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GC University Lahore The State and Shrines in Post- colonial Central Punjab (1947-2007) NAME Umber Bin Ibad____ SESSION` 2009-2012 Roll No. Reg. 63-GCU-PhD-His-09 DEPARTMENT History GC University Lahore The State and Shrines in Post-colonial Central Punjab (1947-2007) Submitted to GC University Lahore In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSPHY IN HISTORY BY Umber Bin Ibad Reg. No. 63-GCU-PhD-His-09 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE DECLARATION I, Umber Bin Ibad, Reg. No. 63-GCU-PhD-His-09, student of PhD in the subject of History session 2009-2012 hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis entitled “The State and Shrines in Post-colonial Central Punjab (1947-2007)” is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as research work, thesis or publication in any form in any University, Research Institution etc. in Pakistan or abroad. Signature of Deponent Dated: RESEARCH COMPLETION CERTIFICATE Certified that research work contained in the thesis entitled ''The State and Shrines in Post-colonial Central Punjab (1947-2007)'' has been carried out and completed by Umber Bin Ibad, Registration No. 63-GCU-PhD-His-09 under my supervision during his PhD (History) GC University Lahore. Dated: Supervisor Submitted Through Chairperson Department of History GC University Lahore Controller of Examination GC University Lahore Acknowledgments This dissertation was not possible without the help of my family, friends, colleagues and teachers. It is hard to write down all the names, I am thankful to everyone who enabled me carry on higher education and made this dissertation possible. In this regard, I am especially thankful to my late father, and my friend, Bilal Ahmed. These two gave me support and trust when I needed those most. I am thankful to GC university and the history department that provided me necessary support and ground to work on my dissertation. I owe thanks to the administration of the department, especially the existing chairperson, Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim for keep providing a conducive environment so vital for completing the dissertation. I am also thankful to Dr. Tahir Mahmood, for making easy my thesis submission process. This environment gave me opportunity to interact and enjoy the company of such persons as those of Dr. Tahir Kamran, Bilal Ahmed (late), Sidra Minhas and Mirza Athar Baig. I learnt many things from these personalities. With some, I was able to develop a long term relationship and enjoyed taking advices and suggestions even when they left the department. I was also able to enjoy wonderful company of Dr. Jamal Malik and Dr. Uzma Rehman when they came as a visiting faculty in the department. Most of my dissertation present what Dr. Jamal Malik has already achieved through his work. His encouragement made me confident for moving on the path. It is not without the support and guidance of my supervisor, Dr. Farhat Mahmud, and my co- supervisor, Dr. Tahir Kamran, I could carry on my dissertation. Dr. Farhat gave me full liberty to develop my ideas. His liberal and frank mode of discussions encouraged me a lot to make headway. Dr. Tahir Kamran provided me with equal guidance and support. My dissertation is an idea came out of the discussion taking place in his office with Dr. Varinder Kalra. After his departure to Cambridge, he kept sending me important readings and never lessened his guidance. I was lucky to go and stay for six months in Manchester University, UK with Dr. Virinder Kalra. His wonderful hospitality and intellectually stimulating company made my stay not only productive but also enjoyable. Several ideas discussed in this dissertation are outcome of discussion with Dr. Virinder. His emphasis on shrines as a pluralistic and syncretic space, often transcends articulated religious boundaries keeps me cautious in finding my way to understand the site of shrine. He never showed reluctance to engage in discussion and always there to push me to improve my position. He was also kind enough to read my drafts and criticized them to make me improve my writing. I am thankful to my friends and colleagues, especially, Dr. Ali Qasmi, Dr. Hussain Ahmed, Tahir Jamil, Ishfaq Ahmed Lone, Muhammad Afzal Khan, Noor Rehman, Faiza Wain, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Usman, Rehan Mughal and Tanveer Rehmat Qureshi. Dr. Ali Qasmi and Muhammad Afzal Khan always provided me with the new researches related with my topic. Both were also kind enough to read some part of my work. My friend, Dr. Hussain Ahmed made me shape this thesis in its present form. His diligence and editing skills made me revise and edit the dissertation many a times. His PhD thesis, Artisans, Sufis and Colonial Art Institutions in I Nineteenth Century Punjab, itself remained a guide to me. It is not without his patience and help, I could make a presentable dissertation. My friends, Noor Rehman and Tahir Jamil always facilitated and supported me. Ishfaq Ahmed Lone and Rehan Mughal accompanied me to my visit to shrines. Without the support of Rehan Mughal, I could not write and publish my research paper needed to submit my thesis. I am especially thankful to my friend Tanveer Rehmat Qureshi, a practicing lawyer of Lahore High Court. It is due to his guidance that I was able to access important documents from Lahore High Court Library. He also helped me to understand legal documents. My friends, Faiza Wain, Muhammad Riaz and Muhammad Usman accompanied me during my visits to the shrines, Punjab Archive and Auqaf department. Muhammad Usman guided my visits, especially in and around the shrine of Data Sahib, Lahore and helped me taking many valuable interviews. I am thankful to Muhammad Riaz, who accompanied me to many shrines outside Lahore and always there for any help. Faiza Wain was kind enough to provide me access in Punjab Assembly library and Punjab Archive. Her help made me read important assembly reports and notifications. I am especially thankful to my friends, Ghair Alam, Ali Shair, Muhammad Owais, Muhammad Khurram and Umair Ayyub for listening my views patiently. I am highly indebted to Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing me funding for my stay in Manchester. My stay remained invaluable for me and provided me opportunity to access important documents from British Library and Manchester University Library. The stay also enabled me to enjoy the company of brilliant scholars and shared with them my thoughts. My presentation and the feedback in Punjab Research Group conference was vital. It was thrilling to present a chapter of the dissertation in the presence of Ian Talbot, Younas Samad, Tahir Kamran, Pippa Virdee and Iftikhar Malik. It is not easy to extract information from a state department in Pakistan. To facilitate my task, I am thankful to the staff of the concerned state departments, especially that of Auqaf department, Punjab Public Library and Punjab Secretariat Library. The staff not only bore my presence patiently but some of them also guided me to important information. I am thankful to Tariq Mahmood Pasha, the Secretary of the Auqaf department, Qazi Abdur Razzak a kind-hearted officer from Auqaf head office, Ghafir Shahzad, Deputy Director Projects, managers of the shrines, staff of Data Darbar library and Ulema Academy. I can't forget the hospitality of Dr. Babar, who not only provided me with important data but also facilitated my visit of Data Darbar hospital. In the end, I deeply acknowledge my family, especially my mother, wife, brother and sister. My wife, Nadia, helped me in designing images and managing my data. Without her constant encouragement, patience and trust in me, I could not carry on the tedious task of working on the dissertation. II Contents Acknowledgements I Contents III Summary VI A Note on Transliteration VIII List of Abbreviations IX List of Maps X List of Tables XIV INTRODUCTION 1 0.1. Literature Review 10 0.2 Methodology 17 0.3 Theory of Post-Colonial State 18 CHAPTER 1. Colonial State And Shrines 27 1.1. Shrines, British rule and Central Punjab 27 1.2. Languages and Sufi-Spiritual Writings 33 1.3. Local Historical Imagination: Remembering 37 and Forgetting Shrine-Based form of Life 1.4. Negating Shrine-Based Practices: Muslim Revivalist Movements and Spiritual space 43 III 1.5. Islamized Sufistic Spirits as the Closest Voices and Defenders of Shrine Based Practices 47 1.5.1. Urban Shrines and Central Punjab 53 1.6. Conclusion 57 CHAPTER 2. Double Re-Territorialization: Trailing Towards The Nationalization Of Shrines 60 2.1. Communal Politics and Emergence of Re-territorialized Muslim Identity 61 2.1.1. Ahrar, Iqbal and Anti-Ahmedi Politics: Consolidating Muslim Identity through Exclusion 64 2.1.2. Allama Iqbal's Articulation of the Singular Muslim Identity and Sufism 66 2.2. The Prevalence of Re-territoriality 68 2.3. Emergence of Muslim Politics and Jinnah's Muslim League 71 2.4. Double Re-territorializing: A Renewed Search for Identity on a New Soil 74 2.4.1. Objectives Resolutions: The Politics of Double-re-territorialization 76 2.4.2. Punjab Assembly and Auqaf 79 2.4.3. Post-Colonial Politics, Shrine-Based Practices and High-Morality 81 2.5.The Islamic Ideology and the Ground for Auqaf Ordinance 1959 84 2.6. Conclusion 90 CHAPTER 3. Transition from Moral to Total Control of Shrines 92 3.1. Muslim Waqf Acts, Communal Identity and Sikh Gurdwara Act, 1925 93 3.2. Punjab Auqaf Act,1952 and The Auqaf Board: From Moral to Public Control of Shrines 100 3.3. Controlling Sacred Spaces through Auqaf Ordinances: Post-Colonial Coloniality or Double re-territorialization 105 3.4.
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