 1993; hyaena den with terrestrial and marine Saldanha Butzer 2004; Klein 1983); taxa and modern Homo sapiens Harbour Sea Langebaan Iziko South African remains. In crevices eroded into the SH Harvest – Museum Cenozoic Langebaan Formation. Rhizoliths (root hyaena Collections castes) and Trigonephrus globulus in aeolianites. Saldanha (Grine and Klein 1993; Archaeological. Middle Stone Age shell Harbour Sea Volman 1978; Butzer midden contiguous with adjacent Harvest – Langebaan 2004); Iziko South African SH hyaena dens. In eroded Langebaan Middle Stone Museum Cenozoic Formation crevice/overhang. Age Collections

Palaeontological. Isolated bovid SALKOR Langebaan (Pether 2013c) SAL mandibular fragment.

(Hendey and Cooke 1985; Palaeontological. Excavations for crude Tankard 1976; Rogers oil storage encountered a small patch of Skurwerug Langebaan 1982); Iziko South African Srug important Plio-Pleistocene terrestrial Museum Cenozoic fossils, including an extinct pig. Collections Palaeontological and Pleistocene (Flemming 1977; Avery et archaeological. Diverse Late Pleistocene al. In Prep; Avery and Klein terrestrial taxa; aquatic and terrestrial Spreeuwalle Langebaan 2009); Iziko South African molluscs. Date on overlying calcrete SPW Museum Cenozoic duricrust of 59 ka (W. Sharp, pers. Collections comm.). Now intertidal – formed during period of lower sea level. Palaeontological. Intertidal. Patch of Swartriet Langebaan G Avery pers. observation sparse vertebrate bones in eroding Sriet intertidal platform.

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Site Formation Selected References Type of Occurrence Acronym Palaeontological. Small pocket of marine Trekossenkraal Avery in prep, G Avery and terrestrial mammals against older Langebaan Tkraal – hy Pers. observation Langebaan ridge. Probably collected by hyaena. Palaeontological. Small pocket of bones Vredenburg ?Springfontyn P. Haarhof, pers. comm., G against granite outcrop. Probably VU Urban – hy or Langebaan Avery, pers. observation collected by hyaena.

Further south at Ysterfontein a rock shelter in the Langebaan Formation calcrete has a deep sequence of Middle Stone Age shell middens and, in an adjacent overhang, a hyaena den accumulation (Avery et al. 2008; Halkett et al. 2003; Klein et al. 2004). Two other hyaena den occurrences at Ysterfontein have yielded diverse mammalian, bird and reptile taxa (RG Klein in prep.). Further inland, sparse mineralized bones and Early Stone Age artefacts lie in Springfontyn sediments and on the erosion surface of the Springfontyn/Langebaan Formations on Elandsfontein 349 and Elandsfontein Wes and surrounds (Figure 6a, b) (Singer and Wymer 1968; Braun, Levin, Stynder, et al. 2013; Roberts and Braun 2014; Plasket 2013; Orton 2007; Avery 2015; Avery 2016 in prep.). Palaeontological Potential “The main bulk of aeolianites is not very fossiliferous, but fossil bones from the Langebaan Formation have been a prime source of information on past (different) Quaternary faunas and archaeology. Most of the finds are expected to be sporadic occurrences of local significance, but significant bone concentrations occur in certain contexts. Depending on the nature of the discovery, the significance may escalate to high (international interest), such as finds of unexpected or new species or hominid finds” (Pether 2013c). The proposed site Pit#2 DMR 10161 MP is close to and lithologically essentially similar to Approved Pit #1 DMR 10122MP (Avery 2016); the palaeontological potential of each is almost certainly similar, if not identical. At the same time, it is noted that excavation at Approved Pit#1 DMR 10122MP was initiated before the palaeontological specialist was notified. This may well have resulted in the loss of palaeontological material as evidenced by the lucky find, on a spoil heap during monitoring, of fossil mammal bones, including the jaw of a white-tailed rat Mystromys albicaudatus (Figure 7, Orton 2018), with calcareous encrustations of the Langebaan Formation; in addition, three stone artefacts (Figure 8, Avery 2018 in prep.) were observed on the cleared surface of the Langebaan Formation. It is, therefore, emphasized that the appointed monitor should be notified of the date excavation is to start and monitoring is initiated at the same time.

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Figure 7. Mandible of Mystromys albicaudatus (scale in cm) recovered by J Orton in the mined area of Approved Pit #1 DMR 10122MP (Orton 2018). Note the calcareous encrustation indicating its origin in the calcareous Langebaan Formation being mined (Photo by J Orton).

Figure 8. Three stone artefacts from the Springfontyn/Langebaan Formation erosional surface exposed for mining (30 cm ruler as scale). It is not clear whether they were in situ or whether the calcrete adhesions reflect secondary cementation. The superficial sands over the proposed sand mine area have previously been ploughed, seem relatively thin and are unlikely to have palaeontological potential, unless a feature like a crevice with bone infill is encountered, or palaeontological and/or Pleistocene archaeological remains exist on the erosion surface or within the Langebaan Formation. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#2 DMR 10161MP 17

Previous calcareous sand borrow pits excavated by the land owner were also investigated (during monitoring of Approved Pit#1 DMR 10122MP). In these, Light red/grey sediments of the Springfontyn Formation that overlie the erosional surface of the calcareous Langebaan Formation deposits west of Pit#2 are not as deep (e.g. Figure 9) (range from zero to 2 m) as those found in the Geotech investigation for Pit#2 (GEOSS 2018) suggesting some similarity with Pit#1 and variation in the Langebaan Formation surface topography; no palaeontological or archaeological material was observed in the old exposed sections. With respect to Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, the greater depth of Springfontyn Formation sand reported from a test hole (GEOSS 2018) may increase the potential for encountering preserved Middle Pleistocene stone artefacts and/or fossil bones, particularly if the surface of the Langebaan Formation there was less affected by erosion.

Figure 9. Relatively shallow light red/grey Springfontyn Formation sediments ( ̴0.5 m) overlying the calcareous Langebaan Formation in an old calcrete borrow pit. The sub-surface palaeontological potential can, however, only be assessed once digging is initiated; but it is entirely possible (Table 2; Appendix 1: Figures 10 to 19) and Orton (2018) and Avery (2018) that excavations into sediments not normally accessible to palaeontologists, particularly in the Langebaan Formation, may encounter sporadic palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological remains as has been the case in Approved Pit #1 DMR 10122MP. Rather than treating this as a negative, appropriate management may provide opportunities to recover important fossil material that enable observations, otherwise impossible, to be made on palaeo-biodiversity, extinct species and Pleistocene archaeology. Current knowledge is adequate, given the wide distribution of known localities, including Pit#1 DMR 10122 MP, to make predictions. It is not possible to exclude the possibility that sporadically- and/or sparsely-distributed sub-surface fossils and/or stone artefacts will be encountered during the sand mining, particularly in the Springfontyn and Langebaan Formation sand sediment and calcareous deposits. Small pockets of bone can occur, for instance, where bone accumulators like hyaenas, Jackals or porcupines used natural holes/burrows or those dug by aardvarks; older and younger sediments, too, may contain ancient wetland deposits and/or more recent sub-fossils.

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Palaeontology Resources: Summary of impact assessment. Potential impacts on palaeontological and Pleistocene archaeological resources Nature of impact: Negative and direct Extent of impact: Site specific to region Consequences of impact: Medium Duration of impact: Permanent Probability of occurrence: Definite Confidence: Sure Degree to which the impact can be reversed: Irreversible Degree to which the impact may cause Irreplaceable irreplaceable loss of resources: Significance rating of impact prior to Medium to high mitigation Significance rating of impact after mitigation Low

Conclusion  Excavations into sediments not normally accessible to palaeontologists should be seen to provide opportunities to recover potentially-important fossil material that enables observations to be made, about geology and past sea levels, climates, environments and biodiversity, that would otherwise be impossible.  Palaeontological remains in the Langebaan Formation are sporadically and/or sparsely distributed and rare but, if encountered, are important and must be recorded by an appropriately-qualified person. While the mining operation may not encounter palaeontological remains, the richness, amongst others, of the globally important Langebaanweg (West Coast Fossil Park) fossil landscape, along with Elandsfontein, Besaansklip, Sea Harvest, Hoedjiespunt and the Swartklip hyaena accumulation (Klein 1975) and their important contributions to knowledge should not be lost sight of.  While no significant fossil evidence is available for Langeberg 188 proposed Pit#2 DMR 10161MP, it is evident from Approved Pit #1 DMR 10122MP and regional observations, that this does not mean that potential is lacking in the Langebaan Formation here and elsewhere.  Mining should be monitored by a palaeontologist or archaeologist with appropriate palaeontological knowledge. This should start at the same time as mining and the subsequent frequency of this is to be worked out a priori with the contractor to minimize time spent on site.  A training session to familiarize contractor’s staff, including machine operators, has proved important at other sites in the Saldanha region and has led to more efficient recovery of scientifically important material with minimal or no delays; given the scale of

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mining a temporary shift of the operation a few metres until a find is assessed and removed should not be a problem.  Given the known palaeontological potential of the region, mitigationary action, beyond simple recording and recovery during monitoring, including the possibility of systematic excavations, while unlikely, may be necessary.  Provided that the recommendations in this report are followed, current information indicates that the proposed sand mine will not impact significantly on palaeontological remains; if fossils are encountered, a management plan will be in place. Provided that the recommendations below are adhered to the proposed Sand mine can be allowed to proceed from the palaeontological perspective. Recommendations 1. Protocols for dealing with palaeontological monitoring, recovery of sub-surface palaeontological/archaeological material and possible further mitigation must be included in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 2. Any material recovered will be lodged in the Quaternary and/or Pre-Colonial Archaeology collections of Iziko South African Museum. 3. Funds must be available a priori to cover costs of fieldwork and one date should the need arise.

Palaeontological Points for EMP  Pether (2006, 2011) and (Avery 2016) provide useful guidelines for the formulation of palaeontological protocols.  Mining will provide an opportunity to assess the sub-surface palaeontological and archaeological potential and geology of the site.  All fossils are protected by law. Should anything of a palaeontological or archaeological nature be encountered on site by the Contractor (or any other party), e.g. bones, artefacts or wetland deposits, work is to be stopped in that area immediately, and the OM / Principal Agent notified. Failure to do so will result in a penalty and this must be carefully explained to workers during the Environmental Education Programme undertaken by the OM. The author of this report can assist with training in the value and basic recognition of palaeontological material from the sediments to be mined.  In the event of palaeontological material being encountered, the OM will demarcate the area and notify the appointed specialist (palaeontologist/ archaeologist with appropriate experience) who will view the material and ascertain whether further study of the area is required.  Should the specialist confirm a genuine fossil or sub-fossil and recommend further study of the area, work in the applicable area is to cease until further notice while arrangements are put in place. The appointed palaeontologist/ archaeologist will report finds to Heritage Western Cape (HWC).

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 The removal of discovered palaeontological or archaeological remains, by a contracted specialist shall be at the expense of Tip Trans Logistix (Pty) Ltd.

Heritage Permits Required  The primary heritage legislation that needs to be considered is The National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999, amendments and regulations (www.sahra.org.za). All heritage material, including human burials, is included.  Clearance in terms of the National Heritage Resources Act of 1999 will be required before the development can proceed.  A Workplan approval for the disturbance and removal of palaeontological material will be required from Heritage Western Cape; potential delays could be minimized by the appointed specialist obtaining such approval before mining is initiated. References Almond, John. 2012. Palaeontological Specialist Study: Combined Desktop and Scoping Study - Phase 1 of proposed Aeolus Solar Energy Facility on Farms Lekkerwater 183, Everts Hope 190 and Portions 4 & 5 of Waschklip 191 near Langebaan, Saldanha Bay Municipality, Western Cape. Archer, W.A., Braun, D.R. 2010. Morphometric analysis of Acheulian technology at Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 37:201-209. Avery, G. 2018 in prep. Report on palaeontological monitoring of Pit#1 DMR 10122MP,Sand and Calcrete Mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218CA and CC Velddrif) for ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of Tip Trans (Pty) Ltd. Avery, G. 2016 in prep. Palaeontological Assessment Elandsfontein Phosphate Mine. Avery, G. 2016 In Prep. Palaeontological Monitoring of the Access Road, Terrace Area and Power Line Link on Elandsfontein 349. Avery, G. 2016. Awareness Training: Draft procedures for the mitigation of Potential Excavation/Construction Impacts on Palaeontological Resources at the WHBO OTMS Crude Oil Tank Farm Construction, Saldanha Bay (Project C00610). For WHBO. Avery, G. 2016. Palaeontological Assessment: Proposed Establishment of a Sand and Calcrete Mine, Farm Anyskop, Remainder Farm Langeberg 188, Vredenburg, Western Cape Province (1:50000 3218 CA and CC Velddrif) for ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd) on behalf of client Tip Trans Logistix (Pty) Ltd. 47 pp. Avery, G. 2014. ADDENDUM TO: Palaeontological Assessment Saldanha Bay and Pepper Bay: Stabilization of Eroded Embankments (3317BB & 3318AA Saldanha), Vredenburg Magisterial District. Avery, G. 2013. Palaeontological Assessment Saldanha Bay and Pepper Bay: Stabilization of Eroded Embankments (3317BB & 3318AA Saldanha), Vredenburg Magisterial District. Avery, G. 1988. Some features distinguishing hominid and other occurrences at Elandsfontein, southwestern Cape Province. Palaeoecology of Africa no. 19:213-219. Avery, G. 1994. Review of Saldanha Steel Project Phase 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Archaeological Study. Cape Town: South African Museum. Avery, G. 1997. Alpha Saldanha Cement Project: Archaeological & Palaeontological Potential of Limestone Deposits. Cape Town: South African Museum. Avery, G., and R G. Klein 2009. Spreeuwal: an Upper Pleistocene Wetland on the Western Cape Coast, South Africa, Programme & Abstracts. In SASQUA 2009. Knysna. Avery, G., and R.G. Klein. 2011. Review of fossil phocid and otariid seals from the southern and western coasts of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa no. 61 (1):14-24.

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Avery, G., R.G. Klein, C. Cordova, E. Bergh, W. Sharp, J. Luyt, and D.M. Avery. In Prep. Spreeuwalle: a Late Pleistocene Wetland in Saldanha Bay, Western Cape Coast, South Africa, and its Implications for the Pleistocene History of the Fynbos. Avery, Graham, and D. Margaret Avery. 2009. Palaeontological & Archaeological Assessment: Eensaamheid 135 portion 39 (a portion of portion 3) 3218CA&CC Velddrif. Iziko South African Museum. Avery, Graham, David Halkett, Teresa Steele, Jayson Orton, Madelon Tusenius, and Richard Klein. 2008. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age Rockshelter and the Evolution of Coastal Foraging. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series no. 10:66-89. Avery, Graham. 2015. Palaeontological Assessment Proposed Power Line from the Rheboksfontein Wind Energy Facility to the Aurora Substation, Western Cape Province (1:50000 between 3318AD Darling and 3317BB & 3318AA Saldanha). Berger, L.R., and J. Parkington. 1995. A new Pleistocene hominid-bearing locality at Hoedjiespunt, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology no. 98:601-609. Bishop, Julia, Laubser Pepler, and Pippa Haarhoff. 2016. Interim Report on Palaeontological Monitoring Services for Tippler 3 Excavations, Port of Saldanha, Saldanha Bay Industrial Development Zone, Saldanha Bay, Western Cape Portion 5 of Farm Ystervarkensrug 129, Portion 7 of Farm 194. For Archaeological Cultural Resources Management (ACRM). Braun, David R., Naomi E. Levin, David Roberts, Deano Stynder, Frances Forrest, Andrew I. Herries, Thalassa Matthews, Laura Bishop, William Archer, and Robyn Pickering. 2013. Initial investigations of Acheulean hominin behaviour at Elandsfontein. In The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa, edited by Antonieta Jerardino, Antonia Malan and David Braun, 10-23. Oxford: Archaeopress. Braun, David R., Naomi E. Levin, Deano Stynder, Andy I.R. Herries, Will Archer, Frances Forrest, David L. Roberts, Laura C. Bishop, Thalassa Matthews, Sophie B. Lehmann, Robyn Pickering, and Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons. 2013. Mid-Pleistocene Hominin occupation at Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews no. 82:145-166. Brink, James S. 2005. The study of the materials from Besaansklip, Western Cape Province. Interim Report to the Council for Geoscience, Pretoria, April 2005. Butzer, Karl W. 2004. Coastal eolian sands, paleosols, and Pleistocene geoarchaeology of the Southwestern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 31 (12):1743-1781. Churchill, S.E., L.R. Berger, and J.E. Parkington. 2000. A Middle Pleistocene human tibia from Hoedjiespunt, western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 96 (7):367-368. Coetzee, J.A. 1978a. Climatic and biological changes in south-western Africa during the Late Cainozoic. Palaeoecology of Africa no. 10:13-29. Coetzee, J.A. 1978b. Late Cainozoic Palaeoenvironments of southern Africa. In Antarctic glacial history and world palaeoenvironments, edited by E.M. Van Zinderen Bakker, 115-128. Rotterdam: Balkema. Compton, John S., and Guiliana Franceschini. 2005. Holocene geoarchaeology of the Sixteen Mile Beach barrier dunes in the Western cape, South africa. Quaternary Research no. 63 (1):99-107. Conard, N. J. 2001a. Stone Age Research at the Anyskop Blowout, Langbaanweg (Western Cape Province, R .S. A). Langebaanweg (Western Cape Province R..S. A). Conard, Nicholas J. 2001b. Stone Age Research at the Anyskop Blowout, Langebaanweg (Western Cape Province, R.S.A.) Report on the 2001 Field Season. Tubingen University. Conard, Nicholas J. 2002. Stone Age Research at the Anyskop Blowout, Langebaanweg (Western Cape Province, R.S.A.) Report on the 2002 Field Season. Tubingen University. Cooke, H.B.S. 1955. Some fossil mammals in the South African museum collections. Annals of the South African Museum no. 42:161-168. Dietl, Holger, Andrew W. Kandel, and Nicholas J. Conard. 2005. Middle Stone Age Settlement and Land Use at the Open-Air Sites of Geelbek and Anyskop, South Africa. Journal of African Archaeology no. 3 (2):233-244. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#2 DMR 10161MP 22

Drennan, M.R. 1953. A preliminary note on the Saldanha Skull. South African Journal of Science no. 50:7-11. Drennan, M.R. 1954. Saldanha man and his associations. American Anthropologist no. 56:879-884. Flemming, B.W. 1977. Distribution of recent sediments in Saldanha Bay and Langebaan Lagoon. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa no. 42 (3&4):317-340. Franceschini, Giuiiana. 2003. Geology of Aeolian and Marine Deposits in the Saldanha Bay Region - Western Cape, South Africa, Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town. Gibbard, P.L., M.J. Head, M.J.C. Walker, and Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science no. 25:96-102. Goodwin, A.J.H. 1953. Hopefield: The Site and the Man South African Archaeological Bulletin no. 8 (30):41-46. Grindley, J.R. 1969. Quaternary marine palaeoecology in South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin no. 24 (95/ 96):151- 157. Grine, F. E., and Q. B. Hendey. 1981. Earliest Primate Remains from South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 77:374- 376. Grine, F.E., and R.G. Klein 1993. Late Pleistocene human remains from the Sea Harvest site, Saldanha Bay, South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 89:145-152. GEOSS - Geohydrological and Spatial Solutions International (Pty) Ltd. 2018. Ground water impact assessment of a proposed sand and calcrete mine on Remainder of Farm 188, Vredenberg Western Cape. For Stephen Davey (Klipberg Consulting (Pty) Ltd & Barry Wiesner (Amathemba Environment Consulting) on behalf of client Tip Trans Resources (Pty) Ltd Pp 15. Halkett, D., T. Hart, R. Yates, T.P. Volman, J. Parkington, J. Orton, R.G. Klein, K. Cruz-Uribe, and G. Avery. 2003. First excavation of intact Middle Stone Age layers at Ysterfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa: implications for Middle Stone Age ecology. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 30 (8):955-971. Halkett, David, and Lita Webley. 2015. Specialist archaeological study: Elandsfontein Phosphate Mining Right on a portion of portion 2 and portion 4 of the farm Elandsfontein 349, Saldanha. For Billet Trade (Pty) Ltd T/A Braaf Environmental Practitioners on behalf of Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining (Pty) Ltd. Hare, Vincent, and Judith Sealy. 2013. Middle Pleistocene dynamics of southern Africa's winter rainfall zone from δ13C and δ18O values of Hoedjiespunt faunal enamel. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology no. 374 (0):72-80. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.01.006. Haughton, S.H. 1932. The late Tertiary and Recent deposits of the west coast of South Africa. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa no. 34:19-57. Hendey, Q. B. 1978. The age of the fossils from Baard's Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum no. 75 (1):1-24. Hendey, Q.B. 1974. The late Cenozoic Carnivora of the South-western Cape Province. Annals of the South African Museum no. 63:1-369. Hendey, Q.B. 1981. Palaeoecology of the Late Tertiary fossil occurrence in 'E' Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa, and a reinterpretation of their geological context. Annals of the South African Museum no. 84 (1):1-104. Hendey, Q.B. 1982. Langebaanweg a Record of Past Life. 1 ed. Cape Town: South African Museum. Hendey, Q.B., and H.B.S. Cooke. 1985. Kolpochoerus paiceae (Mammalia, Suidae) from Skurwerug, near Saldanha, South Africa, and its palaeoenvironmental implications. Annals of the South African Museum no. 97 (2):9-56. Inskeep, R.R., and Q.B. Hendey. 1966. Interesting association of bones from the Elandsfontein fossil site. Paper read at V Congreso Panafricano de Prehistoria y de Estudio del Cuaternario, at Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Museo Arqueológico.

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Klein, R.G. 1975. Paleoanthropological implications of the nonarchaeological bone assemblage from Swartklip I, South-Western Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research no. 5:275-288. Klein, R.G. 1978. The fauna and overall interpretation of the Cutting 10 Acheulean site at Elandsfontein (Hopefield), southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Research no. 10:69-83. Klein, R.G. 1983. Palaeoenvironmental implications of Quaternary large mammals in the Fynbos biome. In Fynbos Palaeoecology: a Synthesis, 116-138. Pretoria: CSIR. Klein, R.G. 2009. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. 3 ed. 1 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Klein, R.G., and K. Cruz-Uribe. 1991. The bovids from Elandsfontein, South Africa, and their implications for the age, palaeoenvironment, and origins of the site. The African Archaeological Review no. 9:21-79. Klein, R.G., G. Avery, K. Cruz-Uribe, D. Halkett, J.E. Parkington, T. Steele, T.P. Volman, and R. Yates. 2004. The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age site, South Africa, and early human exploitation of coastal resources. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science no. 101 (16):5708-5715. Klein, Richard, G., Graham Avery, Kathryn Cruz-Uribe, and Teresa Steele, E. 2007. The mammalian fauna associated with an archaic hominin skull cap and Later Acheulean artefacts at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution no. 52:164-186. Kyriacou, K., J.E. Parkington, M. Will, A.W. Kandel, and N.J. Conard. 2015. Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science no. 57:197–206. Luyt, J., J.A. Lee-Thorp, and G. Avery. 2000. New light on Middle Pleistocene environments from Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 96 (7):399-404. Mabbutt, J.A. 1956. The physiography and surface geology of the Hopefield fossil site. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa no. 35:21-58. Manthi, Fredrick Kyalo. 2002. The taphonomy of a micromammalian faunal assemblage from the Saldanha Bay Yacht Club: a contribution to the study of the South African west coast palaeoenvironments, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town. Orton, Jayson. 2018. Workplan Report: Archaeological Mitigation for a Borrow Pit on Farm Langeberg 188/Rem, Vredenburg Magisterial District, Western Cape Workplan Report: Archaeological Mitigation for a Borrow Pit on Farm Langeberg 188/Rem, Vredenburg Magisterial District, Western Cape Required as a condition of authorisation HWC Case No.16112305WD1125E. ASHA Consulting (Pty) Ltd for Tip Trans Logistix (Pty) Ltd. pp 16. Orton, Jayson. 2007. Archaeological Impact Assessment For Proposed Prospecting on Portion 6 of Farm 349, Elandsfontein, Hopefield Magisterial District, Western Cape. Pether, J. 1995. Anglo-Alpha Saldanha Cement Project Environmental Impact Assessment. Specialist Palaeontological Study. The Potential Impacts of the Shale and Limestone Mining. Cape Town: South African Museum. Pether, J., D.L. Roberts, and J.D. Ward. 2000. Deposits of the west coast. In The Cenozoic of Southern Africa, edited by T.C. Partridge and R.R. Maud, 33-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pether, John. 2006. Draft heritage specialist impact assessment palaeontological investigation and mitigatory actions for proposed Residue Dam, Namakwa Sands Smelter, Saldanha Bay Municipal Area. Unpublished report prepared for Resource Management Services. Kommetjie: John Pether geological and palaeontological consultant. Pether, John. 2009. Draft Palaeontological Impact Assessment Proposed Phosphate Prospecting Langebaanweg Langeberg 185 Ptns 7 and 12 and farm 1043 Vredenburg Magisterial District, Saldanha Bay Municipality. For Site Plan Consulting for Gecko Fert (Pty) LTD. Pether, John. 2010. Impact Assessment Proposed West Coast One Wind Energy Facility Vredenburg. For Savannah Environmental (Pty) Ltd . pp 36.

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Pether, John. 2011. Palaeontological Impact Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed Isivunguvungu Wind Farm Saldanha Isivunguvungu Wind Energy Converters (Pty.) Ltd. Wind Energy Facility, Saldanha Bay, Western Cape. For Aurecon South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Pether, John. 2012. Appendix 2. Palaeontological Impact Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed Construction of the Afrisam Cement Plant, Limestone and Clay Quarries and Associated Infrastructure at Saldanha Bay, Western Cape. Prepared at the Request of Aurecon South Africa (Pty) LTD For AfriSam (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd [in HIA prepared by David Halkett 2011]. Pether, John. 2013a. Palaeontological Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed Eskom Blouwater – Uiekraal 132kv D/C Line and Uiekraal 132/11kv 3x40mva. For Landscape Dynamics Environmental Consultants for ESKOM Holdings SOC LTD. Pether, John. 2013b. Palaeontological assessment (desktop study) proposed prospecting for phosphate on portions 4 and 2 of the farm Elandsfontyn 349 near Hopefield, Western Cape. Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining Limited. Pether, John. 2013c. Palaeontological Specialist Study. Appendix 10-3, Draft EIA Report for the Proposed Construction, Operation and Decommission of a Reverse Osmosis Plant and Associated Infrastructure in the Saldanha Bay Region Western Cape. CSIR. pp 31. Pether, John. 2014. Palaeontological Impact Assessment (Desktop Study) Proposed construction of a marine outfall pipeline and associated infrastructure in Danger Bay in the Saldanha Bay region, Western Cape, South Africa The Saldanha Regional Marine Outfall Project. For CSIR - Environmental Management Services and Frontier Saldanha Utilities (Pty) Ltd. Plasket, Jessica-Lee. 2013. Elandsfontein Pre-Drilling Surface Survey Report. Roberts, D. 1997a. Palaeontological Impact Assessment Alpha Cement Project. Cape Town: Council for Geosciences. Roberts, D. L., G.A. Botha, R.R. Maud, and J. Pether. 2006. Coastal Cenozoic deposits. In Geology of South Africa, edited by M.R. Johnson, C.R. Anhaeusser and R.J. Thomas, 605-628. Cape Town: Geological Society of South Africa & Council for Geoscience. Roberts, D., and L. R. Berger. 1997. Last Interglacial (c. 117 kyr) human footprints from South Africa. South African Journal of Science no. 93:349-350. Roberts, D.L. 1997b. Report on fossil occurrences at the Saldanha Steel site. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience Geological Survey. Roberts, D.L., and J.S. Brink. 2002. Dating and correlation of Neogene coastal deposits in the western Cape (South Africa): implications for neotectonism. South African Journal of Geology no. 105 (4):337-352. Roberts, D.L., Mark Bateman, D., Colin V. Murray-Wallace, Andrew Carr, S., and Peter Holmes, J. 2009. West coast dune plumes: climate driven contrasts in dunefield morphogenesis along the western and southern South African coasts. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology no. 271:24-38. Roberts, David L., Thalassa Matthews, Andrew I.R. Herries, Claire Boulter, Louis Scott, Chiedza Dondo, Ponani Mtembi, Claire Browning, Roger M.H. Smith, Pippa Haarhoff, and Mark D. Bateman. 2011. Regional and global context of the Late Cenozoic Langebaanweg (LBW) palaeontological site: West Coast of South Africa. Earth-Science Reviews no. 106:191-214. Roberts, David, and David R. Braun. 2014. Report on the Survey of Drilling Areas at Elandsfontein Farm (379). Council for Geoscience; University of Cape Town; for Elandsfontein Exploration and Mining Limited. Rogers, J. 1980. First report on the Cenozoic Sediments Between Cape Town and Elands Bay. In Reports of the Geological Survey of South Africa. Rogers, J. 1982. Lithostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments between Cape Town and Eland's Bay. Palaeoecology of Africa no. 15:121-137. Rogers, J. 1983. Lithostratigraphy of Cenozoic sediments on the coastal plain between Cape Town and Saldanha Bay. In Technical Report of the Joint Geological Survey/University of Cape Town Marine Geoscience Unit. Cape Town: UCT. Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#2 DMR 10161MP 25

Rogers, John. 2006. Sedimentology of Late Cenozoic sediments of the Varswater Formation in the Varswater Quarry at Langebaanweg, Western Cape Province, South Africa. African Natural History no. 2:192-193. Singer, R., and J. Wymer. 1968. Archaeological investigations at the Saldanha skull site in South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin no. 23:63-74. Smith, Kathlyn M., and Deano D. Stynder. 2015. Biogeography and molar morphology of Pleistocene African elephants: new evidence from Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews no. 115:101-111. Stynder, D., J. Moggi-Cecchi, L.R. Berger, and J.E. Parkington. 2001. Human mandibular incisors from the Late Middle Pleistocene locality of Hoedjiespunt 1, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution no. 41 (5):369-383. Stynder, D.D. 1997. The use of faunal evidence to reconstruct site history at Hoedjiespunt 1 (HDP1), Western Cape. MA, Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town. Stynder, Deano D. 2009. The diets of ungulates from the hominid fossil-bearing site of Elandsfontein, Western Cape, South Africa. Quaternary Research no. 71:62-70. Tankard, A. J. 1976. Cenozoic sea-level changes: a discussion. In Proceedings of the Southern African Society for Quaternary Research, 1-17. Annals of the South African Museum. Theron, J.N., P.G. Gresse, H.P. Siegfried, and J. Rogers. 1992. The Geology of the Cape Town Area. Explanation of Sheet 3318 Scale 1:250 000. Pretoria: Government Printer. Volman, T.P. 1984. Early prehistory of southern Africa. In Southern African Prehistory and Palaeoenvironments, edited by R.G. Klein, 169-395. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema. Volman, Thomas P. 1978. Early Archeological Evidence for Shellfish Collecting. Science no. 201 (4359):911-913. Will, Manuel, John E. Parkington, Andrew W. Kandel, and Nicholas J. Conard. 2013. Coastal adaptations and the Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from Hoedjiespunt 1 in the Western Cape, South Africa. Journal of human Evolution no. 64 (6):518-537. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.012. Woodborne, S. 2000. Luminescence dating of the Middle Stone Age in South Africa. Report to the National Reseach Foundation.

Dr Graham Avery MRSSAf 20 February 2018 Curator in Natural History Collections Department (retired) Archaeozoologist Honorary Research Associate: Iziko Museums, Natural History Collections Department Honorary Research Associate: University of Cape Town, Archaeology Department

25 SanBernardo Personal Tax Reference No: 0092024033 18 De Lorentz Street G Avery Gardens 8001 Standard Bank [email protected]; [email protected] Acct: 070002061

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Appendix 1

Images illustrating examples of some significant Palaeontological and Pleistocene Archaeological occurrences associated with Springfontyn and Langebaan Formation sediments

Figure 10. The Besaansklip locality with brown hyaena den accumulation within cavities in older Langebaan Formation calcrete (photo by JS Brink).

Figure 11. Besaansklip brown hyaena Den. A group of fossil bones in a cavity in older Langebaan Formation calcrete (photo by JS Brink).

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Figure 12. Besaansklip excavation showing cavities in older calcrete after removal of bones (photo by JS Brink).

Figure 13. Langebaan Formation at Sea Harvest showing the kind of overhang/ crevice (arrowed) in which brown hyaenas accumulated bones (photo by G Avery).

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Date: 59 ka

Fossils in dark lenses

Figure 14. Spreeuwalle (Figure 6) section exposed by a storm. Fossils occur in humified wetland vegetation deposits overlain by a duricrust dated to ~59 ka (modified from photo by P Haarhoff).

Figure 15. Humified lens at Spreeuwalle with fossil jaw of extinct Cape zebra and teeth of an eland sandwiched between concentrations of tiny aquatic molluscs (photo by G Avery).

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Figure 16. Trigonephrus globulus shells in Langebaan Formation surface calcrete erosion surface on Eenzaamheid (photo by G Avery).

Figure 17. Cross-bedded dune laminations of Langebaan Formation aeolianites at Kraalbaai in which human footprints were preserved (photo by G Avery).

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Figure 18. Artificially cut road section into Langebaan Formation calcrete and diorite bedrock, which revealed 3.6 m of Middle Stone Age archaeological deposits at Ysterfontein 1 (photo by G Avery).

Figure 19. Ysterfontein 1 excavation of deeply stratified Middle Stone Age shell middens in rock shelter in Langebaan Formation aeolianites (photo by G Avery).

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Appendix 2

Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae: Graham Avery

Contact Details Home Address: 25 San Bernardo 18 De Lorentz Street Upper Gardens Cape Town 8001

Business Details Graham Avery (Sole Proprietor): Archaeozoology, Stone Age Archaeology and Quaternary Palaeontology. Telephone: (021) 4241285 (H) Cell: 083 441 0028 Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Professional Qualifications I have worked extensively in the Quaternary palaeontological field, focusing on the southwestern coast of South Africa, in both research and commercial contexts. I have conducted research on a variety of Early, Middle and Later Stone Age and palaeontological sites and published the findings. I am a member of the Palaeontological Society of South Africa and accredited with the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) CRM section (Member #008, 1998) as Principal Investigator: Stone Age, Shell Middens, Middle Pleistocene studies and Archaeozoology.

 PhD (archaeology) 1990 Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of avian remains from archaeological sites. University of Cape Town.  MA (archaeology) 1976 Systematic Investigation of Coastal Shell Middens in the South Western Cape. University of Cape Town.  BA (Archaeology, Social Anthropology, African History, History and Geography) 1969 University of Cape Town. Current Positions  Research Associate Natural History Collections Department, Cenozoic Studies, Iziko South African Museum (April 2012–).  Research Associate, Archaeology Department, University of Cape Town (July 2012–). Positions Held  Retired from Iziko Museums of South Africa 31 January 2012.  Archaeozoologist, Curator of Quaternary Collections, Cenozoic Studies Section, Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum (2002–January 2012). [Moved to Natural History Collections Department when Iziko came into being].  Head of Human Sciences Division, South African Museum (1993–2002).  Head of Archaeology Department, South African Museum (1990–1993).  Acting Head of Archaeology Department, South African Museum (1985–1990).  Researcher, Archaeology Department, South African Museum (1980–2002).  Manager: Archaeological Data Recording Centre, South African Museum (1974–1979).  Environmental Archaeologist, South African Museum (1970–1973).  Manager (temporary): Archaeological Data Recording Centre, South African Museum (1969).

Graham Avery Anyskop, remainder Langeberg 188 sand mine proposed P#2 DMR 10161MP 32

Research Interests (publications not listed here)  The Late Quaternary palaeoecology of south-western Africa covering material from the Pliocene to the Holocene: Archaeozoological studies—mammals, birds and molluscs in the palaeo-ecological and human history of South Africa;  Experimental and comparative actualistic studies – taphonomy of human and non-human bone accumulations resulting from carnivores, scavengers and raptors, such as hyaenas, jackals, leopards, eagles and the larger owls. These include a 29-year long-term project monitoring beached birds and mammals;  Past climates and environments using evidence from birds and mammals (including pollens from hyaena coprolites); and  The application of archaeozoological and palaeontological research to modern issues of global change, conservation, heritage resource management and education. Membership of Professionally-Related Societies

 Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA). Professional Member #008 with Cultural Resource Management (CRM) accreditation.  South African Society for Quaternary Research (SASQUA).  Palaeontological Society of South Africa.  South African Archaeological Society.  Southern African Museums Association (SAMA) (Life Member).

Cultural Resource Management Experience (CRM) 90 palaeontological and archaeological assessment reports have been conducted, in the western part of the Western Cape Province and 4 on the west coast of the Northern Cape. The focus has been primarily on Late Cenozoic Pleistocene and Holocene occurrences.

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