Settlement, Landscape and Seasonal Flooding in Historical Ireland

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Title Archaeological watermarks: Settlement, landscape and seasonal flooding in historical Ireland

Author(s) O'Flaherty, Enda

Publication Date 2020-09-21

Publisher NUI Galway

Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/16614

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Archaeological Watermarks: Settlement, Landscape and Seasonal Flooding in Historical Ireland Ph.D Thesis

Enda O’Flaherty

Volume II of two volumes

Funded by the National University of Ireland Galway

College of Arts, Social Sciences and Celtic Studies Galway Doctoral Research Scholarship Scheme

Supervisor: Professor Elizabeth FitzPatrick Head of Department: Dr. Carleton Jones

School of Geography, Archaeology and Irish Studies Faculty of Arts National University of Ireland, Galway

2020 Appendix 1 – Details of archaeological excavations undertaken on or adjacent to turlough floodplains

Excavation SMR Nature of the No. Number County Townland Year excavation Periods Excavators NA NA Co. Galway Killeely Beg 1989 Ecclesiastical Early Medieval Suzanne Zalac A radiocarbon The Archaeological GA Late Medieval date of AD 1396- Services Unit, UCG 95 E 0064 043:039 Co. Galway Claretuam 1995 Tower house 1440 Richard Crumlish, David Coombs and Mike Robinson, Co. Burnt Stone University of 97 E 0024 NA Roscommon Moigh Lower 1997 Mound NA Manchester Kiltullagh R.A. Gregory, School Church The existing ruin of Geography, R 032: Co. Ecclesiastical is thought to date University of 00 E 0322 002 Roscommon Kiltullagh 2000 Site from 1441 Manchester Medieval Graeme Laidlaw, Co. Metal working Valerie J. Keeley 06 E 2502 NA Kilkenny Ballykillaboy 2006 site NA Ltd,

Middle Bronze Tori McMorran & 10 E 3888 NA Co. Galway Ballinillaun 2010 Burnt Mound Age Finn Delaney GA Enda O’Mahony & 10 E 3708 103:084 Co. Galway Caherweelder 4 2010 Well Late Medieval Finn Delaney Early Bronze Age Tori McMorran & 10 E 3886 NA Co. Galway Ballinillaun 2 2010 Burnt Mound BC 1934–1773 Finn Delaney Middle Bronze Enda O’Mahony & 10 E 3890 NA Co. Galway Caherweelder 2 2010 Burnt Mound Age Finn Delaney Early/mid Bronze Enda O’Mahony & 10 E 3889 NA Co. Galway Caherweelder 3 2010 Burnt Mound Age Finn Delaney Middle Bronze Age / Late Linda Hegarty & 10 E 3871 NA Co. Galway Caherweelder 6 2010 Burnt Mound Mesolithic Finn Delaney Iron Working Iron Age (cal BC 10 E 3826 NA Co. Galway Caherweelder 7 2010 Site 85–80 Linda Hegarty Agnes Kerrigan & 10 E 3880 NA Co. Galway Caherweelder 1 2010 Burnt Mound Late Bronze Age Finn Delaney GA Early/mid Bronze Enda O’Mahony & 10 E 3886 103:083 Co. Galway Caherweelder 5 2010 Burnt Mound Age Finn Delaney Enclosed 04 E 0100 NA Co. Galway Corofin 2004 Burial Ground Medieval Tom Rogers Coldwood/Foorkill, Enda O’Mahony & 10 E 3887 NA Co. Galway Co. Galway 2010 Burnt Mound Late Neolithic Finn Delaney

09 E 3710 NA Co. Clare Derrgarrif Burnt Mound AD 1326−1343 Joe Nunan 1950 - Ecclesiastical NA NA Co. Galway Kiltiernan 53 Site 8th-12th century M.V. Duignan Finn Delaney, Alison McQueen & Gerry 10 E 3869 NA Co. Galway Lavally 2010 Tennant Farm Post medieval Mullins NA Co. Sligo Loughnacrannoge 1886 Crannóg Unknown W. G. Wood-Martin RO 039: Co. Unknown (See NA 042 Roscommon Loughnaheane <1990 Crannóg Medieval Murphy 2003, 44) Late Bronze Age Gerry Mullins & 10 E 3883 NA Co. Galway Moyveela 1 2010 Burnt Mound (660–652 BC) Finn Delaney 10 E 3884 NA Co. Galway Moyveela 2 2010 Burnt Mound Late Bronze Age Gerry Mullins &

Finn Delaney Temporary hut 04 E 0015 NA Co. Donegal Ballynacarrick 2004 site Neolithic Fintan walsh GA 113: Cashel & John Lehane & Finn 10 E 3770 121 Co. Galway Owenbristy 2010 Burial Ground 6th-14th century Delaney Tori McMorrany & 10 E 3885 NA Co. Galway Roevehagh 1, 2010 Burnt Mound Late Bronze Age Finn Delaney Enda O’Mahony & 10 E 4012 NA Co. Galway Roevehagh 2 2010 Tennant Farm Post medieval Finn Delaney Fulacht Fia/Hut Site/Field 07 E 1130 Co. Mayo Ballygarriff 2007 System Mullti-period Bernard Guinan GA070 – 6501– 10 E 0499 6504 Co .Galway Derrymaclaughna 2010 Tower House Late Medieval Anne Carey

Middle Bronze 12 E 0288 NA Co. Galway Keernaun 2012 Burnt Mound Age James Hession Burnt Mound and Charcoal Co. production 12 E 230 NA Limerick Glenameade 2012 Kilns Bronze Age Fintan walsh RO027- 048002-, RO027- Co. 15 E 0232 048014 Roscommon Rosmeen 2016 Tower House Late Medieval Niall Brady Burnt E004711 NA Co. Mayo Doogary 2016 Mound/Spread No date returned Leo Morohan

17 E 0324 NA Co. Mayo Park 2017 Burnt Mound No date returned Richard Crumlish

Appendix 2 - The formation of the Manors of Corofin and Headford

Defining the extent of the medieval manor of Corofin in the modern landscape is a difficult task given the paucity of records relating to the manor and a borough which is believed to have been centred near the modern village of Corofin. In fact, it is unclear whether a borough once existed within the manor, with little by way of archaeological evidence to indicate its location. Nonetheless, it is clear from the aerial photography of CUCAP (BDN 77) that the area around the tower house at Corofin contains extensive earthworks and evidence of former human settlement. No doubt, many of these earthworks are associated with the tower house and high- medieval settlement, but it will be shown here that this later settlement most likely succeeded an earlier manorial landscape at the same location.

According to Knox (1901, 367) the manor seems to have comprised parts of Belclare, Lackagh and Kilcoona parishes, and the whole of the parishes of Cummer, Killererin and Kilmoylan. The manor of Corofin was confined to the Clare Barony and Knox appears to have identified the area of Corofin through the elimination of other parts of the Clare Barony which belonged to the manor of Headford, for which there is a greater historical record from the mid 13th –century onwards. This area of Corofin manor encompasses the majority of the former floodplain of Turloughmore. However, Knox’s outline of the extent of the manor is vague and therefore an attempt will be made here to place the probable location of the manorial centre in a clearer context by defining the area with more accuracy.

The historical record and borders of the manor of Corofin Prior to the creation of the manors of Corofin and Headford (which lay to the west), the Corofin district was part of the lands of Muintir Murchadha and under the control of the Uí Flaithbheartaigh. A composite manuscript housed in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (MS 1319), details the full extent of the Uí Fhlaithbheartaigh possessions prior to their supposed expulsion to Íar Chonnacht, west of Lough Corrib. This manuscript, most likely a 15th -century copy of an 11th or 12th -century document records the vassals of the Uí Fhlaithbheartaigh and connects them with particular landholdings in the territory (Naessens 2009, 43). The manuscript has been translated by Hardiman (1846, 386-72) and analysed by Naessens (2009, 42-71).

Naessens has equated many of the territories named within the document with modern townland names. The majority of these placenames lie outside the lands of the later manor of Corofin with just three exceptions which lie within the former territory of the Hy-Briuin Ratha. The townlands of Cnoc-tuadh, Leicagh and Cell Caithail identified in MS 1319 are firmly equated by Naessens with the modern townlands of Knockdoe, Lackagh and Kilcahill and were the Baile of the O’Innog, O’Loighin and O’Callanáin respectively. These lie to the south and west of Turloughmore and are named sequentially, travelling in a general north-to-south direction suggesting that their naming follows a geographical pattern. One further territory named within the Hy-Briuin Ratha in MS 1319 could not be equated to any modern townland. This is the Tuath na d-Toibrineadh, the lands of O’Canavan, medical ollamh of O’Flaherty. This territory is named directly after Kilcahill, the most northern of the townlands named and identified by Naessens in the Hy-Briuin Ratha. This placename translates to country/territory of the dimples/wells and most likely refers to the lands north of Kilcahill in the vicinity of Turloughmore, perhaps making reference to the many estevelles and swallow holes in the area (Fig 8.?). If correct, these lands broadly equate to lands south of the proposed caput at Corofin.

In the subinfeudation of Connacht, Walter de Ridelesford II obtained the northern part of the barony of Clare c.1237 (AC 1237), including what became the manors of Headford and Corofin (Knox 1901). However, Naessens (2009, 41) has suggested that an outright expulsion of the O’Flahertys did not occur at this time and that the Ui Fhlaithbheartaigh became tenants of Walter and his heirs from the fourth decade of the 12th century. Walter II died c.1240 and the Corofin lands passed to his daughter, Emmeline (b.1225), countess of Ulster and wife of Stephen Longespée. After their deaths the lands then passed to their daughter, also called Emmeline wife of Sir Maurice Fitz Maurice.

In 1252 Emmeline de Ridelsford and Stephen received hunting rights on their lands in Ireland, including Corofin, and a licence to hold a weekly market. An annual fair at Corphyn was also granted. The fair was to last eight days and began on the eve of the Octave of Holy Trinity (eight weeks after Easter). This is the only record that indicates a manorial centre for the manor of Corofin. The character and status of the Corofin settlement is unclear. Holland (1987, 81) suggests that Corofin was a borough like nearby Tuam and, receiving the rights to hold a fair and

4 weekly market, he believes it was therefore a relatively important settlement in the 13th century.

Nov. 22. Grants to Stephen Longspée and Emmeline, his wife of free warren in their demesne lands in Ireland, provided those lands to be not within the metes [sic] of the K.’s forests; of a weekly market on Monday at their manor of Corphyn, and of a yearly fair there to last 8 days, namely on the vigil of the octave, and on the octave of the Holy Trinity and 6 following days. (CDI 1252-84, 16)

It appears that Walter II’s other daughter, about whom little is known, married Robert de Marisco and that their daughter, Christiana de Marisco received the manor of Headford which was the western portion of Walter IIs lands in the Barony Of Clare. On Christiana’s death, the lands appear to have gone to Alan la Zouche, the younger Emmeline’s son. Alan also held the manor of Corofin and through him the lands of the de Ridelsfords were once again united. Records relating to the manor of Corofin are absent for the subsequent half-century after the 1252 reference. In 1325 Alan de la Zouche III returned the manor of Corofin to Richard de Burgh from whom he had received it in 1304 (Curtis 1940, 291).

The exact location of the proposed borough at Corofin is unclear. Nonetheless, we find that the location of the later tower house at Corofin is a strategically important fording point between Cloonkeen Lough and Turloughmore and it can therefore be assumed that a high-medieval borough would be sited in close proximity to this area at roughly the centre of Corofin manor as it is defined below.

Appendix 3 – Calculations relating to the moated sites in Co. Galway

Moated sites included in the Archaeological Inventory of North Co. Galway Site Name Site SMR No. Dimensions Caherheeny GA:070:030 53m x 38m Carrowmunniagh GA:017:042 50m x 22m Castlebin East GA:086:068 42m x 17.7m Castlequarter GA:069:013 94m x 67m Cloonigny GA:074:027 65m x 63m Coolarn GA:070:040 44m x 37m Cloonsheen GA:028:011 47.5m x 53.5m Creerhaun GA:072:028 48m x 34m Darrary north GA:016:048 48m x 34m Doonbeg GA:057:108 44m x 43m Graddogue GA:044:062 51m x 43m Graigue GA:017:104 55m x 37m Kilshanvy GA:028:032 33m x No longer extant Lisdonagh GA:042:174 41m x 27m Lisdonagh GA:042:223 36m x 28m Moat GA:019:067 27m x 36m Moat GA:045:025 41m x 30m Moat GA:087:184 34m x 34m Pallas GA:060:179 28.3m x 25.7m Park GA:099:168 45m x 45m

Average Dimensions: 47.07m x 36.03m Average Area: 1,695m2

A total of 20 moated sites are recorded in the archaeological inventory for north Co. Galway. These range in size from a maximum of 94m x 67m to a minimum of 27m x 26m. One example at Castlebin East measures just 42m x 17.7m. Average dimensions for those examples from the inventory are 47.07m x 36.02m with an average internal area of 1,695m2 (see above).

A more extensive survey of the moated sites of Co. Galway has been carried out by Holland

(1987) with previous research on the moated sites of the south-east being carried out by Barry (1977). Holland analysed 43 of 55 sites identified within all of Co. Galway, and has produced statistical data about their morphology. Three groups of moated sites were identified based on internal areas. Holland viewed this as an important aspect of the morphology of the site stating that a moated site is primarily a method of enclosure and the type of activity or structure enclosed is reflected in the internal area (Holland, 1987, 101). The main function of the moat was not likely to have been defence, as can be gauged from its shallow depth. According to Steane (1985, 59), moats served to underline the separateness of the lord’s role in the community and would have acted as a psychological barrier. Other arguments may be made regarding status and prestige but these are not relevant at this point. Holland’s Group I consisted of just three peripheral sites in terms of enclosed area, Palmerstown and Ballyhanry (<500m2) and Manninard (c.3,500m2). The remaining sites fell into two groups. Group II (72% of sites within Co. Galway) range in area from 500m2 – 1750m2 with an average area of 1400m2. Group III represents 20% of moated sites with areas of between 2,000m2 and 3,000m2.With the exception of some very large examples from the south-east, moated sites in Co. Galway are generally unexceptional in size both within Ireland and the wider Anglo-Norman world comparing favourably with studies from north-eastern Cheshire (Harrop, 1984) and Kent (Hollobone, 1985). The platform at Corofin has an area of 1583m2. This is favourably close to the average enclosed area of 1,695m2 for moated sites in north Co. Galway and could well represent the platform of a moated site.

Appendix 4 - The First Edition Ordnance Survey cartographic record for turlough race-courses

Gurrauns Race Course on Gurrauns Turlough, north-east of Tuam in Co. Galway as indicated on the 1st ed OS map

The Race Course Turlough at Newtown, west of Gort in south Co. Galway. The outline of the race track is clearly marked around the periphery of the 202 acre (80 ha) turlough from the 1st edition OS sheet

The Loughmore Racecourse at Loughmore Common, Co. Limerick as indicated on the 1st ed OS map

The 1st ed OS sheet showing Westport Demene Racecourse, Co. Mayo

The race course at Turloughmore, Co. Clare as indicated on the 1st ed OS sheet

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