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Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) No Brasil Diógina Barata Taxonomia e Filogenia do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) no Brasil Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais São Paulo 2008 Diógina Barata Taxonomia e Filogenia do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) no Brasil Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR em BIODIVERSIDADE VEGETAL E MEIO AMBIENTE, na Área de Concentração de Plantas Avasculares e Fungos em Análises Ambientais Orientadora: Dra. Mutue Toyota Fujii Co‐orientadora: Dra. Mariana Cabral de Oliveira Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Biblioteca do Instituto de Botânica Barata, Diógina B226t Taxonomia e filogenia do gênero Caulerpa J.V.Lamour. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) do Brasil/ Diógina Barata -- São Paulo, 2008. 200p. Tese (Doutorado) -- Instituto de Botânica da Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente, 2008 Bibliografia. 1. Algas. 2. Florística. 3. Filogenética . L Título CDU: 582.26 Agradecimentos A Deus por me dar saúde para realizar este trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós‐Graduação do Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo e à CAPES pela Bolsa e ajuda financeira por meio da verba PROAP. À Dra Mutue Toyota Fujii e à Dra Mariana Cabral de Oliveira pela orientação e amizade. À minha família pela ajuda e compreensão. Em especial, aos meus irmãos Augusto e Juciléia sempre prontos a me ajudarem nas coletas no Espírito Santo. À minha irmã Clecina pela ajuda com as pranchas de desenhos. Ao meu noivo, Fabrício, pela ajuda nas coletas e pelo amor e paciência em esperar tanto tempo a tanta distância. À Marcia, secretária da Pós‐Graduação, pela ajuda, esclarecimentos e atendimento sempre competente e agradável. Aos amigos da Seção de Ficologia do IBt, os alunos Dani Sudatti, Dani Silva, Douglas, Érika, Kleber, Renato, Sandra e Valéria; aos funcionários Elizete, José Domingos, Neide, Manuel e Neuzeti e as pesquisadoras Andréa, Célia, Diclá, Luciana, Nair, Silvia Melcher e Silvia Guimarães. Muito obrigada pela ajuda, pelas conversas, pelas orientações e principalmente, pela convivência que muito me ajudou todo este tempo longe da minha família. Aos amigos da USP Amanda, Ana, Dani Milstein, Guilherme, Henrique, José, Lagosta, Ligia, Luciana e Mônica pela ajuda e pelos momentos agradáveis que ficarão para sempre em minha memória. À minha amiga Luciana, pela amizade tão importante em todos os momentos. À sua família também, sua irmã Adriana e seus pais Airton e Denise, que eu considero minha família também e que eu vou levar no coração por toda a minha vida. Ao meu amigo George Miranda e sua família pela simpática recepção em sua casa durante as coletas na Paraíba. Ao George Miranda e a Patrícia Araújo pela ajuda nas coletas. Ao George Miranda e a Yen também pela ajuda no Herbário da Universidade Federal da Paraíba. À amiga Maria de Fátima e á sua família pela alegre recepção em sua casa durante as coletas em Pernambuco. À Maria de Fátima, sua família e Douglas pela ajuda nas coletas. À Maria de Fátima, Dra. Maria Elizabete Bandeira‐Pedrosa e a Dra. Sônia M.B. Pereira pela ajuda no Herbário da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Ao meu amigo Dr. José Marcos de Castro Nunes e aos seus alunos, Juliana, Alan e Jonathan pela ajuda nas coletas na Bahia. Ao Dr. José Marcos e seu irmão Jessé pela recepção em sua casa na Bahia. Ao Dr. José Marcos pela ajuda no Herbário da Universidade Federal da Bahia. À Dra Yocie Yoneshigue‐Valentin e seus alunos pela recepção e ajuda no Herbário da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. À minha grande amiga Valéria, pela ajuda no Herbário da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, pela ajuda nas coletas no litoral norte do Rio de Janeiro e pela companhia e amizade incondicional. Aos amigos do alojamento, todos os moradores que hoje estão lá ou que eu convivi durante este período. Eu não citarei nomes para não correr o risco de esquecer alguém. Mas, todos, de alguma forma, foram importantes para mim neste tempo que eu passei aqui. Sumário 1. Introdução Geral .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Revisão Histórica e Posição Taxonômica do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. .................................... 1 1.2. Características Gerais ....................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Importância Econômica e Ecológica de Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. ........................................................ 5 1.4. Filogenia Molecular .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1. Uso do rDNA Nuclear ................................................................................................................ 7 1.4.2. Uso do tufA, DNA do Cloroplasto (cpDNA) ................................................................................ 8 1.4.3. Estudos Filogenéticos do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. .......................................................... 9 2. Área de Estudo .............................................................................................................................. 11 3. Capítulo 1: Taxonomia do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) no Brasil ..... 13 Resumo/Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 14 Introdução ............................................................................................................................................. 15 Material e Métodos ............................................................................................................................... 17 Resultados e Discussão ......................................................................................................................... 18 Considerações Finais ............................................................................................................................. 80 Literatura Citada .................................................................................................................................... 81 Figuras ................................................................................................................................................... 91 Anexo 1. Sinopse das espécies de Caulerpa J.V. Lamour encontradas no Brasil . ................................ 132 4. Capítulo 2: Análises Filogenéticas do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) no Brasil, Baseadas em Marcadores Moleculares tufA do cloroplasto e ITS rDNA nuclear ...................... 135 Resumo/Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 136 Introdução ........................................................................................................................................... 138 Material e Métodos ............................................................................................................................. 141 Resultados ........................................................................................................................................... 149 Discussão e Conclusões ....................................................................................................................... 156 Literatura Citada .................................................................................................................................. 160 Figuras ................................................................................................................................................. 163 Anexos 1‐6. Seqüências e alinhamentos de Seqüências de tufA cpDNA e ITS rDNA ........................... 174 5. Discussão e Conclusões Finais ...................................................................................................... 190 6. Literatura Citada .......................................................................................................................... 192 7. Resumo/Abstract ......................................................................................................................... 199 Página | 1 Barata, D. 2007. Taxonomia e Filogenia do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) no Brasil. 1. Introdução Geral 1.1. Revisão Histórica e Posição Taxonômica do Gênero Caulerpa J.V. Lamour. O gênero Caulerpa foi proposto por J.V. Lamouroux em 1809 (apud Silva 2003), que definiu estas algas como sendo formadas por tronco cilíndrico, horizontal, que originava rizóides para baixo e estruturas semelhantes a folhas para cima. O nome vem do grego e significa Caulus “tronco” e erpos “crescer ao longo do solo” A primeira espécie, entretanto, foi descrita antes, por Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin em 1768 (apud Silva 2003), para as Índias Orientais e foi identitificada como Fucus sertularioides S.G. Gmel., hoje Caulerpa sertularioides (S.G. Gmel.) M. Howe. O gênero pertence à família Caulerpaceae (nome original, “Caulerpeae”), que foi proposta por Robert Kaye Greville, em 1830 (apud Silva 2003), mas sem uma descrição para validar o nome. A validação da família veio somente
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