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Geoecological Evaluational Integrating Index of Natural Waters and Other Systems

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Geoecological Evaluational Integrating Index of Natural Waters and Other Systems G. PIRUMYAN, G. SIMONYAN, L. MARGARYAN GEOECOLOGICAL EVALUATIONAL INTEGRATING INDEX OF NATURAL WATERS AND OTHER SYSTEMS YEREVAN 2019 1 Reviewers: Gheorghe Duca – President of NAS of the Republic of Moldova, Doctor of Science (Chemistry), professor Armen Trchunyan – Correspondent Member of the NAS of the Republic of Armenia, Doctor of Science (Biology), professor Robert Minasyan – Doctor of Science (Geology), professor Gevorg Pirumyan – Academician of RANS, Doctor of Science (Technical Sciences), professor Gevorg Simonyan – Academician of IIA, Professor of RANH, Ph.D. (Chemistry), associate professor Liana Margaryan - Doctor of Science (Technical Sciences), associate professor Pirumyan G., Simonyan G., Margaryan L. Geoecological Evaluational Integrating Index of Natural Waters and other Systems/ G. Pirumyan, G. Simonyan, L. Margaryan. –Yerevan, 2019, 244 p. Monography is dedicated to determination and assessment of fresh water quality taking into consideration their hydrochemical indicators. Development of the Armenian indexes of water quality is based upon the results of the authors' investigations. On the suggestions of the foreign scientists these indexes have been applied for mathematical modelling of the different biosystems and oil as well. The book is proper for the specialists, post-graduates and students in the fields of hydrology, hydrochemistry, ecosystems, oil and mathematical modelling as well. ISBN 978-9939-875-29-3 © Pirumyan G., 2019 © Simonyan G.,2019 © Margaryan L., 2019 2 3 The monography is dedicated to the hundredth anniversary of the Yerevan State University 4 Contents Introduction..................................................................................9 Chapter 1. Natural Water Characterization ............................... 11 1.1 Representation about anomalous and specific properties of water .......................................................................................... 11 1.2 Assessment of Natural Water Quality ................................. 18 1.2.1 Surface water ..................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Groundwater ...................................................................... 22 1.3 Study of the hydrochemical regime of natural water in the Republic of Armenia ............................................. 27 Chapter 2. Assessment of natural water quality ........................ 31 2.1 Assessment of water quality through the water quality norms ............................................................................ 32 2.2 New approaches for integrated assessment of natural water quality ....................................................................................... 35 2.3 Antropogenic Impact on water quality of natural water resources ................................................................................... 39 2.4 Water quality indexs ........................................................... 50 2.4.1 Horton Water Quality Index (HWQI) ............................ 52 2.4.2 National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) ........................................................................ 52 2.4.3 Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CWQI) .................................................... 54 2.4.4 British Columbia Water Quality Index (BCWQI) ........ 55 2.4.5 Modified Canadian Water Quality Index (MCWQI)..................................................................................... 56 2.4.6 Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) ........................... 57 2.4.7 Malaysia Water Quality Index (MWQI) ........................ 59 5 2.4.8 Dinius Water Quality Index (DWQI) ............................. 59 2.4.9 Bascarón Water Quality Index (BWQI) ........................ 60 2.4.10 Scottish Research Development Department Water Quality Index (SWQI) .................................................... 61 2.4.11 Taiwan Water Quality Index (TWQI). River Status Index (RSI)....................................................................... 62 2.4.12 Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) .................................. 64 2.4.13 Bhargava Method Water Quality Index (BMWQI)..................................................................................... 65 2.4.14 Smith’s Water Quality Index (SWQI) ......................... 66 2.4.15 Aquatic toxicity Water Quality Index (ATWQI) ....... 67 2.4.16 The River Ganga Index of Ved Prakash et al (GWQI) ........................................................................................ 68 2.4.17 Catalan Water Agency Water Quality Index (CAWQI) ..................................................................................... 68 2.4.18 Universal Water Quality Index (UWQI) ..................... 69 2.4.19 Fuzzy Water Quality Index(FQWI) ............................. 70 2.4.20 Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method ......................................................................................... 72 2.4.21 Water Contamination Index (WCI) .............................. 73 2.4.22 Specific Combinatory Water Quality Index (SCWQI) ...................................................................................... 76 2.4.23 The Model of Flow Transferring Substance's Quantity Index (FTSQI) ............................................................. 81 2.5 Examples of the Rivers’ water quality assessment ............. 85 2.5.1 Hrazdan River .................................................................... 86 2.5.2 Akhuryan River ................................................................. 91 6 2.5.3 Sevdjur (Metsamor) River and its tributary Kasakh River ............................................................................... 94 2.5.4 Reservoirs in Armenia ...................................................... 98 2.6. Assessment of anthropogenic pressure on water qaulity of Sevdjur, Kasakh and Hrazdan rivers ........................ 99 2.7 Assessment of groundwater quality .................................. 106 Chapter 3. New proposed indexes .......................................... 116 3.1 Entropic Water Quality Index (EWQI) and Armenian Water Quality Index (AWQI) ............................................................ 116 3.1.1 Hydrological characterization of the Debed river basin ................................................................................... 118 3.1.2 The rivers Agstev and Getik .......................................... 122 3.1.3 Rivers Vorotan, Goris and Sisian ................................. 123 3.14 Arpa River ......................................................................... 131 3.1.5 Rivers Voghji, Artsvanik and Geghi ............................ 134 3.1.6 Rivers Akhuryan, Ashotsk and Karkachun ................. 137 3.17 Water Quality Indexes for Rivers Sevdjur, Kasakh and Aparan ................................................................... 141 3.1.8 River Hrazdan .................................................................. 144 3.1.9 Lake Sevan ....................................................................... 147 3.1.10 The ecological status of reservoirs in Armenia ........ 149 3.2 Method on Integrated assessment of Natural Water Quality ..................................................................................... 154 3.3 New method for natural Water Quality Prediction based on climate change scenarios ......................................... 163 3.3.1 Prediction of the quality of natural water according to the concentration of the hydrochloric acid ............................ 169 7 Chapter 4. Natural Water Quality Assessment Methods ........ 178 4.1 New system for surface water quality assessment in Armenia, based on EU WFD .................................................. 178 4.2 Water quality assessment of Debed River ........................ 182 4.3 Europian water quality indexes with biological content ..................................................................................... 187 4.3.1 Hulberts diversity index (ES100) .............................. 187 4.3.2 ISI sensitivity index ................................................... 187 4.3.3.The Applied Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) ............... 188 4.3.4 Norwegian quality index version 1 (NQI1)............... 189 4.3.5 The Norwegian quality index version 2 (NQI2) ....... 190 4.3.6 The Danis index (DKI) .............................................. 190 4.3.7 Infaunal quality index (IQI) ...................................... 191 4.3.8 Benthic quality index (BQI ) ..................................... 191 4.3.9 Benthic habitat quality index (BHQ) ........................ 192 4.3.10 Denisenko Index ...................................................... 194 Chapter 5. Analyses of the ecological systems by geoecological evolving organized index ................................. 195 5.1 Analysis of the biopolymers ............................................. 195 5.2 Analysis of environmental status of wood and shrub vegetation by the Armenian index of Environmental quality ..................................................................................... 202 5.3 Assessment of the maturity of oil and natural gas pools by means of the Entropy Index ..................................... 210 5.4 Surface water pollution by vanadium ............................... 218 References ............................................................................... 222 8 Introduction This monograph concludes twenty-years study in the field of hydrochemistry,
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