Mycology Proficiency Testing Program
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Fungal Infections from Human and Animal Contact
Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 4 4-25-2017 Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner Follow this and additional works at: https://aurora.org/jpcrr Part of the Bacterial Infections and Mycoses Commons, Infectious Disease Commons, and the Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases Commons Recommended Citation Baumgardner DJ. Fungal infections from human and animal contact. J Patient Cent Res Rev. 2017;4:78-89. doi: 10.17294/2330-0698.1418 Published quarterly by Midwest-based health system Advocate Aurora Health and indexed in PubMed Central, the Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews (JPCRR) is an open access, peer-reviewed medical journal focused on disseminating scholarly works devoted to improving patient-centered care practices, health outcomes, and the patient experience. REVIEW Fungal Infections From Human and Animal Contact Dennis J. Baumgardner, MD Aurora University of Wisconsin Medical Group, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, WI; Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Center for Urban Population Health, Milwaukee, WI Abstract Fungal infections in humans resulting from human or animal contact are relatively uncommon, but they include a significant proportion of dermatophyte infections. Some of the most commonly encountered diseases of the integument are dermatomycoses. Human or animal contact may be the source of all types of tinea infections, occasional candidal infections, and some other types of superficial or deep fungal infections. This narrative review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of anthropophilic dermatophyte infections primarily found in North America. -
Central Nervous System Infections by Members of the Pseudallescheria
Review article Central nervous system infections by members of the Pseudallescheria boydii species complex in healthy and immunocompromised hosts: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and outcome A. Serda Kantarcioglu,1 Josep Guarro2 and G. S. de Hoog3 1Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey, 2Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciencies de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain and 3Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, and Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Summary Infections caused by members of the Pseudallescheria boydii species complex are currently among the most common mould infections. These fungi show a particular tropism for the central nervous system (CNS). We reviewed all the available reports on CNS infections, focusing on the geographical distribution, infection routes, immunity status of infected individuals, type and location of infections, clinical manifestations, treatment and outcome. A total of 99 case reports were identified, with similar percentage of healthy and immunocompromised patients (44% vs. 56%; P = 0.26). Main clinical types were brain abscess (69%), co-infection of brain tissue and ⁄ or spinal cord with meninges (10%) and meningitis (9%). The mortality rate was 74%, regardless of the patientÕs immune status, or the infection type and ⁄ or location. Cerebrospinal fluid culture was revealed as a not very important tool as the percentage of positive samples for P. boydii complex was not different from that of negative ones (67% vs. 33%; P = 0.10). In immunocompetent patients, CNS infection was preceded by near drowning or trauma. In these patients, the infection was characterised by localised involvement and a high fatality rate (76%). -
Vaginal Yeast Infection in Patients Admitted to Al-Azhar University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt
Journal of Basic & Applied Mycology (Egypt) 4 (2013): 21-32 © 2010 by The Society of Basic & Applied Mycology (EGYPT) 21 Vaginal yeast infection in patients admitted to Al-Azhar University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt A. M. Moharram¹,*, Manal G. Abdel-Ati² and Eman O. M. Othman¹ ¹Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, *Corresponding author: e-mail: Assiut University [email protected] ²Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Received 24/9/2013, Accepted Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt 30/10/2013 _______________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: In the present study, 145 women were clinically examined during the period from December 2011 to July 2012 for vaginal yeast infection. Direct microscopy and culturing of vaginal swabs revealed that only 93 cases (64.1 %) were confirmed to be affected by yeasts. The majority of patients were 21-40 years old representing 70% of the positive cases. Yeast infection was more encountered in women receiving oral contraceptives (40%) than in those complaining of diabetes mellitus (25%) or treated with corticosteroids (17%). Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of yeast isolates showed that Candida albicans was the most prevalent species affecting 45.2% of patients, followed by C. krusei and C. tropicalis (20.4 % and 10.8% respectively). C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis were rare (3.3% and 1.1% respectively). Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Geotrichum candidum occurred in 18.3% and 1.1% of vaginal samples respectively. Protease was produced by 83 out of 93 isolates tested (89.2%) with active isolates belonging to C. albicans and C. krusei. Lipase was produced by 51.6% of isolates with active producers related to C. -
Cryptococcus Neoformans</Em>
Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations December 2019 Role of Cryptococcus neoformans Pyruvate Decarboxylase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzymes in Acetate Production and Virulence Mufida Ahmed Nagi Ammar Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Ammar, Mufida Ahmed Nagi, "Role of Cryptococcus neoformans Pyruvate Decarboxylase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzymes in Acetate Production and Virulence" (2019). All Dissertations. 2488. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/2488 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Role of Cryptococcus neoformans Pyruvate Decarboxylase and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzymes in Acetate Production and Virulence A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Mufida Ahmed Nagi Ammar December 2019 Accepted by: Dr. Kerry Smith, Committee Chair Dr. Julia Frugoli Dr. Cheryl Ingram-Smith Dr. Lukasz Kozubowski ABSTRACT The basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans is is an invasive opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system and the most frequent cause of fungal meningitis. C. neoformans enters the host by inhalation and protects itself from immune assault in the lungs by producing hydrolytic enzymes, immunosuppressants, and other virulence factors. C. neoformans also adapts to the environment inside the host, including producing metabolites that may confer survival advantages. One of these, acetate, can be kept in reserve as a carbon source or can be used to weaken the immune response by lowering local pH or as a key part of immunomodulatory molecules. -
Redalyc.Morphological Varieties of Trichophyton Rubrum Clinical Isolates
Revista Mexicana de Micología ISSN: 0187-3180 [email protected] Sociedad Mexicana de Micología México Hernández-Hernández, Francisca; Manzano-Gayosso, Patricia; Córdova-Martínez, Erika; Méndez- Tovar, Luis Javier; López-Martínez, Rubén; García de Acevedo, Beatriz; Orozco-Topete, Rocío; Cerbón, Marco Antonio Morphological varieties of Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates Revista Mexicana de Micología, núm. 25, diciembre, 2007, pp. 9-14 Sociedad Mexicana de Micología Xalapa, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=88302504 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Morphological varieties of Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates Francisca Hernández-Hernández 1, Patricia Manzano-Gayosso1, Erika Córdova-Martínez1, Luis Javier Méndez-Tovar2, Rubén López-Martínez1, Beatriz García de Acevedo3, Rocío Orozco-Topete3, Marco Antonio Cerbón4 1 Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2Servicio de Dermatología y Micología, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, IMSS. 3Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”. 4Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, D. F., México 7 0 Variedades morfológicas de aislamientos clínicos de Trichophyton rubrum 0 2 , 4 1 Resumen. Trichophyton rubrum es el dermatofito antropofílico causante de micosis - 9 superficiales aislado con mayor frecuencia en todo el mundo. Diversas variedades : 5 2 morfológicas de este dermatofito han sido reportadas, lo cual en algunas ocasiones hace A Í difícil su identificación. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar y determinar la frecuencia de G O variedades morfológicas entre los aislados de T. -
Introduction to Mycology
INTRODUCTION TO MYCOLOGY The term "mycology" is derived from Greek word "mykes" meaning mushroom. Therefore mycology is the study of fungi. The ability of fungi to invade plant and animal tissue was observed in early 19th century but the first documented animal infection by any fungus was made by Bassi, who in 1835 studied the muscardine disease of silkworm and proved the that the infection was caused by a fungus Beauveria bassiana. In 1910 Raymond Sabouraud published his book Les Teignes, which was a comprehensive study of dermatophytic fungi. He is also regarded as father of medical mycology. Importance of fungi: Fungi inhabit almost every niche in the environment and humans are exposed to these organisms in various fields of life. Beneficial Effects of Fungi: 1. Decomposition - nutrient and carbon recycling. 2. Biosynthetic factories. The fermentation property is used for the industrial production of alcohols, fats, citric, oxalic and gluconic acids. 3. Important sources of antibiotics, such as Penicillin. 4. Model organisms for biochemical and genetic studies. Eg: Neurospora crassa 5. Saccharomyces cerviciae is extensively used in recombinant DNA technology, which includes the Hepatitis B Vaccine. 6. Some fungi are edible (mushrooms). 7. Yeasts provide nutritional supplements such as vitamins and cofactors. 8. Penicillium is used to flavour Roquefort and Camembert cheeses. 9. Ergot produced by Claviceps purpurea contains medically important alkaloids that help in inducing uterine contractions, controlling bleeding and treating migraine. 10. Fungi (Leptolegnia caudate and Aphanomyces laevis) are used to trap mosquito larvae in paddy fields and thus help in malaria control. Harmful Effects of Fungi: 1. -
Fungi Infections
FUNGAL INFECTIONS mycology mycoses fungemia exo-antigen fungal antigenemia biomarker pre-emptive therapy Fungi FUNGI BACTERIA nucleus eukaryotes prokaryotes cell membrane sterols (ergosterol)* - cell wall chitin, mannan, glucan, murein, teichoic acid, chitosan proteins oxygen almost all strict aerobes facultative and obligate aerobes and anaerobes, - Heterotrophs requiring organic carbon source for growth ( biotrophic, saprophyte) - Extracellular enzymes - host defense: cell-mediated immunity (role of antibodies is minor) -> neutrophil phagocytosis and killing Antifungal agents- mode of action - Polyenes (amphotericinB, nystatines, pimarcin) - Azoles (ketokonazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, vericonazole, posaconazole) - Echinocandins (caspofungin, mikafungin, anidulafungin ) - Nucleoside analogs(antimetabolites): (5 fluorocytosine) - Allylamines: (tebinafine) Fungal morphotypes Unicellular form (Yeast) Yeasts spherical or ellipsoid fungal cells reproduce by budding Mycelial form : moulds, dermathophytes Molds hyphal or mycelial form of growth branching filaments (filamentous) . Fungal morphotypes Unicellular form (Yeast) FUNGUS FAMILY YEAST MOLDs & dermatophytes Candida, Cryptococcus, Dymorphic fungi Malessezia, Geotrichum, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Trichosporon, Rodotorula Mucor, Rhizopus, Fusarium, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides etc. Cladosporium, or Scopulariopsis Dimorphic fungi – have two growth forms: molds & yeast, which develope under different growth conitions phaeohyphomycetes Most authorities use the -
Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor Ronald Savin, MD New Haven, Connecticut
■ CLINICAL REVIEW Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor Ronald Savin, MD New Haven, Connecticut Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is a common imidazole, has been used for years both orally and top superficial fungal infection of the stratum corneum. ically with great success, although it has not been Caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur, this chronical approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the ly recurring disease is most prevalent in the tropics but indication of tinea versicolor. Newer derivatives, such is also common in temperate climates. Treatments are as fluconazole and itraconazole, have recently been available and cure rates are high, although recurrences introduced. Side effects associated with these triazoles are common. Traditional topical agents such as seleni tend to be minor and low in incidence. Except for keto um sulfide are effective, but recurrence following treat conazole, oral antifungals carry a low risk of hepato- ment with these agents is likely and often rapid. toxicity. Currently, therapeutic interest is focused on synthetic Key Words: Tinea versicolor; pityriasis versicolor; anti “-azole” antifungal drugs, which interfere with the sterol fungal agents. metabolism of the infectious agent. Ketoconazole, an (J Fam Pract 1996; 43:127-132) ormal skin flora includes two morpho than formerly thought. In one study, children under logically discrete lipophilic yeasts: a age 14 represented nearly 5% of confirmed cases spherical form, Pityrosporum orbicu- of the disease.3 In many of these cases, the face lare, and an ovoid form, Pityrosporum was involved, a rare manifestation of the disease in ovale. Whether these are separate enti adults.1 The condition is most prevalent in tropical tiesN or different morphologic forms in the cell and semitropical areas, where up to 40% of some cycle of the same organism remains unclear.: In the populations are affected. -
A Case Study on Subcutaneous Zygomycosis with Ulcer
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(10): 448-451 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 10 (2013) pp. 448-451 http://www.ijcmas.com Case report A Case Study on Subcutaneous zygomycosis with ulcer P.Hema Prakash Kumari1, M. SrinivasaRao2, S. Subbarayudu3, Y. Saritha4 and Amrutha Kar5 1,3,4,5Department of Microbiology ASRAM Medical College Eluru, A.P Pin 534004, India 2Department of Pediatrics ASRAM Medical College Eluru, A.P Pin 534004, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T K e y w o r d s Subcutaneous mycosis due to Basidiobolus ranarum is endemic in south Subcutaneous India. We hereby report a case of subcutaneous zygomycosis in a 6 months phycomycosis; old female child who presented with a painless, non-tender swelling Basidiobolus progressed to ulcer on the thigh. ranarum; Introduction Routine investigations were normal and x A 6 month female child was brought to ray left thigh showed soft tissue swelling. pediatric department with h/o gradually Tests for HIV negative, swabs were sent increasing painless ulcerated swelling over for bacterial and fungal culture. Bacterial the left thigh. There was history of insect culture was sterile and a 10% potassium bite 4 months ago. The swelling was hydroxide wet mount revealed broad, gradually increasing since then and irregular aseptate hyphae. Growth on progressed to ulcer formation covered by Sabouraud s dextrose agar after 3 days of eschar. incubation at 25 °C showed creamy brown, centrally heaped up, radially folded No discharge was observed. On cutaneous colonies with satellite colonies on the examination there was a single firm, well periphery (Figure 2). -
Title Melon Aroma-Producing Yeast Isolated from Coastal
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository Melon aroma-producing yeast isolated from coastal marine Title sediment in Maizuru Bay, Japan Sutani, Akitoshi; Ueno, Masahiro; Nakagawa, Satoshi; Author(s) Sawayama, Shigeki Citation Fisheries Science (2015), 81(5): 929-936 Issue Date 2015-09 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202563 The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12562-015-0912-5.; The full-text file will be made open to the public on 28 July 2016 in Right accordance with publisher's 'Terms and Conditions for Self- Archiving'.; This is not the published version. Please cite only the published version. この論文は出版社版でありません。 引用の際には出版社版をご確認ご利用ください。 Type Journal Article Textversion author Kyoto University 1 FISHERIES SCIENCE ORIGINAL ARTICLE 2 Topic: Environment 3 Running head: Marine fungus isolation 4 5 Melon aroma-producing yeast isolated from coastal marine sediment in Maizuru Bay, 6 Japan 7 8 Akitoshi Sutani1 · Masahiro Ueno2 · Satoshi Nakagawa1· Shigeki Sawayama1 9 10 11 12 __________________________________________________ 13 (Mail) Shigeki Sawayama 14 [email protected] 15 16 1 Laboratory of Marine Environmental Microbiology, Division of Applied Biosciences, 17 Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan 18 2 Maizuru Fisheries Research Station, Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto 19 University, Kyoto 625-0086, Japan 1 20 Abstract Researches on marine fungi and fungi isolated from marine environments are not 21 active compared with those on terrestrial fungi. The aim of this study was isolation of novel 22 and industrially applicable fungi derived from marine environments. -
Boards' Fodder
boards’ fodder Medical Mycology By Adriana Schmidt, MD, and Natalie M. Curcio, MD, MPH. (Updated July 2015*) SUPERFICIAL ORGANISM CLINICAL HISTO/KOH TREATMENT MYCOSES* Pityriasis Malessezia furfur Hypo- or hyper-pigmented Spaghetti & meatballs: Antifungal shampoos and/or versicolor macules short hyphae + yeast PO therapy Tinea nigra Hortaea werneckii (formerly Brown-black non-scaly Branching septate hyphae Topical imidazoles or palmaris Phaeoannellomyces werneckii) macules + budding yeast allylamines Black piedra Piedraia hortae Hard firm black Dark hyphae around concretions acrospores Cut hair off, PO terbinafine, White piedra Trichosporon ovoides or inkin Soft loose white Blastoconidia, imidazoles, or triazoles (formely beigelii) concretions arthroconidia Fluorescent small Microsporum Canis KOH: spores on outside spore ectothrix: M. audouinii of the hair shaft; “Cats And Dogs M. distortum Wood’s lamp --> yellow Sometimes Fight T. schoenleinii fluorescence & Growl” M. ferrugineum+/- gypseum Large spore Trichophyton spp. (T. tonsurans in North America; T. violaceum in KOH: spores within hair Topical antifungals; PO endothrix Europe, Asia, parts of Africa). shaft antifungals for T. manuum, Tinea corporis T. rubrum > T. mentag. Majocchi’s granuloma: T. rubrum capitis, unguium T. pedis Moccasin: T. rubrum, E. floccosum. Interdigital/vesicular: T. mentag T. unguium Distal lateral, proximal and proximal white subungual: T. rubrum. White superficial: T. mentag. HIV: T. rubrum SUBQ MYCOSES** ORGANISM TRANSMISSION CLINICAL HISTO/KOH TREATMENT -
Safety Precautions for Working with Cryptococcus Neoformans
Safety Precautions for Working with Cryptococcus neoformans The basidiomycete fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is an invasive opportunistic pathogen of the central nervous system and the most frequent cause of fungal meningitis worldwide. Although Cryptococcus is a problem in the United States, it is significantly more prevalent and especially devastating in the developing world, such as sub-Saharan Africa, resulting in in more than 625,000 deaths per year worldwide. C. neoformans survives in the environment within soil, trees, and bird guano, where it can interact with wild animals or microbial predators, maintaining its virulence. Human infection is thought to be acquired by inhalation of desiccated yeast cells or spores from an environmental source. C. neoformans can colonize the host respiratory tract without producing any disease. Infection is typically asymptomatic, and it can be either cleared or enter a dormant, latent form. When host immunity is compromised, the dormant form can be reactivated and disseminate hematogenously to cause systemic infection. C. neoformans can infect or spread to any organ to cause localized infections involving the skin, eyes, myocardium, bones, joints, lungs, prostate gland, or urinary tract, in addition to its propensity to infect the central nervous systems. The following diseases and medications are risk factors for C. neoformans infection and are associated with at least some degree of immunosuppression: Ø HIV/AIDs (CD4 < 100cells/mm) Ø Corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications for cancer, chemotherapy, or organ transplants Ø Solid organ transplantations Ø Diabetes mellitus Ø Heart, lung, or liver disease Ø Pregnancy Even otherwise healthy, fully immunocompetent individuals can develop cryptococcosis, as may well be the case in a lab accident.