Znak, Symbol a Rituál V Tradíciách a Prejavoch Ľudovej Zbožnosti

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Znak, Symbol a Rituál V Tradíciách a Prejavoch Ľudovej Zbožnosti ZNAK, SYMBOL A RITUÁL V TRADÍCIÁCH A PREJAVOCH ĽUDOVEJ ZBOŽNOSTI Zborník vedeckých (nekonferenčných) štúdií Prešov 2013 Editori: ThDr. Peter Tirpák, PhD. ThDr. Peter Borza, PhD. Recenzenti: Mons. prof. ThDr. Jozef Jarab, PhD. dr hab. prof. UR Władysław Wlażlak dr hab. prof. WSM Mieczysław Różański PhDr. Jaroslav Coranič, PhD. Grafické spracovanie a návrh obálky: ThLic. Juraj Gradoš Za jazykovú úpravu textov zodpovedajú autori. Vydavateľ: Prešovská univerzita v Prešove Gréckokatolícka teologická fakulta ISBN 978-80-555-0774-3 OBSAH Józef Marecki Boże Narodzenie w tradycji ludowej..................................................5 Peter Šturák Ľudové zvyky a obyčaje pri slávení cirkevných sviatkov v gréckokatolíckych farnostiach v Levočských vrchoch na pozadí ich histórie........................................................................33 Gabriel Paľa Katolícke periodiká ako prostriedok rozvoja ľudovej zbožnosti......51 Marek Petro Amfoterný prejav v ľudovej piesni...................................................68 Lucyna Rotter Rośliny – symbole, inspiracje czy pokarm Znaczenie roślin w kulturze ludowej................................................84 Daniel Slivka Objektívne znaky a symboly židovského náboženstva .................104 Ludwik Frey Drzewo w kulturze ludowej (wybrane zagadnienia) .....................119 Wacław W. Szetelnicki Obrzędy błogosławieństw w tradycji ludowej na przykładzie liturgicznego wspomnienia o świętym Błażeju, biskupie i męczenniku. ...................................141 Peter Vansač Znaky a rituály sprevadzajúce svätý krst a korunovanie manželov vo farnosti Jakubany..............................188 3 Peter Tirpak Prejavy a formy ľudovej zbožnosti na vybranom území regióna Zemplín...................................................................204 Peter Borza Náboženský život veriacich regiónu Šariš na príklade vybraných farnosti Gréckokatolíckej cirkvi na Slovensku v rokoch 1939 – 1945...............................................233 Štefan Paločko Znaky zmierenia medzi Bohom a človekom v pohanskom a kresťanskom prostredí...........................................244 4 Boże Narodzenie w tradycji ludowej Józef Marecki Abstrakt: Weihnachtsbräuche auf polnischem Boden treten in voller Bandweite der Formen, Bräuche und Ritualien. Ein Teil von ihnen haben rein liturgischen Charakter, andere entspringen der Volksfrömmigkeit, in noch anderen verhallt der „getaufte” heidnische Brauch. Schon die ganze Adventszeit war mit Vorbereitungen zum Feier besetzt, aber die Nacht Geburts Jesu war nicht nur mit zahlreichen Gebeten überflutet, aber auch mit dem Wahrsagen. Man war der Meinung, dass die Nacht so ausserordentliche ist, wo auch alles mögliche vorkommen mag, wo die alltäglichen Handlungen an prophetischen Kräften gewinnen und Glück und Wohlhaben im ganzen kommenden Jahr sicherstellen. Diese Bräuche sind im Bewusstsein so tief verwurzelt worden, dass sie weiterhin ausgeübt werden, obwohl offensichtlich werden ihnen keine bedeutende magische Rolle wie vor Jahren zugeschrieben. Stichworte: Weihnachtsbräuche. Volksfrömmigkeit. Polen. Adventszeit. Bräuche und Ritualien. Zagadnienie sygnalizowane w tytule doczekało się już wielu opracowań. Ziemie polskie pod względem zwyczajów, zwłaszcza bożonarodzeniowej, są bardzo zróżnicowane. Składa się na to wiele przyczyn. Do najważniejszych należy zaliczyć wpływy ościennych grup etnicznych, zwyczajów krajów zaborczych oraz wpływy migra- cyjne. Równocześnie należy podkreślić, że pewne formy obrzędowe są powtarzalne we wszystkich zakątkach ziemi polskich. Zwyczaje, obchody, obrzędy przyjmują różnorodne nazwy, koloryt lub termin; mają jednak powtarzalne i analogiczne aspekty znaczeniowe1. Zasa- da ta szczególnie widoczna jest w obrzędowości bożonarodzeniowej. Święta te, wraz z poprzedzającym je okresem adwentu i następu- jącym później karnawałem traktowane były w sposób szczególny i 1 O zwyczajach i obrzędach na terenie Podkarpacia zob. A. Karczmar- zewski, Obrzędy i zwyczaje doroczne wsi rzeszowskiej, Rzeszów 1972. 5 sprzyjały „obcowaniu” świata doczesnego z duchowym. Tradycja ludowa jest ciągle żywa, zmienna – a przez to ulotna – pod wpływem różnorodnych czynników zewnętrznych, zmian mentalnościowych oraz przeobrażeń kulturowych2. W tradycji ludowej Boże Narodzenie jest nierozerwalnie zwią- zane z okresem Adwentu, który bezpośrednio poprzedza wspom- nianą uroczystość. Adwentowe obrzędy, które wykształciły się w Małopolsce przygotowywały mieszkańców miast i wsi do reli- gijnych uroczystości. Były to zarówno obrzędy religijne jak i pozareligijne, czyli świeckie. Jednak te ostatnie były mocno zwią- zane z czasem bożonarodzeniowym i miały szczególny charakter oczekiwania. Tradycje wiejskie związane z Bożym Narodzeniem były w prze- szłości o wiele bogatsze od miejskich. Wynikało to z różnorodności zajęć, obcowania z przyrodą, bardziej wyizolowanych w mieście kontaktów sąsiedzkich oraz sposobów spędzania czasu3. Adwent – to czas oczekiwania, duchowego przygotowania do świąt. Na ziemiach polskich poprzedzały go andrzejkowe zabawy. Adwent na ziemiach polskich kojarzony był zawsze z roratami, czyli uroczystą, wczesno-poranna mszą, na którą uczęszczali nie tylko dorośli, ale także dzieci. Tradycja odprawiania tychże wczesno- 2 Por. W. Klinger, Obrzędowość Bożego Narodzenia. Jej początek i pierwotne znaczenie, Kraków 1920; Tenże, Obrzędowość ludowa Bożego Narodzenia, jej początki i znaczenie pierwotne, Poznań 1926; M. Ginalska, Polskie Boże Narodzenie, Londyn 1961; H. Czerwińska, Czas świąteczny w tradycyjnej kulturze ludowej, „Lud” 1984, t. 68, s. 71 – 87; J. Klimaszewska, Funkcja obrzędów i zwyczajów w chłopskiej kulturze tradycyjnej i współczesnej [w:] Zmiany kultury chłopskiej. Problematyka i metody prac etnograficznych, red. K. Zawistowicz-Adamska, Wrocław 1973, s. 135 – 149; K. Kwaśniewicz, Doroczne i rodzinne zwyczaje na tle współczesnych przeobrażeń wsi podkrakowskiej (studium wsi Niego- szowice w woj. krakowskim), Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków-Gdańsk 1979; W. Dowlasiewicz, Boże Narodzenie w tradycji polskiej, Płock 1993. 3 Por. T. A. Pruszak, O ziemiańskim świętowaniu. Tradycje świąt Bożego Narodzenia i Wielkiejnocy, Warszawa 2011, s. 28nn. 6 porannych nabożeństw w adwencie sięga XIII wieku, a nazwa została wzięta od pierwszych słów antyfony „Rorate coeli desuper” (niebiosa spuście rosę). Zaśnieżoną drogę do świątyni rozświecał blask kolorowych lampionów, szczególnie ulubione przez dzieci. Często były wykonywane w długie jesienne wieczory. Adwentową tajemnicę potęgowała roratka – jedyna świeca, która przed roz- poczęciem nabożeństwa oświetlała, obok wiecznej lampki (światełka przed tabernakulum), wnętrze świątyni. Była to biała świeca najczęściej przybrana niebieską wstęgą. Ta kolorystyka symboli- zowała Maryję, która oczekiwała narodzenia zapowiedzianego przez Archanioła Syna. W wielu regionach Polski na ołtarzu zapalano roratnicę – siedmioramienny świecznik, w którym – ze słowami „jestem gotowy na Sąd Boży” osadzali zapalone świece przed- stawiciele poszczególnych stanów. Dziś już nieistniejący obrzęd roratni opisał Władysław Syrokomla w „Staropolskich roratach”4: […] Siedem cnót ducha człowiek posiadał, A kraj ze siedmiu stanów się składał; A w każdym stanie ziemia cała Szczególną cnotą wygórowywała. Bo o dar cnoty ziomkom przydatnej Błagała Boga we mszy roratnej; A gdy swe vota przed Panem złoży Gotowa była iść na Sąd Boży. Od Bolesława, Łokietka, Leszka Gdy jeszcze w Polsce Duch Pański mieszka, Stał na ołtarzu przed Msza roraty Siedmioramienny lichtarz bogaty A stany państwa szły do ołtarza A każdy jedna świeczkę rozżarza: Król który berłem potężnym włada, 4 W. Syrokomla, Wybór poezyj. Wydanie nowe, Warszawa 1890, s. 268 – 269. 7 Prymas – najpierwsza senatu rada, Senator świecki – senator prawa, Szlachcic, co królów Polsce nadawa, Żołnierz, co z pola, ze krwi i roli Dla reszty braci chleb im mozoli – Każdy na świeczkę grosz swój przyłoży, I każdy gotów iść na Sąd Boży. Doniosłości dodawały adwentowe pieśni, pełne melancholii, oczekiwania, ale też i bogatej w treści teologiczne. Wystarczy przypomnieć słowa znanej juz w początkach XVIII wieku pieśni jak „Głos wdzięczny”, która w oryginale liczy 18 zwrotek. Głos wdzięczny z nieba wychodzi, Gwiazdę nam nową wywodzi, Która rozświeca ciemności, I odkrywa nasze złości. " Z różdżki Jesse kwiat zakwita, Który zbawieniem świat wita; Pan Bóg zesłał Syna Swego, Przed wieki narodzonego. Ojcowie tego czekali, Prorocy przepowiadali, Że się Bóg światu miał zjawić, Od śmierci człeka wybawić. Wnet Anioł Pannie zwiastował, O czym Prorok prorokował; Iż miał powstać Syn zacnego Plemienia Dawidowego. 8 Weselcie się ziemskie strony! Opuściwszy niebios trony, Bóg idzie na te niskości, Z niewymownej Swej litości. Weselcie się wszyscy Święci! I wy, ludzie smutkiem zdjęci; Idzie na świat Odkupiciel, Strapionych wszystkich Zbawiciel. Popularnymi były pieśni: „Archanioł, Boży Gabryjel”, „Niebio- sa, rosę spuśćcie nam z góry”, „Spuście nam na ziemskie niwy”, czy też dedykowana bezpośrednio Maryi „Zdrowaś bądź Maryja, Nie- bieska lilija”. Codzienny udział w roratach, trud pokonanej drogi, fizyczny wysiłek uważano za najlepsze przygotowanie do świąt. Równocześ- nie w okresie adwentu powstrzymywano się od ciężkich prac domo- wych i rolnych. Powszechnie uważano, że ziemia musi odpoczywać, a wzruszenie jej może spowodować nieurodzaj. Udział w roratach był właściwie jedynym elementem religijnego przygotowania adwentowego. Pozostałe zwyczaje, często zwane adwentowymi, mają charakter świecki. Należały do nich wieczorne spotkania sąsiedzkie,
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