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The Pyrotechnic Universe”

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The Pyrotechnic Universe” A Brief Comment on \The Pyrotechnic Universe" Justin Khoury1,BurtA.Ovrut2,PaulJ.Steinhardt1 and Neil Turok 3 1 Joseph Henry Laboratories, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 2 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6396, USA 3 DAMTP, CMS, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge, CB3 0WA, UK We respond to the criticisms by Kallosh, Kofman and Linde concerning our proposal of the ekpyrotic universe scenario. We point out a number of errors in their considerations and argue that, at this stage, the ekpyrotic model is a possible alternative to inflationary cosmology as a description of the very early universe. We have recently proposed an alternative to inflation- gauge group (e.g., SU(5)) than that of the positive ten- 1, 2 3 ary cosmology, entitled the “ekpyrotic universe,” de- sion hidden brane (e.g., E7). signed to resolve the horizon, flatness, and monopole puz- It is the standard embedding that motivated the minor zles of standard hot big bang cosmology and to generate a variant suggested by Kallosh, et al, dubbed by them the nearly scale-invariant spectrum of adiabatic energy den- “pyrotechnic” universe. Ironically, this particular choice sity perturbations needed to seed structure formation. is disallowed since bulk branes are mathematically for- The basic notion, motivated by string theory and M- bidden, and so there could no brane collision to ignite theory,4, 5 is that the hot big bang universe is produced the hot big bang phase. by the collision in an extra-dimensional space-time be- We should also emphasize that, contrary to KKL’s as- tween a three-dimensional brane in the bulk space with sertion, we never claimed that the assignment of nega- another brane or a bounding orbifold plane. The collision tive tension to the visible brane is a “central point” of heats the universe to a high but finite temperature, from the ekpyrotic concept. We did not intend our proposal which point the hot big bang phase begins. Whereas the to be interpreted so narrowly. It is a feature of our spe- inflationary scenario relies on an extended period of expo- cific example, and Ref. 7 demonstrates that this example nential hyperexpansion prior to the hot big bang phase, is possible. For this example, we explained the role that the ekpyrotic model relies on extremely slow evolution negative tension plays in the energetics, fluctuations, and over an exceedingly long time. ultimate expansion of the universe. But, we also stated In a recent preprint,6 Kallosh, Linde, and Kofman that the general principles could be adapted to numerous (KKL) raised a number of criticisms of the ekpyrotic uni- set-ups.3 Indeed, in Refs. 3 and 11, we derive the per- verse. In this comment we briefly explain why we respect- turbation spectrum in a 4d static background in a limit fully disagree with each of their seminal points (italics, which is totally insensitive to the assignment of brane below). Where a full response requires a technical calcu- tensions. The Kallosh et al. example, which is based lation, the details are given in the separate publications on the same physical principles and mathematical equa- to which we refer. tions, but entails flipping a few signs in the action, has no We first consider the criticisms of the superstring and substantive differences to our original scenario (provided M-theoretic underpinnings. We then discuss the descrip- the embedding problem is fixed). tion of density perturbations in our scenario and finally, Kallosh et al. not only criticize the choice of sign for the criticisms of the initial conditions. the tensions, but also the magnitudes: KKL: One of the central points of the ekpyrotic cos- KKL: In examples considered in the literature, the contri- mological scenario is that we live on a negative ten- bution to the cohomology constraint from the bulk brane is sion brane. However, the tension of the visible brane of the same order as the one from the boundaries, whereas 5 in Hoˇrava-Witten theory, as well as in relevant cases of the ratio is extremely small (4 10− ) in the ekpyrotic non-standard embedding, is positive. Hence, there is a model. More precisely, the claim× is that the ratio of the problem in the assignment of signs to the brane tensions. bulk tension β to the boundary tension α in our example This criticism is factually incorrect. The claim is based is incompatible for realistic models with what is required on experience with the standard embedding and other by the cohomology constraint. specific examples that have appeared in the literature This criticism again rests on examples of Hoˇrava- previously, rather than on mathematical analysis. The Witten models in the literature rather than on mathe- fact is that there never was a cohomology requirement matical analysis. In Ref. 7, it is shown that there is a that the visible brane have positive tension to obtain re- wide range of freedom for β/α and that the value in our alistic models. We have constructed numerous examples7 example is mathematically consistent with the cohomol- of heterotic M-theory models in which the visible brane ogy constraint. has negative tension and is endowed with a much smaller Furthermore, we did not intend our proposal to be in- 1 terpreted so narrowly. Let us not confuse an example similar search of the literature prior to first computations with general principles. We never claimed that a small of density perturbations in 1982 would reveal no exam- ratio is required. Indeed, viable and observationally con- ples of slow-roll potentials with dimensionless couplings 14 sistent examples with ratios greater than 1/10 are dis- of order 10− . History shows that inflationary cosmol- cussed in Ref. 3. ogy stimulated the search for these models, and now Other criticisms about the string-theoretic underpin- many examples are found in the literature. We would nings include: suggest that some patient, serious analysis is required before the ekpyrotic scenario can be judged against in- questioning the presence of the 4-form in the het- • flation in this respect. erotic M-theory action: The 4-form formulation of KKL: The mechanism for the generation of density per- the action is equivalent to the action presented in turbations in this scenario is a particular limiting case of Ref. (5). This is easily seen by eliminating the 4- the mechanism of tachyonic preheating. form using its equation of motion. This formulation The basic notion of the ekpyrotic model is that the is particularly useful in heterotic vacua with bulk universe begins in a quasi-static (non-expanding) state, branes, such as in ekpyrotic cosmology. a concept that dates back to ancient philosophy. In pur- questioning the origin of the bulk 3-brane:The3- suing this idea, a basic challenge is to generate fluctua- • brane is simply an M5 brane wrapped on a holo- tions which are in accord with the impressive and pre- morphic curve of the Calabi-Yau threefold. cise measurements of the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure which lend strong support for a stabilization of moduli: Granted, this is a deep, un- nearly scale-invariant spectrum of linear, adiabatic den- • solved problem of string theory. We are presuming sity perturbations. Our paper shows that such perturba- its solution does not interfere with the ekpyrotic tions are generated in a quasi-static multi-brane universe scenario. The same presumption must be made for certain simple potentials including negative exponen- in inflationary theory. Indeed, in this case, there tials and inverse power laws. are well-documented difficulties that arise with in- Tachyonic preheating,9 a concept introduced by Kof- flation if moduli are not stabilized prior to infla- man, Linde and collaborators, concerns phenomena not tion (which may prevent inflation occurring8), dif- directly related to the generation of large scale density ficulties which are not applicable to the ekpyrotic perturbations, in a rapidly expanding universe just fol- model. lowing inflation. It is legitimate within its own con- text. But the potentials needed for scale invariance do In addition, Kallosh et al. criticize the sign of the po- not appear anywhere in the tachyonic preheating paper, tential, its parameters and the notion that the potential and we think that it obfuscates rather than clarifies the is zero after collision. Granted, assuming the potential issue to conflate our fluctuation generation mechanism to be zero after collision is fine-tuning. However, let us with tachyonic pre-heating. There is no more relation to recognize it for what it is – the well-known cosmological tachyonic preheating than there is to fluctuation genera- constant problem. Precisely the same fine-tuning of the tion in inflation. In both cases, there are some common true vacuum energy is required in inflationary cosmology. elements but also major differences. As for criticisms about tuning of parameters, this skep- KKL: Inflation removes all previously existing inhomo- ticism is based largely on a search of the current litera- geneities and is robust, whereas the ekpyrotic model ture, all of which was written prior to the appearance of makes the homogeneity problem much worse. the ekpyrotic proposal, and on the one example in our The critique refers to the fact that inflation is a mecha- paper. There is no serious physics argument, or mathe- nism that can make an inhomogeneous universe more ho- matical analysis, or analytical discussion of what range mogeneous, whereas homogeneity in the ekpyrotic model of parameters is required or what emerges naturally from is part of the initial condition. Behind this critique lies string theory. Indeed, our choice of parameters and po- a substantive point concerning the different assumptions tential appears to us to be well within the bounds one of the inflationary and ekpyrotic scenarios.
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