State of Conservation Report – 44 COM (Page Created by WHC to Facilitate Reading)

UNESCO World Heritage Centre State of Conservation Report – 44 COM (Page created by WHC to facilitate reading)

STATE OF CONSERVATION REPORT

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche (2002, Ref. 1061bis)

Mexico

44 COM

UNESCO World Heritage Centre State of Conservation Report – 44 COM (Page created by WHC to facilitate reading)

Index

State of Conservation Report Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche - MEXICO

A. State of Conservation Report (English) B. Annexes 1. Management Plan for the World Heritage Property i. Zoning Map ii. Infrastructure and Facility Map

WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY

ANCIENT MAYA CITY AND PROTECTED TROPICAL FORESTS

OF CALAKMUL, CAMPECHE

UPDATED REPORT ON THE STATE OF CONSERVATION OF THE PROPERTY IN ATTENTION TO DECISION 42 COM 7B.63 OF THE WORLD

HERITAGE COMMITTEE

Prepared by:

MEXICO 2019

Index

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE REPORT ...... 1 DECISION 42 COM 7B.63 ...... 2 IMPLEMENTED ACTIONS IN THE 2018-2019 PERIOD ...... 6 Species at risk program ...... 6 Monitoring of “Aguadas” bodies of water and associated fauna in the Selva Maya-México ...... 7 Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) Workshop ...... 9 Use of artificial drinking fountains (water trough) in relation to the presence of wildlife: Mitigation strategy and adaptation to climate change in Calakmul. .... 11 Forest Fire Program (Fire Management Plan) ...... 12 Conservation Program for Sustainable Development (PROCODES) ...... 14 Program for the Protection and Restoration of Ecosystems and Species at Risk (PROREST)...... 15 Education and dissemination / Interpretation ...... 18 The Calakmul Collective Seal ...... 21 Governance and Social Participation mechanisms ...... 22 Advisory Council and Technical Subcouncil of World Heritage, CONANP ...... 22 STATE OF CONSERVATION REPORT OF THE ANCIENT MAYA CITY OF CALAKMUL, 2018-2019 ...... 23 Introduction ...... 23 Description of the site ...... 25 Conservation interventions carried out in the site ...... 27 Structures intervened to date ...... 29 Monitoring ...... 34

ANCIENT MAYA CITY AND PROTECTED TROPICAL FORESTS OF CALAKMUL, CAMPECHE (1061bis)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE REPORT

The report includes the actions and results corresponding to the 2018-2019 period for the protection and conservation of the natural and cultural attributes that make up the Outstanding Universal Value of the Mixed Property Ancient Mayan City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, in accordance with the request made in Decision 42 COM 7B.63 of the World Heritage Committee.

This report ALSO presents a general description of the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul and the main groups of structures that have been intervened at the monumental area in this period, with the evaluation of the conservation status of these groups, which are: 1) The Central Square and the Great Acropolis; 2) Buildings of the North and South squares; and 3) Residential areas. The Archaeological Zone of Calakmul, is the only area officially opened to visits within the Mixed Property.

The following recommendations are presented for each item of the Decision 42.COM 7B.63 with the actions carried out by CONANP and INAH in the period 2018-2019 and they were attended in the Management Plan already concluded and submitted to the World Heritage Center.

DECISION 42 COM 7B.63

4. Notes the development of a Special Project specifically for the property under the newly signed cooperation agreement between CONANP and INAH, and requests the State Party to provide more precision on what this Special Project will exactly undertake;

On this Specific Project, the main coordinated joint activity between INAH and CONANP is to prepare the Management Plan for the World Heritage Mixed Property, integrating the policies of both institutions for the conservation, protection, research, and dissemination of cultural and natural values. Also, define the zoning of the Property and its buffer zone, which must include a monitoring program, as well as risk management measures to address the threats to the cultural and natural attributes of the Mixed Property.

5. Reiterates however, its request to the State Party to:

a) Complete the updating and reinforcement of legal protection for the extended property as a mixed site, including through the ongoing revision of the zoning of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, in order to ensure that both the natural values and the cultural heritage and sites contained in the entire property are adequately protected,

The Mexican Government have been considering the World Heritage Committee’s recommendations for further analysis and reviews of the boundaries of Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, and the possibility of including new protected areas from the adjacent lands to the reserve. However, we reiterate that the legal protection of the property is guaranteed by the legal instruments in force.

b) Submit to the World Heritage Centre, for review by the Advisory Bodies, the draft proposal for the revision of the zoning of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, including maps,

The zoning of the Property is included in the Management Plan of the Property, already submitted to the World Heritage Center.

c) Complete and approve the integrated Management Plan for the extended mixed property, which also includes a monitoring program for both cultural and natural attributes of the property, as well as risk management measures specifically addressing threats to these attributes, and submit its final draft to the World Heritage Centre for review by the Advisory Bodies;

CONANP-INAH Working Meeting on the Management Plan for the Mixed World Heritage Property

On August 29 and 30, 2019, a CONANP-INAH working meeting was held, in order to review the progress made in the preparation of the Management Plan for the Mixed World Heritage Property, and organize the Workshop to conclude the preparation of the Management Plan. The meeting was held at the CONANP Headquarters.

Twenty three participants from various areas of CONANP and INAH attended the meeting. During the sessions, the topics and actions that the Management Plan should contain, as well as the time periods and those responsible for their development, were discussed.

Also, the date and place for the next participative workshop were defined to conclude the preparation of the Management Plan and those responsible for integrating the list of participants.

Workshop for the conclusion of the Mixed Property Management Plan

From October 1st to 3, 2019, the Workshop was held to conclude the preparation of the Management Plan for the Mixed World Heritage Property

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, in the city of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, with the financial support from the German Development Bank (KfW), through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the participation of representatives of institutions and organizations involved with the protection, conservation, research and management of the Mixed Property, including: the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP), the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), the NGO Pronatura Península de Yucatán A.C., the President of the Advisory Council of the Biosphere Reserve Calakmul, the Popular Indigenous Regional Council of Xpujil (CRIPX), Operation Wallacea Foundation and the National Tourism Promotion Fund (Fondo Nacional de Fomento al Turismo, FONATUR), with the Mayan Train project. Logistics and financing were provided by the German Agency for Sustainable Development Cooperation (GIZ).

The preparation of the Management Plan was carried out in accordance with the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, and in a coordinated manner between the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) and the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP).

The workshop was developed through oral presentations and in teams through working tables with specific topics.

As a result, the structure and content of the Management Plan were defined, which includes:

 Zoning. The sub-zones of the Property were determined, their limits, surface, characteristics and the activities permitted and not permitted for each one.  Comprehensive management that includes the following programs: Conservation and restoration; Disaster prevention and risk management; Research and monitoring; Education and dissemination; Social participation; Sustainable cultural and natural tourism; Climate change.

For each program, actions, objective resources, term of action (short, medium, long and permanent), and responsible for each were defined.

The programs and actions for the protection, conservation, monitoring and management of the World Heritage Property and its natural and cultural attributes have been defined in the Management section of the Management Plan of the World Heritage Mixed Property already submitted to the World Heritage Center.

6. Also reiterates its request to the State Party to consider, in the future revision of the boundaries of the property, the inclusion of additional and relevant cultural sites that enhance the property’s Outstanding Universal Value and furthermore, to improve the configuration of the buffer zone to ensure it provides an effective layer of additional protection to the property;

The Management Plan includes the zoning of the Mixed Property, which includes the sub-zones, limits, surface area, characteristics and the activities permitted and not permitted for each one.

7. Also requests the State Party to submit to the World Heritage Centre, by 1 December 2019, an updated report on the state of conservation of the property and the implementation of the above, for examination by the World Heritage Committee at its 44th session in 2020

IMPLEMENTED ACTIONS IN THE 2018-2019 PERIOD

Species at risk program

The jaguar (Panthera onca) and the Central American tapir (Tapirus bairdii) are two of the priority species for conservation in Mexico, due to their biological importance and conservation status, these species are currently in danger of extinction.

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP), together with the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP), developed the project “Strengthening the management of the Protected Areas System to improve the conservation of species in risk and their habitats” GEF-Endangered Species, which has as main objective to optimize the effectiveness of the Natural Protected Areas (NPA) of Mexico to contribute to the conservation of 14 species at risk, among which are the jaguar and the Central American tapir. Likewise, 21 NPA were selected to implement the project, including the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.

The goal of the project is to protect the biodiversity of Mexico, and in Calakmul, specifically to the jaguar and the Central American tapir, through the establishment of instruments and capabilities that guarantee the optimal functioning of the NPA. To meet this goal, the main aspects on which the work is focused are: 1) an ecosystem and landscape approach; 2) the participation of local communities in the management for the conservation of the jaguar and its habitat; and 3) financial sustainability. This project in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve has a budget of $ 646,500 allocated for 2019, for its operation.

Monitoring of “Aguadas” bodies of water and associated fauna in the Selva Maya-México

The Selva Maya constitutes the habitat of numerous wildlife species of extensive home environment. The loss of habitat due to fires and change of land use for livestock activities, illegal wildlife and timber trafficking, and poaching, are the main problems in the region.

Given this, the Regional monitoring group of Aguadas bodies of water and wildlife associated in the Mayan Jungle, uses the standardized monitoring of aguadas (bodies of water) and wildlife associated as an indicator of the state of conservation of biodiversity and climate change in the region, to generate management and conservation recommendations for decision making.

In the period 2018-2019, 29 aguadas were monitored in the Selva Maya, 13 in Mexico and 16 in Guatemala, registering a total of 42 species, 20 of birds and 22 of small and large mammals. The presence of large mammals was recorded in more than 50% of the waters, such as white-tailed deer, ocelot, jaguar, puma, Central American tapir, sereque or cotuza, mountain car, coati, tepezcuintle and birds such as pheasant. It is important to mention that in 2018, only the presence of white-lipped peccary was recorded in only 10% of the aguadas.

The average water use rate was calculated for 26 species with a body weight greater than 1 kg, finding that these bodies of water are frequently used during the year by birds such as Crax rubra (pheasant) and Meleagris ocellata (ocellated turkey) and mammals such as Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer), Pecari tajacu (peccary), Dasyprocta punctata (sereque), Tapirus bairdii (Central American tapir), Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary), Leopardus pardalis (ocelot) and Puma concolor (puma ), among others.

Aguada Bonfil (CONANP, 2019).

Central American tapir (Tapirus bairdii) registered in the Aguada Álamo (CONANP, 2019).

Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) Workshop

On July 11 and 12, 2019, CONANP organized, with the logistical and financial support of the German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ), the SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool) workshop at the Cañón del Usumacinta Area of Protection of Flora and Fauna in the state of Chiapas, to train the technical personnel in the use and operation of this tool, workshop attended by two technicians of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.

On November 11, 2019, the data model for Calakmul of the SMART system between CONANP central office personnel and the administrator of the RB Calakmul protected natural area database was reviewed. On November 12 and 13 (with the logistical and financial support of GIZ), the First training workshop on the use of the SMART system was carried out with the participation of representatives of 11 Areas Voluntarily Dedicated to Conservation (ADVC) and technical staff which provides technical advice on Agropastoral systems and tolches in the Calakmul Region. The workshop trained 40 people, 14 of them women.

SMART 2019 Workshop (CONANP, 2019).

Staff training workshop in Areas Destined Voluntarily to Conservation.

Agropastoriles and Tolches Workshop.

The data model for Calakmul is being updated, a process that will be completed during 2019. The transfer of the Calakmul BR data, registered in the field using the SMART system, is done through SMART Connect.

Use of artificial drinking fountains (water trough) in relation to the presence of wildlife: Mitigation strategy and adaptation to climate change in Calakmul.

This project seeks to identify the wildlife species using the artificial drinking fountains in the dry season; Identify drinking patterns of drinking fountains; determine the relative abundance of wildlife; and Identify at an individual level the jaguars and other spotted felines and associated fauna to know their mobility and visit frequency, with the support of camera-traps.

Based on the registration of the photographs of the trap cameras installed near the drinking fountains, 47 species of fauna, 30 of birds and 17 of small and large mammals have been identified. Among the priority species are the jaguar whose relative abundance index (IAR) has been estimated at 48.61, and for the Central American tapir it is 155.38, which indicate that during the dry season they constantly use the artificial drinking fountains installed within the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.

Biological monitoring was also carried out in an Area Destined Voluntarily to Conservation (ADVC) in the Ejido Centauro del Norte, where 15 species of mammals and three of birds have been recorded, of which the jaguar, the Central American tapir and the buzzard king stand out. In addition, the ecotourism potential that has the ADVC, was identified, which will contribute to strengthen the options of alternative activities that have the managers of this area.

Twelve community workshops were also held at the Calakmul BR, in which topics related to the conservation of felines were addressed, as well as the improvement of good livestock practices, with the participation of almost 200 people from the agricultural sector.

In the Nueva Vida community, the conflict of domestic cattle predation by wild cats has been documented and the Biosphere Reserve staff maintains specialized technical advice.

In 2019, the implementation and monitoring of the Pilot Plot in the Nueva Vida community did not present cases of predation of cattle by wild cats.

100% of the predation events presented in 2018 and 2019 in the surrounding communities, reported to the RB Calakmul, were attended. The cases were also presented to the Insurance Fund, the total payment has now been made. On the other hand, the operation of the Insurance Fund in the Calakmul region is evaluated through consulting.

Aguadas typification is also being carried out in the Calakmul BR, and the integration of the technical file in order to propose these bodies of water as Ramsar sites, to develop projects and resources directly in the management of aguadas, as part of the Strategy for mitigation and adaptation to Climate Change in Calakmul.

Forest Fire Program (Fire Management Plan)

This program aims to reduce the number and impact of forest fires with the coordination of the three levels of government and the collaboration of international organizations such as GIZ, KfW and IUCN.

In 2019, two forest fire fighting brigades were activated with resources from the PROCODES Contingencies with a budget of $ 250,000 pesos for each one, in the Dos Lagunas Norte communities in charge of the northern area of the Reserve and May 11th to attend the South area where the Mixed Property is located. These brigades composed of 10 elements, trained and coordinated by technical staff of the Calakmul BR, reinforced with 20 brigades from 10 Areas Destined Voluntarily to Conservation, all equipped with tools and specialized minor equipment, vehicle and personal protective equipment.

El Cedro Campsite, Peten Guatemala

Basic course for forest fire fighters. Attendants from Areas Destined Voluntarily to Conservation (ADVC).

Introduction to fire management course/Brigade of Forest fighters, members of Dos Lagunas Norte and 11 Mayo communities.

Two fires were recorded, one within the Property in its northern buffer zone, which was treated with an extended attack applying the Incident Command System (SCI).

For 2019, the Fire Management Plan update is scheduled and resources are available for this purpose.

Conservation Program for Sustainable Development (PROCODES)

In 2018, Calakmul BR carried out technical studies for community or micro- regional territorial planning, and for monitoring, conservation and management of natural resources. Apiaries establishment projects with bees adapted to the region were executed, works were carried out for the maintenance of forest plantations, and establishment of agroforestry plantations and ecotourism projects, construction of Masonry dams were also conducted training courses on methodologies for community management

14 and participatory planning for sustainable development and for the training of community promoters for environmental education.

In training courses on methodologies for community participatory management and planning for sustainable development and for the training of community promoters for environmental education were conducted. In 2018, 23 projects were financed in 21 communities in the area of influence where a total amount of $ 2,250,000 pesos was exercised.

During 2019, projects were supported with fiscal resources: Maintenance of reforestation, establishment of apiaries and live barriers or windbreak curtains, ecotourism projects, establishment of community gardens, as well as training courses for the development and integration of productive chains, management of water and solid waste in 23 communities where 30 projects with a total amount of $ 2, 533,500 pesos were implemented.

Program for the Protection and Restoration of Ecosystems and Species at Risk (PROREST)

The Program for the Protection and Restoration of Ecosystems and Species at Risk (PROREST), aims to promote conservation and strengthens local capacities to carry out actions to prevent, protect and restore the natural resources of the Mixed Property.

CONANP, through PROREST, promotes conservation and strengthens local capacities to carry out actions to prevent, protect and restore the natural resources of the Property.

In 2019, 10 projects focused mainly on two actions were carried out in the area of influence of the Property: a) Integral fire management for ecosystem conservation

They include the necessary field activities to avoid the presence of forest fires, specifically the maintenance of firebreaks.

Tabla 1. Proyectos ejecutados PROREST para el Manejo Integral del Fuego

No. MUJER MUJER HOMBR HOMBR GRUPO MET MET DE MONTO MUNICIPI LOCALI ES NO ES ES NO ES S A A PRO SOLICITAD O DAD INDIGE INDIGE INDIGE INDIGE INDIGE EN EN YECT O NAS NAS NAS NAS NAS ha km O

Pachuit 1 Hopelchén 0 15 0 15 Mayas 22 $127.600,00 z

2 Hopelchén Xmejía 0 15 0 15 Mayas 22 $127.600,00

3 Hopelchén Chun-Ek 0 0 0 36 Mayas 22 $127.600,00

Chan- 4 Hopelchén 0 15 0 15 Mayas 22 $127.600,00 Chen

5 Hopelchén X-Canhá 0 15 0 15 Mayas 22 $127.600,00

6 Hopelchén Xmabén 0 15 0 15 Mayas 22 $127.600,00

La 7 Calakmul Guadalu 20 0 10 0 22 $127.600,00 pe

Arroyo 8 Calakmul 0 0 20 0 15 $87.000,00 Negro

Niños 9 Calakmul 15 0 15 0 22 $127.600,00 Héroes

$1.107.800,0 Total 35 75 45 111 191 0

266 people benefited, of which 69.92% are indigenous people and 191 km of the fire gap was maintained, which prevented forest fires within the Property and its buffer zone.

PROREST Beneficiaries from Ejido Pachuitz.

b) Solid Waste Management

The collection and transport of solid wastes and their recycling were carried out, including the construction of equipment for collection centers, as well as the rental of heavy machinery and land vehicles, necessary for cleaning, collection and transport actions.

Tabla 2. Proyectos ejecutados PROREST para el Manejo de Residuos Sólidos

No. DE MUJERES HOMBRES GRUPOS META EN MONTO MUNICIPIO LOCALIDAD PROYECTO INDIGENAS INDIGENAS INDIGENAS ha SOLICITADO

Zoh-Laguna 10 Calakmul (Álvaro 10 10 Mayas 35 $91.000,00 Obregón)

Total 10 10 35 $91.000,00

Among the actions carried out was the collection, separation and transfer of solid waste from three dumps located in the buffer zone of the Property. In total 35 hectares were cleaned. The waste was transported to recyclers in the City of Mérida, Yucatán.

Beneficiaries of PROREST program; collecting solid waste in the area

Education and dissemination / Interpretation

The Directorate of the Calakmul BR developed the Environmental Education Program (PEA) with the firm purpose of strengthening local capacities in communities for the conservation of biodiversity, cultural heritage and sustainable management of the area and its natural resources, thinking globally to be able to act locally achieving a long term commitment with environmental protection.

Environmental teaching strategies are developed that reinforce the knowledge of those involved in various projects, taking agreements with the population

18 and the facilitators according to the planned activities, to meet the needs; as well as to sustainably take advantage of natural resources and preserve cultural heritage.

The commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, May 23, 2019, was used to promote the realization of cultural, scientific, academic and sports activities, all with the aim of promoting and reinforcing knowledge about natural and cultural attributes of the Mixed Property. These commemorative events achieved the participation of 1012 people from different communities. One of the activities with the greatest participation was the International Scientific Colloquium Calakmul 2019. The origin and perspective of the Calakmul BR, which was attended by prominent researchers.

Archaeologist William Follan, one of the invited prominet researcher to the Colloquium

In addition to the educational activities for elementary level, the Summer Course 2019: Warriors of the Earth, third edition, was held in the community of Zoh Laguna, during the period from July 21 to August 7, with the participation of 15 boys and girls. The objective of the course is to foster a culture of respect, protection and conservation of the Mixed Heritage, providing the participants with conceptual tools in a playful way.

Participants in the education program.

Year after year, the last week of October CONANP celebrates, the National Conservation Week, during which all natural protected areas carry out numerous activities with the participation of communities, institutions, social organizations and citizens. In 2019, Calakmul BR carried out 12 activities aimed at children, young people and adults, with the participation and assistance of a total of 1011 people.

Activities carried out during the National Conservation Week in the Calakmul BR.

The Calakmul Collective Seal

The Calakmul Collective Seal Certificate (SCC) is a local initiative promoted by the Municipal Council for Sustainable Rural Development of Calakmul (CMDRS), which seeks to strengthen through the evaluation and advice to productive organizations and social groups, the promotion of citizen participation and the promotion of economic activities through the sustainable use of natural resources, including environmental services as economic values that contribute to the development of the people of Calakmul. The SCC aims to:

• Promote in the organizations a system of continuous improvement of their processes, considering the criteria of governance, local economy and environmental co-responsibility. • Contribute to shape the commercial and tourist identity of Calakmul, generating added value • Strengthen value chains contributing to sustainable development. • The appropriation, protection and conservation of the cultural and natural heritage of Calakmul as a Mixed World Heritage Property.

Currently, 16 companies have been evaluated and nine certified, 50 members of 13 companies have been trained in business strengthening, indirectly benefiting 232 families.

The SCC also seeks to boost local youth capacities, so the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in collaboration with the Technological University of Calakmul, have established a diploma for the training of consultants and evaluators based on the criteria of the Collective Seal, so that young people in the region, find in the SCC an opportunity to contribute to local business processes and job creation.

One of the most successful sustainable productive activities in the region is Beekeeping. Due to the climatic, edaphic conditions, the diversity of the flora of the Selva Maya and the variety of bees such as the European (Apis mellifera) and some endemic species of melipona bees (Melipona spp.), The Selva Maya is a suitable place for high quality honey production.

In the SCC, there are three of the largest honey supplier organizations in the region, one of them, the Union of Apicultural Societies of Calakmul (Unión de Sociedades Apícolas de Calakmul, USAEC), is certified with the gold level, meets more than 90 percent criteria of the Collective Seal.

Based on the experience gained, the next step is to update the management system, implement the strategic plan for the SCC, and continue with the promotion of this certification through effective liaison with civil society and government organizations, and position it as a competitive (green badge) certificate at the national level.

Governance and Social Participation mechanisms

Advisory Council and Technical Subcouncil of World Heritage, CONANP

During 2019, a Diagnosis for the Modernization and Update of the Advisory Council of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve was carried out, with the aim of strengthening the skills and tools of the aforementioned Council through training and organizational support, to facilitate the optimal operation of the Board and guarantee the effective participation of the society Workshops were held to update the internal regulations of the Council, the identification and evaluation of new members and evaluation to know the impacts of the agreements and their compliance. He also participated in the strategic planning of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.

Meeting of the Advisory Council of the Calakmul BR.

STATE OF CONSERVATION REPORT OF THE ANCIENT MAYA CITY OF CALAKMUL, 2018-2019

Introduction

Calakmul Archaeological Zone is located in the south of Campeche State and within the Biosphere Reserve also known as Calakmul. The site is located 60 km from the junction at the kilometer 97+500 of the federal highway 186 between Escarcega and Chetumal. The Ancient City has been explored over more than three decades, so that today visitors can appreciate various monumental constructions that shaped the ceremonial and residential core of the settlement allowing us to appreciate the concentration of archaeological materials and workforce achieved by a strong and powerful socioeconomic structure.

This accumulated archaeological research has helped to understand many the hierarchical relationships within the site, but the epigraphic materials have also enabled to understand the extensive network of relationships that Calakmul maintained in the wider territory of the Mayan world, from the heart of Peten, to the north of Campeche, as well as on the east-west general axis that linked the ancient cities of Palenque with Caracol and Copán.

The archaeological exploration and consolidation work carried out between 1984 and 2015 revealed numerous buildings that today require the completion of architectural conservation work with their respective maintenance proposals and/or consolidation improvements (Domínguez 1986, 1992, 1994; Domínguez et al. 1994; Folan 1999; Folan et al. 1999, 2007; Gallegos y Domínguez 1990; Gallegos et al. 2005). Similarly, various elements of modeled stucco and flattened on which there is wall painting require a conservation diagnosis that indicates the needs for maintenance and/or intervention for better conservation achievement (Carrasco et al. 2007).

This State of Conservation report 2018-2019, integrates the condition assessment of the main structures intervened at the monumental area, enabled for the public visit within the Calakmul Archaeological Zone, which is the only area officially opened to visits within the Mixed Property.

It presents a general description of the archaeological zone and the main groups of structures that have been intervened, with the evaluation of the conservation status of these groups, which are: 1) The Central Square and the Great Acropolis; 2) Buildings of the North and South squares; and 3) Residential areas.

Description of the site

The Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche is composed of five architectural complexes that are articulated around a Main Square, in addition to a series of residential complexes and smaller groups dispersed in its periphery.

The Central Square (Plaza Central) has two sections, one to the North and one to the South, linked through the Structure V and a staircase that runs east-west. Towards the East side of this square, the complex known as Pequeña Acrópolis (Little Acropolis) is located, inside it there are ten to thirteen plazas or courtyards surrounded by buildings of different sizes. It has an approximate extension of 250 meters on its East-West axis and 300 meters in its North-South axis.

Map of the main cluster of Calakmul Archaeological Zone

Towards the West of the Main Square of the site, the complex known as Gran Acrópolis (Great Acropolis) is located, which is articulated with the Central square through the Plaza del Jaguar (Jaguar Square), which limits to the East by the front façade of the Structure VI, to the South by the Structure XVIII and to West by the Structure XIV, which functions as an entry point to this complex. This acropolis is characterized by presenting two areas: one semi-public, and other residential type occupied by the city’s elite.

The first consists of two squares, the North and South Plaza. The first is integrated by the Juego de Pelota (Game Ball or Ballcourt) or Structure XI and the Sculpted Sandstone Altar no. 1 commonly known as “Laja de los Prisioneros” (Sandstone of the Prisoners) to North it is delimited by Structure XIII and its annex building; to the South it borders the base structure that supports the residential areas, to the East the point of access regarding the central area through the Structure XIV and to the West it is delimited with the Structure XX. The second plaza is located next to the previous one through Structures XII and

XI to the North, to the South with Structure XVII, to East with Structure XV and to West with the base structure of the residential areas.

The second space of this Acropolis corresponds to a residential area that is composed by a series of buildings of different sizes grouped around 17 squares and courtyards, covering an area of 350 by 400 meters.

The third ensemble known as “Southwest Group” is located approximately 100 meters from the Southwest corner of Structure XVII of the “Great Acropolis”, is composed of a series of buildings distributed around mounds of different sizes that form a quadrangle forming courtyards. It has an approximate extension of 300 meters in its East-West axis by 400 meters in its North-South axis with an associated aguada.

Other architectural ensemble is called “Chiik Naab Acropolis”, located in the North of the Central Square, 60 meters Northwest of Structure VII; the Acropolis is constructed on a platform of 200 meters per side whose height is variable due to the conditions of the terrain. The Acropolis is composed of six rows of buildings aligned on a North-South axis.

The last architectural ensemble is known as the “Northeast Group”, which is the only one located outside the immediate periphery of the Central Square, 900 meters to the Northeast sector and 300 meters to the East of the “Little Acropolis”. This group of buildings consists of two large platforms: the first one located to the North, with dimensions of 68 by 75 meters, and the second is located Southeast of the previous one, measuring 70 by 58 meters.

Conservation interventions carried out in the site

The importance of maintenance and consolidation lies in the prolongation of the life of pre-Hispanic buildings or cultural heritage through conservation, applying the general principles and foundations of restoration standards that our country has adopted on cultural heritage. It is a measure or action for the protection of the cultural heritage, regulated by operational criteria standards

(Rodríguez Garcia 1984:20). The rules and principles relating to the architectural restoration of monuments have been explained in the Venice Charter and the International Charter for Restoration which seeks in a basic principle of architectural conservation without distorting, trying to make explicit the context of the archaeological or historical data (Cabrera et al. 1984:23).

It can be established that restoration is the last resource of conservation and leads us to intervene physically in the cultural object. We understand that conservation is a preventive restoration strategy as an activity aimed at avoiding physical intervention in the cultural object that safeguards, maintains and prolongs life (Díaz Berrio and Orive B. 1984:5-6). In this way, conservation includes a series of activities aimed at safeguarding, maintaining and extending the permanence of cultural objects in order to transmit them to the future.

There are four accepted types of restoration that are carried out in monuments, which were established in Venice in 1964, being current to date: liberation, consolidation, reintegration and integration. The liberation consists in the removal of aggregated elements with no cultural or natural value that affect the conservation or prevent knowledge of the object. Consolidation is the introduction of elements that ensure the preservation of the object.

Archaeological works in Structure 1 of the Chii k Naab Complex . Taken from: Carrasco and Cordeiro, Wall paiting of Sub 1-4 del Chii k Naab, Calakmul, Mexico, Maya Archaeology Report 4, 2012.

Reintegration is the restitution, in its original site, architectural elements that were detached from its original place (Díaz Berrio and Orive B. 1984:7). The best example of reintegration is anastylosis, meaning the replacement of some non- original architectural elements when there is absolute certainty of all its characteristics (Molina Montes 1975:43). Integration is the contribution of clearly new and visible elements to ensure the preservation of the object. The Venice Charter defines these conditions and restrictions for these types of conservation.

The non-movable heritage like the pre-Hispanic buildings of Calakmul, are inserted in a tropical environment, in a humid region located in the South of the state of Campeche which, combined with the poor quality of the materials used in building construction, are affected by the environment and impact of the public visit. This requires restoration work to ensure the preservation of the property.

Structures intervened to date

During the period of implementation of the Calakmul Archaeological Project (1993-2015), archaeological and restoration work was carried out on structures I, II, IV, V, VI, XII, XIII, XV, XIV, XIX and the Juego de Pelota (Game Ball or Ballcourt) in the Great Acropolis. Similarly, restoration work was carried out on the mural painting located in the A6 substructure of the Chiik Nahb Acropolis, as well as restoration work on the stucco decorative elements in the Substructure of Structure II.

Work was subsequently realized on the base structure area of the upper building of Structure I, and activities continued on Structures XX and XVII, as well as on Structures I, II and III of the Chiik Nahb Acropolis; in addition, conservation work was carried out on ceremonial limestone, Group A structures (A3, A5 and A6) and Sub-I 4, as well as on Sub-XX B 1 and 2 of Structure XX in the Great Acropolis. Work continued on the Eastern Stucco Mask of Substructure

IIc, on Structure I and VII of the Chiik Nahb Acropolis, as well as on stratigraphic correlation work in the Great Acropolis.

From 2008 to 2015, conservation work continued on Structure II (Sub II-c), Structure GNE III of the Northeast Group was intervened, and a research process was initiated in the residential areas located in the Great Acropolis: Structures XXI and Kalomté. In addition, conservation work continued on Group A Structure A5 and Sub-I. 4 from Chiik Nahb Acropolis.

Description and state of conservation of structures intervened to date

References:

Enríquez, Amalia y Omar Rodríguez C. “Los espacios abiertos de la antigua ciudad maya de Calakmul: Forma y Función”. En XIX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2005 (editado por J.P. Laporte, B. Arroyo y H. Mejía), pp.406-418. Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología, Guatemala (versión digital). 2006.

Velázquez Morlet, Adriana. Notas de campo de las visitas de inspección realizadas a la zona arqueológica de Calakmul durante los meses de febrero a noviembre de 2019. CINAH Campeche.

The Central Plaza and the Great Acropolis

The main structures of the buildings that conform the Central Plaza and the Great Acropolis were built through construction blocks containing medium and large stones with clay-sandy soil. The walls of the buildings were covered by thick stucco plaster, of which small fragments are still preserved in some sectors close to the stairs and moldings.

In a general review of the conservation status of these buildings, it was observed that the growth of vegetation on the bodies of building has caused leaks of moisture and structural instability, particularly in Structure VII, which has several cracks in the base structure, that are already being attended by INAH Campeche.

Furthermore, over time since the exploration and initial restoration of buildings has caused the erosion of some stones, especially those made with crumbly limestone. Minor and major maintenance work on these buildings has been

30 scheduled for the first half of 2020, which will consist in the removal of vegetation in the base of buildings and galleries, which are conserved in some buildings. Consideration has been given to the restoration, conservation and renovation of slaughter layers in areas where this is required, for example, in the remains of limestone foundations of architectural stucco masks and the application of sacrifice floors in areas that require it.

Current aspect of Structure IV of the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul. Picture: INAH

Current aspect of Structure V of the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul. Picture: INAH.

Buildings of the North and South Squares

The buildings that conform the North and South Squares were also built from construction blocks containing medium and large stones with clay-sandy soil. Similarly, the walls of the buildings were covered by thick stucco plaster, of which small fragments are still preserved in some sectors.

In a general review of the conservation status of these buildings, it was observed that the growth of vegetation on the foundations has caused leaks of moisture and, in some cases, structural instability, although smaller structures are easier to address.

Furthermore, over time since the exploration and initial restoration of buildings, has caused the erosion of some stones, especially those made with crumbly limestone. Minor and major maintenance work on these buildings has been scheduled for the first half of 2020, which will consist in the removal of vegetation in the base of buildings and galleries, which are conserved in some buildings. Consideration has been given to the restoration, conservation and renovation of slaughter layers in areas where this is required, for example, in the remains of limestone foundations of architectural stucco masks and the application of sacrifice floors in areas that require it.

Current aspect of Structure XVII of the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul. Picture: INAH

1) Residential areas

The buildings of the residential area, are minor constructions of one or two rooms equipped with architectural benches, some of which would have had vaulted ceilings, and other roofs made of perishable materials, resting on the masonry walls. Once excavated, the walls of these constructions retain levels of destruction of between 1 and 1.80 meters and in very few cases the vaults are preserved.

Spite of its smaller dimensions, growth of vegetation and humidity concentrated on the walls has caused the deterioration of some limestone and minor fractures caused by the growth of roots of nearby trees. Some stones, which will be restored in 2020, while sacrifice layers will be placed on the stairs and inside the rooms, in order to protect the remains of the original stucco floors that are still preserved. Similarly, joints will be renewed and cavities filled with lime mortar in areas that require it, while the cement mortars that were applied in the 1990s will gradually be replaced.

In conclusion, it is important to reiterate the importance of continuing the archaeological work conservation, since it is the only mechanism that allows to control the processes of deterioration through time, and to avoid losses in terms of cultural heritage. In the same sense, the constant monitoring of the state of buildings conservation makes it possible to anticipate situations of risk and deterioration for buildings and to manage on time the requirements for their intervention.

Current appearance of a residential building in the Chan Chiich Residential Complex. Photo: INAH

Monitoring

The conservation status of decorative elements is permanently monitored, which includes stucco plaster and mural painting, maintaining a diagnosis and registration that is constantly updated with the purpose of defining the instruments to identify the processes of moisture risk in these elements.

MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY

ANCIENT MAYA CITY AND PROTECTED TROPICAL FORESTS OF CALAKMUL, CAMPECHE

Within the framework of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO 1972)

Index Introduction...... 1 1. Objective of the Mixed Property Management Plan...... 4 2. Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV)...... 4 3. Objective Resources ...... 12 4. Inter-institutional coordination, concurrence, and governance ...... 18 4.1 General Bases for Collaboration between CONANP and INAH ...... 22 4.1.1 Specific Project of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve ...... 25 4.2 Governance and social participation mechanisms ...... 25 4.2.1 Advisory Council and World Heritage Sub-Council ...... 25 4.2.2 INAH-CONANP Management Units ...... 26 5. Zoning of the Mixed Property ...... 29 5.1 Zoning for the Management of the Mixed Property...... 33 5.1.1 Restricted Use Zone ...... 48 5.1.2 Preservation Zone ...... 50 5.1.3 Cultural and Natural Interpretation Zone (ZICN) ...... 53 5.1.4 ZICN in the Calakmul Archaeological Zone open to the Public ...... 54 5.1.5 ZICN in visiting areas ...... 55 5.2 Property Buffer Zone ...... 61 5.2.1 Traditional use ...... 61 5.2.2 Sustainable use of ecosystems ...... 63 5.2.3 North Buffer Zone ...... 65 5.2.4 South Fringe Buffer Zone ...... 67 6. Comprehensive management ...... 68 6.1 Conservation and Restoration ...... 68 6.2 Climate Change: Disaster Prevention and Risk Management ...... 77 6.3 Research and Monitoring ...... 87 6.4 Education and dissemination ...... 97 6.5 Social Participation ...... 101 6.6 Sustainable culture and nature tourism ...... 104 7. Regulations applicable to the World Heritage Mixed Property ...... 112

8. Bibliography ...... 113 9. Electronic References ...... 121 10. Acronyms ...... 123 Annex ...... 130 Annex 1. Chronology of legal, technical and administrative instruments ...... 130 Annex 2. List of species of flora and fauna at risk ...... 146

Introduction

On June 29, 2002, UNESCO, in the framework of the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972), granted the Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche, the inscription as Cultural World Heritage with an area of 3,000 hectares based on cultural criteria (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).

In 2014, during the 38th Session of the World Heritage Committee, in Doha, Qatar, the extension and renaming of this Cultural Property were approved and registered as a Mixed Property, with the name "Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche." This change strengthens the cultural criteria of 37 Mayan archeological sites included and incorporates natural criteria (ix) and (x), with an extension that now reaches 331,397 hectares.

The Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, was the first mixed Mexican site inscribed on the UNESCO List. With this designation, Mexico, State Party to the World Heritage Convention since 1984, complies and maintains coherence with the policy established by the Committee by the Global Strategy (1994) that postulates the principles of a representative, balanced, and credible World Heritage List.

This designation responds to recognition of the natural importance of this area that constitutes a center of connectivity of the Mayan Forest, with corridors that provide ecological continuity to the forests from the region (Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize). It also promotes the conservation of biodiversity and the development of dynamic, ecological processes concerning species, as well as the maintenance of populations of species with high spatial requirements, such as animals that perform local migrations (butterflies, parrots, water birds, bats) and large predators with a large capacity of displacement, like jaguar and cougar.

For more than 1500 years, humans have continuously occupied this region of Mexico, now registered by UNESCO as a Mixed Property. It represents a unique example concerning the origin and development of a cultural group, for which Calakmul represents a central axis considering the archaeological evidence from many surrounding sites. The information contained in this group of sites is of vital importance for the understanding of the Mayan culture and its evolution.

The property, after being extended, now covers a higher number of registered archaeological sites, which represent remains of ancient settlements based on established criteria for Maya archeology; they include 12 major architectural centers, Calakmul comprising the main one; 9 medium centers; 6 smaller centers and 11 small sites. The information contained in this group of sites is of vital importance for understanding the Mayan culture and its evolution.

The site incorporates a mosaic of tropical forest communities with complex ecological and trophic networks. According to recent studies, current soil conditions in specific areas originate from the changes made by the Mayan culture during the use of the land for intensive agriculture, for water absorption seeking to prevent or limit floods, and the construction of urban and ceremonial centers, indicating large-scale and sophisticated means of adaptation to the karst environment.

The conservation of biodiversity is at the forefront. For some of the species, recovery was favored and made possible by the presence of waterholes and chultunes, water reserves used by the Maya, which today represent elements of vital importance for the species of these tropical forests.

The property bears witness to the unprecedented growth of an extraordinary civilization that came to an abrupt ending at the close of the Classical period (IX and X centuries AD). Since then practically uninhabited, only with a modern intervention limited to the exploitation of wood and chewing gum in the twentieth century, this allows to guarantee the criteria of Authenticity and Integrity that embody an exceptional testimony of a long-lived civilization,

which offers a unique possibility to understand both the basics of its flourishing and the causes of its collapse.

In addition to the remains of settlements, the Property also includes the roads (sacbeob) that communicated the architectural centers inside and outside, its defense systems, quarries, water management elements (such as reservoirs and waterholes, artificially modified aguadas or water ponds), agricultural terraces, as well as other modifications of the terrain, related to subsistence strategies. All this is part of the vibrant and remarkably well-preserved landscape.

The mature tropical forests of Calakmul provide extraordinary evidence of the long interaction between man and nature, to such an extent that local floristic composition and vegetation structure are primarily a result of Maya agricultural and forestry practices. This relationship served to intertwine selection practices by humans to the natural regeneration of the system, still reflected today in traditional management practices performed among the native communities that still inhabit the buffer zone and surrounding areas.

On March 30, 2015, UNESCO inscribed nine Mexican World Heritage archeological zones, including the Calakmul Archeological Zone, Campeche, in the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, in accordance with the Second Protocol (1999) of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (The Hague Convention, 1954). The Blue Shield, its protective emblem, was installed to promote the protection of Calakmul.

The aforementioned actions responded both to the intention that the cultural and natural heritage of Mexicans becomes progressively subject to higher legal instruments of protection, as well as to the commitments acquired by the Mexican government in ratifying UNESCO's cultural conventions, in matters of protection, conservation, dissemination, and promotion, in addition to the implementation of international humanitarian law.

1. Objective of the Mixed Property Management Plan.

Provide the Strategic and Institutional Coordination Framework that regulates the development of actions to guarantee the conservation and integral protection of the natural and cultural values that make up the Property, for the benefit, sustainable use and enjoyment of present and future generations, through the participation of different actors and their knowledge.

Ancient Mayan City of Calakmul

2. Statement of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).

2.1 Brief synthesis

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico is a Renomination and Extension of the existing 3,000 ha cultural World Heritage property, Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche. The property is located in the central/southern portion of the Yucatan Peninsula, in southern

Mexico. The total area of the extended property is 331,397 ha, surrounded by a buffer zone of 391,788 ha; together they equal the area of the entire Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.

This property, while nowadays almost uninhabited and covered by tropical forest, is the heartland of the area in which, from the mid-first millennium B.C. to about A.D. 1000, the Maya civilization reached its climax, but where it also suffered the most dramatic downfall, resulting in an almost complete abandonment of formerly flourishing settlements. Since the area has, thereupon, remained virtually depopulated, it represents an exceptional testimony to a long-living civilization, offering possibilities for archaeological and ecological research and presentation of its results.

Being located at the core of the second largest expanse of tropical forests in America only surpassed by the Amazon jungle in South America, the area represents a singular case of adaptation to, and management of, a natural environment that, at a first glance, seems little suited to the development of urban civilization. The colonization of the territory, the population growth and the evolution of complex, state-organized societies are attested in a wide variety of material remains. Apart from Calakmul, the largest archaeological site, where the Kaan, one of the most powerful Maya dynasties, had its seat during the Late Classic period, remains of dozens of other ancient settlements have been found in the area, including several major urban centers with huge architectural complexes and sculpted monuments. Along with settlement remains, the inter- site and intra-site roads (sacbés), defensive systems, quarries, water management features (such as reservoirs and artificially modified aguadas or water ponds), agricultural terraces and other land modifications related to productive systems and subsistence strategies are also constituent parts of the extremely rich and exceptionally well preserved ancient cultural landscape.

Excavations at Calakmul and Uxul, have revealed stucco friezes and mural paintings in some of the massive temple pyramids and palaces, as well as burials of kings and other members of nobility, containing a rich variety of body ornaments and other accompanying objects including elaborate jade masks,

ear spools and polychrome pottery vessels. The hieroglyphic inscriptions on stelae, altars and building elements reveal important facts about the territorial organization and political history, and some epigraphic records provide information that has not been found anywhere else in the Maya Area.

The inscriptional evidence, the characteristics of architecture and urban layouts, pottery styles, tool kits and funerary objects – information collected at a number of sites surveyed in the area, as well as through excavations at some of them – indicate the existence of extensive trade networks and exchange of ideas with the neighboring regions, but they also reflect local developments. While a version of the so-called Peten style prevails in monumental buildings, another architectural style developed in the northeastern part of the area during the Late Classic period (ca. A.D. 600-900), characterized by towers and stone mosaic decoration of facades, including the so-called zoomorphic entrances. The far reaching appeal of this singular style, called Rio Bec, is evidenced in the adoption of its characteristic elements, after A.D. 800, at sites as distant as El Tigre to the southwest, in the Candelaria river basin, and Kohunlich to the east, in the state of Quintana Roo. To what extent the evolution of these diverging architectural expressions reflects the ever changing political geography, including the role of the Kaan dynasty and its alliances and conflicts with the neighboring polities, requires further research, as do the still poorly understood processes that resulted in the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization in the 9th and 10th centuries.

For the natural component, the mature forests of Calakmul, with their current structure and floristic composition, are extraordinary evidence of the long interaction between man and nature. Largely the result of ancient agricultural and forestry practices of the Maya, they combine complex processes of human selection and the regeneration of natural systems. Traditional management practices of indigenous communities who still inhabit the region, outside the property, are evidence of ancient Mayan practices.

These humid and sub-humid tropical forests develop in a geological province under seasonal dry conditions, and karst soils. Given the particular

environmental conditions, such as reduced availability of water and moisture, presence of fire and hurricanes, and karst soils, here the flora and fauna of wetland ecosystems have developed adaptations to these seasonal dry conditions. For such factors, Calakmul Tropical Forests could be considered as one of the most resilient ecosystems in the continent and these features could be relevant for biodiversity conservation in a climate change context. Still, the site is an important water catchment area, a key factor as it represents a critical habitat for a number of endemic and threatened species.

It is also the area with great abundance of wildlife. The Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, hosts rich biodiversity, that were very appreciated by the Mayans and represented in their paintings, pottery, sculptures, rituals, food and arts in general. Several of the species are considered threaten and in danger. The property has the greatest diversity of mammals in the Mayan region. It is home to two of the three species of primates, two of the four edentates and five of the six wildcat species (felines) that exist in Mexico.

The location of the property also increases its importance as the center of the connectivity of the Selva Maya, with corridors that provide ecological continuity to forests in the region (Mexico, Guatemala and Belize) and allow the conservation of biodiversity, the development of dynamic ecological and evolutionary processes of species, and offers opportunity for species to migrate within this large ecosystem to better adapt to climate change. They also help maintain populations of species with high spatial requirements, as are the animals with local migrations (butterflies, parrots, waterfowl, bats), and large predators with large displacement capacity, such as the jaguar, puma and several birds of prey.

2.2 Justification of Criteria

Criterion (i): As a whole, the area is unique in that it preserves largely intact remains of the relatively rapid development of the Maya civilization in a hostile environment of tropical forest. The information available for research is vital for

understanding multiple aspects of Maya culture and its evolution in the central lowlands of the Yucatan peninsula. The archaeological sites in the area constitute remnants of at least 1500 years (from ca. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1000) of intensive population growth and evolution of social complexity, conditioned by a successful adaptation to the inhospitable natural setting and accompanied by technological achievements and cultural development in general, which is reflected in the architecture, hieroglyphic writing, sculpted monuments and fine arts.

Criterion (ii): Pertaining to the Pre Classic and Classic Maya civilization, the cultural aspects of the property include a mixture of autochthonous developments and exchange of ideas with the neighboring regions. The creative combination of different traditions resulted in specific architectural styles, fine arts and modifications of natural landscape. While Calakmul, the largest site in the area, displays 120 commemorative stelae with relief carvings, including hieroglyphic inscriptions with important information on regional political history and territorial organization, a number of monuments of this kind have also been found at other major and medium centers, including La Muñeca, Uxul, Oxpemul, Balakbal, Champerico, Altamira and Cheyokolnah.

Criterion (iii): The property witnessed an unprecedented growth of an extraordinary civilization, which came to an abrupt end at the end of the Classic period. Considering that, after the dramatic population decline evidenced in the abandonment of virtually all the settlements in the 9th and 10th centuries A.D., the area has ever since remained practically uninhabited and has suffered little recent intervention, it represents an exceptional testimony to a long-living civilization and offers a unique opportunity to understand both the foundations of its florescence and the causes of its collapse.

Criterion (iv): The archaeological sites in the property contain some unrivalled examples of Maya monumental architecture, mostly pertaining to the so-called Peten tradition in the core area and the Rio Bec style confined to its northeastern fringes. While the first is exemplified by palaces and huge temple pyramids at sites such as Calakmul, Yaxnohcah and Balakbal, which mirror the

growth of social complexity during the Pre Classic and Early Classic periods, the second represents a Late Classic development, characterized by false pyramid temples, normally in the shape of twin towers, and stone mosaic façade decorations. Since the epigraphic records show that the Classic period political geography of the area was overwhelmed by the Kaan, one of the most powerful royal dynasties, which in the Late Classic moved its capital city from Dzibanché to Calakmul, future research, is expected to clarify whether, or to what extent, the political domination of the Kaan dynasty, and its alliances and rivalries with the neighboring polities, are reflected in the diverging trajectories of cultural development.

Criterion (ix): The mature tropical forests of Calakmul provide extraordinary evidence of the long-standing interaction between man and nature, insofar as they display a floristic composition and structure largely resulting from thousand-year old Maya agricultural and forestry practices, which intertwine processes of human selection and regeneration of natural systems, both considered traditional management practices among native communities still inhabiting in the buffer zone and surrounding areas. These processes resulted in a complex mosaic of tropical forests communities, which allows complex ecological and trophic networks. It is also an important area for water recharging for the whole Yucatan Peninsula, a key factor in the development of the Maya Culture in the Ancient City of Calakmul and its surroundings.

Criterion (x): The tropical rain forest vegetation of the Property and the region of Calakmul, developed under particular seasonal dry conditions, contain a rich biodiversity and critical habitats for a number of endemic and threatened species and populations. The species are adapted to particular geomorphological and environmental conditions, such as the reduced availability of water and moisture, the presence of forest fires and hurricanes, and karst soils; conditions that impose strong limitations on the growth of plants characteristic of moister tropical forests. The area contains the greatest abundance of wildlife and the highest diversity of mammals in the Mayan Region; it is home to two out of the three species of primates, two out of the

four species of edentates, and five out of the six feline species (cats) existing in Mexico.

2.3 Integrity.

The property is located in the heart of the second largest extension of tropical forest in America, one of the best conserved in the region and the center of connectivity in the Selva Maya. These ecosystems are the product of evolution and adaptation under prevailing environmental influences, which in turn were modified significantly by the management practices of the Mayan culture that inhabited the region continually for more than 1,500 years.

The various ecological elements and attributes that the property contains, make these tropical forests clear examples of biodiversity conservation, in terms of species, structures and ecological functions. The recovery of some of the species has been favored by the presence of water collecting depressions, the aguadas and "chultunes", a type of water reservoirs used by the Mayans, which today are of vital importance for the survival of these tropical species.

The Property has exceptional ecological and cultural integrity as there has been no significant human intervention since the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve was established as a natural protected area in 1989. It remains the environment in which developed one of the great ancient cultures of the world, the Maya, whose legacy is present not only in what remains of their cities but in the agroforestry and water use practices.

2.4 Authenticity

The region has been continuously occupied for over 1500 years. It constitutes an outstanding example of the formation and development of a cultural group for which Calakmul can be considered the guiding axis and strategic center in regard to all the surrounding sites with archaeological evidence, which at some point in history coexisted with the ancient Maya City and its surroundings. Calakmul encouraged symbolic processes that were directly reflected in architectural styles, social, family, political and religious relationships, and the

sharing of experiences, ideas and beliefs. The chronological periods represented by the archaeological sites included in the property, demonstrate the space- time relationship of these with comparison to Calakmul.

Calakmul and the other archaeological sites within the property were part of a settlement system that depended on the surrounding ecosystem for its supporting agricultural and forestry activities. Evidence of these still exists in the form of raised fields, channels and reservoirs.

2.5 Protection and management requirements

The property protection is guaranteed due to its location within the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, established in 1989 as a Natural Protected Area. The management of the whole property and its buffer zone corresponds to the Federal Government, through the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas / CONANP), for the Natural Heritage, in coordination with the National Institute of Anthropology and History (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia / INAH), responsible for the Cultural Heritage.

Almost 90% of the land surface of the property is federally owned and all archaeological monuments that are included in it, already are legally protected by the Federal Law on Monuments and Archaeological, Artistic and Historical Zones, 1972. Legal instruments needed for the management of the property, where cultural and natural elements coincide in the same area, are in place. However there is the need to strengthen integrated protection and management of natural and cultural values across the property including improved interagency coordination, governance, resourcing and capacity development. It is also required to develop and implement a single property- wide management plan to guide integrated natural and cultural heritage protection, management and presentation.

3. Objective Resources

In order to establish this management plan, the identification of priorities to define goals and objectives was based on the initiative promoted by CONANP since 2013, with the purpose of carrying out the evaluation of the effectiveness in the management of protected natural areas (ANP) of the country.

Since 2016, various workshops have been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of management in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, incorporating the Criteria for Outstanding Universal Value (VUE) of the Mixed World Heritage Property of the Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche.

One of the main results of the 2016 workshops was the identification of the Objective Resources, which can be biophysical, social, historical, cultural, or economic priority factors for which the PA were designed to protect. For the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, including the Mixed Property the following are available:

Natural

High and medium semi-evergreen rainforest; Low flooding semi-evergreen rainforest; medium and low Sub-deciduous forest; Water ponds “aguadas”; Big mammals; Mammals: bats; Mammals: primates; Ornitofauna; Herpetofauna.

Cultural

Biodiversity of archaeological zones; Structures I, II and VII; Archaeological monuments (Mounds and partially exposed structures); Restored Buildings; Decorative sculptural and pictorial elements (Stelas, facades with decoration, Stucco Masks, Freezes).

The following is the list of the 13 Objective Resources with their Objectives, which have been correlated with the OUV criteria by which the Property was inscribed, and to which they contribute:

1. High and medium semi-evergreen rainforest; 2. Low flooding semi- evergreen rainforest

Objective: To maintain the functional connectivity of the different types of forest to favor the dispersal processes of wildlife species sensitive to disturbance.

Objective: By 2025 there is a zoned and prioritized forest fire risk index; establishing the mechanisms to reduce the risk of forest fires.

Objective: By 2025 the surface of low and low flood forests is conserved, carrying out actions for regulation, restoration and rehabilitation of areas affected by human activities and climate change, in order to favor the connectivity and continuity of the landscape.

3. Water ponds “Aguadas”

Objective: By 2015, ecologic integrity of “aguadas” system is maintained.

4. Big Mammals

Objective: To maintain the functional connectivity of the different types of forest to favor the dispersal processes of wildlife species sensitive to disturbance.

Objective: To strengthen, through physical and legal actions, the structural connectivity of the different types of forests inside and outside the polygon.

Objective: To train, raise awareness and regulate subsistence hunting through regulations at the “ejidal” level, conservation instruments and agreements or social pacts.

Objective: To establish sanitary mechanisms with legal, physical and technical instruments that reduce the risks of zoonoses of key, indicator or sensitive species.

5. Mammals: bats; 6. Mammals: primates; 7. Ornitofauna; 8. Herpetofauna

Objective: To maintain the functional connectivity of the different types of forest to favor the dispersal processes of wildlife species sensitive to disturbance.

9. Biodiversity in archaeological zones.

Objective: To implement mechanisms to stay within the carrying capacity or limit of acceptable change, in the areas open to visitation and wildlife observation.

Objective: To maintain the functional connectivity of the different types of forests to favor the dispersal processes of wildlife species sensitive to disturbance.

10. Structures I, II, and VII.

Objective: To identify the areas of greatest incidence and implement the necessary management and conservation actions in the affected cultural assets.

11. Archaeological Monuments (Mounds and partially exposed structures).

Objective: To maintain a low incidence of illicit activities through timely complaints/reports

Objective: To avoid impairment and damage to the archaeological cultural heritage due to inconclusive explorations.

12. Restored Buildings

Objective: To give continuity to the conservation works of the archaeological monuments of the area, that are open to the public.

Objective: To disseminate and inform the heritage values, the rules of the Mixed Property (natural and cultural) and the visitation sites to the visitors, through different means (signaling, social networks, etc.).

13. Decorative, sculptural and pictorial elements (Stelas, altars, facades with decorations, Stucco Masks)

Objective: By 2025, the integrity and authenticity of the decorative, sculptural and pictorial elements are maintained, against physical attacks to the cultural heritage.

Objective Resources and their relation with the criteria of OUV of the Property.

Criterion (i) Represent a masterpiece created by a human genius. Because it has preserved intact archaeological remains of the development of the Maya civilization for more than ten centuries in a natural environment of tropical forests.

Objective resources: Biodiversity of archaeological zones; II, V and VII Structures; Archaeological Monuments (Mounds and partially exposed structures); Restored Buildings; Decorative sculptural and pictorial elements (Stelas, altars, facades with decoration, Stucco masks, freezes).

Criterion (ii) Exhibit an important interchange of humans values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design. Because of the cultural combination of different traditions that gave rise to specific architectural styles, unique archaeological pieces and ingenious modifications of the natural surroundings.

Objective Resources: Tall and medium evergreen tropical forest; floodable lowland forest (Subperennifolious and perennifolious); aguadas; Biodiversity of archaeological zones; II, V and VII Structures; Archaeological Monuments (Mounds and partially exposed structures).

Criterion (iii) Bear a unique, or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared. Because it has been a witness to the extraordinary development of the Maya civilization.

Objective Resources: II, V and VII Structures; Archaeological monuments (Mounds and partially exposed structures); Restored Buildings; Decorative,

sculptural and pictorial elements (Stelas, altars, facades with decorations, Stucco masks, freezes).

Criterion (iv) Be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensamble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage (s) in human history. Because it is an example of monumental Maya architecture, reflection of the complex social growth during the Preclassic and Classic Periods.

Objective Resources: II, V and VII Structures; Archaeological monuments (Mounds and partially exposed structures); Restored Buildings; Decorative, sculptural and pictorial elements (Stelas, facades with decoration, Stucco masks).

Criterion (ix) Be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals. Because it is an amazing proof of the lengthy interaction between man and nature, which resulted in a complex mosaic of tropical forest communities.

Objective resources: High and medium semi-evergreen rainforest; Low flooding semi-evergreen rainforest; Water ponds “aguadas”.

Criterion (x) Contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in- situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation. Because of the adaptations of the tropical forest which maintains a rich biodiversity and critical habitats for species and endemic and threatened populations.

Objective Resources: High and medium semi-evergreen rainforest; Low flooding semi-evergreen rainforest; Water ponds “aguadas”; Big mammals; Mammals: bats; Mammals: primates; Ornitofauna; Herpetofauna.

In 2018, the Permanent System of Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Management of the ANP (i-effectiveness) was applied, obtaining an Effectiveness Index of 80 points, which represents a highly effective Management.

4. Inter-institutional coordination, concurrence, and governance

The Property and its buffer zone are managed in coordination by CONANP and INAH, without undermining their respective legal and administrative attributions.

The legal and institutional protection structure of natural resources concerning the site is under the care of CONANP. The Property and its buffer zone correspond to the natural protected area (NPA) Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (BR Calakmul), managed by this same agency. CONANP has subsidy projects to work with communities, which ensure that development activities are sustainable and do not represent a threat.

Products elaborated by the Calakmul communities

The INAH, the governing body for Mexico's archaeological heritage, has the legal power and resources to attend priority archaeological sites and finance research, protection, and conservation. These actions are reinforced through the protection granted by the decree of NPA BR Calakmul. Thus, all archaeological sites by themselves already have a double federal protection regime by the Ministry of Law at the highest level.

Together with other federal authorities, the attributions CONANP and INAH have concerning surveillance and law enforcement to protect and conserve the natural and cultural heritage of the BR Calakmul –and therefore of the whole site–, are at the highest level.

By inscribing this mixed Property in the World Heritage List, Mexico took the first step to review and strengthen the mechanisms and instruments available to guarantee the conservation of the extraordinary natural and cultural values of the site and its management as a mixed Property and to fulfill the commitments assumed with the Convention.

Legislation

Natural Heritage

The General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (LGEEPA), and its Regulations regarding NPA; General Law of National Properties (LGBN); Convention on the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of UNESCO (1972); General Wildlife Law (LGVS); General Law on Sustainable Forest Development (LGDFS).

Cultural Heritage

Federal Law on Monuments and Archaeological, Artistic and Historical Zones (LFMZAAH) and their respective Regulations; INAH Internal amended Regulation (1986); Regulation of the Archaeological Council; General Law of National Properties (LGBN); UNESCO Conventions: World Heritage (1972), Illicit Traffic (1970) and Armed Conflict (1954).

Federal Administration

In the Organic Law of the Federal Public Administration (LOAPF, for its initials in Spanish), the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and the Ministry of Culture are centralized dependencies of the Federal Executive Power, with the powers expressly indicated by the aforementioned ordinance, as well as with those concretely attributed to them in other legal provisions.

By the provisions of the LOAPF and the General Law of National Assets, the Ministry of Culture, under the Law on the subject, is competent to own, monitor, conserve, administer, and control federal properties such as considered archaeological monuments, as well as archaeological monument sites.

Among the powers of the Federation to be executed by the Federal Executive through the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, are those of establishing, regulating, administering, and monitoring the natural protected areas entrusted to the Federation.

The Internal Rules of Procedure of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (RISEMARNAT), establish the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) as an autonomous administrative body under the Ministry charged with, among other attributions established in this regulatory framework, the promotion and development of activities aimed at the conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity in natural protected areas and their areas of influence, as well as participation with competent authorities in the promotion and definition of actions and programs on conservation knowledge and culture; as well as those matters dealing with natural protected areas under the jurisdiction of the Federation as established in the LOAPF; the General Law of Ecological Balance and the Protection of the Environment and its Regulations on the subject of Natural Protected Areas, as well as other laws and regulations, decrees and agreements, except those of direct concern to the President of the Republic, the Ministry or some other administrative unit of the Secretariat, in accordance with applicable legal provisions.

The National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), a decentralized body of the Federal Government by its legal personality, is under the Ministry of Culture as established by the Organic Law of INAH (amended in 2015), and the provisions of the Internal Regulations of the Ministry of Culture.

Under its Organic Law, the objectives of the INAH are to perform scientific research on anthropology and history related subjects, mainly on the inhabitants of the country and the conservation and restoration of the cultural,

archaeological, and paleontological heritage. Also, provide for the protection, conservation, restoration, and recovery of that heritage. Furthermore, to promote and disseminate all topics and activities falling under its jurisdiction.

In terms of the Federal Law on Monuments and Archaeological, Artistic and Historical Areas (LFMZAAH), the INAH is responsible for the enforcement of this Law, as well as competent on matters dealing with Monuments and Archaeological and Historical Monument Areas, as it concerns the relevant articles of the General Law of National Assets. The LFMZAAH declares that research, protection, conservation, restoration, and recovery of monuments and areas of archaeological monuments is of public interest.

The General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (LGEEPA) states that among the objectives of establishing NPA is the protection of the natural surroundings of sites, monuments and archaeological vestiges– both historical and artistic–, as well as tourist areas and other areas of importance for national recreation, culture, and identity.

For the Monuments and Areas of Archaeological Monuments located within the Natural Protected Areas, the concurrence of normative provisions of both institutions concerning collection rights in Archaeological Monument and Natural Protected Area sites, also aiming for its useful application, requires coordination mechanisms between CONANP and INAH under the framework of the provisions of the Federal Rights Law.

Protection Designation

Natural Heritage

The LGEEPA establishes that the Biosphere Reserve is one of the seven categories of natural protected areas, which recognizes the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity as vital elements for this category.

The Calakmul BR, which harbours the Property, was declared a Natural Protected Area on May 23, 1989, as it seeks to protect biogeographic areas representative of one or more ecosystems not significantly altered by human

intervention, and inhabited by endemics species, threatened with extinction or endangered species.

Cultural Heritage

By Law, movable and immovable archaeological monuments are inalienable and imprescriptible national properties.

The Federal Law of Monuments and Archaeological, Artistic, and Historical Areas (LFMZAAH) defines as archaeological monuments, movable and immovable Property, product of pre-Hispanic cultures established in the country, as well as human remains, flora and fauna related to these cultures.

In this context, the General Law of National Assets considers archaeological monuments as National Assets.

The archaeological site of Calakmul has the Folio Real 2ASA00000023 (real estate based registry) inscribed in the Public Registry Office of Monuments and Archaeological and Historical Areas in charge of INAH.

4.1 General Bases for Collaboration between CONANP and INAH

Derived from the General Bases for Collaboration between CONANP and INAH, signed on February 7, 2018, and seeking compliance with the purposes of this instrument within the framework of their respective attributions, the scope of their competence, and their corresponding regulations, the parties have established in a declaratory manner the activities to be performed, as specified in this World Heritage Mixed Property Management Plan.

The purposes of the General Bases for Collaboration between CONANP and INAH are:

a) Implement actions, as well as protection, conservation, management, restoration, tourism, and coordinated management projects of the NPAs, and the Archaeological Zones and Archaeological Monuments Zones found in NPA under Federal jurisdiction.

b) Establish mechanisms that facilitate the charge of payment entitlements to visitors of the PA under Federal jurisdiction, and Archaeological Zones and Archaeological Monuments Zones within such NPA.

c) Contribute to international compliance with the commitments and obligations of the United States of Mexico, as they relate to the protection of the natural and cultural, tangible and intangible heritage, as well as of biodiversity.

To comply with the subject matter of this instrument the “PARTIES” within the scope of their corresponding attributions and of their competence, and in accordance with the applicable legislation, shall undertake, including without limitation, the following activities:

a) Establish the mechanisms through which “CONANP” and “INAH” will jointly participate in accordance with the applicable legislation and within the scope of their competence, in the collection of fees and charges from visitors of the Protected Natural Areas (PNA) competence of the Federation and of the Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments that may be located inside the PNA.

b) Join actions through which “CONANP” and “INAH” may work in coordination for the planning and management of tourism and cultural visitation of the Archeological Zones and the Protected Natural Areas competence of the Federation in which they are located.

c) Draft and execute projects destined to foment the conservation of biodiversity and protection of the environment when there is a concurrence tie between “CONANP” and “INAH”.

d) Perform and implement projects destined to conservation and protection of the Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments in which there is a bond of cooperation and concurrence between “CONANP” and “INAH”.

e) Draft criteria for the operation, administration and management of Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments in which there is an upholding link between “CONANP” and “INAH”.

f) Draft criteria for the operation for public visitation in Protected Natural Areas, as well as in Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments, in which there is a concurrence bond between “CONANP” and “INAH”.

g) Train the personnel of both parties up to different levels according to the necessities and possibilities of “CONANP” and “INAH” regarding relevant topics according to the activities and sites in which said concurrent activities will be performed.

h) Define, according to their respective competences, a permanent program to reinforce the safety and custody in Protected Natural Areas and in Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments.

i) Stimulate sustainable tourism en Protected Natural Areas (PNA) and in Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments that may be found in the PNA competence of the Federation, that contributes to bettering the quality of life of the population within and in adjacent zones to the PNA.

j) Promote conservation culture that guarantees care and preservation of Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments that may be found in Protected Natural Areas competence of the Federation, through education programs and environmental capacitation.

k) Implement actions for attending contingencies in cases of accidents or natural phenomena that may happen within the Protected Natural Areas and in Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments, in which there is a coincidence bond.

l) Carry out processes for cartographic identification in the federal zone constituted by archeological zones, vestiges or archeological monuments located inside protected natural areas, in order to ingrate said information in the geographic information systems.

m) Promote the integration of the advisors boards and commentary surveillance comities in protected natural areas competence of the federation that lack these figures, with the purpose of promoting the social involvement in keeping and safeguarding the resources as well as to strengthen their capacities through environmental training in matter of Archeological Zones and Zones of Archeological Monuments.

Calakmul BR is one of the NPA under Federal jurisdiction that, with Calakmul Archaeological Zone and numerous archaeological sites, is part of this collaboration instrument between CONANP and INAH, whose activities are resumed for this Management Plan.

Communication between CONANP and INAH to guide and coordinate the works regarding this Property will also be done in the Technical Group for Evaluation and Monitoring, which is being constituted with the subscription of the General Bases for Collaboration.

4.1.1 Specific Project of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve

The General Bases of Collaboration between CONANP and INAH, take into consideration the preparation of Specific Projects to perform the activities foreseen in these bases and their follow-up. Due to the importance of the Mixed Property, and in response to the recommendations and requirements issued by the World Heritage Committee in Decision 42 COM 7B.63, in 2018, the Specific Project of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve was prepared in 2019.

4.2 Governance and social participation mechanisms

4.2.1 Advisory Council and World Heritage Sub-Council

The Advisory Council (AC) is a consultation, support and conciliation instance, composed of the public, social, academic, private and civil society organizations, whose objective is to advise, issue recommendations and accompany the Directorate of the NPA in decision-making processes in accordance with current environmental policy and with strict adherence to the Decree and the NPA Management Program, based on article 157 of the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection.

The AC is composed of the following: Honorary President (State Government); Technical Secretary (Director of the NPA); CEO; Landowners, Holders and Users of other rights, Representatives of civil society organizations (CSOs), Academics, Municipal Presidents; and, as guests (with voice and without vote) the representatives of federal, state or municipal institutions, all the above in accordance with the Internal Regulations of the SEMARNAT.

The Calakmul Biosphere Reserve has had an AC since 1998, composed of 21 counselors. It has six productive committees: beekeeping, agriculture, forestry, livestock, tourism, and for indigenous peoples productive activities; five representatives of the micro regions; two academic institutions (ECOSUR and Autonomous University of Campeche); two CSOs (Pronatura AC and Mexican Civil Council) and six institutions of the three levels of government. In turn, there is the Scientific Sub-Council formed by eight members of the scientific academy.

In 2009, the AC of the Calakmul BR joined the Municipal Council for Sustainable Rural Development of Calakmul (CMDRS, for its initials in Spanish). In 2013, the CMDRS and the AC held a joint working meeting within the framework of the proposal for reinscription as a Mixed Property on the World Heritage List. INAH is a member of the AC Calakmul BR.

As established in the AC framework, after its re-inscription, it is a requirement to create a World Heritage Sub-Council, which was proposed and agreed upon in July 2016. The members of this group are learned specialists on the subjects of cultural and natural areas, civil society organizations, and government institutions.

The INAH, under the Regulations of the Federal Law on Archaeological, Artistic and Historic Monuments and Zones, organizes or authorizes civil associations, neighborhood committees, or farmers' unions to contribute to tasks of conservation, protection, dissemination and other activities related to their field of expertise.

4.2.2 INAH-CONANP Management Units

The two institutions of the Federal Government with legal powers to administer protected natural areas of federal competence and sites, archeological sites and areas of archaeological monuments, CONANP and INAH, have their own structures to meet the assigned functions. By objectives and mutual collaboration, both institutions agreed to participate from their respective fields

in the conservation, protection, knowledge, management and administration of the Mixed Property.

ORGANIZATION CHART FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CALAKMUL BIOSPHERE RESERVE BY CONANP

National Commissioner of Natural Protected Area

General Direction for Regional Operation

Direction for Calakmul Biosphere Reserve

Advisory Sub-Direction Administration Council

Academic Monitoring and Conservation for Protection and Culture for Store place Parts Official Sub-Council Systematization Development Surveillance Conservation and Park

Collegiate Surveillance Fires Conservation for Park Rangers Group Sustainable Offices Development Programme World Heritage Sub- Intent Offices Council Protection and Ecosystem Restauration and Species at Risk Programme

ORGANIZATION CHART FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE CALAKMUL, AND SITES IN THE MIXED SITE BY INAH

TECHNICAL SECRETARY

INAH CENTER IN CAMPECHE

DELEGATION

DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL ASSETS DEPARTAMENT OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTAMENT OF FORMALITIES AND GUARD SERVICES LEGAL SERVICES

OPERATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONES AREA

CALAKMUL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ZONE

5. Zoning of the Mixed Property

Legal Considerations

The World Heritage Mixed Heritage Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, inscribed in 2014 on the World Heritage List, covers an area of 331,397 ha and is located in the southern portion of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve.

The Calakmul BR has two core zones, called Core Zone I and Core Zone II; the rest constitute the Buffer Zone. The Creation Decree, published in the Official Gazette of the Federation on May 23 of l989, describes its geographical coordinates, with a total extension of 723,185.1 ha. The specific areas measure:

Core Zone I (in the southern portion of the BR) covers an extension of 147,915.5 ha;

Core Zone II (in the Northern portion of the BR) has an extension of 100,345 ha;

Buffer zone with an approximate area of 474,924.6 ha.

Figure 1. Zoning Map of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve

The NPA Management Program is published in 2000, establishing the sub- zoning of the Reserve areas, taking into account ecological criteria, degree of conservation and ecosystem representativeness, natural terrain vocation, current and potential land use, and land tenure.

In 2002, the Calakmul archaeological zone was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a cultural asset called Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche, whose spatial limits coincide with the limits of the protection polygon defined by the National Institute of Anthropology and History and registered in the Public Registry of Monuments and Archaeological and Historical Zones of this agency. This declaration establishes that the buffer zone of the asset is to be set by the limits of the Biosphere Reserve.

On November 12, 2004, decrees were published in the Official Gazette of the Federation by which a total of 150,710 hectares of ejido land were expropriated in the public interest for use in the conservation and preservation of the NPA of the Calakmul BR through the incorporation of expropriated land to the core zone I (south) of it.

In 2005, the INAH, through the National Archeology Coordination, put together the Management Program of the Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, updated in 2009, and in which the zoning for the management of the archaeological zone was defined, considering the protection polygon of the site.

In 2013, the file for renaming the Cultural Property of the Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche, was prepared. It took as a reference for the new limits of the proposed Mixed Property both Core Zone I and the expropriated and national lands that had been added, establishing the total area registered in 2014 as the Mixed Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, with 331,397 ha in the South Zone of the Reserve and the buffer area as the remainder of the Biosphere Reserve with 391,788.1 ha, to reinforce the protection of the Property.

Figure 2. Map of the World Heritage Property and its buffer zone

In accordance with the provisions of the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection, the zoning of a natural protected area may be

subject to sub-zoning, a technical and dynamic planning instrument, that helps to order in more detail core and buffer areas previously established by the corresponding declaration in the Management Program of Natural Protected Areas.

The Decree of the protected natural area Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (which includes the Property and its buffer zone) and its Management Program, in order to protect and maintain the conservation level of the reserve, established that in the entire area, among others:

 The foundation of new population centers cannot be authorized;  It is declared a total and indefinite ban on hunting and capture of wildlife, so it is strictly forbidden to hunt, capture and perform any act that harms the life or integrity of wildlife;  Total and indefinite hunting and capture of the following species is declared: tapir, ocelot, jaguar, howler and spider monkeys, anteater, grison, hocofaisán, ocellated turkey, yellow cheek parrot, and all those considered endemic, rare, threatened or in danger of extinction;  Changes in land use will not be allowed without the general environmental impact authorization.

5.1 Zoning for the Management of the Mixed Property

The Property has three Management zones whose names follow the prescription established in the LGEEPA and in the Decree that establishes the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve as a natural protected area. Likewise, the zoning reflects the guidelines of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO, 2018) in terms of its definition, established to achieve adequate protection of the Property, its values and whatever else that pertains to the polygon established by the INAH according to the LFMZAAH.

The three zones are:

 Restricted Use Zone: Area 131,441 ha. Located in the East Central portion of the Property.  Preservation Zone: Area 198,326.5 ha. It occupies the West and North portion of the Property.  Cultural and Natural Interpretation Zone: 1,629.5 ha, divided into two sections. One occupied by the Calakmul Archaeological Zone, open to

public visitation, with 174.8 ha. The other, consistent of trails in the northwestern portion of the Property, is located along the access road path to the archaeological zone with an extension of 1,454.7 ha.

Total area of the Property: 331,397 ha

Figure 3. Zoning map of the World Heritage Property and its buffer zone

Description of the Property

Natural Attributes

The vegetation present in Calakmul and its diversity is directly related to the geological, edaphic, climatic and topographic conditions of the site; they orient its development and bestow the characteristics, physiognomy, and diversity of the local species, which gradually substitute the vegetation, giving way to transition zones or ecotones with particular traits. However, rainfall distribution throughout the year is the determining factor for the presence of the local types of vegetation (Rzedowski, 1978); in these plant communities, the dry season extends over 5 to 8 months, characterized by the absence or scarcity of precipitation.

Vegetation

The plant communities that flourish in the region of Calakmul and the Mixed Property are High, Medium and Low semi-evergreen rainforest, Low flooding semi-evergreen rainforest, Medium and Low sub-deciduous forests, Palm groves, Savannas, and secondary vegetation. Among aquatic ecosystems are the "aguadas," shallow lagoons that store rainwater and constitute a vital resource for the biodiversity distributed in the Property and the Calakmul region, as well as for human communities. The geologic characteristics of the region determine limitations to the presence of water resources available for plant growth and biodiversity distribution.

In the Property, the tree canopy consists of two levels; the top layer, represented by individuals between 15 and 40 m tall, and the inferior stratum with trees between 8 and 15 m tall. Straight, slender trunks without branching at the bottom form a uniform canopy of dark green foliage that characterizes the trees in the area. Among the dominant species are: Enterolobium cyclocarpum (parota), Astronium graveolens (amargoso), Cedrela odorata (red cedar), Tabebuia chrysantha (macuiles), Brosimum alicastrum (ramón), Bursera simaruba (mulatto stick), Manilkara zapota (chicle) Lysiloma latisiliquum (tsalam), Thouinia paucidentata, Aspidosperma spruceanum (chichi),

Guaiacum sanctum (guayacán), Pouteria reticulata (zapotillo), Bucida buceras (pukte), Haematoxylum campechianum (Campeche stick), Lonchocarpus castilloi (machiche) Beaucarnea pliabilis (soyate despeinado), Pseudobombax ellipticum (ja'abin), Piscidia piscipula (barbasco), Gymnanthes lucida, Acrocomia mexicana (yaitil), Attalea cohune (corozo) and Acoelorraphe wrightii (tasiste), to name a few.

The vegetation that develops in the Property forms discontinuous patches in the shape of elaborate mosaics, the result of the intercalated growth of different types of rainforest and other communities and plant associations distributed in the Property, which cover most of its surface. Other communities with intermediate characteristics between the tropical evergreen forest and the tropical deciduous forest produce a particular physiognomy evident during the yearly dry season; the patches of evergreen vegetation contrast with the grayish tones of sites of vegetation dominated with deciduous species.

The plant communities of the Property embody the habitat of 1,600 species of plants and 662 animal taxa. Of the total number of species of vascular flora registered for the Property, 15 are on the list of species at risk of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, 11 are considered threatened, and four are in the category Subject to special protection. For vertebrate species, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, 159 are in one of the categories of risk included in the aforementioned Official Mexican Standard (Table 1, Annex 2), many of them endemic to the country.

Table 1. Species at risk in the Mixed Property and its buffer zone

Risk categories * Group NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010 Total Endemic P A Pr

Plants 11 4 4 15

Mammals 10 16 5 4 31

Birds 9 30 46 5 85

Reptiles 2 10 25 5 37

Amphibians 5 1 5

Fish 1 1 1

Total 21 68 85 20 174

Risk categories NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010: P = At risk of extinction; A = Threatened; Pr = Subject to special protection. *Endemic.

The protection and conservation of the vegetation of the Property help maintain ecological interactions and connectivity routes in the Mesoamerican region, for a wide range of species distributed in a patchwork of areas with natural vegetation in good conservation status and their transition zones. The most significant expansion of the rainforest in Mexico is in the region of Calakmul. Here it forms a continuous corridor of forest between Mexico, Guatemala and Belize formed by the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, the state reserves of Balam Ku and Balam Kin in Mexico that continues into the Maya Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala and the Rio Bravo private reserve in Belize, forming a terrestrial ecoregion with a relatively homogeneous species composition. The area provides as well ecological functions and ecosystemic services produced by these plant communities and their biodiversity, among them: climate regulation; buffering of natural phenomena (hurricanes, floods,

droughts, landslides); water provision in quality and quantity; carbon sequestration; biodiversity protection; habitat conservation; protection and conservation of soil and its productivity; plant pollination; biogeochemical cycles; beauty of the landscape and recreation, among others.

It is important to point out that among species of wild plants and animals, interconnectivity is an essential feature of exceptional relevance, in particular as it ranges from small to large scales and different biogeographic regions, variations that may depend on changes in vegetation stratification and composition, topography and water temperature. Organisms that are actively moving about connect habitats in space, time, and function as mobile links that can contribute significantly to the resilience of ecosystems as they offer buffering capacity between sites and can be sources of recolonization after disturbances (Brock et al. 2012).

Calakmul rainforest

FAUNA

The ecosystems of the Property constitute the habitat of 678 vertebrate taxa, 107 species of mammals, 403 of birds, 85 of reptiles, 19 amphibians, and 48 fish. Of the total vertebrate species registered in the Property, 159 are registered in one of the risk categories of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-059- SEMARNAT-2010 (Annex 2).

Mammals

The Property harbors 107 species of mammals, including large mammals, among which are: ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), margay (Leopardus wiedii), jaguar (Panthera onca), jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi), anteater (MexicanTamandua), monkeys (Alouatta, Ateles), tayra (Eira barbara). Among small mammals are: ringtails and badgers (Bassariscus, Nasua), wooly opossum (Caluromys derbianus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), rabbits and hares (Sylvilagus, Lepus), skunks (Conepatus, Mephitis, Spilogale), rats and mice (Otonyctomys, Peromyscus, Reithrodontomys), and bats (Dermanura, Lampronycteris, Mimon,Myotis, Phyllostomidae), to name a few.

The list of species at risk of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-059-SEMARNAT- 2010 includes at least 31 taxa. Such is the case of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), the Yucatecan saraguato (Alouatta pigra), and the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari subsp. ringens), listed in the Endangered category. The porcupine (Coendou mexicanus), the big-eared bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis), and the Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis subsp. annectens) are considered threatened. The tropical cacomistle (Bassariscus sumichrasti) and the bat (Dermanura watsoni) are in the category Subject to special protection. Of the total 31 taxa in some category of risk, four are endemic to Mexico (Annex 2).

Birds

Birds are the most diverse group of vertebrates in the Property with 403 species, mainly represented by: large and smaller-sized species of eagles (Harpyhaliaetus, Leucopternis, Spizaetus), hawks (Accipiter, Geranospiza, Leptodon), buzzards (Cathartes, Coragyps, Sarcoramphus), storks (Jabiru, Mycteria), herons (Bubulcus, Egretta, Nycticorax), parrots and parakeets (Amazonas, Aratinga, Brotogeris), toucans (Pteroglossus, Ramphastos), pigeons (Patagioenas, Columbina), ducks (Anas, Cairina), hummingbirds (Amazilia, Campylopterus), woodpeckers and sapsuckers (Melanerpes, Picoides, Sphyrapicus), among others.

Some of the bird species inscribed in the list of species at risk of the NOM-059- SEMARNAT-2010 are: the solitary eagle (Harpyhaliaetus solitarius), king buzzard (Sarcoramphus papa), blue-headed parrot (Amazona farinosa) –at risk of extinction; the hocofaisán (Crax rubra), slaty finch (Haplospiza rustica), and Yucatecan parrot (Amazona xantholora) –in the threatened category; and gray- headed kite (Leptodon cayanensis), tiger heron (Tigrisoma mexicanum), nuthatch (Dendrocincla anabatina) white-fronted parrot (Amazona albifrons) – Subject to special protection. Of the total 85 taxa at risk, five are endemic to Mexico (Annex 2.)

Reptiles

This group contains 85 species of lizards and geckos (Sceloporus, Sphaerodactylus),anoles (Anolis spp.), turtles (Rhinoclemmys, Chelydra, Terrapene, Trachemys, Kinosternon, Claudius), serpents (Coniophanes,Lampropeltis, Symphimus, Tantillita, Imantodes), vipers and snakes (Bothrops, Crotalus, Micrurus), iguanas (Ctenosaura spp.), to name a few. They include 37 species at risk following the list of NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, such as: Iguana (Ctenosaura defensor), and chopontil musk turtle (Claudius angustatus), considered Endangered; Royal coral snake (Lampropeltis triangulum), Yucatecan cuija (Coleonyx elegans) listed as Threatened; White- lipped mud turtle (Kinosternon leucostomum), Collared dwarf gecko

(Sphaerodactylus glaucus) and Rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus), all three Subject to special protection (Annex 2).

Amphibians

In the Property, there are 19 species of amphibians, among which are: frogs and toads (Lithobates, Smilisca, Gastrophryne, Rhinella), and salamanders (Bolitoglossa), among others (Annex 2). Five of the amphibian species appear in the category Subject to special protection in agreement with NOM-059- SEMARNAT-2010, the Yucatecan salamander (Bolitoglossa yucatana) is endemic to Mexico.

Fish

Records on this group of vertebrates in the Property include 48 species, including Mojarra and Rainbow bass (Cichlasoma spp.), Sardines (Astyanax, Hyphessobrycon), Molly and Sword-tailed fish (Poecilia, Xiphophorus), among others. The Yucatecan tetra (Astyanax altior), endemic to Mexico, is registered in the Threatened category of NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010.

Cultural Attributes

Within the area of the mixed Property, there are 38 archaeological sites and numerous vestiges with a stable conservation status that shows no impact by human activities. Minimal human intrusion and restricted use are justified to preserve its values and meaning. They are areas critical and strategic for the protection and conservation of the heritage values of the archaeological zone. The activities in this sector focus on carrying out the measures required for achieving the strict protection and conservation of the archaeological remains. The conditions present must be evaluated continuously, to define the impacts and actions for their solution.

The Management Plan for the mixed Property has a series of objectives: protection, integral conservation, research, rational management, preservation, and safeguarding of the archaeological heritage. All these elements focus on responsible use that does not jeopardize the physical state or the VUE criteria of

the area, in addition to providing inclusive accessibility systems. These actions aim to further the appreciation, use, and enjoyment of future generations.

Action steps for monitoring, diagnosis, implementation of applied research and technical activities are considered and include the integration of specialized expert groups, oriented towards a more significant knowledge of the archaeological heritage and its safekeeping.

Among this grouping of sites, one of the main strategic urban centers of the Pre-Hispanic Classic period stands out, namely the Calakmul Archeological Zone, officially open for public visitation under the jurisdiction of INAH. This archaeological zone constitutes the heart of the region in which, in the middle of the first millennium BC and towards the year 1000 AD, the development of one of the most splendid civilizations in humanity's history starts to consolidate, and reaches its most significant prominence towards the year 600 AD, declining towards the year 900 AD, and leading to the abandonment of most settlements that flourished in the tropical forests of Mesoamerica (WHC-UNESCO 2014.)

These settlement processes resulted in a complex mosaic of tropical forest communities with elaborate ecological and trophic networks. As revealed by extensive studies in particular areas, current soil conditions are related to changes made by the Mayan culture as they practiced intensive agriculture, promoted water infiltration to deter or prevent flooding, as well as constructed urban and ceremonial centers, all of which indicates exceptional and sophisticated forms of adaptation to the karst environment. Biodiversity conservation stands in the forefront: the presence of waterholes and chultunes, water reserves employed by the Maya, constitute today vital elements for the species found in these tropical forests, favoring their recovery.

Figure 4. Archaeological Sites inside the Mixed Property Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche

The material information (remains) held in these archeological sites is vital to understanding multiple aspects of the Mayan culture and its evolution in the central lowlands of the Yucatan Peninsula (Sprajc 2013).

Following the report by Lundell (1933) on the discovery of Calakmul, one of the largest Mayan pre-Hispanic cities, other significant sites in the region were documented in the 1930s by the expeditions of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, directed by Karl Ruppert (Ruppert and Denison 1943). Many other sites, including major urban centers, have been discovered since 1996, during seven field seasons of the project "Archaeological Recognition in the Southeast of the state of Campeche," directed by Ivan Sprajc. While the results of the archaeological research in Calakmul, generated during the past three decades, have been presented in various scientific and informative publications, the most complete and updated information for the rest of the archaeological sites in the

area is the result of the works performed in the project mentioned above. It includes an extensive monograph containing detailed information (Sprajc 2008), as well as articles and reports sent to the National Institute of Anthropology and History, among which are: Sprajc 2004 and 2007; Sprajc and Flores 2010; Sprajc and Juárez 2003; Sprajc et al., 2009; 2010; Sprajc and Sánchez 2011 (c.f., Sprajc 2013.)

In the polygon that delimits the Mixed Property, a total of 38 archaeological sites of various sizes, classified according to their archaeological particularities, are considered as part of the VUE. These archeological sites have been cataloged by Sprajc (2013) as follows:

Archaeological Site in Calakmul

Table 2. Archeological Site Categories

Category Number of Archaeological Sites Sites

Major centers 12 Altamira, Balakbal, Calakmul, Champerico, Dos Aguadas, El Gallinero, El Zacatal, La Muñeca, Los Hornos, Oxpemul, Uxul and Yaxnohcah

Medium-sized centers 9 Candzibaantún, Cheyokolnah, Chicaanticaanal, El Laberinto, Las Delicias, Las Tuchas Bravas, Los Tambores, Olvidado and Pared de los Reyes

Minor centers 6 Buenfil, Chanarturo, El Chismito, La Retranca, Los Escalones and Marihuana

Small sites 11 Aguada Laberinto, Aguas Amargas, Cerros de Yeso, Chilar, Chumbec, Dos Caobas, El Cerrón, Naachtún Noroeste, Piedra Rota, Puerto México and Villahermosa

TOTAL: 38

The presence of monumental architecture characterizes the principal centers that include ceremonial, residential and administrative buildings, with a settlement pattern organized around several squares and frequently forming groups or clusters. The presence of pyramidal temples over 20 meters tall is evident, as well as ball courts and sculpted monuments, many of them with hieroglyphic inscriptions (Sprajc 2013.)

The medium-sized centers are smaller than the main centers and with less architectural diversity. Still, their constructions, although less bulky than in the major centers, as well as the presence of sculpted monuments, occasionally with hieroglyphic inscriptions, indicate their relative importance at the regional level (Sprajc 2013.)

The smaller centers show a less clear differentiation from the medium-sized centers, based mainly on a comparison of construction volumes. Some of the smaller centers have few buildings, among which at least one can be identified as massive, while in other places, more structures are occupying a larger area, but with smaller dimensions. At least some of the smaller centers are likely peripheral sites of the larger centers (Sprajc 2013.)

The small sites are all the residual settlements that do not have plazas and cannot be associated with another nearby center. While the vast majority of sites contain only low-rise residential mounds, pyramid structures are occasionally present, probably denoting lineage or local group sanctuaries. Some of these sites on hilltops can be interpreted as small sanctuaries or as homes of elite groups that exercised some degree of authority at a local level (Sprajc 2013).

The Calakmul archeological zone, listed as a principal center, contains 38 archaeological sites as part of the Property's cultural component. Calakmul is the only site officially open by the INAH to public visitation; therefore, the site is under the operation of the INAH. It is the only area that receives periodic visits and supports a constant and limited vehicular flow on the secondary access road within the Property.

The Directorate of Public Registry of Monuments and Archaeological and Historical Areas of the INAH has inventoried Calakmul as an archaeological site with ID 2278. The site has been delimited by tracing a polygon for the protection of heritage assets that includes an area of 3,485.6 hectares that fall within UTM coordinates N200,100 E20,1100; N200,1000 E20,7300; N200,9000 E20,7300; N200,9000 E20,1100.

5.1.1 Restricted Use Zone

It is localized in the East Center portion of the Property. It is an extension in good conservation state: its finality is to maintain present conditions of the ecosystem and even improve it in places that may so require it, and in which utilization activities can be performed –exceptionally– in so far as they do not modify the ecosystems and that they remain subject to strict control measures.

Only scientific research and monitoring are allowed in this area, as well as low- impact environmental, cultural, and touristic education activities that do not imply modifications of the original natural characteristics or conditions. The construction of support facilities is allowed exclusively for scientific research or monitoring.

This territory corresponds to the Core Zone I South of the Calakmul BR.

No archaeological site located within this area is open to the public. Of the 38 archaeological sites that are part of the Property, this area hosts 17.

Table 3. Archeological Sites in the Restricted Use Zone

Category Number of Archaeological Sites sites

Principal centers 5 Altamira, Balakbal, Champerico, El Gallinero, Yaxnohcah

Medium-sized centers 5 Candzibaantún, Las Delicias, Las Tuchas Bravas, Los Tambores, Olvidado

Minor centers 3 El Chismito, La Retranca, Marihuana

Small sites 4 Cerros de Yeso, Dos Caobas, Naachtún Noroeste, Villahermosa

TOTAL: 17

Restricted Use Zone

Permitted activities Not permitted activities

Perform scientific research and Realization of public or private monitoring works.

Perform scientific take with the Prepare or open new paths, gaps or corresponding permits trails in addition to existing ones, except when for management, protection, research, and working actions

Cultural and environmental education Use any sound device that alters the behavior of wildlife populations or specimen

Build support facilities for scientific Conduct productive activities research and monitoring

Build infrastructure for operation, Introduce invasive alien species management, and research purposes

Perform activities to preserve Alter or destroy by any means or ecosystems and their elements, with action wildlife feeding, nesting, the corresponding authorization refuge, and breeding sites

Conduct monitoring and supervision Hunting, capturing, feeding, of the conservation state of cultural removing, extracting, holding, and natural attributes appropriating or disturbing wildlife in any way or taking advantage of its products; except for scientific research and monitoring activities

Install signage for management Collect, cut, extract or destroy any purposes forest or wild flora specimens, as well as forest exploitation

because it has been declared a total and indefinite ban

Carry out filming, photography and Make use of lamps or any other image and sound recording activities light source to attract and observe for scientific, cultural or educational wildlife specimens, except when for purposes with previous authorization scientific research and monitoring by INAH or CONANP according to their activities competences

Obtain video footage, photographs, Alter or destroy cultural contexts

and image and sound recordings for and assets commercial purposes, with due authorization and corresponding fee payment

Plunder paleontological, archeological or historical assets

Extract mineral or petrous materials, paleontological, archaeological, and historical remains, except those required for research purposes

Perform tourism activities

Modify the natural conditions of aquifers, hydrological basins, natural, permanent or temporary, stream beds, akalches, and water holes

Abandon materials that represent a fire hazard

Execute public or private works

5.1.2 Preservation Zone

It occupies the West and North portion of the Property.

It is a sector in good state of conservation that includes relevant or fragile ecosystems, or relevant natural phenomena; carrying out activities within this zone requires of a proper management to achieve the expected [ecosystem] preservation.

This area concentrates 21 of the 38 archaeological sites part of the Property. Also within this area is the protection polygon of the Calakmul Archaeological Zone, within which the Cultural and Natural Interpretation Zone (ZICN) is defined, open to public visitation.

Table 4. Archeological Sites in the Preservation Zone

Category Number of Archaeological Sites sites

Principal centers 7 Calakmul, Dos Aguadas, El Zacatal, La Muñeca, Los Hornos, Oxpemul, Uxul

Medium-sized centers 4 Cheyokolnah, Chicaanticaanal, El Laberinto, Pared de los Reyes

Minor centers 3 Buenfil, Chanarturo, Los Escalones

Small sites 7 Aguada Laberinto, Aguas Amargas, Chilar, Chumbec, El Cerrón, Piedra Rota, Puerto México

TOTAL: 21

Preservation zone

Permitted activities Not permitted activities

Infrastructure construction for Prepare or open new dirt roads, or operational, management and scientific roads in addition to existing ones, research purposes except when for management, protection, research, and working actions

Perform protection and conservation Perform livestock tending and activities farming activities

Perform restoration, recovery and Carry out project of public or private ecological reforestation activities work without the corresponding provided that it does not negatively environmental impact impact cultural property and authorization in the terms of the ecosystems LGEEPA

Perform activities to preserve Enter with unauthorized motor

ecosystems and their elements on vehicles scientific research and education

Conduct scientific take Introduce invasive alien species

Conduct monitoring and supervision of Alter or destroy by any means or the conservation state of cultural and action wildlife feeding, nesting, natural attributes refuge, and breeding sites

Perform activities on cultural and Introduce plants, seeds, and environmental education domestic animals

Install signage for management Hunting, capturing, feeding, purposes removing, extracting, holding, appropriating or disturbing wildlife in any way or taking advantage of its products; except for scientific research and monitoring activities

Carry out filming, photography and image and sound recording activities for Destroy any forest or wild flora scientific, cultural or educational specimens, as well as forest purposes with previous authorization by exploitation because it has been INAH or CONANP according to their declared a total and indefinite ban competences

Obtain video footage, photographs, and Use lamps or any other light source image and sound recordings for to harness and observe wildlife commercial purposes, with due specimens, except when used for authorization and corresponding fee scientific research and monitoring payment activities.

Alter or destroy cultural contexts and assets

Plunder paleontological, archeological or historical assets

Extract mineral or petrous materials, paleontological, archaeological, and historical remains, except for those required for research purposes.

Conduct tourism activities

Carry out activities that involve the risk of causing wildfires by fire or other flammable materials and substances

Modify the natural conditions of aquifers, hydrological basins, permanent or temporary natural stream beds, akalches, and water holes

Pour or discharge wastewater or contaminants into the soil, subsoil, and any riverbed, reservoir, or aquifer.

Perform low-altitude over flights and aircraft landing that contravene the provisions of the INAH and the SCT [Ministry of Communications and Transportation]

Those not contemplated in this plan and that may jeopardize the attributes recognized in the Mixed Property.

5.1.3 Cultural and Natural Interpretation Zone (ZICN)

The municipality of Calakmul has now become a center of intense attraction for visitors interested in recreation, adventure, and research; tourism as an economic activity is in its early development, even though visitation has experienced a sustained growth due to the impressive natural, archeological and cultural attractions found in the territory.

Given this scenario, studies were done to ascertain for the Calakmul BR (RB Calakmul, in Spanish) the Limit of Acceptable Change and the Carrying Capacity of the sites or the natural, cultural, and social attractions with a higher

visitation or that have growth potential. The results serve to guide tourism development planning, as well as establish criteria for the management of properties with natural and cultural value (Mexican Fund for the Conservation of Nature, Final Report, 2018; INAH, in process.)

This zone has an extension of 1,629.5 ha comprised of two areas:

5.1.4 ZICN in the Calakmul Archaeological Zone open to the Public

According to its nature and purpose, the Calakmul Archeological Zone has the dual objective of seeking its conservation, research, protection, and dissemination, while providing facilities for visitation. However, this use often entails negative impacts on the cultural heritage, making it necessary to have available technical instruments that order its usage and regulate visitor handling and, in general, contribute to the proper management of the archaeological zone.

Regulation is therefore applied, identifying the areas of physical use and establishing the activities allowed for each of them.

This Zone matches the area currently open to the public. With an approximate surface of 174.8 ha, it receives a constant but controlled visitation impact. It includes areas in which cultural and natural environment characteristics allow public visitation for education and instruction, enjoyment and gratification, for as long as the presence and influence of visitors does not exceed the carrying capacity of its ecosystems and area of archaeological vestiges.

There is the main access to the Calakmul Archaeological Zone, where activities at present consist of the observation of cultural and natural attractions, enhancing the appeal of the site for further observation and interpretation of its attributes.

5.1.5 ZICN in visiting areas

These visiting areas consist of five paths that produce a network of options of natural spaces to carry out nature interpretation and recreational walks within the Property.

The five trails within site, together with the surrounding area, cover 1,454.7 ha.

Their length and uses are:

Length Current Site / trail in Potential activities activities meters

Trail km 20 from 789 Hiking Environmental the Museum Interpretation Center of Culture Biological for Conservation research Biological research Observation of Trail km 25 942 natural attractions Rústico Natural

Trail km 27 El 1,170 Ramonal

Path to the 660 Biological and Environmental archaeological Interpretation site Oxpemul Archaeological Research Biological research

Observation of Observation of natural attractions cultural attractions

Camping ground

Trail km 38 960 Hiking Considered for Dormitorio de Los visitors in good Monos Biological physical condition; research requires higher security precautions

Environmental

Interpretation

Biological research

Observation of natural attractions

The purpose of these trail options is to satisfy visitors' expectations of conducting guided tours in natural environments and becoming acquainted with the World Heritage site by valuing, enjoying, and being gratified by this complex of natural and cultural elements. Above all, seek to offer a quality educational experience based on the importance of this natural and cultural heritage. The trails offer the visitor a different variety of suitable experiences and environments. Each trail could represent a unique tour, depending on the interests and time available.

Culture Center for Conservation

Cultural and Natural Interpretation Zone (ZICN)

Permitted activities Not permitted activities

Perform protection and conservation Transit in unauthorized activities motor vehicles

Provide guided and scheduled visits. You Alter or destroy cultural can also practice: hiking, wildlife observation, contexts and assets

Education activities, cultural and natural interpretation, and bicycling as a means of transport (on access road only)

Perform scientific, archaeological, ecological Plunder paleontological, and conservation-oriented research that archeological or historical complies with the standards and guidelines assets defined by the responsible instances through prior authorization

Perform monitoring, supervision, Unlawful excavation of conservation and maintenance actions of paleontological, archaeological structures and decorative archaeological and historical elements, which comply with the guidelines remains defined by the corresponding instances

Perform training and updating actions for Hunting, capturing, feeding, the management of cultural and natural removing, extracting, attributes holding, appropriating or disturbing wildlife in any way or taking advantage of its products; except for scientific research and monitoring activities

Overnight stays and camping for research, Interrupting, dredging, monitoring, surveillance, dissemination and filling, drying out or conservation purposes diverting hydrological flows or deposits

Perform extraordinary visitation activities Perform extreme sports and with authorization from INAH and CONANP the provisions of NOM-09- TUR-2002

Perform maintenance and adaptation of Use lamps or any other light infrastructure and equipment for source to harness and

operational, management and observe wildlife specimens, interpretation purposes except when for scientific research and monitoring activities

Execute public or private works for the Introduce invasive alien purpose of operation, management and species research with the corresponding environmental impact opinion

Perform ecological restoration activities with Perform any commercial prior authorization or approval of the activity, concession, and responsible authorities other for-profit act, under the rule that applies

Execute actions related to the conservation Perform low-altitude over of archeological assets with authorization flights and aircraft landing from INAH that contravene the provisions of the INAH and the SCT [Ministry of Communications and Transportation]

Perform scientific collection of wildlife Make over flights of specimens autonomous aerial vehicles (VANT as abbreviated in Spanish), except for research, monitoring and dissemination purposes with the authorization of the responsible bodies (SCT regulations, CO AV-23/10 R4)

Design, develop, produce and install signage Perform timber and non- for management purposes timber harvesting activities

Carry out filming, photography, and image Perform beekeeping, and sound recording activities for scientific, agriculture and livestock cultural or educational purposes, with the tending activities previous authorization by INAH and CONANP according to their competences

Obtain video footage, photographs, and Introduce domestic animals, image and sound recordings for commercial non-native seeds and purposes, with due authorization and genetically modified corresponding fee payment organisms

Remain out of visiting hours

within the areas open to the public, except with the authorization of INAH and CONANP

Perform actions not contemplated in the plan and those that may put at risk the assets of the site

Deface, paint or cause any damage to the integrity of monuments, sites, archaeological remains, vegetation and animals

. Dispose of, pour or discharge any organic waste, solid or liquid residue, or any contaminants onto the ground or into water bodies

Introduce and consume any narcotic drugs and intoxicating drinks

Carry out activities that involve the risk of causing wildfires by fire or other flammable materials and substances

Figure 5. Map of the Cultural and Natural Interpretation Zone

Calakmiel honey product

5.2 Property Buffer Zone

It is an area around the Property whose usage and development are restricted to strengthen protection. Considered are the immediate environment of the site, perspectives, and other areas or attributes that are functionally important as support of the Property and its protection (Practical Guidelines, paragraph 104).

The buffer zone has as the primary function to orient that utilization activities performed inside be conducted towards sustainable development while creating the necessary conditions to attain the long term conservation of natural and cultural attributes; the following sub-zones compose it:

5.2.1 Traditional use

Defined as those areas where natural resources have been used traditionally and continuously, without causing significant alterations in the ecosystem. They

are mainly related to satisfying the socioeconomic and cultural needs of these communities.

In this area, no activities can occur that threaten, disturb, or damage the natural structure of populations and ecosystems, their mechanisms for recovery, and the archaeological remains. Only scientific research, educational and low impact tourism activities can be carried out, as well as, where appropriate, artisanal fishing.

The support infrastructure that is required must consider the use of eco- techniques and traditional construction materials typical of the region, use of natural resources to meet the basic economic and auto-consumption needs of the villagers, using traditional methods focused on sustainability, as foreseen in the applicable norms and regulations.

Buffer zone

Traditional use

Permitted activities Not permitted activities

Perform scientific, archaeological, Carry out activities that disturb or ecological and conservation threaten the natural structure of monitoring and research activities populations and ecosystems or their that comply with the standards and mechanisms for recovery guidelines defined by the corresponding institutions through their prior authorization.

Promote education and Open and modify access roads dissemination of site values

Perform low impact tourism Affect the archaeological heritage (in activities terms of what the LFMZAAH indicates in its Art. 28, 28bis and 28 ter, and applicable international treaties in force) according to applicable regulations and standards

Execute public or private works with Remove or refill and perform any the corresponding authorization activity that affects the integrity of from SEMARNAT and INAH the hydrological flow

Develop the required support Mining activities infrastructure, using eco- technologies and traditional Extract mineral or petrous materials, construction materials typical of the paleontological, archaeological and region historical remains, except for those required for research purposes

Carry out activities of exploitation, Install fences or physical plot conservation, repopulation, boundaries propagation and development of plants and wildlife with the corresponding permits and authorizations

Fight forest fires Hunting, capturing, feeding, removing, extracting, holding, appropriating or disturbing wildlife in any way; except for scientific research and monitoring activities

Establish Management Units for Plunder archeological assets Wildlife Conservation (UMAS, as abbreviated in Spanish)

Perform traditional low-impact productive activities

Make use of wildlife for subsistence purposes

5.2.2 Sustainable use of ecosystems

In this sector, low-intensity agricultural, fishing, and livestock keeping activities can be carried out on plots in areas that are suitable for these purpose. Also considered are areas where such activities are carried out daily, such as artisanal fishing, agroforestry or silvopastoral practices, as long as they are compatible with the conservation actions of the area, and that, in their case, they contribute to erosion control and soil degradation prevention.

The implementation of agricultural, fishing, livestock, agroforestry, and silvopastoral practices not performed sustainably should tend to sustainability and the decrease in the use of agrochemicals and external inputs.

Buffer zone

Sustainable use of ecosystems

Permitted activities Not permitted activities

Carry out low intensity agricultural, Affect the archaeological heritage (in livestock, agroforestry and terms of what the LFMZAAH silvopastoral practices compatible indicates in its Art. 28, 28bis and 28 with conservation ter, and the applicable international treaties in force) according to applicable regulations and standards

Collect and make use of forest Carry out activities that disturb or resources for domestic use and threaten the natural structure of research species populations and ecosystems or their recovery mechanisms

Subsistence Hunting Mining activities

Perform traditional low-impact Remove or refill and perform any productive activities activity that affects the integrity of the hydrological flow

Take advantage of timber and non- Plunder archeological assets timber forest resources according to regulations

Perform scientific research and Hunting, capturing, feeding, monitoring removing, extracting, holding, appropriating or disturbing wildlife in any way or taking advantage of its products; except for scientific research and monitoring activities, of UMAS and subsistence hunting

Promote education and Use fire or controlled burning dissemination of site values practices, without the supervision of the CONANP

Perform low impact tourism activities

Take actions to prevent and control wildfires

Establish Management Units for Wildlife Conservation (UMAS, as

abbreviated in Spanish)

Take advantage, conserve, repopulate and reproduce species of wild plants and animals with the corresponding permits and authorizations

Execute public or private works with the corresponding authorization from SEMARNAT and INAH

Develop the required support infrastructure, using eco- technologies and traditional construction materials characteristic to the region

5.2.3 North Buffer Zone

In this area of the northern section of the Biosphere Reserve, the North CoreI Zone II is located, surrounded by a buffer zone. Considered as a buffer zone for the Property, the productive activities carried out by the communities that reside there are taken into account, in accordance with the provisions of the corresponding Management Program.

As an extension portion of a protected natural area, this space answers to the objectives for which these areas are established, among them:

Preserve representative natural environments of the region and the most fragile ecosystems as well as their functions, to ensure the balance and continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes;

Safeguard the genetic diversity of wild species on which evolutionary continuity depends; as well as ensure the preservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. In particular, by preserving species that are endangered, threatened, endemic, rare and those subject to special protection;

Ensure the preservation and sustainable use of ecosystems, their elements, and their functions;

Provide a fertile ground for scientific research and the study of ecosystems and their equilibrium;

Contributes to generating, rescuing and disseminating traditional or new knowledge, practices, and technologies that allow the preservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity of the national territory;

Protect the natural surroundings of archaeological sites, monuments and vestiges, and areas of importance for recreation, and the culture and identity of Mexico's nationals and indigenous peoples.

In general terms, the functions of this Buffer Zone for the World Heritage Property are the conservation of biodiversity, of archaeological assets, and cultural diversity; provide a space for research, monitoring, education, and training; and, enable the development of socio-cultural and environmentally sustainable activities.

Beyond the protection it offers, this site also contributes to the integrity of the VUE of the Mixed Property, as it increases an already vast area of habitats for species. To this is added other Natural Protected Areas (NPA) of Federal competence under the category of Areas Destined Voluntarily to Conservation (ADVC). Thus increases the cultural value of the Property by augmenting its connectivity between zones.

The ADVC are NPAs rich in nature, which indigenous peoples, social organizations, and natural or legal persons have voluntarily dedicated to environmental conservation. They have biological and ecological characteristics similar to those of other NPAs and are essential for extending the protected surface of the country, improving the connectivity of ecosystems, and preserving their natural resources.

5.2.4 South Fringe Buffer Zone

This area is characterized by also having ecosystems in a functional conservation condition, where one seeks to maintain their present condition, and even improve it in those areas requiring it.

Its location, as an intermediate band between the eastern limit of the Property and the Sustainable Ecosystem Use Zone, makes it an appropriate buffer zone. The lands of this zone connect with the Core Zone I of the Calakmul BR. The other side is subject to intense anthropic pressure, due to production, land use, and exploitation activities conducted by the communities living in its vicinity.

It also contributes to the objectives of the natural protected area, primarily in that it preserves natural regionally representative environments and the most fragile ecosystems, as well as their functions, to ensure the balance and continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes. It provides fertile ground for scientific research and the study of ecosystems and their balance. It contributes to producing, rescuing, and disseminating traditional or new knowledge, practices, and technologies that allow the preservation and sustainable use of Mexico's biodiversity. It protects the natural surroundings of archaeological sites, monuments and vestiges, also areas of importance for recreation, and the national and indigenous peoples' culture and identity.

In the same manner as the North Buffer Zone, it helps to conserve biodiversity, archeological assets, and cultural diversity; serves to support research, monitoring, education, and training; and provides for the development of socio- cultural and environmentally sustainable activities.

6. Comprehensive management (Areas of concurrence, collaboration)

This section describes the management components of the World Heritage Mixed Property, determined by the configuration and zoning established in the Decree and the Management Program of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve Natural Protected Area, as well as the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul and the archaeological sites and monuments that represent the cultural values protected in the Property, which require a joint and coordinated collaboration between INAH and CONANP.

These actions are determined in agreement with the criteria of the OUV, the priorities that address conservation objects and prevent damage and threats. Therefore, its integration into joint management actions is taken into consideration to favor and benefit the protection and conservation of the Property, including actions, execution time-frame, priority conservation objects, as well as institutions involved in task execution.

The comprehensive management links all social actors, three levels of government, institutions, experts, and other organizations involved in the proper planning and management of all components and attributes, cultural as well as natural, of the Property.

6.1 Conservation and Restoration

The large surface area that encompasses the Calakmul region is part of the territory that includes the Maya Forest, also functioning as a connection with other protected areas that comprise part of the territory of Belize, northern Guatemala, and southeastern Mexico. It represents one of the ecological systems of global importance. It is one of the three largest forest areas in Mexico and Mesoamerica (Galindo-Leal, 1999), with a forest area of more than four million hectares.

The location of the Property also increases its importance as a landscape connectivity center of the Maya Forest, with corridors that provide ecological continuity to the forests of the region (Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize). This

connectedness supports the conservation of biodiversity, the mobility of various species, as well as allowing natural biological flows of genetic material.

On the other hand, the region represents a geomorphological unit with the highest rainfall, density of water pools, relief, and altitude in the Yucatan Peninsula, as well as relevant abiotic factors such as limestone substratum, gypsum outcrops, caves, and ravines. This unit gives rise to particular habitats that are not present in other areas of the Yucatan Peninsula. Therefore, it becomes a priority for the conservation and preservation of biodiversity (García- Gil, 2003).

The rainforests of the region constitute a peninsular watershed, which defines the course of surface and underground runoff by defining the upper basins. They supply the underground aquifers of the eastern (Caribbean) and western slopes (Sonda de Campeche), which in turn feed the most essential lacustrine and wetland systems of the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo (Laguna de Términos Flora and Fauna Protection Area and Sian Ka´an Biosphere Reserve. García-Gil, 2003.)

Due to its continuity, size and top conservation status, it can maintain viable populations of species with special requirements (for example, endemic or rare species) and with extended home ranges (mammals and large birds). In addition, this group of rainforests maintains some of the largest populations of wild fauna and vegetation in Mexico, composed of charismatic or keystone species of biological and ecological importance for the region, such as: the jaguar (Panthera onca), puma (Puma concolor), tapir (Tapirus baiirdi), white- lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), howler and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi and Alouatta pigra), king vulture (Sarcoramphus papa), elegant eagle (Spizaetus ornatus), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), cedar (Cedrela odorata), and ciricote (Cordia dodecandra). There are also endemic species of ecological and economic importance for the region, such as the ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) and the gray deer (Mazama pandora) (Galindo-Leal, 1999). All these species are in one or another category of risk according to official Mexican standards, making it so important to preserve

these rainforest relics, as they very likely harbor the better-preserved populations of vegetation and wildlife in the country.

The management program of the Calakmul BR, of which the Property forms part, considers that on the subject of conservation, several diverse strategies need to occur for the active development of each component:

 Fire prevention, detection, and control  Prevention, control, and combat of agroforestry pests  Reforestation and plant nurseries  Soil protection and recovery  Restoration  Cultural resources protection  Management and protection of wildlife in their natural environment  Nurseries

Areas Voluntarily Destined to Conservation (ADVC)

Among connectors existing within the Maya Forest, Areas Voluntarily Destined to Conservation (ADVC), namely natural protected areas of a federal character that have been established by means of a certificate, recognize the initiatives of indigenous peoples, social organizations, public or private enterprises, and persons, which allocate their land and their resources to conservation actions. In this instance, to create a corridor for species that enables the conservation of larger areas within the buffer zone of the Property.

In 2017, 10 entire ejidos placed their lands under the ADVC figure, a total of 130,000 ha adjacent to the Calakmul BR. They became a model for how society as a whole can participate voluntarily in the conservation of natural resources and manage and administer their NPAs, which acquire the value and status as if they were under Federal jurisdiction.

Community Surveillance Actions

The conservation of species in the Property contemplates several actions, such as Community Surveillance, which strengthens the protection and monitoring actions carried out by CONANP staff, aimed at mitigating the impacts

generated by human activities or natural disasters. Staff collaborates with community brigades trained to conduct patrol circuits in areas vulnerable to environmental trespassing, while also gathering information on the Biology of remote areas within the Property.

Until 2018, CONANP executed the Community Surveillance Program (PROVICOM, for its initials in Spanish), which as of 2019 becomes part of the Restoration Program (PROREST). This program, in turn, provides grants from the federal government, in addition to promoting the integration of Community Surveillance Committees within the Property. These committees seek to carry out preventive type activities, as a strategy to promote social participation in surveillance and monitoring actions, as well as to serve as a dissemination instrument to promote the conservation of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Furthermore, additional investments have been included in the allocated budget, from institutions allied to conservation such as the Mexican Fund for the Conservation of Nature (FMCN), the Natural Protected Areas Fund (FANP), the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), the Environmental Fund, and the Federation Expenditure Budget (PEF).

Species at Risk Conservation Actions

The Species at Risk Conservation Program (PROCER), created in 2007, is another program incorporated into PROREST in 2019. It seeks to contribute, through specific actions, to the conservation of species at risk included in the Programs of Action for the Conservation of Species (PACE), which describe strategies, activities, and actions to be developed in the short, medium and long terms. It allows the articulation and coordination of efforts made by different groups of society.

These strategies, in addition to complying with conservation goals, also contribute to the quality of life of the social groups involved by promoting alternative productive activities. They help reduce threats to priority species, strengthening community organization, working with non-governmental

organizations to contribute to sustainable development and, thereby, to an improvement of environmental goods and services.

The priority species that are served by PROCER have undergone a selection process, seeking to produce a positive impact on many other species and their habitat (keystone species) from the results of the actions carried out.

Additionally, the PROCER vision incorporates habitat recovery as well as recovery of species associated with those at risk, that is, those species included in the Programs of Action for the Conservation of Species (PACE).

To achieve its objectives, the PROCER consists of two components: 1) Conservation of Species at Risk and, 2) Conservation of Native Maize.

Concerning the Conservation of Species at Risk component, the implementation of PACE provides support for it. It contributes to increase the knowledge on species of wild flora and fauna at some level of risk and to spread the importance of their conservation for regional development. It grants financial resources for species conservation actions.

For the Property and its buffer zone, two PROCER are active: jaguar (Panthera onca) and other felines; and tapir and white-lipped Pecari.

Aguadas

As part of the research performed at the Calakmul BR, a study was carried out in 2007, with a pilot sampling using photo-trapping during the dry season in different types of habitats: trails, seasonal currents and aguadas (water holes). This study highlights the importance of the aguadas, where wildlife species typical of a well-preserved tropical rainforest tend to gather. All significant species still inhabit and coexist in the Property and its buffer zone (e.g., tapir, white-lipped peccary, jaguar, puma, great curassow, king buzzard, and ocellated turkey). Of 34 species recorded in the aguadas, 14 are classified in some at-risk category in national and international conservation lists.

Carrying Capacity

To preserve the Property and its buffer zone, the number of visitors, groups, and vehicles that can visit it has been preset, both for the high season and the low season. It helps maintain its carrying capacity within appropriate levels in agreement with visitors' regulations, keeping this limit at an acceptable level, and maintaining the conditions of conservation and restoration of the Property.

Invasive alien species (IAS)

An issue of vital importance for the conservation of native species of flora and fauna in the Property is the control of exotic and invasive species, such as the fern Pteridium aquilinum. This species has developed an amazing worldwide survival and distribution capacity: once settling in, it becomes tough to eradicate. The Property has a society of producers called El Machich, specializing in forestry, agroforestry, and beekeeping, and focusing on forest restoration of the areas invaded by the fern; they have become a point of reference on the subject, having controlled the fern invasion after 15 years of work. The project began in the year 2000 in the municipality of Othón P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, east of the Property.

Conservation and restoration of the Archaeological Zone

The first archaeological interventions in Calakmul took place in 1984 performed by the Center for Historical and Social Research of the Autonomous University of Campeche. The Calakmul Archaeological Project under the National Institute of Anthropology and History carried out archaeological research begun in 1993. The INAH performed interventions for the conservation of monuments in the archaeological area. This work led to opening the archaeological site to public visitation in 1994; it is the only area with monuments adapted for visitors within the Mixed Property.

Since the Calakmul Archaeological Project began, more than nineteen buildings and four residential units distributed in the Central Plaza area, the Great Acropolis, and other primary sectors of the archaeological zone, have

been intervened. During this time, as studies show, the nature and composition of the materials used to create the archaeological structures could not prevent their deterioration. The changes provoked by their burial conditions and exposure through excavation, make them susceptible to the climatic conditions of the humid tropics. Such is the case of the regional limestone that is subject to exfoliation and erosion in both stone lintels and binders. Those, as mentioned above, also cause a conservation priority as erosion affects the surfaces of the steles and altars present in the archaeological zone and, therefore, strategies for the installation of architectural decks are needed.

Damage is also relatively significant as a result of public visitation, which has been progressively increasing since 2002 as a result of the inscription of the archaeological site as a Cultural World Heritage Property (Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche).

During several seasons of archaeological excavation, different preventive measures and conservation methods have been applied. In the interventions of substructure IIc of Building II, the refurbishing of the structural and conservation system has followed premises such as the differentiation between the archaeological building and the architectural structure, conditioning for public visitation, as well as the use of IT for the conservation and monitoring of the cultural heritage.

As regards the restoration work of the mural painting found on "Structure I" of the Chiik Naab Acropolis, measures such as the establishment of conservation protocols have been applied, together with the use of calcium hydroxide nanoparticle application to stabilize and restore decorated surfaces. As in substructure IIc, an upper architectural structure was prepared to fit out the paintings for visitation, but moisture condensation and abandon are causing preservation problems. Permanent monitoring or the possibility of re-burial is necessary.

At the archaeological site of Oxpemul, similar problems of conservation as in Calakmul are present, derived from the similar characteristics of construction

systems, building materials (limestone), and environment. Therefore, monuments consolidated in the two main monumental centers of the site should be monitored periodically to avoid deterioration. For steles that still have surfaces with graphical signs, it is necessary to apply architectural roof installation strategies to prevent erosion.

Other archeological sites registered within the Mixed Property also require periodic monitoring. They constitute as yet unstudied archaeological objects. Consequently, natural sediments and vegetation still cover various archaeological monuments. In any case, it is necessary to identify the looting wells that compromise the stability of the monuments. All steles and altar also must be thoroughly registered to generate a database of the state of conservation for each archaeological site.

Overall, the following deterioration effects are present:

 Disintegration and detachment (exfoliation) of the lintels parts of walls and/or basal platforms.  Fractures or cracks in the walls and structural supports.  Realignments and settling of construction landfilling.  Deterioration caused by physicochemical reactions of salts, microorganisms (lichen, algae, and mosses), as well as insects, rodents, and birds.  Surface damage due to public visitation and vandalism in steles and altars.

Regarding maintenance activities of the intensive use area, periodic restoration work was carried out on the decorated surfaces during the past field seasons of the Calakmul Archaeological Project, as well as major maintenance work on the archaeological structures. Likewise, custodians assigned to the archaeological zone and cleaning and security staff of the COSICS company, hired by the INAH Center, perform permanent upkeep tasks, removing organic waste from the structures, and preventing plant incursion.

The considerations mentioned above justify the need to expand and strengthen action to be taken in terms of conservation. Both extrinsic and intrinsic causes related to deterioration cannot be dissociated and need a joint response with a

sustained and diversified provision of resources that guarantee the efficiency of conservation measures.

ACTIONS OBJECTIVE TERM RESPONSIBLE RESOURCE

Diagnosis of monument 10-13 M INAH conservation status (Oxpemul, Uxul, Calakmul and Yaxnocah)

Monitoring (supervision, and 10-13 P INAH graphic, photographic and geo- referred registries)

Minor maintenance of the real 10-13 P INAH estate and infrastructure

Major maintenance and restoration 10-13 L INAH to real estate, decorative elements and wall painting (murals)

Preparation of maintenance 10-13 M INAH booklet

Carry out systematic surveillance, 1-13 P INAH supervision and custody tours, and, where appropriate, apply ordinary CONANP preventive measures

Develop a Carrying Capacity Study 11 S INAH of the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul

Determine the carrying capacity for 1-13 S INAH the Mixed Property CONANP

Implement a System of scheduled 1-13 S INAH visits not to exceed the carrying capacity CONANP

Restoration and monitoring of 3 P CONANP priority aguadas according to the studies performed

Promote tree cover near bodies of 1-13 L CONANP water in the flooded lowlands to help support the conservation of the species living there, as in the high-medium evergreen, and low

flooded forests, and aguadas

Maintenance and conservation of 4-8 P CONANP drinking fountains (water trough)

Control and eradication actions of 1-13 P CONANP alien invasive species

Conserve the ecological 1-9 P CONANP connectivity of the different ecosystems of the mixed Property

Observe compliance with the 1-13 P INAH Collaboration Bases signed by INAH-CONANP, on February 07, CONANP 2018

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Long (L): 10 years; Permanent (P).

6.2 Climate Change: Disaster Prevention and Risk Management

The Selva Maya complex comprises part of the territory of Belize, northern Guatemala and southeastern Mexico, and represents one of the most important ecological systems worldwide. It is considered the most massive expansion of tropical forests in Mesoamerica, with a surface inside protected areas of over four million hectares. In Mexico, it includes the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Balam Kú and Balam Kín State Reserves, the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve and the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in Chiapas; the German Society for International Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit - GIZ.) provided this classification.

In 2011, the Climate Change Adaptation Program (PACC) was put in effect for the protected natural areas of the Selva Maya complex, which include the Mixed Property. Climate change adaptation strategies were selected and adapted based on a catalog of general adaptation strategies. The strategies were selected with two main objectives in mind:

1) Maintain or increase the resilience of conservation objects 2) Face compounded threats and adverse human responses to climate change.

Each conservation object faced more than one threat. Therefore, it was necessary to identify those of greater severity and scope. To select the adaptation strategies, the main impacts on and symptoms of crucial ecological attributes of conservation objects, as described in the hypothesis of change, were identified. Once identified, these actions were incorporated into the Mixed Property management.

The climate change problem and its impacts on ecosystems and productive activities in the Maya Forest are very complex. There is a clear and great need for progress in terms of availability of institutional capacities and human resources that allow an efficient implementation of adaptation measures and, simultaneously, address threats not associated with climate change. This statement is especially valid within natural protected areas, such as the Calakmul BR.

Given this uncertainty –both as it concerns the impacts of climate change in the next decades, as well as the response of ecosystems and human populations to these impacts– it becomes essential to perform vulnerability analyzes on climate change, on key species for ecosystems, and regional human populations and their economic activities. These vulnerability analyses should be based on accumulated scientific knowledge and appropriate methods that allow determining levels of resilience (resistance and adaptation) of ecosystems and productive systems.

The expansion of conservation areas, in particular, to promote better connectivity between natural protected areas, is undoubtedly a challenge and one of the strategies that could be privileged through incentives. Different Areas Dedicated Voluntarily to Conservation have been established in ejido land located around and in the corridor between the protected areas of Sian Ka'an, Bala'an Ka'ax, and Calakmul; they are undoubtedly an essential contribution to connectivity. On the one hand, it will be essential to reinforce this modality of already existing conservation areas, on the other, to encourage additional ones through various incentives.

According to the trends of change in temperature and precipitation in the Yucatan Peninsula, it is likely that the dry rainforests to the north of the peninsula will migrate gradually southward, displacing the sub-evergreen rainforests, and that these, in turn, displace the high evergreen forests south of the Calakmul BR. If this occurs, it is likely that over time, the rainforests of the complex will have more abundance of species typical of the dry rainforests of Yucatan. Therefore, during the dry season, the risk of catastrophic wildfires could be increased.

Aguadas are essential for the survival of numerous species of wild fauna and flora in the region; these spots have been severely affected by the effects of climate change, and will, therefore, be included in disaster prevention actions.

Another strategy for adaptation to climate change to maintain biodiversity in the region is to preserve or restore ecological connectivity, as it is essential to facilitate the genetic flow between populations, allow the migration of species as climate conditions change, and, finally, to maintain ecosystem functionality.

The Calakmul Biosphere Reserve is a region of high importance for conservation and biodiversity, as well as ecological services, in particular as the rainforest connector in southern Mexico, with Guatemala and Belize. In 2008, a citizen's alliance was formed to develop and propose measures of good practices –technical and legal– and mitigation work, through the execution of the project Mitigation of Road Construction Impact on Biodiversity in the Calakmul Region, whose objectives were:

a) Develop methodological tools that contribute to identifying priority sites to maintain the connectivity (north - south) of the rainforests in southern Campeche traversed by the Escárcega-Xpujil highway section, municipality of Calakmul, Campeche.

b) Identify and propose mitigation measures and sound environmental practices to minimize and avoid the effects of habitat fragmentation and its effects on biodiversity and associated ecological processes; and

c) Contribute to lay the foundations for the development of sound, well- organized practices in Management Units for Wildlife Conservation (UMA, for the initials in Spanish), with sustainable management plans, based on rigorous biological technical studies and, lastly, the creation of new protected natural areas under different categories.

An extension of Areas Destined Voluntarily to Conservation is part of the actions to enforce the combat on climate change, thus contributing to better connectivity between NPA; it represents undoubtedly a challenge, and one of the strategies possibly favored through incentives of varied nature. Different voluntary conservation areas have been established in the ejido lands located between the protected areas of Sian Ka'an, Bala'an Ka'ax, and Calakmul.

ACTIONS OBJECTIVE TERM RESPONSIBLE RESOURCE

Promote the update of the 1-13 M CONANP Climate Change Adaptation Program (PACC, in Spanish)

Implement PACC measures that 1-13 P CONANP-INAH apply to the Property

Promote the development of 1-13 M CONANP, INAH Municipal Climate Change plans WITH without losing sight of COMPETENT sustainability and the Property AUTHORITIES

Promote the creation of an area 1-13 L CONANP-INAH for Climate Change by the Advisory Council and the Municipal Council

Promote strengthening local 1-13 M CONANP, INAH capacities to implement WITH adaptation and mitigation COMPETENT measures AUTHORITIES

Promote synergies with 1-13 S, M CONANP, INAH research and higher education WITH centers to implement the COMPETENT adaptation and mitigation AUTHORITIES measures defined in the PACC

Promote in the Property the 1-8 M CONANP approval of protocols for carbon measurements and wildlife monitoring

Implement a strategy for 1-8 S CONANP artificial drinking fountains (water trough)

Identify strategic sites inside and 1-13 CONANP outside the Property for the installation of automated M weather stations

Establish a solid waste 1-13 M CONANP-INAH management strategy

Define sustainable infrastructure 1-13 M CONANP-INAH for visitors and operational staff of CONANP and INAH

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Long (L): 10 years; Permanent (P).

Disaster prevention and risk management

Given the geological and environmental characteristics of the Property – linked to climate change– in the past three years, there has been a prolonged absence of rainfall and changes in temporality, which has caused an increase of two risk factors: the decrease of bodies of water or their desiccation; and the probability of wildfires.

In the area, water is a limiting resource that is only present in shallow lagoons, known locally as "aguadas," which store rainfall. Most species of animals in the region and several human communities depend on the aguadas for their survival, especially during the dry season, putting the survival of wildlife populations at risk, given the intense competition for the water resource.

In recent years, as documented, the aguadas have decreased their storage capacity, while yet others have dried up; these occurrences are considered to be due to an alteration in the regimes of precipitation linked to climate change.

As one of the strategies to mitigate water scarcity, the implementation of the project "Strengthening the management of the Protected Areas System to improve the conservation of endangered species and their habitats" got started in 2018, placing 30 artificial drinking troughs and supplying another 6 installed earlier, in 2015, in choice aguadas. There is now a network of 36 drinking troughs, consistently supplied with water.

In addition to these actions, various alternatives are considered to provide maintenance to the aguadas with more intensive wildlife use. Drilling wells to extract groundwater is unlikely to be an option since the water table is below 100 meters in this sector of the peninsula. However, other alternatives with potential include the design and construction of rainwater collection systems and efficient storage systems; the installation of geo-membranes is already being experienced by the conservation organization Pronatura Península de Yucatán in northern aguadas.

Among potential species of flora for aguada conservation, the Pucté tree is considered; it takes into account that its use is forbidden and, therefore, it is less harvested.

Constant monitoring allows identifying the effectiveness of watering through; trap cameras are used for this purpose. Among the species identified making constant use of the drinking fountains or water troughs are the target species, i.e., jaguar (Panthera onca) and tapir (Tapirus bairdii).

Currently, new strategies are analyzed to allow the massive storage of water, such as the construction of a system of "shallow pools" in sites adjacent to the natural aguadas, generally formed on soils with Gleysol characteristics.

Concerning wildfire management, it began in the Property and its buffer zone in 2006, when the first Integrated Fire Management Plan (PIMF) was developed; as part of the PIMF, a pilot project was started that includes training 5 technicians in fire management in the region at the highest level. At present, the technical staff of the CBR, which includes the Property and its buffer zone,

continues training on this subject and has trained the community brigades of the region.

In 2007, the first forest firefighting brigade was established, consisting of ten elements, trained by the technical staff of the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR) and the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP).

In 2009, the Forest Fire Control Center (CECIFOR) was established in Xpujil, the municipal capital of Calakmul, Campeche. Its duties include providing follow-up to forest wildfires in the region by monitoring heat points and attending forest fires in the region, all under the coordination among the three levels of government. In 2012, due to changes in the strategy, non-governmental organizations decided to move CECIFOR's operations to the Calakmul Civil Protection offices, where, at present (2019), they seek to be reactivated.

CONANP, concentrating on the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, started in 2010 the activation of Forest Firefighting Brigades with resources from the PROCODES Contingencies Grant Program, still in effect in 2019. The resources of this program include wages, equipment, life insurance, and operating expenses.

One of the most representative projects is the Firebreaks as a preventive alternative to forest fires, which are mostly started by the burning of cultivated grasslands, agricultural areas, and poaching. Activities consist of removing organic combustion material from the surface down to the mineral soil and forming three-meter wide linear clearings free of vegetation in strategic areas to avoid the arrival of flames from reaching the adult wooded ground of the rainforest.

In 2013, the PROCODES Contingencies was strengthened with the support of the German International Cooperation Agency (GIZ), with a Basic Course for Forest Firefighters, being able to train two brigades of 10 elements per year, until this present year of 2019.

It was also in 2013 that PIMF information was updated in the "Integrated Fire Management Program of the Calakmul-Balam Kin-Balam Ku Complex, in the state of Campeche, Mexico," currently active. The strategies and goals of the initial PIMF were taken up to maintain ecosystem continuity and the associated elements. The update is scheduled in 2019, with the necessary adjustments to prevent fires that could affect the permanence of the cultural and natural attributes of the Property and its buffer zone.

This program is designed to organize and communicate the fire management planning process; it is a support tool to help staff and decision-makers, to determine prevention and response in fire management. The objectives set by the program are the following:

• Operate a permanent campaign for prevention, detection, and control of forest fires • Coordinate actions with state and municipal governments to prevent, control, and combat forest fires • Co-ordinate broadcasting actions in local communication mass media (radio and press), as well as with civil organizations and by printing and distributing informative materials alluding to the prevention, control, and combat of forest fires • Create, advise, and coordinate voluntary fire brigades, with local community participants in the region • Strengthen fire detection activities by ground visits and aerial surveys, supported with radio communication equipment, report transmissions, and control dispatches • Combat the fires that take place, depending on their causes or origin, and conform two permanent brigades for prevention, combat, control, and claim settlement

In 2018, the Director of the BR participated as a forestry brigade member in the First and Sixth Forest Firefighting Support Contingent in the Provinces of Ontario and British Columbia in Canada as part of the collaboration agreement signed in 2014 between the governments of Mexico and Canada.

As to the technical capacity available by 2019, it is adequate, as it has resulted in close coordination with different actors of the three levels of government and civil society for the attention of forest fires from the stages of pre-suppression, prevention, control, combat and suppression of fires, up to the creation of new local capacities.

The technical staff of the Calakmul BR, currently, is part of the State Incident Management Team (EEMI, for its initials in Spanish) that operates under the principles of the Incident Command System (SCI); it is also a member of the Operational Technical Group that provides follow-up of actions aimed at forest fire attention in all phases for the State of Campeche. They are also part of the team of trainers prepared by the GIZ for the Yucatan Peninsula, Belize and Guatemala.

Although the INAH staff is part of the PIMF's tasks in the CBR, it also has a program to protect archaeological sites and excavations.

The Disaster Prevention Program for Cultural Heritage (PREVINAH), established in 2002 together with the National Center for Disaster Prevention (CENAPRED), has placed preventive and caretaking actions to protect assets and immovable property considered cultural heritage, in those cases in which a natural or human-induced contingency takes place.

For instrumentation purposes, each INAH Center in all of the states of the Mexican Republic has appointed someone in charge of its operation; this person receives training and updates on preventive measures in case of a contingency and also supervises compliance with the program in its three subprograms:

1. Prevention: Refers to the series of strategies that allow reducing risks in the event of a disaster.

2. Assistance (attention): It refers to the set of measures to be implemented when the cultural heritage has been affected, and it ranges from the report of damages to the recovery of the assets and immovable property to its original condition.

3. Recovery (restoration): Undertakes joint work with civil protection brigades to determine the possibilities of restarting activities in the Work Centers and visits to the Museums and Archaeological Zones.

Although there is a PREVINAH for the state of Campeche, it is considered necessary to integrate a PREVINAH Calakmul Program, with the following components: Prevention; Organization; PREVINAH documentation; Analysis and diagnosis of risks and resources of the Property; Directory update; Signaling; Maintenance program; Security equipment for the Property or site; Training; Dissemination and awareness; Exercises and drills; Assistance (attention); Emergency plan; Recovery; and Resilience Plan.

ACTIONS OBJECTIVE TERM RESPONSIBLE RESOURCE

Update the Fire Management 1-13 S CONANP, INAH Plan (PMF) WITH COMPETENT AUTHORITIES

Implement PMF priorities 1-13 P CONANP, INAH WITH COMPETENT AUTHORITIES

Develop a civil protection plan 1-13 S INAH - CONANP

Promote connectivity with 1-13 M CONANP ADVC for risk reduction

Design and implement a plan 1-13 S, M CONANP, INAH for attention to drought WITH COMPETENT AUTHORITIES

Design materials and signage 1-13 S CONANP-INAH on the prevention of natural disasters and illicit environmental acts

Build capacities for the 1-13 S CONANP, INAH attention to environmental WITH COMPETENT contingencies AUTHORITIES

Execute and disseminate 1-13 M CONANP, INAH control measures for specimens WITH COMPETENT of exotic aquatic and terrestrial AUTHORITIES species

Integrate a PREVINAH 1-13 M INAH Calakmul Program

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Long (L): 10 years; Permanent (P).

6.3 Research and Monitoring

Land-use planning supports the conservation of biodiversity. This planning is based on scientific research that provides ecological and archaeological criteria. The studies and research performed in the Property and its buffer zone are based on the principles of adaptive management, i.e., the application of the scientific method in management activities and the adaptation of actions in as much as knowledge is advanced. It is so that lines of action are being developed, favoring scientific research and monitoring, trying to generate enough knowledge to direct stated actions to meet conservation priorities for the natural attributes of the Property.

Successful site conservation requires developing protection and adaptation measures, and these, in turn, necessitate reliable and comparable monitoring data, which allows verifying, among others, changes in vegetation cover and species diversity in the region due to anthropogenic [human-induced] and climatic factors.

Monitoring results allow trends to be recognized and serve as guidance for the implementation of development and management plans. At the same time, monitoring tools offer the possibility of evaluating the efficiency of conservation instruments to ensure success in the task of preserving biodiversity and measuring the impacts of climate change.

Such is the case for scientific research in Calakmul BR, where an adequate level of attention is paid to the conservation of natural resources, in collaboration with the Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR). The central studies carried out since 2017 focus on wildlife associated with the aguadas or water deposits, invasive species (the fern Pteridium), management of acahuales (secondary vegetation growth areas), forest management, attention to chemical containment for tapir species, and community work.

Likewise, at the Yucatan Scientific Research Center (Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán - the CICY), studies of epiphytes are performed every year in the southern region of the Calakmul BR, where the Property is located,

considered as possible indicator species in the face of climate change. Fieldwork lasts 3 months on average.

There is also ongoing research on soils at strategic points in the Property and its buffer zone related to carbon sequestration and vegetation monitoring concerning climatic factors. As of 2011, the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve Adaptive Monitoring Program (MAREBICA, for its initials in Spanish) is being implemented by the citizen organization Fundación Desarrollo Sustentable AC (FDS), with biannual sampling work lasting 12 weeks that served to detect jaguar, tapir, and white-lipped peccary. This program is a tool for evaluating the impacts generated by the various subsidy programs applied in Calakmul communities, and their impact on the conservation of natural resources in the different conservation and management areas of the Calakmul Region BR.

Since 2012, CONANP signed an agreement with the Operation Wallacea (Opwall), a conservation research organisation of the United Kingdom, in collaboration with Pronatura Península de Yucatán, A.C., to perform every year a 3-month monitoring of wildlife groups, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, medium and large mammals, bats, butterflies, and vegetation measurements.

Because of the importance of monitoring aguadas, given the effects of drought on wildlife, the Tri-national Group of the Selva Maya on Monitoring of Aguadas was formed, consisting of experts and managers of aguadas and wildlife from Belize, Mexico, and Guatemala who set up camera-traps reviewed every 30 days. The results of this monitoring are presented in an annual report of the three countries to orient management decisions and create public policies for conservation in the region. Participants for Mexico are the natural protected areas Calakmul and Sian Ka'an BR, and Balan Ka'ax Protection Area of Flora and Fauna.

Another type of monitoring that is carried out in aguadas measures water quality, soil moisture, and precipitation (with grade rods placed on the periphery of some aguadas).

In this context, given the desiccation of the aguadas due to lack of annual rainfall, the decision was taken by the Directorate of the Calakmul BR of CONANP to install, as a mitigation measure, artificial drinking troughs or fountains, attempting to increase monitoring efforts on at-risk species, such as the Central American jaguar and the tapir species and their ecosystems. Monitoring the 36 artificial watering troughs allowed an increase in the original sampling design. For these actions, an Agreement was formalized between the Colegio de la Frontera Sur and CONANP for staff training.

CONANP is responsible for several types of monitoring in the Property that evaluate the effectiveness of the actions applied. The MAREBICA is part of these monitoring efforts.

CONANP implemented the Comprehensive Conservation Program for jaguar and other felines, which includes a monitoring program for jaguars and their prey in 15 aguadas of Calakmul and an interdisciplinary group for the management of jaguars. There is also a group for the attention of priority species –terrestrial mammals and other species. A broad-coverage dissemination campaign was implemented, also holding the First National Workshop on tapir and white-lipped peccary.

Conservation of tapir and white-lipped peccary: The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and the Central American tapir (Tapirus bairdii) are two of the rarest ungulates in the tropical region of Mexico and Central America. They are considered endangered in Mexico according to the list of species-at-risk.

CONANP also provided a subsidy resource to perform research and conservation actions with both species to promote actions focused on the conservation of the Central American tapir and the white-lipped peccary connected to water bodies with different characteristics, in terms of forest cover and human impact. Sites with a higher abundance of tapir in the northern area of Calakmul and a higher abundance of white-lipped peccary in the southern area (within the Mixed Property) served as areas to calculate indices of relative abundance.

The third meeting of specialists on white-lipped peccary and tapirs took place in the community of Zoh Laguna. Researchers from all southeastern states of Mexico, as well as guests from Guatemala and Belize that work in the Maya Rainforest, attended the reunion. The main threats identified to the conservation of both species are deforestation and hunting. Highlighted were the need to conserve bodies of water, the key to the conservation of these species, and the need to monitor populations with a standardized method throughout their area of distribution.

Trap camera monitoring

Archaeological Research

Since 1996, the registry of archaeological evidence in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve region has furthered the identification of a considerable number of archaeological sites, both within the reserve and in the surrounding area. Within the Mixed Property, a total of 38 archaeological sites of varying sizes are part of the VUE. They are characterized according to their particularities, with

Calakmul being the only site open for public visitation within the Property. Oxpemul is the only site with a [certain] degree of visits. These archeological sites have been cataloged, according to Sprajc (2013), as follows:

Category Number of Archaeological Sites Sites

Major centers 12 Altamira, Balakbal, Calakmul, Champerico, Dos Aguadas, El Gallinero, El Zacatal, La Muñeca, Los Hornos, Oxpemul, Uxul, and Yaxnohcah

Medium-sized centers 9 Candzibaantún, Cheyokolnah, Chicaanticaanal, El Laberinto, Las Delicias, Las Truchas Bravas, Los Tambores, Olvidado, and Pared de Los Reyes

Minor centers 6 Buenfil, Chanarturo, El Chismito, La Retranca, Los Escalones, and Marihuana

Small sites 11 Aguada Laberinto, Aguas Amargas, Cerros de Yeso, Chilar, Chumbec, Dos Caobas, El Cerrón, Naachtún Noroeste, Piedra Rota, Puerto México and Villahermosa

TOTAL: 38

Each archeological site has a registration card assigned by the Public Registry Office of Monuments and Archaeological and Historical Areas (DRPMZAH) of the INAH, as well as a geographical location point and a site sketch, product of the surface recognition studies performed by researcher Ivan Sprajc. This technical information rests in the GIS of the Mixed Property on the server of the Geometrics Laboratory of the INAH Site Operation Directorate.

Derived from archaeological research projects performed mainly at the sites of Calakmul, Oxpemul and Uxul, further projects aimed at the registration of other archeological sites within the area defined by the CBR have been carried out, bringing as a result knowledge on the cultural values that are part of the Mixed Property, and helping to establish the monitoring strategy.

All research, major maintenance and conservation projects in archeological sites or any prospecting and registration activities must be submitted for approval by the Archaeological Council of the National Archeology Coordination of the INAH, based on the provisions established in the Guidelines for Archaeological Research in Mexico (LIAM), the General Guidelines for the Management and Deposit of Archaeological Monument Assets, and the General Guidelines for the Management and Protection of Human Remains.

Archaeological research reserves

Derived from continuous research and ground surveys performed inside the limits of the CBR, considered in this context as the Mixed Property and its buffer zone, it becomes necessary to establish a permanent framework for the definition of archaeological research reserves, In addition to the 38 archaeological sites contemplated as components of the VUE. Thus, it becomes possible to strengthen strategies for the protection of cultural property within a framework of continuous research, registry, and documentation.

The definition of research reserves complements monitoring actions inside the Mixed Property, contributing to the management of information and updating of the database for the management of the Property.

The inventory and documentation of the archeological sites will be continuously kept updated through the database for the management of the Mixed Property, due to the findings obtained from the prospective archeological routes and the definition of archaeological research reserves.

Monitoring of cultural attributes of the Mixed Property

Monitoring actions are practiced In the 38 archaeological monuments part of the mixed Property, oriented towards the preservation of their assets and archaeological structures, which are protected and helped to prevail in the archaeological zone; their main elements must be preserved continuously by monitoring, in agreement with the criteria of Outstanding Universal Value.

In this sense, in combination with and committed to the criteria of the mixed Property, monitoring includes the following actions:

 Specific routes surveyed on a daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, or quarterly basis, during which the condition of conservation of the monuments is documented through updated diagnoses, serving to determine those that require a measure of urgent attention in the short, medium, or long-term.  Monitoring the conservation status of intervened structures, to detect detachment of lintels, fractures, hydro meteorological phenomena, or effects derived from public visitation. These operations take place daily.  Monitoring of the general state of non-intervened structures, through daily revisions. When damage is detected, a joint response is carried out with the Directorate of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, for the preservation of both Properties.  In the case of any component related to archaeological immovable property, monitoring is performed using graphic, photographic, and written records.  Monitoring of the conservation status of the mural paintings of the Chii'k Naab' Acropolis, and the stucco frieze of Sub-Structure II-C, to keep updated records on the presence of saltpeter, stucco or pictorial layer detachment, or rainwater infiltration. This task takes place every fortnight and monthly.  For the murals, monitoring is also performed using plaster witnesses for the control of cracks and other fissures produced by the humidity and structure instability and are recorded monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. The width of the fracture of the plaster witness helps to understand other internal and external factors that directly affect the assets under protection.

 The substructures that contain large-format elements, such as decorated friezes with pigment residues, require bi-weekly monitoring that results in performance determinations in favor of their preservation, for example, by procuring adequate aeration of specific spaces to accomplish a balance with the outside environment.  Monitoring of sculpted monuments and decorative elements associated with the architecture  To detect fractures, detachments or graffiti, custodial staff and site operation area personnel conduct a bi-monthly general revision. Detection of any damage elicits an immediate response.  Monitoring employing structure inspection in areas that have not been conditioned for public visitation within the Property, but are still visited, as well as monitoring a large number of archaeological sites registered within the limits of the Property, is performed with inspections that keep oversight on their conservation status.

These visits are performed more sporadically, following the criteria mentioned below:

a) Archaeological sites of Oxpemul and El Ramonal. Because they are the most accessible, receive quarterly visits to verify the possible existence of looting or collapses. b) Archaeological sites of Uxul and Yaxnokah. These two sites have been subject to archaeological research work, but they are challenging to access, and therefore, monitoring visits are only performed semiannually, or when there are any complaints or requirements for intervention. Likewise, close coordination is kept with the Yaxnokah Project to maintain updated information on its conditions. c) Other archaeological settlements. More than twenty registered sites are randomly visited, properly addressing complaints or inspection requests by CONANP, local authorities, or citizens of the region. This working scheme helped this year to locate an outstanding monument site, not

previously reported; it is the site called El Yesal, located near the western limit of the Reserve.

Following the diagnoses of each of the 38 sites, the identification of the relevant actions in the field of archaeological conservation of movable assets is prepared, including various intervention methodologies for their safeguarding, that range from ceramics, stone, grinding stone, shells, bone, among other objects. Also, the work highlights several friezes and stele engraved with pigments, which, according to their location for safekeeping, may require constant observation, to retain in balance their behavior and stability. This activity also generates proposals for adequate storage and cleansing, prevalent in all measures for the conservation of these movable assets.

Where the monitoring of slippery surfaces in the archeological zone open to public visitation is concerned, such as visitor walkways, after a complete cleansing, they are registered and continuously monitored utilizing a daily photographic record, until algae start again to develop. By these means, adequate and sufficient measures of protection and risk prevention are in place on the visitor trails. They ensure proper tours can be provided and the monuments on display can be safely enjoyed.

ACTIONS OBJECTIVE TERM RESPONSIBLE RESOURCE

Perform the inventory and 9, 10, 11, 12,13 S INAH identification of conservation (Archaeological objects in the Calakmul Monument) Archaeological Zone

Perform inventory and 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 M INAH identification of conservation (Archaeological objects in the Archaeological Monument) Zones of Oxpemul, Uxul, and Yaxnokaah

Perform inventory and 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 L INAH identification of cultural (Archaeological conservation objects within the Monument) Property

Identify and define research 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 L INAH reserves and update databases

Establish the location and 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 S INAH structure of associated aguadas (water pools) in the Archaeological Zones of Oxpemul, Uxul, and Yaxnokaah

Reactivate the Calakmul 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 M INAH Archaeological Project

Localize aguadas inside the 3 S INAH - Property on the stretch from CONANP Calakmul to Yaxnokaah 20 km2

Perform permanent monitoring 3 S CONANP- in 85 aguadas using an Operation application (measure water levels Wallacea and presence of large mammals) (OPW)

Increase the number of aguadas 2 and 3 S CONANP-OPW to be monitored through the use of an application (water levels and the presence of large mammals)

Research hydric systems 3 M CONANP

Select and apply monitoring 3 S CONANP methods on water body restoration within the Property

Prepare the Biodiversity 8 M CONANP-OPW Monitoring Program in Calakmul and Oxpemul Archaeological Zone

Monitor changes in plant cover 1 and 2 M CONANP- SOSETEC- SEMABIIS

Increase monitoring points south 4, 5, 6, 7 M CONANP-OPW of the Property

Add one monitoring point to the 4, 5, 6, 7 M CONANP-OPW High-Resolution Diversity Monitoring System (SARMOD) within the Property

Research the risk of zoonosis in 4 and 6 M CONANP- key species (Diagnosis- ECOSUR Prevalence)

Perform ecological research on 1-8 M CONANP-OPW habitat restoration within the Property

Continue monitoring plants and 1-8 M CONANP-OPW animals at the established sites

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Long (L): 10 years; Permanent (P)

6.4 Education and dissemination

Interpretation in the archaeological zone

The Calakmul archaeological zone, being the only archaeological site open for public visitation within the Mixed Property, will serve as a primary node for dissemination and awareness raising for the conservation of the cultural and natural heritage of the Property, as well as an area where to encourage the implementation of educational activities; therefore, informative and interpretive strategies and actions should be established to sensitize visitors and the local population.

Besides the Interpretive Center of CONANP, Calakmul's archaeological zone has installed a sign system that provides information about the Property and its cultural and natural values. The visitor is shown the most relevant aspects of the historical and cultural development of the archaeological zone of Calakmul by the use of thematic contents displayed in the area of public visitation arranged in a sequence, emphasizing the intrinsic relationship between culture and the unique environment. This sign system needs to be updated.

In relation to the type of visitors that come to the archaeological zone, a review is necessary of current translations into the English language, which must include the total replacement of service signaling installed in 2016 in the Visitor Attention Center.

Custodian Children of the World Heritage in Becán

Regarding educational services, there is no specific department for this purpose in the archaeological zone; however, the person in charge of the archaeological area may structure and organize, with support of the INAH Campeche Center and CONANP, the implementation of the "Guardian Youth Program", originally set up in the archaeological zone of Becán. Adjustments will be encouraged to this program within the framework of the "World Heritage Volunteers" initiative of the UNESCO World Heritage Center, considering the interconnection with the archeological areas open to public visitation in the southern state of Campeche, i.e., Xpuhil, Hormiguero, Becán, Chicanná, and Balamkú.

The "Custodian Children" program aims to instill and help spread in youngsters a culture concerning tourism, which enables new generations to learn about the appreciation, preservation, and conservation of their historical, cultural, ecological and touristic heritage. They may so contribute to encourage a more relaxed attitude and promote a more receptive culture towards tourists, raising the awareness of children to the importance of providing attention to visitors.

Since its creation, the NPA has considered as its aim to propagate the importance of conserving natural resources and species, plants as much as animals. Adding now a designation as a MAB Biosphere Reserve, it will allow communities to interact with it. Once accepted, the inscription as a Mixed World Heritage Property serves to encourage the appropriation of the cultural and natural values within the local communities. It offers to help create a sense of ownership and conservation towards the Property, as well as to provide information about the cultural diversity it harbors. Working with the communities will enable them to provide, by themselves, well-suited knowledge about the Property.

As part of the education and dissemination activities that serve to strengthen the Property and benefit the population, a variety of events, such as fairs, festivals, sports activities, and the National Week for Conservation, among others, take place.

There is also one proposal about education activities that include the development and incorporation of the World Heritage Education Program with the international logo of the program, "Patrimonito" (Little Heritage), whose character meant for children and young people represents a young heritage guardian. The incorporation of the UNESCO Project for the Education of Young People on World Heritage aims to encourage students to participate in heritage conservation both locally and globally, promote awareness among young people about the importance of our shared heritage and the 1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention, and develop practical educational approaches and materials, production of cartoon series, creating synergy between educators and experts in heritage conservation.

The "Youth Constructing the Future" Program (run by the Federal government) will be used to contribute to the protection of the Property. Currently, the project is opening in Xpujil, Calakmul, aiming to integrate youngsters in work activities as scholarship interns-in-training.

As such, the Property does not have a program oriented to the education of the local population; however, it has the necessary resources for the development and execution of the Program "Eco-Niñ@s Calakmul, Niñ@s Guarda Parque", which aims to develop children's abilities on environmental awareness and environmental care issues, promoting the conservation of biodiversity.

OBJECTIVE RESPONSIBLE ACTIONS TERM RESOURCE INSTITUTION

Linking existing awareness projects 1-13 S INAH-CONANP (environmental education program, child custodians, Eco@niños and Heritage guardian children) to the World Heritage Center Educational Program (Patrimonito and World Heritage Volunteers Initiative)

Project for the "Youth Building the 1-13 S INAH-CONANP Future 2020" Program

Dissemination Project for the 1-13 P INAH-CONANP Appropriation of the Property (Heritage Caravan, Heritage Week, Workshops, among others)

Study of audience (to link with the 1-13 S INAH-CONANP Heritage Caravan)

Compilation of information materials 1-13 S INAH-CONANP (related to the Property database)

Creating a scheme of reconditioning 1-13 S INAH-CONANP and maintenance of the Interpretive Museum Km. 20 and Introductory Hall SECTUR at Calakmul Archaeological Zone State Government

FONATUR

Strengthen and update the 1-13 M INAH- interpretation of the Mixed Property, CONANP- with community participation OPW- Municipality

Update, homogenize, provide 1-13 M INAH-CONANP maintenance and install the integral signal system of the Mixed Property

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(operational, normative, indicative, restrictive and interpretative)

Payment and admission information 1-13 S INAH-CONANP (social, natural and cultural fees)

Art. 194-C-II Federal Law on Rights 1-13 P INAH-CONANP (Authorizations for filming, photography, image and sound capture activities for commercial purposes in NPAs)

Art. 288 Federal Law of Rights, applies for Archaeological Areas (Use of surfaces and authorizations for filming and taking photographs for commercial purposes)

Community training for the 1-13 P INAH-CONANP dissemination of the Mixed Property

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Length (L): 10 years; Permanent (P).

6.5 Social Participation

Within the Property and its buffer zone, actions are carried out to provide solution and lower the present and future needs of the social sector involved.

By presenting a space to the communities, it becomes possible to offer opportunities to publicize sustainable activities, aimed at reconciling the interests of natural resource conservation and the socio-economic development of the inhabitants.

Part of the general strategies for the adequate implementation of the objectives outlined in this Management Plan includes the negotiation and coordination of specific actions with the different sectors of society that interact in the Calakmul region. Also, with those groups or organizations that are, somehow, developing activities within the Property or its buffer zone, and with the scientific community, a key generator of basic and required knowledge to implement management measures in the area. In this form, inter-institutional, community, and non-governmental negotiation will improve the logistics,

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financing, and techniques applied to the management of the Calakmul BR. The scientific community's advice has allowed the optimization of resources destined to obtaining site-specific knowledge.

Given the need for consultation with the communities that share part of their land with the NPA, the necessity of coordinated action mechanisms becomes clear. They allow indirect benefits to reach the local communities; benefits a result of actions performed for the conservation of the ecosystems in plots of land that, in some way, were modified by the decree of the Reserve. Part of this negotiation is currently taking place through the Technical Advisory Council for the Calakmul BR, where the representatives of the three levels of government, academic institutions, and, most important, the rural and productive groups of the region, come into play.

Regional Program for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Selva Maya, Mexico Component

Since the first phase of 2011-2015, this program focuses on the protection and sustainable use of humid tropical forests, which extend in parts of the territory of Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico. The objective of the program is to ensure that crucial citizen and government actors put into effect concerted measures for the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity and natural resources in the region of the Selva Maya. The German Cooperation Agency (GIZ), jointly with government institutions, implements this tri-national Program; it is currently in its second phase.

The Program has four guiding principles:

1. Conservation of protected areas and biological diversity

2. Land use-planning taking into account environmental protection

3. Sustainable alternatives to increase revenue

4. Strengthening environmental governance in the Selva Maya region

Concerning the Participation Component, since the beginning of the second phase, 2015-2019, the Selva Maya Program has focused on strengthening

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environmental governance in the region. The program encourages cross-border exchange by supporting:

 The establishment of the Strategic Coordination Group (GEC, for its initials in Spanish) of the Selva Maya constituted by MAFFESD Belize, CONAP Guatemala, and CONANP Mexico;  Tri-national exchanges of park rangers and cooperation initiatives between the protected areas of Calakmul (MX) and Mirador/ Río Azul (GT);  Efforts on the subject of forest fire control between Guatemala and Belize.

ACTIONS OBJECT TERM RESPONSIBLE RESOURCE

Create a mechanism to 1-13 S CONANP communicate information and agreements between the representatives of the Advisory Council and its representatives

Train counselors on 1-13 S CONANP communication tools to provide return information on and agreements of the Advisory Council

Promote itinerant meetings of 1-13 M CONANP the Advisory Council

Build institutional capacities to 1-13 P CONANP-INAH- promote and strengthen social INPI-INALI participation

Make a social diagnosis of the 1-13 M CONANP-INAH- Reserve region UNIVERSITIES AND OTHER REGIONAL ACTORS

Promote the development of 1-13 P CONANP-INAH- information materials in INPI-INALI indigenous languages with the participation of communities

Preserve and promote local 1-13 P INAH-CONANP traditional knowledge together

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with communities for the conservation of cultural and natural heritage

Transmit to the communities 1-13 S INAH-CONANP the different regulatory and public policy instruments applicable to the Property

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Length (L): 10 years; Permanent (P).

6.6 Sustainable culture and nature tourism

The wealth and variety of ecosystems and species of flora and fauna, traditions, culture, and archaeological remains present in the Property represent a challenge for their long-term conservation and preservation. That is why adequate controls, management, and regulations are a priority task for all those involved in its protection.

These values as a whole and the certainty that there exists a landscape of unsurpassed beauty give the region its charismatic essence that attracts all those increasingly interested in enjoying this remarkable World Heritage site.

In as such, strategies have been developed to attract people interested in the use and enjoyment of nature, under the premise of providing adequate service to visitors, without causing effects on the wild species and resources in these natural systems. That is why, necessary lines of action have been established for the proper operation of low-impact tourism services, in addition to training, negotiating and coordinating with the different sectors involved in the activity, guiding the participation and co-responsibility of the social sector, so that economic benefits come directly to them, and the diversification of productive activities in the region is encouraged.

Although tourism now does not represent a severe threat, it is time to apply the precautionary principle to minimize the impact on the areas of archaeological monuments in the future, and restrict recreational activities in vulnerable areas.

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According to visitation statistics to the Calakmul BR, the trend in the number of visitors is increasing by 9% per year of people seeking contact with nature, the majority primarily nationals.

In the Calakmul BR, measures are in place to regulate the access and mobility of visitors within. The application of fee-collection, according to the Federal Law of Rights and its latest reform (DOF December 28, 2018), is one of them. Article 198-A stipulates that for the use or non-extractive utilization of natural and scenic elements within Natural Protected Areas, derived from tourism, sports and recreational activities, such as cycling, horseback riding, ..., hiking, ..., camping, overnight stays, watching birds and other wild flora and fauna, speleology, rock climbing, guided and unguided [walking] tours, ..….and motorized vehicle tours, a fee is to be charged per day/ per person for each visitation to a Natural Protected Area or a zone in a Natural Protected Area with low carrying capacity.

The park rangers control access to the Calakmul BR and keep a visitor registry, as well as the control of the number of vehicles entering and passing through, allowing maximum access to 50 cars (estimated parking capacity). In coordination with the State Government, another measure has been implemented to mitigate the impact generated by the displacement of visitors, putting into service a train-type tourist transport that performs scheduled tours to avoid the movement of a higher number of vehicles.

Researchers and students who arrive to do internships, monitoring or environmental education, are granted provisional authorizations –issued by the Reserve Directorate– that specify the conditions for staying in the area. Additionally, park rangers perform surveillance rounds in the area.

The Archaeological Zone of Calakmul is the second most visited in the state of Campeche, representing 24.43%, only below Edzna (33.48%), according to records of the Institutional System of Visitor Statistics of the INAH. Its natural resources (Calakmul BR) and the archeological areas, of which the most important are Calakmul, inside the BR, and outside, Balamkú, Becán, and X'pujil,

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are the main attractions. More than two hundred and fifty thousand national and foreign tourists have visited these areas since 1997.

Under the Federal Law of Rights and its latest reform of 2018, for the use, enjoyment or benefit from the Cultural Property owned by the Nation, the payment of rights, conditions, and exemptions is established for the following:

- Access to museums, monuments and archaeological sites owned by the Federation (Article 288) - Filming, video recording, and photographic shots for commercial purposes of archaeological, historical and artistic monuments, museums and areas of archaeological and artistic monuments (Article 288-D subsections A fractions I-III and B fractions I and II). - For the enjoyment or benefit from printed photography or digital media, of photographs by the National Institute of Anthropology and History and the National Council for Culture and the Arts (Article 288-E, sections I and II) for their use or reproduction. - Use of images for publication, reproduction, or public dissemination of photographs, regardless of the rights indicated in articles 288-B, 288-D, and 288-E of the Law (Article 288-F).

The hotel infrastructure available for the attention of visitors is located more than 60 minutes from the archaeological zone and is the only site available to spend the night within a radius of 120 kilometers. They include Chicanná Eco village, Mirador Maya, Hotel Calakmul, Hotel del Bosque, and Doña Mercedes.

Besides, local guides will help to obtain the services of controlled camps. They are rustic accommodation in dwellings of local architecture or tents, furnished with essential services. Their location is inside rainforest areas or ejidos.

Furthermore, the site lends itself for activities such as camping, photography, wildlife and plant observation. Calakmul is part of the Mundo Maya tourism project, formerly known as la Ruta Maya, which includes in its itinerary the Calakmul Archaeological Zone and various eco-tourism circuits in the Calakmul

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Biosphere Reserve. The initiative contributes to the development of the region by providing cultural, ecological, and adventure tourism projects.

CONANP has built a Culture for Conservation Center (CCC) with four permanent exhibition halls spreading from the pre-Hispanic era through the Calakmul biodiversity hall, then leading from the Mayan epoch to the next area into the archaeological zone. From here and by different routes, each visitor can explore the entire area depending on weather conditions and time available. This tour lasts approximately seven hours.

Information signs in the Archaeological Zone of Calakmul

Currently, the tourist influx to the Calakmul BR represents 25,000 visitors a year, a number that is still manageable and has not created negative impacts or affectations to natural or cultural attributes. Nevertheless, measures are in place in coordination with the government of the State of Campeche to mitigate the effects, such as the transport of visitors from kilometer 20 –where the Center of Culture for Conservation is located– to the archaeological site of Calakmul in a

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tourist wagon with a capacity for 35 passengers, pulled by a motorized unit. By this means, vehicles will remain in the CCC parking lot, and only those transports authorized by CONANP will have access into the archeological zone, which, based on the loading capacity of the parking lot, is 50 vehicles.

Study on Acceptable Limit of Change (ELCA)

For the implementation of the Study on Acceptable Limit of Change (ELCA) in the Calakmul BR, it is necessary to devise a surveying plan for the sites with a set periodicity; the specific situation of some trails needs constant consideration.

The project is designed to facilitate the monitoring or observation of the sites under study, without representing a significant additional investment to the area's annual operating expenses, and keeping technical and field personnel from deviating from their purposes.

Summary of trail carrying capacity in the Property

NO. CODE TRAIL NAME LENGTH TRAVEL CARRYING TIME CAPACITY

1 A1a Trail km15 Águila 1,370 m 1 hour High season: 422 Elegante (right circuit visits per day, 35 side from north groups to south) Low season: 211 visits per day, 18 groups

2 A1b Trail km15 Águila 1,220 m 1 hour High season: 160 Elegante (right circuit visits per day, 13 side from north groups to south) Low season: 80 visits per day, seven groups

3 A1c. Museum Km 20 789 linear 2 hours High season: 283 trail m; 1,578 m visits per day, 24 round trip groups

Low season: 142

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visits per day, 12 groups.

4 A1d. Trail 25 km 942 linear 2 hours High season: 344 Natural Rustic meters; visits per day, 29 1,884 m groups round trip Low season: 1 visits per day, 14 groups

5 A2a Trail km 27 El 1,170 m 1 hour High season: 301 Ramonal circuit visits per day, 25 groups

Low season: 151 visits per day, 13 groups.

6 A2b Aguada del 210 m long, 1 hour High season: 138 Cocodrilo Trail 420 m visits per day, 12 round trip. groups

Low season: 69 visits per day, six groups.

7 A3 Path to Oxpemul 660 m 3 hours High season: 152 Archaeological linear, 1,320 visits per day, 12 Zone m round groups trip Low season: 76 visits per day, six groups.

8 A4 Trail Km 38 960 m 2 hours High season: 153 Dormitorio de linear, 1,920 visits per day, 13 Los Monos m round groups trip Low season: 77 visits per day, six groups.

9 A5 Trails 1,620 linear 2 hours, High season: 568 Archaeological m, 3,240 m short visits per day, 47 Zone of round trip route groups Calakmul Low season: 342 visits per day, 28 groups.

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Close coordination exists between the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) and the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) to provide a program of sustainable tourism and public use to be applied within the Property, following the policies for the protection and conservation of the site.

ACTIONS OBJECT TERM RESPONSIBLE RESOURCE

Promote the formation of local 1-13 P INAH organizations and community CONANP companies for the development of ecotourism

Train tourism service providers on 1-13 P INAH regulations and good practices for CONANP their activities (Official Mexican Standards and applicable SECTUR regulations)

Promote training courses in service 1-13 P CONANP quality INAH

SECTUR

OPW

Single Ticket Office 1-13 M CONANP Implementation (Collaboration INAH Bases subscribed by INAH- CONANP, on February 07, 2018)

Monitoring to measure impacts 1-13 S, P INAH caused by tourism activities, as CONANP well as gauging visitor's experience

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Preparation of the Regulation for 1-13 S CONANP Public Visitation in the Mixed INAH Property

Monitor the enforcement of the 1-13 S, P INAH carrying capacity in the Property CONANP

Verify that tour operators are 1-13 P INAH registered in the National Tourism CONANP Registry (RNT) and applicable official regulations. SECTUR

Promote synergies with the 1-13 P INAH responsible instances in the CONANP tourism sector SECTUR

MUNICIPALITY

FONATUR

PRIVATE SECTOR

TERM: Short (S): 3 years; Medium (M): 5 years; Length (L): 10 years; Permanent (P).

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7. Regulations applicable to the World Heritage Mixed Property

The uses and utilizations intended inside the Mixed Property Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche, will be subject to the provisions established in the General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection and its Regulations as it relates to Natural Protected Areas, the Federal Law on Monuments and Archaeological, Artistic and Historical Zones and its Regulations, the Federal Criminal Code and other legal provisions applicable in the matter, and the provisions of the Decree establishing the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve and its Management Program.

The rules of use and operation that the INAH has established for the management of the Calakmul Archaeological Zone, guarantee the public visit in this area that covers an area of 174.8 hectares, and determine the modalities and other protocols in terms of maintenance, operation and management of this archeological zone, as long as these do not imply any alteration or cause any significant environmental impact on the natural resources that undermine the Mixed Property. The objectives of the rules are also based on the fulfillment and implementation of the substantive tasks of the INAH in the archaeological sites and monuments present in the Mixed Property, corresponding to the investigation, conservation, restoration, protection and recovery of the archaeological heritage that protects this area. For this, within the internal regulations of the INAH, there are several guidelines, procedures, agreements, regulatory circulars, manuals, standards, policies and rules, all of them in force, in order to ensure the use and enjoyment of the public visit in Calakmul.

The application of regulations in the Mixed Property corresponds to the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, through the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas and the Ministry of Culture through the National Institute of Anthropology and History, within the scope of its competences, without prejudice to the responsibilities that correspond to other Agencies of the Federal Government.

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Díaz Gallegos, Castillo-Acosta y García Gil. 2002. “Distribución espacial y estructura arbórea de la selva baja subperennifolia en un ejido de la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul”, Universidad y Ciencia. Campeche. México, vol. 18 No 35.

Dickson R., Pozo C. y Sangermano F. 2007. Land Use Change Around Protected Areas. Land Change in the Southern Yucatán and Calakmul Biosphere: Effects on Habitat and Biodiversity. Ecological Aplications. Ecological Society of America 17 (4). Pp. 989-1003.

Ericson, J., M.S. Freudenberger & E.Boege. 1999. Population dynamics, migration and the future of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Program on Population and Sustainable Development. AAAS Ocass. Papers N1, 35 pp.

Escamilla, A., M. San Vicente, M. Sosa & C. Galindo-Leal. 2000. Habitat Mosaic, prey availability and wildlife hunting in the tropical forest of Calakmul, México. Conservation Biology 14 (6): 1592-1601.

Faust, B. B. 1998. Mexican rural development and the plumed serpent: Technology and Maya cosmology in the tropical forests of Campeche, Mexico. Bergin and Garve, Westport, Connecticut.

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Folan, W. J. 1999. Patrimonio histórico-cultural, en: Folan, W. J., M. C. Sánchez G. y J. M. Ortega. (coords.), Naturaleza y cultura en Calakmul, Campeche, CIHS, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México, Camp.

FMCN-CONANP. 2011. Estudio de cambio de uso de suelo de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Calakmul. Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza- Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Documento interno.

Galindo-Leal, C. 1999. La gran región de Calakmul: Prioridades biológicas de conservación y propuesta de modificación de la Reserva de la Biosfera. Reporte Final a World Wildlife Fund–México. México D. F.

García, G. e I. March. 1990. Elaboración de cartografía temática básica y base geográfica de datos para la zona de Calakmul, Campeche. (Informe final). Centro de Estudios para la Conservación de Recursos Naturales, A.C. (Ecósfera). San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, 69 pp.

García-Gil G. y J. Pat. 2001. Apropiación del espacio y colonización de la selva en la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul, Campeche, México. Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía, UNAM, núm. 46, 45-57.

García-Gil, G., J.L. Palacio y Mario A. Ortiz. 2002. Reconocimiento geomorfológico e hidrográfico de la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul, Campeche. Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía, UNAM. Núm. 48. . Pp. 7-23.

Gates, M. 1992. Physiography, geology and hydrology. Programa de Manejo de la RB Calakmul, manuscrito.

Gates, M. 1999a. Fisiografía, geología e hidrología, en: Folan, W. J., M. C. Sánchez G. y J. M. Ortega (coords.), Naturaleza y cultura en Calakmul, Campeche, CIHS, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México,

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Gates, M. 1999b. Uso humano de los recursos en Calakmul: conservación o regeneración en un área perturbada, en: Folan, W. J., M. C. Sánchez G. y J. M. Ortega. (coords.), Naturaleza y cultura en Calakmul, Campeche, CIHS, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México.

Gates, M. 1999c. Historia económica, en: Folan, W. J., M. C. Sánchez G. y J. M. Ortega (coords.), Naturaleza y cultura en Calakmul, Campeche, CIHS, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México.

Gobierno del Estado de Campeche, CONACULTA, INAH, UNESCO (Eds.). 2012. Calakmul, Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Secretaría de Cultura del Gobierno del Estado de Campeche, México. 248 p.

Jones, G.D. 1981. Agriculture and Trade in the Colonial Period (Southern Maya Lowlands), en: K. V. Flannery (ed.) Maya Subsistence, New York Academic Press, pp. 275-293.

Konrad, H. W. 1999. Historia de la región, en: Folan, W. J., M. C. Sánchez G. y J. M. Ortega (coords), Naturaleza y cultura en Calakmul, Campeche, CIHS, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, México.

Martínez E. y C. Galindo-Leal. 2002. La vegetación de Calakmul, Campeche, México: clasificación, descripción y distribución. Bol. Soc. Bot. Mex. 71: 7-32.

Martínez, E., M. Souza, C. Ramos. 2001. Listado florístico de México, XXII, Región de Calakmul, Campeche, México. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Matheny, R. T. 1978. Northern Maya lowland water control systems, en: Harrison, P. D. and Turner II, B. L. (eds.), Prehispanic Maya agriculture, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Martorell, C., J. A. Meave y E. M. Peters. 2000. En: Calakmul, Patrimonio de la Humanidad, Gob. Del Estado de Campeche, CONACULTA, INAH, UNESCO (eds.) Campeche, México. Pp. 45-59.

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Palacio-Aponte, A.G., R. Noriega-Trejo y P. Zamora-Crescencio. 2002. Caracterización físico-geográfica del paisaje conocido como “Bajos inundables”. El caso del área natural protegida Balam-Kin, Campeche. Investigaciones Geográficas. No. 49. 57-73 pp.

Pat-Fernández, J. M. y V. Ku. 2000. Tendencias de cambio en el uso del suelo por los factores socioeconómicos, naturales y técnicos en la región de Calakmul. Memoria de avances de investigación, Campeche, ECOSUR, Sisierra, SEP- Conacyt, p. 157.

Plan Ecorregional de las Selvas Maya Zoque y Olmeca PESMZO. 2006. The Nature Conservancy, Programme for Belice, Conservación Internacional, Wildlife Conservation Society, Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Defensores de la Naturaleza, Pronatura Península de Yucatán. Infoterra Editores.

Porter–Bolland, L., M. C. Sánchez González, y E. Alan Ellis. 2007. La conformación del paisaje y el aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales por las comunidades mayas de La Montaña, Hopelchén, Campeche. Investigaciones geográficas, Boletín del Instituto de Geografía, UNAM. No. 1782 pp. 21.

Pozo C., C. Galindo-Leal, S. N. Salas, J. R. Cedeño-Vázquez, T. S. Uc, M. R. Calderón, N. M. Tuz, G. P. Beutelspacher, y A. N. Tuz. 1998. Inventario y monitoreo de anfibios y mariposas de la Reserva de Calakmul, Campeche. El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-CONABIO. Informe interno.

Pronatura Península de Yucatán, A.C. y The Nature Conservancy (compiladores). 2005. Plan de Conservación para Calakmul-Balam Kin-Balam Kú, Campeche, México. 88 p.

Ramayo-Lanz, T. 1996. Los mayas pacíficos de Campeche, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, México.

Reyna Hurtado, R. G. O’farrill, D. Sima, M. Andrade, A. Padilla y L. Sosa. 2010. Las aguadas de Calakmul: Reservorios de vida silvestre y de la riqueza natural de México. CONABIO, Biodiversitas 93: 1-6

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Rivera Arriaga, E., G. Borges Souza, T. Saavedra, L. Herrera Gómez y M. A. Chuc Lòpez. 2010. En: La Biodiversidad en Campeche: Estudio de Estado. G.J. Villalobos-Zapata y J. Mendoza Vega (Coord.). Conabio, Gobierno del Estado, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur. México. Pp.650-665.

Rojas, S. 2000. La Gran Urbe Maya. La Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul. Revista Arqueología Maya, 42 pp. 46-51.

Rugeley, T. 2001. Maya Wars: Ethnographic Accounts from Nineteenth-Century Yucatán, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, EUA.

Salgado-Ortiz J., E.M. Figueroa-Esquivel y J. Vargas-Soriano. 2001. Avifauna del estado de Campeche. En: R. Isaac Márquez (ed.). Contribuciones al conocimiento y manejo de los recursos naturales del estado de Campeche. Universidad Autónoma de Campeche.

Sandler, B., S. Weiss, J. Fay, E. Martínez y C. Galindo-Leal. 1998. Análisis de la deforestación y de los tipos de vegetación de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Calakmul, utilizando sensores remotos. Reporte Final. World Wildlife Fund– México, México D.F. 38pp.

SEDUE. 1989. Decreto por el que se declara la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul, en los Mpios. Champotón y Hopelchen, Campeche. Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Ecología. Diario Oficial de la Federación, martes 23 de mayo de 1989. México, D. F.

SEMARNAP. 1999. Programa de Manejo de la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul. México, D.F.

SEMARNAT. 2010. Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Protección Ambiental-Especies Nativas de México de Flora y Fauna Silvestres- Categorías de Riesgo y Especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio- Lista de Especies en Riesgo. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Diario Oficial de la Federación 30 de diciembre 2010. 77 p.

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SEMARNAT. 2018. PROYECTO de Modificación del Anexo Normativo III, Lista de especies en riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Protección ambiental-Especies nativas de México de flora y fauna silvestres- Categorías de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio- Lista de especies en riesgo, publicada el 30 de diciembre de 2010. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Diario Oficial de la Federación lunes 13 de agosto de 2018. Ciudad de México.

SEMARNAT-CONANP. s/f. Memoria Documental. Entrega Recepción y Rendición de Cuentas 2012-2018. Secretaría de Medio Ambiente Recursos y Naturales- Comisión Nacional de Áreas naturales Protegidas. Inédito.

SRA. 2004. Decreto por el que se expropia por causa de utilidad pública cuatro ampliaciones forestales para incorporarlas a la Zona Núcleo II (sur) de la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul. Secretaría de la Reforma Agraria. Diario oficial de la Federación, viernes 12 de noviembre de 2004. México, D. F.

WHC-UNESCO. 2008. Directrices Prácticas para la aplicación de la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial. . Centro del Patrimonio Mundial-Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura..

WHC-UNESCO. 2017. Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. World Heritage Centre- UNESCO..

Vester, H. F. M, D. Lawrence, R. J. Eastman, B. L. Turner II, S. Calmé, R. Dickson, C. Pozo y F. Sangermano. 2007. Land Use Change Around Protected Areas. Land Change in the Southern Yucatán and Calakmul Biosphere: Effects on Habitat and Biodiversity. Ecological Applications. Ecological Society of America 17 (4). Pp. 989-1003.

Wood, P. 1989. “Avian Diversity in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve and Southern Campeche, with special reference to the raptors. Agreement PRONATURA and WWF. Internal document.

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Wood, P. and M. Berlanga. 1993. Ornithological studies of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche. México. Final Report to SEDUE, USAID and WWF 1990-1993.

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9. Electronic References

Web Pages

Anexo 10 Convenios internacionales en materia de Medio Ambiente http://lineamientosciencti.mora.edu.mx/documentos/INFORME/ANEXOS/ANEX O%2010%20%20Convenios%20internacionales%20en%20materia%20de%20Med io%20Ambiente.pdf

Congreso de Campeche http://legislacion.congresocam.gob.mx/

Convención sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Mundial Cultural y Natural 1972 http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.phpURL_ID=13055&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SEC TION=201.html

CTC. 2005. www.parkswatch.org

Directrices Prácticas para la aplicación de la Convención del Patrimonio Mundial http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide05-es.pdf

Fondo Mexicano para la Conservación de la Naturaleza. 2011. Programa de Conservación de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (AP). En: http://www.fmcn.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid =98.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática. 2001. Resultados del VIII Censo Ejidal 2001. Disponible desde internet en: www.inegi.gob.mx

------. 2011. XIV Censo General de Población y Vivienda 2010. Disponible desde internet en: www.inegi.gob.mx

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Navarro-Sigüenza y Peterson. 2004. An alternative species taxonomy of the birds of Mexico. Biota Neotropica 4(2). Dsiponible en internet desde: http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v4n2/pt/fullpaper?bn03504022004+en

Proyecto Mundo Maya, http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/sectur/sect_Programa_Mundo_Maya). http://www.inah.gob.mx/en/boletines/735-unesco-extiende-la-inscripcion-de- calakmul-a-bienmixto- en-la-lista-del-patrimonio-mundial

UNESCO. (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura) 2019. Instrumentos Normativos, disponible en: http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php- URL_ID=15207&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html consultado el 10- 10-2019

Van Heiningen, M. 2009. La solubilidad y disolución de yeso. Disponible en internet desde: http://espeleogenesiscuevasenyeso.blogspot.mx/2009/07/la- solubilidad-y-disolucion-de-yeso.html

WWF. 2001. Ficha Técnica de la Ecorregión Terrestre Yucatán moist forests (NT0181). World Wildlife Fund en www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/neotropic.cfm.

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10. Acronyms

Acronyms Spanish English

AbE Adaptación basada en Adaptation based in Ecosistemas Ecosystems

ADVC Áreas Destinadas Areas Destined Voluntariamente a la Voluntarily to Conservación Conservation

ANP Área Natural Protegida Natural Protected Area

BMZ Ministerio Federal de Federal Ministry for Cooperación Económica y Economic and Desarrollo de Alemania Cooperation and Development

CA Consejo Asesor Advisory Council

CARBC Consejo Asesor de la Advisory Council of Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul Biosphere Calakmul Reserve

CATIE Centro Agronómico Tropical Agricultural Tropical de Investigación y Research and Higher Enseñanza. Education Center

CCC Centro de Cultura para la Culture for Conservation Conservación Center

CCT Capacidad de Carga Load Capacity Touristic Turística Carrying Capacity Touristic

CDB Convenio sobre la Convention on Biological Diversidad Biológica Diversity

CDI Comisión Nacional para el National Commission for Desarrollo de los Pueblos the Development of Indígenas Indigenous Peoples

CECADESU Centro de Educación y Centre for Education and Capacitación para el Training for Sustainable

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Desarrollo Sustentable Development

CECIFOR Centro de Control de Forest Fire Control Center Incendios Forestales

CEMEC Centro de Monitoreo y Monitoring and Evaluación Evaluation Centre

CICY Centro de Investigación Yucatan Centre for Científica de Yucatán Scientific Research

CITES Convención sobre el Convention on Comercio Internacional International Trade in de Especies Amenazadas Endangered Species of de Fauna y Flora Silvestres Wild Fauna and Flora

CMDRS Consejo Municipal para el Municipal Council for Desarrollo Rural Sustainable Rural Sustentable de Calakmul Development of Calakmul

CONABIO Comisión Nacional para el National Commission for Conocimiento y Uso de la the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversidad Biodiversity

CONAFOR Comisión Nacional National Forestry Forestal Commission

CONAGUA Comisión Nacional del National Water Agua Commission

CONANP Comisión Nacional de National Commission of Áreas Naturales Natural Protected Areas Protegidas

DOF Diario Oficial de la Official Government Federación Gazette

DRPMZAH Dirección Registro Directorate of Public Público de Monumentos y Registry of Monuments Zonas Arqueológicos e and Archaeological and Históricos Historical Zones

ECOSUR El Colegio de la Frontera El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Campeche Sur

ELCA Estudio de Límite de Study on Acceptable Cambio Aceptable Limit of Change

FDS Fundación Desarrollo Fundación Desarrollo

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Sustentable A.C. Sustentable A. C.

FMCN Fondo Mexicano para la Mexican Fund for the Conservación de la Conservation of Nature Naturaleza

GEC Grupo Estratégico de Strategic Coordination Coordinación Group

GEF Fondo Mundial Ambiental Global Environmental Facility

GIZ Agencia de Cooperación German International Alemana para el Cooperation Agency Desarrollo Sustentable (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, por sus siglas en alemán)

ICOMOS Consejo Internacional de International Council on Monumentos y Sitios Monuments and Sites

INAH Instituto Nacional de National Institute of Antropología e Historia Anthropology and History

INALI Instituto Nacional de National Institute of Lenguas Indígenas Indigenous Languages

INECC Instituto Nacional de National Institute of Ecología y Cambio Ecology and Climate Climático Change

INEGI Instituto Nacional de National Institute for Estadística y Geografía Statistics and Geography

INPI Instituto Nacional de los National Institute for Pueblos Indígenas Indigenous People

LCA Límites de Cambio Limits of Acceptable Aceptable Change

LFMZAAH Ley Federal sobre Federal Law on Monumentos y Zonas Archaeological, Artistic Arqueológicos, Artísticos e and Historic Monuments Históricos and Zones

LGEEPA Ley General del Equilibrio General Law of Ecological Ecológico y la Protección Balance and al Ambiente Environmental Protection

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LGBN Ley General de Bienes General Law of National Nacionales Properties

LGVS Ley General de Vida General Law of Wildlife Silvestre

LIAM Lineamientos para la Guidelines for Investigación Archaeological Research Arqueológica en México in Mexico

LOAPF Ley Orgánica de la Organic Law for Federal Administración Pública Public Administration Federal

MAB-UNESCO. Programa El Hombre y la Man and Biosphere Biosfera UNESCO. Program, UNESCO

MAREBICA Monitoreo Adaptativo de Calakmul Biosphere la Reserva de la Biosfera Reserve Adaptive de Calakmul Monitoring Program

NOM Norma Oficial Mexicana Official Mexican Standard

OMT Organización Mundial del World Tourism Turismo Organization

ONG Organización No Non-Governmental Gubernamental Organization

Opwall Operation Wallacea Operation Wallacea

OSC Organización de la Civil Society Sociedad Civil Organization

PACC Programa de Adaptación Climate Change al Cambio Climático Adaptation Program

PACE Programa de Acción para Programof Action for the la Conservación de Conservation of Species Especies

PDM Programa de Desarrollo Municipal Development Municipal Program

PET Programa de Empleo Temporary Employment Temporal Program

PND Plan Nacional de National Development Desarrollo Plan

PNUD Programa de las Naciones United Nations

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Unidas para el Desarrollo Development Programme

PNUMA Programa de las Naciones United Nations Unidas para el Medio Environment Programme Ambiente

POA Programa Operativo Annual Operation Anual Program

PPY Pronatura Península de Pronatura Península de Yucatán, A.C. Yucatán, A.C.

PROCODES Programa de Conservation for Conservación para el Sustainable Development Desarrollo Sostenible Program

PROFEPA Procuraduría Federal de Attorney General’s Office Protección al Ambiente for Environmental Protection

PSM Programa Selva Maya Selva Maya Program

PyME Pequeña y Mediana Small and Medium Empresa Enterprise

RB Reserva de la Biosfera Biosphere Reserve

RNT Registro Nacional de National Tourism Registry Turismo

RPC Región Prioritaria para la Priority Region for Conservación Conservation

SAGARPA hoy Secretaría de Agricultura, Ministry of Agriculture, SADER Ganadería, Desarrollo Livestock, Rural Rural, Pesca y Development, Fisheries Alimentación, hoy and Food, today Ministry Secretaría de Agricultura of Agriculture and Rural y Desarrollo Rural Development

SCT Secretaría de Ministry of Comunicaciones y Communications and Transportes Transport

SCULTURA Secretaría de Cultura Ministry of Culture

SDS Secretaría de Desarrollo Ministry of Social Social Development

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SECTUR Secretaría de Turismo Ministry of Tourism

SEMARNAT Secretaría de Medio Ministry of the Ambiente y Recursos Environment and Natural Naturales Resources

SEMARNATCAM Secretaria de Medio Ministry of the Ambiente y Recursos Environment and Natural Naturales de Campeche Resources of Campeche

SHCP Secretaría de Hacienda y Ministry of Finance and Crédito Público Public Credit

SIG Sistema de Información Geographic Information Geográfica System

SIMEC Sistema de Información, Information, Monitoring Monitoreo y Evaluación and Evaluation for para la Conservación Conservation System

SINAP Sistema Nacional de National System of Áreas Naturales Natural Protected Areas Protegidas

SM Selva Maya Selva Maya

SRE Secretaría de Relaciones Ministry of Foreign Affairs Exteriores

UAC Universidad Autónoma de Autonomous University of Campeche Campeche

UICN Unión Internacional para International Union for la Conservación de la Conservation of Nature Naturaleza

UNAM Universidad Nacional National Autonomous Autónoma de México University of Mexico

UNESCO Organización de las United Nations Naciones Unidas para la Educational, Scientific and Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultural Organization Cultura

VANT Vehículo Aéreo No Unmanned aerial vehicle Tripulado

VERP Visitor Experience and Visitor Experience and Resource Protection Resource Protection

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VIM Gestión del impacto de Visitor Impact los visitantes Management

OUV Valor Universal Outstanding Universal Excepcional Value

WRI Instituto de Recursos World Resources Institute Mundiales

ZSCE Zona Sujeta a Zone subject to Ecological Conservación Ecológica Conservation

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Annex

Annex 1. Chronology of legal, technical and administrative instruments

The legal systems that govern the attibutions and responsibilities for the conservation, protection, administration, planning and management of CONANP and INAH as decentralized bodies (órganos desconcentrados) of the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources and the Ministry of Culture, regarding the management of the World Heritage Property, are shown in the following table in chronological order of publication, complemented by administrative instruments and technical documents registered, as appropriate.

ORDENAMIENTO FECHA DISPOSICIONES CONANP INAH

Constitución 5 de febrero Norma fundamental que X X Política de los de 1917 rige jurídicamente al país, Estados Unidos (última determina los límites y Mexicanos reforma define las relaciones entre publicada los poderes legislativo, DOF 27 de ejecutivo y judicial, entre agosto de los tres órdenes de 2018) gobierno, federal, estatal y municipal y, entre éstos y los ciudadanos. Además, establece las bases para el gobierno y la organización de las instituciones o dependencias en que el poder se funda y, los derechos y deberes de los ciudadanos mexicanos y personas que viven o visitan el país.

Ley sobre 6 de abril de X Conservación de 1914 Monumentos Históricos y Artísticos y Bellezas Naturales.

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Ley sobre 31 de enero X Protección y de 1930 Conservación de Monumentos y Bellezas Naturales.

Registro del sitio 1931 Realizado por Cyrus X arqueológico Longworth Lundell Calakmul.

Primera expedición 1932 X arqueológica

Ley sobre 19 de enero X X Protección y de 1934 Conservación de Monumentos Arqueológicos e Históricos, Poblaciones Típicas y Lugares de Belleza Natural.

Ley Orgánica del 3 de febrero Se crea el Instituto X Instituto Nacional de 1939 Nacional de Antropología de Antropología e e Historia, sus funciones y Historia. estructura.

Convención para la 14 de mayo Se adopta la Convención X Protección de los de 1954 de la Haya. Bienes Culturales en caso de Conflicto Armado y su Reglamento (Convención de La Haya).

Convención para la 3 de agosto Se publica la adopción de X Protección de los de 1956 México a la Convención Bienes Culturales de La Haya. en caso de Conflicto Armado.

Recomendación 5 de Adoptada durante la 9ª X que define los noviembre al Conferencia General de la Principios 5 de Organización de las Internacionales diciembre Naciones Unidas para la que deberán de 1956 Educación, la Ciencia y la Aplicarse a las Cultura, celebrada en

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Excavaciones Nueva Delhi. Arqueológicas.

Carta Internacional 1964 La autenticidad aparece X sobre la como un factor de Conservación y cuantificación esencial en Restauración de lo que se refiere a los Monumentos y valores. Sitios (Carta de Venecia).

Ley Federal del 16 de Abroga la Ley de 1934. X Patrimonio diciembre Establece que el Cultural de la de 1970 patrimonio cultural de la Nación. Nación está constituido por todos aquellos bienes con valor cultural desde el punto de vista del arte, la historia, la tradición, la ciencia o la técnica de acuerdo con las disposiciones de esta ley.

Ley sobre 6 de mayo X Monumentos y de 1972 Zonas Arqueológicos, Artísticos e Históricos.

Convención sobre 16 de Aprobada el 16 de X X la Protección del noviembre noviembre de 1972 por la Patrimonio de 1972 Conferencia General de la Mundial, Cultural y Organización de las Natural (1972) de la Naciones Unidas para la UNESCO. Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO), entró en vigor el 17 de diciembre de 1975.

Carta de Restauro 1972 X

Reglamento de la 8 de X Ley Federal sobre diciembre Monumentos y de 1975 Zonas (última Arqueológicas, reforma Artísticos e publicada

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Históricos. DOF 8 de julio de 2015)

Ley Orgánica de la 29 de Establece las bases de X X Administración diciembre organización de la Pública Federal. de 1976 Administración Pública (última Federal, centralizada y reforma paraestatal, y en el publicada artículo 12 determina que DOF el 19 de cada Secretaría de Estado mayo 2017 formulará, respecto de los asuntos de su competencia, los proyectos de leyes, reglamentos, decretos, acuerdos, y órdenes del Presidente de la República

Acuerdo por el que 31 de X los museos octubre de nacionales y 1977 regionales así como los monumentos arqueológicos e históricos y las zonas de monumentos arqueológicos, dependientes del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, no serán utilizados por ninguna persona física o moral, entidad federal, estatal o municipal con fines ajenos a su objeto o naturaleza.

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Acuerdo por el que 31 de Acuerdo por el que se X se crea una octubre de crea una Comisión Comisión 1977 Intersecretarial para Intersecretarial a coordinar actividades de fin de coordinar las las secretarías de Estado y actividades de las demás entidades o Secretarias de dependencias a las que la Estado y demás legislación confiere entidades o investigación, protección, dependencias a las conservación de los que la legislación valores arqueológicos, confiere la históricos y artísticos que investigación, forman parte del protección, Patrimonio Cultural del conservación de los país (DOF. 31 oct) valores arqueológicos, históricos y artí- sticos, que forma parte del patrimonio cultural del país.

Carta de Burra para 19 de agosto Adoptada por el Comité X Sitios de de 1979 Nacional Australiano Significación (última ICOMOS, constituye una Cultural. actualización guía para la conservación 26 de y gestión de los sitios del noviembre patrimonio cultural, con de 1999) base en el conocimiento y experiencia de los miembros del ICOMOS Australia.

Ley Federal de 31 de Establece el cobro de X X Derechos diciembre derechos por los servicios de 1981 prestados por el Estado (última en sus funciones de reforma 28 derecho público o por el de uso o aprovechamiento diciembre de los bienes del dominio de 2018) público de la Nación.

Ley General de 8 de enero Establece los bienes X X Bienes Nacionales. de 1982 que constituyen el (última patrimonio de la Nación. reforma publicada DOF 19

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enero de 2018)

Se realizan 1982 Por el INAH y la X excavacioness a Universidad Autónoma gran escala en la de Campeche Zona Arqueológica Calakmul

Decreto por el que 23 de enero Se publica el Decreto de X X se aprueba el Texto de 1984 aprobación de México de la Convención como Parte de la para la Protección Convención. del Patrimonio Mundial, Cultural y Natural hecha en París el día veintitrés de noviembre de 1972.

Decreto de 2 de mayo México deposita el X X Promulgación del de 1984 instrumento de Convenio para la ratificación de la Protección del Convención sobre la Patrimonio Protección del Mundial, Cultural y Patrimonio Mundial, Natural adoptado Cultural y Natural de la en París el 23 de UNESCO. noviembre de 1972.

Acuerdo por el que 30 de abril X se modifica el de 1986 diverso que dispone que los museos y los monumentos arqueológicos, dependientes del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, no serán utilizados con fines ajenos a su objeto o naturaleza.

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Ley General de 28 de enero Ordenamiento jurídico X X Equilibrio de 1988 que rige la política Ecológico y la (última ambiental en México, en Protección al reforma torno a cuatro principios: Ambiente publicada política ecológica, manejo (LGEEPA) DOF 5 de de recursos naturales, junio 2018) protección al ambiente y participación social, mismos que se fundamentan en el sistema de concurrencias y política ecológica, el sistema nacional de áreas naturales protegidas, el aprovechamiento racional de los recursos naturales, la protección ambiental, la participación social y, las medidas de control, de seguridad y el régimen de sanciones

Decreto por el que 23 de mayo Norma jurídica formulada X X se declara la de 1989 conforme a los preceptos Reserva de la establecidos en la Biosfera Calakmul, legislación vigente en ubicada en los materia ambiental, para municipios de regular las actividades Champotón y humanas dentro del área Hopelchem, Camp. natural protegida, con la finalidad de salvaguardar los objetos de conservación de la misma, establecidos en los considerandos de conformidad con la categoría de protección del área

Carta para la 1990 X protección y manejo del patrimonio arqueológico

Ley sobre la 2 de enero Regula la celebración de X X Celebración de de 1992 tratados y acuerdos interinstitucionales en el

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Tratados. ámbito internacional, según lo establece en su Artículo 1º, y determina que podrán ser celebrados entre el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y uno o varios sujetos de derecho internacional público.

Designación de la 1993 Distinguida como X RB Calakmul como Reservas de Biósfera Reserva de Biosfera MAB, por tratarse de un MaB y su inclusión sitio que contiene una en la Red Mundial muestra de la de Reservas de biodiversidad del planeta Biosfera del y de cómo el hombre Programa sobre el puede habitarlo en forma Hombre y la sostenible. Biosfera (MAB) de la UNESCO

Inicia Proyecto 1993 X Arqueológico Calakmul del INAH

Declaración de 1 al 5 de Se adopta el concepto de X Nara (Carta de noviembre autenticidad Nara) de 1994 considerando la diversidad cultural y las diferentes categorías de bienes

Inicia Proyecto de 1996 X Reconocimiento Arqueológico en el Sureste de Campeche

Carta Internacional 1999 X sobre Turismo Cultural.

Segundo Protocolo 1999 X de La Haya

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Reglamento de la 30 de Establece los X X Ley General del noviembre lineamientos y Equilibrio de 2000 atribuciones en materia Ecológico en (última de administración de las Materia de Áreas reforma Áreas Naturales Naturales publicada Protegidas de Protegidas DOF 21-05- competencia federal, con 2014) base en su categoría de manejo y los preceptos establecidos en la LGEEPA y el presente Reglamento, el Decreto de creación del área, las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas y su Programa de Manejo, para lograr los objetivos de conservación, preservación, protección y restauración de los ecosistemas; el uso y aprovechamiento sustentable de los recursos naturales.

Reglamento 5 de junio de Establece la Comisión X Interior de la 2000 Nacional de Áreas Secretaría de Naturales Protegidas Medio Ambiente, (CONANP) como Órgano Recursos Naturales desconcentrado de la y Pesca. SEMARNAT, que tiene entre sus objetivos conservar el Se crea la Comisión patrimonio natural de Nacional de Áreas México y los procesos Naturales ecológicos de 182 Áreas Protegidas Naturales Protegidas, (CONANP) conjuntando las metas de conservación con las del bienestar de los pobladores y usuarios de las mismas.

Aviso por el que la 7 de abril de Es el instrumento rector X X Secretaría de 2000 de planeación y Medio Ambiente, regulación que establece Recursos Naturales las actividades, acciones y y Pesca ha lineamientos básicos para concluido la el manejo y la

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elaboración del administración de la RB Programa de Calakmul. Manejo de la Reserva de la Biosfera Calakmul.

Ley General de 3 de julio de Establecer la X Vida Silvestre 2000 (última concurrencia del reforma DOF Gobierno Federal, de los 19 de enero gobiernos de los Estados de 2018) y de los Municipios, en el ámbito de sus respectivas competencias, relativa a la conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable de la vida silvestre y su hábitat en el territorio de la República Mexicana y en las zonas en donde la Nación ejerce su jurisdicción.

Norma Oficial 20 de marzo Establece las X X Mexicana NOM- de 2001 especificaciones para 126-ECOL-2000, realizar colecta científica Por la que se de material biológico de establecen las especies de flora y fauna especificaciones silvestres y otros recursos para la realización biológicos en el territorio de actividades de nacional. colecta científica de material biológico de especies de flora y fauna silvestres y otros recursos biológicos en el territorio nacional.

Convención sobre 2001 X X la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático de UNESCO.

Se inscribe como 2002 Por cumplir los criterios (i) X Bien Cultural del (ii) (iii) y (iv). Patrimonio

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Mundial Antigua Ciudad Maya de Calakmul, Campeche

Norma Oficial 17 de X X Mexicana NOM- septiembre 003-SEGOB-2002, de 2003 Señales y avisos para protección civil. Colores, formas y símbolos a utilizar.

NOM-08-TUR-2002 2002 Que establece elementos a los que deben sujetarse los guías especializados en temas o localidades específicos

NOM-09-TUR-2002 2002 Que establece elementos a los que deben sujetarse los guías especializados en actividades específicas

Decreto por el que 25 de febrero Se abroga la ley Forestal X se expide la Ley de 2003 publicada 22 de General de diciembre de 1992, y sus Desarrollo Forestal reformas. Es el Sustentable y se instrumento normativo reforman y que rige la política adicionan la Ley forestal, con el objetivo de General del regular y fomentar la Equilibrio conservación, protección, Ecológico y la restauración, producción, Protección al ordenación, el cultivo, Ambiente, la Ley manejo y Orgánica de la aprovechamiento de los Administración ecosistemas forestales del Pública Federal y la país y sus recursos, así Ley de Premios, como distribuir las

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Estímulos y competencias que en Recompensas materia forestal Civiles. corresponden a la Federación.

Ley General de 20 de mayo Establece los bienes que X X Bienes Nacionales. de 2004 constituyen el patrimonio (última de la Nación; el régimen reforma DOF de dominio público de los 19 de enero bienes de la Federación y de 2018). de los inmuebles de los organismos descentralizados de carácter federal; la distribución de competencias entre las dependencias administradoras de inmuebles, entre otros.

Procedimiento de 5 de octubre Define los criterios de X X evaluación de la de 2004 verificación en cuanto a conformidad para las características de las la Norma Oficial señales y avisos para Mexicana NOM- protección civil, para su 003-SEGOB/2002.- aplicación de forma Señales y avisos homogénea. para protección civil.- Colores, formas y símbolos a utilizar.

Expropiación de 12 de X 150,710 ha de noviembre terrenos de la RB de 2004 Calakmul.

Evaluación 2005 Se identifican los objetos X X Ecológica de la RB de conservación Calakmul, naturales, presiones y amenazas de la RB Calakmul.

Se emite el Plan 2006 X Integrado de Manejo de Fuego

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(Regional).

Lineamientos para 2006 X el manejo y operación de Zonas Arqueológicas con visita pública.

Plan de manejo del 2008 X Bien Cultural Antigua Ciudad Maya de Calakmul, Campeche.

NOM-059- 30 de Proyecto de Modificación X SEMARNAT-2010, diciembre del Anexo Normativo III, Protección de 2010 Lista de especies en Ambiental, (última riesgo de la Norma Oficial especies nativas de reforma Mexicana NOM-059- México de flora y publicada 13 SEMARNAT-2010. fauna silvestres- de agosto de Categorías de 2018) Riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusión, exclusión o cambio-Lista de especies en riesgo.

Actualización del 2010 Se establecen la X Programa de zonificación y Manejo de RB subzonificación de la RB Calakmul. Calakmul.

NORMA Oficial 23 de Deroga la Norma Oficial X X Mexicana NOM- diciembre Mexicana NOM-003- 003-SEGOB-2011, de 2011 SEGOB/2002.publicada Señales y avisos en el DOF el 17 de para protección septiembre de 2003 y, el civil.- Colores, Procedimiento de formas y símbolos Evaluación de la a utilizar. Conformidad para la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-003-SEGOB/2002, publicado en el DOF el 5 de octubre de 2004.

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Programa de 2011 Establecen las acciones y X adaptación al medidas orientadas a cambio climático reducir la vulnerabilidad en áreas naturales de los sistemas naturales protegidas del y humanos ante los complejo de la efectos del cambio Selva Maya. climático en la región denominada Selva Maya.

Decreto por el que 26 de Se establecen las X se expide el noviembre competencias y Reglamento de 2012 organización de la Interior de la SEMARNAT como Secretaría de Dependencia del Poder Medio Ambiente y Ejecutivo Federal. Recursos Naturales.

Ordenamiento 2012 Establece las Unidades de X Ecológico Gestión Ambiental (UGA) Territorial del como unidad mínima Municipio de territorial donde se Calakmul, se aplican tanto constituye un lineamientos como Comité de estrategias ambientales, Monitoreo del OTC. de política territorial, con esquemas de manejo de recursos naturales, encaminados a un desarrollo sustentable.

Programa de 2013 X X Manejo Integrado del Fuego del Complejo de Conservación Calakmul-Balan Kin-Balan Ku, en el Estado de Campeche.

Se aprueba la 2014 Se aprueba la extensión y X X extensión y (Decisión 38 renominación de la RB renominación del COM 8B.16). Calakmul como Bien Bien Cultural Mixto del Patrimonio Antigua Ciudad Mundial, con base en los Maya de Calakmul, criterios culturales Campeche como (i)(ii)(iii)(iv)y naturales Bien Mixto con el

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nombre de (ix)(x). Antigua Ciudad Maya y Bosques Tropicales Protegidos de Calakmul, Campeche.

Inscripción de la 2015 Inscripción sustentada X Zona Arqueológica por la relevancia histórica, de Calakmul, cultural y científica de Campeche en el carácter extraordinario Registro del sitio arqueológico, Internacional de misma que refuerza su Bienes Culturales protección como Bien del bajo Protección Patrimonio Mundial de la Especial conforme UNESCO. al artículo 5 Segundo Protocolo (1999), Emblema Blue Shield de la Convención de la Haya (1954)

Reglamento 8 de X Interior de la noviembre Secretaría de de 2016 Cultura.

Se emiten los 2017 X Lineamientos para la Investigación Arqueológica.

Decreto por el que, 5 de junio de Se abroga la Ley General X se expide la Ley 2018 de Desarrollo Forestal General de Sustentable publicada el Desarrollo Forestal 25 de febrero de 2003, y Sustentable; y se se modifica el artículo 105 reforma el primer de la LGEEPA. párrafo al artículo 105 y se adiciona un segundo párrafo al mismo artículo de la Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y la Protección al

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Ambiente.

Implementación 2018 La Evaluación de la X del Sistema Efectividad del Manejo de Permanente de las Áreas Naturales Evaluación de la Protegidas tiene como Efectividad del objetivo medir el esfuerzo Manejo de las ANP que se invierte para Federales (i- mantenerlas en buenas efectividad) en la condiciones en términos Reserva de la del cumplimiento de los Biosfera Calakmul. objetivos para los cuales fueron establecidas, así como conocer la eficacia y eficiencia con la que los recursos humanos y financieros son aplicados para tal fin.

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Annex 2. List of species of flora and fauna at risk

List of species of flora and fauna at risk registered in the Mixed Property

FLORA

Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Monocotiledóneas

Echinodorus A Alismataceae nymphaeifolius

Chamaedorea A Arecaceae graminifolia palma fina, xiat (Maya)

Arecaceae Chamaedorea sartorii A * tepejilote chapanillo

Arecaceae Coccothrinax readii A * palma nakás

Arecaceae Gaussia maya A * palma combo

Bromeliaceae Catopsis berteroniana Pr catopsis de Bertero, pata de gallo

Bromeliaceae Tillandsia festucoides Pr tillandsia como pasto

Nolinaceae Beaucarnea pliabilis A * soyate despeinado

Orchidaceae Oncidium ensatum Pr oncidium de sabana

Dicotiledóneas

Acanthaceae Bravaisia integerrima A canacoite, palo blanco

Anacardiaceae Astronium graveolens A amargoso, culinzís (Maya),

Bignoniaceae Tabebuia chrysantha A amapa, macuilis (Maya)

Calophyllum Calophyllaceae A árbol María, bari brasiliense var. rekoi

Meliaceae Cedrela odorata Pr cedro rojo, kulché (Maya)

Zygophyllaceae Guaiacum sanctum A guayacán, zon (Maya)

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FAUNA

Peces

Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Characidae Astyanax altior A* sardinita yucateca

Anfibios

Risk Family Species Common Name Category

rana de árbol yucateca, rana de Hylidae Triprion petasatus Pr casco yucateca

sapo boca angosta elegante, Microhylidae Gastrophryne elegans Pr ranita con forma de triángulo

salamandra lengua hongueada, Plethodontidae Bolitoglossa yucatana Pr * salamandra yucateca

Lithobates Ranidae Pr rana de Brown, rana leopardo brownorum

sapo excavador mexicano, uo Rhinophrynidae Rhinophrynus dorsalis Pr much (Maya)

Reptiles

Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Rhinoclemmys tortuga de monte mojina, chak Bataguridae A areolata pool (Maya)

Boidae Boa constrictor A boa constrictor, och-can (Maya)

Chelydridae Chelydra serpentina Pr tortuga lagarto común

culebra caracolera chata, chupa Colubridae Dipsas brevifacies Pr caracoles

culebra cordelilla chata, Colubridae Imantodes cenchoa Pr bejuquillo, sac ak can (Maya)

culebra cordelilla Imantodes Colubridae Pr centroamericana, káax che can gemmistratus (Maya)

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Imantodes culebra cordelilla yucateca, Colubridae Pr * tenuissimus katzim (Maya)

Lampropeltis culebra real coralillo, coralino, Colubridae A triangulum kuyun kan (Maya)

culebra perico verde, ranera, Colubridae Leptophis ahaetulla A chyilcan (Maya)

culebra perico mexicana, ranera, Colubridae Leptophis mexicanus A k´ok´okan (Maya)

culebra labios blancos yucateca, Colubridae Symphimus mayae Pr * culebra

culebra cola corta de Linton, Colubridae Tantillita lintoni Pr culebrita

Thamnophis culebra listonada manchada, Colubridae A marcianus culebra de agua

Colubridae Thamnophis proximus A culebra listonada occidental

Corytophanes turipache cabeza lisa, toloque, Corytophanidae Pr cristatus tolok (Maya)

Corytophanes turipache de Hernández, Corytophanidae Pr hernandezii toloque, tolok (Maya)

lemacto coludo, toloque verde, Corytophanidae Laemanctus longipes Pr tolok (Maya)

lemacto coronado, toloque Corytophanidae Laemanctus serratus Pr verde, tolok (Maya)

Crocodylidae Crocodylus moreletii Pr cocodrilo de pantano, ain (maya)

anolis liquen, toloque, tolok Dactyloidae Anolis pentaprion Pr (Maya)

Dipsadidae Tropidodipsas sartorii Pr * culebra caracolera terrestre

serpiente coralillo variable, chac Elapidae Micrurus diastema Pr * ib can (Maya)

tortuga de Carolina, pochitoque, Emydidae Terrapene carolina Pr xkok ak (Maya)

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Trachemys scripta tortuga gravada, jicotes, kaa nish Emydidae Pr elegans (Maya)

cuija yucateca, ix hunpekin Eublepharidae Coleonyx elegans A (Maya)

Iguanidae Ctenosaura defensor P * iguana

Iguanidae Ctenosaura similis A iguana espinosa rayada

Iguanidae Iguana iguana Pr iguana verde

tortuga pecho quebrado de Kinosternidae Kinosternon acutum Pr tabasco, pochitoque negro

Kinosternon pochitoque, casquito, xkok ak Kinosternidae Pr leucostomum (Maya)

Kinosternon casquito, pochitoque, xkok ak Kinosternidae Pr scorpioides (Maya)

Thecadactylus Phyllodactylidae Pr geco, escorpión rapicaudus

Sphaerodactylus Sphaerodactylidae Pr geko enano collarejo, tira cola glaucus

tortuga almizclera chopontil, Staurotypidae Claudius angustatus P pool kep (Maya)

Staurotypus Staurotypidae A tortuga guau, jolom kok (Maya) triporcatus

cantil enjaquimado, mano de Viperidae Agkistrodon bilineatus Pr metate uol poch (Maya)

víbora de cascabel, tzab can Viperidae Crotalus durissus Pr (Maya)

Aves

Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Accipitridae Accipiter bicolor A gavilán bicolor

Chondrohierax Accipitridae Pr gavilán pico gancho uncinatus

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Accipitridae Elanoides forficatus Pr milano tijereta

Geranospiza Accipitridae A gavilán zancón caerulescens

Accipitridae Harpagus bidentatus Pr gavilán bidentado

Harpyhaliaetus Accipitridae P águila solitaria solitarius

Accipitridae Leptodon cayanensis Pr gavilán cabeza gris

Accipitridae Leucopternis albicollis Pr aguililla blanca

Accipitridae Rostrhamus sociabilis Pr gavilán caracolero

Accipitridae Spizaetus ornatus P águila elegante

Anatidae Cairina moschata P pato real

Apodidae Panyptila cayennensis Pr vencejo-tijereta menor

Aramidae Aramus guarauna A carao, pájaro caniche

Ardeidae Agamia agamí Pr garza agami

Ardeidae Botaurus pinnatus A avetoro tropical

Ardeidae Botaurus lentiginosus A avetoro norteño

Ardeidae Tigrisoma mexicanum Pr garza tigre

Notharchus Bucconidae A buco de collar macrorhynchos

Cardinalidae Passerina ciris Pr gorrión mariposa, siete colores

Cathartidae Sarcoramphus papa P zopilote rey

Ciconiidae Jabiru mycteria P cigüeña jaribú

Ciconiidae Mycteria americana Pr cigüeña americana

paloma escamosa, paloma Columbidae Patagioenas speciosa Pr morada

Patagioenas Columbidae Pr paloma triste, paloma piquinegra nigrirostris

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Cotingidae Cotinga amabilis A cotinga azuleja

Cracidae Crax rubra A hocofaisán

Penelope Cracidae A pava cojolita purpurascens

Falconidae Falco deiroleucus P halcón pecho rufo

Falconidae Falco femoralis A halcón fajado

Falconidae Falco peregrinus Pr halcón peregrino

Dendrocincla Furnariidae Pr trepatroncos sepia anabatina

Dendrocolaptes Furnariidae Pr trepatroncos barrado sanctithomae

Sclerurus Furnariidae Pr hojarasquero oscuro guatemalensis

Furnariidae Xenops minutus Pr picolezna liso

Xiphorhynchus Furnariidae A trepatroncos manchado erythropygius

Galbulidae Galbula ruficauda A jacamar cola rufa

Icteridae Icterus maculialatus A bolsero guatemalteco

Icteridae Icterus spurius fuertesi Pr * bolsero castaño del noreste

Icteridae Psarocolius wagleri Pr oropéndula cabeza castaña

Psarocolius Icteridae Pr oropéndola Moctezuma montezuma

Melanoptila Mimidae Pr maullador negro, dzibabán glabrirostris

Momotidae Hylomanes momotula A momoto enano

Odontophoridae Dactylortyx thoracicus Pr codorniz silbadora

Odontophorus Odontophoridae Pr codorniz bolonchaco guttatus

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Dendroica coronata Parulidae A chipe coronado guatemalteco goldmani

Limnothlypis Parulidae Pr chipe corona café swainsonii

Campephilus Picidae Pr carpintero pico plata guatemalensis

Pipridae Manacus candei Pr manaquín cuello blanco

Phasianidae Meleagris ocellata A pavo ocelado

Tachybaptus Podicipedidae Pr zambullidor menor dominicus

Polioptilidae Polioptila plumbea Pr perlita tropical

Psittacidae Amazona albifrons Pr loro de frente blanca

Psittacidae Amazona farinosa P loro cabeza azul

Psittacidae Amazona oratrix P loro cabeza amarilla

Psittacidae Amazona xantholora A * loro yucateco

Psittacidae Brotogeris jugularis A perico ala amarilla

Psittacidae Eupsittula nana Pr perico pecho sucio

Psittacidae Pionus senilis A loro corona blanca

Rallidae Aramides axillaris A rascón cuello rufo

Aulacorhynchus Ramphastidae Pr tucaneta verde prasinus

Pteroglossus Ramphastidae Pr tucancillo collarejo torquatus

Ramphastos Ramphastidae A tucán pico canoa sulfuratus

Strigidae Ciccaba nigrolineata A búho blanquinegro

Strigidae Glaucidium griseiceps A tecolote mesoamericano

Thamnophilidae Dysithamnus mentalis A hormiguero sencillo

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Thamnophilidae Microrhopias quixensis Pr hormiguero ala punteada

Thraupidae Eucometis penicillata Pr tángara cabeza gris

Thraupidae Haplospiza rustica A gorrión apizarrado

Thraupidae Lanio aurantius Pr tángara garganta negra

Tinamidae Crypturellus boucardi A tinamú jaguey

Tinamidae Crypturellus soui A tinamú menor

Crypturellus Tinamidae Pr tinamú canelo cinnamomeus

Tinamidae Tinamus major A tinamú mayor

Campylopterus Trochilidae Pr * fandanguero cola negra excellens

Trogonidae Trogon collaris Pr trogón de collar

Trogonidae Trogon massena A trogón cola oscura

Attila spadiceus Tyrannidae Pr atila de Cozumel cozumelae

Onychorhynchus Tyrannidae P mosquero real coronatus

Tyrannidae Ornithion semiflavum Pr mosquero ceja blanca

Platyrinchus Tyrannidae Pr mosquero pico chato cancrominus

Cyclarhis gujanensis Vireonidae Pr * vireon ceja rufa de Cozumel insularis

Vireonidae Hylophilus decurtatus Pr verdillo gris

Hylophilus Vireonidae Pr verdillo ocre ochraceiceps

Vireo griseus Vireonidae A * vireon ojo blanco veracruzano perquisitor

Vireonidae Vireo pallens Pr vireo manglero

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Mamíferos

Risk Family Species Common Name Category

mono aullador, saraguato Atelidae Alouatta pigra P yucateco

Atelidae Ateles geoffroyi P mono araña

Oryzomys couesi Cricetidae A * rata arrocera de pantano cozumelae

Cricetidae Otonyctomys hatti A rata vespertina yucateca

Peromyscus leucopus Cricetidae A * ratón de pata blanca de Cozumel cozumelae

Reithrodontomys Cricetidae A * ratón cosechero delgado gracilis insularis

tlacuache arborícola, tlacuache Didelphidae Caluromys derbianus A lanudo

Erethizontidae Coendou mexicanus A puerco espín tropical

Herpailurus Felidae A jaguarundi yagouaroundi

Felidae Leopardus pardalis P tigrillo, ocelote

Felidae Leopardus wiedii P ocelote, margay

Felidae Panthera onca P jaguar, tigre

Molossidae Eumops nanus Pr murciélago

Mustelidae Eira barbara P tayra, viejo de monte

Lontra longicaudis Mustelidae A nutria neotropical, perro de agua annectens

Tamandua mexicana Myrmecophagidae P oso hormiguero, brazo fuerte mexicana

Phyllostomidae Chrotopterus auritus A vampiro falso lanudo

Phyllostomidae Dermanura watsoni Pr murciélago de hoja nasal

Lampronycteris murciélago orejón garganta Phyllostomidae A brachyotis amarilla

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Risk Family Species Common Name Category

Lophostoma murciélago oreja redonda Phyllostomidae A brasiliense brasileño

murciélago oreja redonda Phyllostomidae Lophostoma evotis A mesoamericano

Phyllostomidae Mimon cozumelae A murciélago

Phyllostomidae Mimon crenulatum A murciélago lanza rayado

Phyllostomidae Phylloderma stenops A murciélago lanza norteño

Phyllostomidae Vampyrum spectrum P vampiro falso de Linneo

Bassariscus Procyonidae Pr cacomixtle tropical, tejón sumichrasti

Procyonidae Nasua narica nelsoni A * tejón de Cozumel, coati

Procyonidae Potos flavus Pr mico de noche, kinkajou

Soricidae Cryptotis mayensis Pr musaraña orejillas parda

Tapiridae Tapirus bairdii P tapir Centroamericano

Tayassu pecari Tayassuidae P pecari de labios blancos ringens

Risk categories NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010: P = At risk of extinction; A = Threatened; Pr = Subject to special protection. *Endemic

155

& & & &

90°0' 89°40' 89°20' LÓPEZ LAS PORTILLO 200 00 FLORES 2 0 NÚMERO 2 &LAS FLORES 20 & UNO& & LAS FLORES DOS TRES & LAS 2 20 200 00 World Heritage Mixed Property Ancient & FLORES 0 20 CINCO 100 Maya City and Protected 0Tropical LAGUNA 200 CHAN-CHEN 200 200 00 & IK 2 1 Forests of Calakmul, Campeche 0 0

2 ± 200 0 200 200 NU0 EVO CHUN-EK & MEXICO 20 & 0 CHAN NUEVO DZITBALCHÉ 20 0 YAXCHÉ 1 2 200 JALAL CASTE0 LLOT 0 & 0 0 200 & 0 2 20 0 0 2 0 20 0 100 0 2 1 00 PACHUITZ 0 200 & 0

0 200 0 2

0 0 Z o n i n g 2 200 1 200 00

0 0 0 10 10 1 EL VERGEL Legend 0 & 100 Zoning Boundaries of Calakmul 1 00 LAGUNA Biosphere Reserve Boundaries Mixed Property 100 DOS OROS 100 Restricted Use Zone 00 Cultural and Natural 2 200 MOCH '

0 COHUÓ Interpretation Trail Preservation Zone ° & 9

1 & LA PROVIDENCIA '

Cultural and Natural X-PANZIL 0 0 Archaeological Sites & 10 ° *# 9 Interpretation Zone 100 1 200 0 0 Paved Road 2 Buffer Zone of the Property SAN 0 0 10 0 ISIDRO Dirt Road 2 200 & 200 SANTA CRUZ 00 2 (ENTRE HERMANOS) 00 Traditional Use 2 00 & 2 BEL-HÁ 100 Trail 100 1 200 && 00 00 2 TEPEYAC Sustainable Use of 1 00

EMILIANO 0

0 ZAPATA Path Ecosystems 2 & 200 0 0 2 Communities South Fringe Buffer Zone ! Locations 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 North Buffer Zone 2

200 RICARDO FLORES 0 0 1 2 MAGÓN (LAGUNA 00 COOXLÍ) & 200 & & 1 0 ZINÁPARO 00 0 1 LA GUADALUPE 0 200 0 EL REFUGIO 200 100 2 & 0 10 2 00 00 1 0

0 2 200

200 200

0 0 100 3 3 0 0 200 EL SOLITARIO 30 3 0 & 0 0 2.5 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 CHACCHÉ km

& 2 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 2 2 3 0 2 0 LA MONTAÑA 0 0 0 & 0 200 0

' 200 30 0 30 0 3 3 0 0 4 Surfaces of the World Heritage Property 0 3 3 0 0 ° 2 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 0 20 0 3 0 '

0 0

SANTA 4 & Zone Area in ha 300 ° VERÓNICA 30 8 0 1

0 0 SILVITUCCultural and Natural Interpretation 1,629.5 3 200 3 Q 0 CONCEPCIÓN 0 & 00 Preservation 2 198,326.5 2 0 0

0 200 0 3 0 0 1 0 3 u 10 2 0 0 00 3 Restricted Use 13120,0 441 0 0 2 GUADALUPE 0 200 200 0 20 0 0 (TRES TOTAL 331,3290 7 300 HERMANOS) 20 i 0 i & 20 00 2 0 2 0 0 0 20 0 EL PORVENIR 0 2 & EL PARAJE 0 2 0 0 LA SELVA 0 2 DEL JAGUAR 0 LA UNIÓN 0 0 0 n & 20 n 1 0 & & & 2 CALAKMUL FELIPE 0 LAGUNA EMILIANO ÁNGELES II & & 20 ZAPATA & CHICANÁ CHACAMBACAB 00 INGENIERO PLAN DE 20 LAS Nuevo & 2 ECOVILLAGE 0 MARAVILLAS EUGENIO ECHEVERRÍA SAN LUIS & t & & 0 CASTELLOT 0 2 200 Conhuás 200 0 20 TZALÁN 00 & LAGUNA 2 a 20 200 0 Xpujil CHAMA-HA 2 & 0 0 0 0 2 n 00 2 200

2 0 0 200 0 C a m p e c h e 0 2 2 00 a 00 0 2

2 0 20

0 0 3 30 R 0 0 R 0 200 200 1

2 0 ' 0 0

0 2 0 3 0 2 Dos 0 ° 3 8 00 0 1 2 0 El Zacatal ' 0 3 20 Agu2 adas 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 200 2 2 0 200 Oxpemul 0 0 ° 0 0 2 8 0 1 3 30 0 0 0 3 30 0 0 0

3 0 o 0 o 20 0 0 20 00 3 20 0 3 20 Los 3 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 30 NUEVO 0 0 0 30 0 Piedra 2E00scalones PROGRESO & & 300 0 SAN Rota 30 LAS TRES 300 FRANCISCO 300 HUASTECAS (EL VERGEL) &

Cha3 narturo 0 0 300 0 La Muneca 300 20

Buenfil 3 0 0

LAGUNA 2 300 HERMENEGILDO 00 3 0 00 EL TENIENTE 0 GALEANA 2 &

2 0 00 30

3 300

0 20 NUEVO PARAÍSO La Retranca & 200 SAN 300 0 20 0 MIGUEL 30 Calakmul & 300

& 3 Las 0 00 0 0 0 3 El Cerrón 3 3 00 0 30 Delicia3s00 0 & 0 0 1 100 0 3 0 BELLA UNIÓN 0 00 1 3 VERACRUZ CARLOS 2 300 00 El Laberinto 0 0 & Los (L3O0 S CHINO0 S) A. MADRAZO 300 3 & & & 2 0

200 Hornos 0 0 0 30 300 0 1 ' 30 0 0 0 0 & 0 0 ° 0 DIECISÉIS DE 2 0 1 0 8 0 0 1 20 3 1 Olvidado Marihuana SEPTIEMBRE 200 00 2 '

Pared de 0

(LAGUNA ALVARADO) 0

0 Altamira ° CERRO 2 DE

Las Tuchas 8

& 1 ARROYO 20 los Reyes LAS FLORES 0 0 VEINTICUATRO Bravas 0 & LOS & 200 3 DE MAYO ALACRANES & &

300 Aguas 20 0 0 Cerros 0 && 200 Yaxnohcah Amarg3as

de Yeso 0 0 3 200 Villahermosa Champerico 0 20 0 0 Los 3 200 300 & El Chismito 3 & 200 0 300 0 Tambores 0 3 10 0 0 20 0 0 & 20 Cheyokolnah Puerto e Balakbal e 200 México 300 20 c

0 2 c 00 Uxul i Candzibaantun i 3 200 00 l 00 l & 2 0 20 200 Chumbec Aguada Dos & 2

0 0 e

0 e 20 Chicaanticaanal El Gallinero Chilar 0 Caobas 0 Laberinto 0 0 2 3 300 300 Naachtún 300 100 B Noroeste B Guatemala

90°0' 89°40' 89°20' 89°55' 89°50' 89°45'

200

' World Heritage Mixed Property Ancient 5 2 ° 8 1

Maya City and Protected Tropical ' 5 2 ° 8 ± Forests of Calakmul, Campeche 1

0 20 MEXICO 200

Infrastructure and Facility Legend

Boundaries of 200 Calakmul Biosphere Paved road Reserve Dirt road Boundaries Mixed 200 Property Trail Cultural and Natural Km 20 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Guardhousej JK Interpretation Zone Surveillance Gaps 0 0 2 j CONANP Gap Infraestructure Conservation Path

2 Culture Center INAH Infrastructure 00 200 Lines of elevation JK Aguadas

*# Archaeological Sites

0 Emergency and 20 '

0 ! 2 Km 25 handling ° 200 8 1 00 ' 2 JK 0 2 ° 8 El Zacatal 1 *# Dos 2 00 200 Aguadas 200 Oxpemul 200 *# Km 27 200 *# 0 JK 30

200 km 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 200

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Calakmul Archaeological Zone 300 ' 5 ° 8 1

89°55' 89°50' 89°45'