Institute for Mineral and Energy Resources The Institute for Mineral and Energy Resources (IMER) is an interdisciplinary research institute of the University of Adelaide, addressing scientific, technological, environmental and social challenges in the provision of mineral and energy commodities globally. This leading University, located in the city of Adelaide, South Australia, is committed to producing graduates and researchers recognised worldwide for their creativity, knowledge and skills.

IMER VISION IMER OBJECTIVES

IMER’s vision is to enable the • Advance the science and efficient and sustainable use technology required to enhance and development of the world’s the prospectivity, discovery mineral and energy resources for and extraction of mineral and the benefit of society, industry energy resources, including and the environment. petroleum and geothermal resources; • Advance the science and technology needed to lower the cost and enhance cleaner IMER MISSION energy generation, storage, transmission and use of energy; IMER’s mission is to be globally • Increase the energy efficiency recognised as a centre of and reduce the impact of excellence for fundamental and industrial processes, especially applied research, innovation and those related to mining and technology transfer in mineral and mineral processing; energy resources. • Maximise the social and economic benefits of mineral and energy resource developments across regions, states, national and international communities; • Advance the prevention, assessment and remediation of environmental impacts of mineral and energy resource developments. Who we are

Established in December 2008, IMER aims to become a leading research and educational facility for the mining and energy sectors in the Asia-Pacific region.

The University of Adelaide is unique within Australia for its strong research and teaching groups in geology and geophysics, petroleum engineering, mining engineering and energy technology. These groups form the Institute’s core.

Key IMER Fields Additionally, cross-disciplinary School of Civil, Environmental and of Research research is conducted in geothermal Mining Engineering; School of Earth energy, decision analysis, industry and Environmental Sciences; School Earth Sciences: geology; and labour economic studies and of Economics; School of Electrical geochemistry; geosequestration; environmental impacts specifically and Electronic Engineering; School geophysics; and physical geography. related to energy and mineral of Mathematical Sciences and resource developments. School of Mechanical Engineering. Energy Technology: combustion and fuels; renewable power World-leading research is conducted The Institute is the principal point of and energy systems; bioenergy across numerous University of contact for the strategic interests of generation, conversion and storage; Adelaide schools and faculties the University of Adelaide in mineral control of sound and vibration; encompassing the Workplace and energy resources research, physical chemistry aspects of energy Innovation and Social Research both internally to the University of storage and transformation. Centre (WISeR) formerly called Adelaide and with its industry and the Australian Institute for Social government partners. A major global Resource Engineering: petroleum Research; the Australian School of advantage of IMER is the capacity and mining engineering. Petroleum; the Business School; to cross link diverse disciplines School of Chemical Engineering; to research solutions for global School of Chemistry and Physics; resource and energy challenges.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 1 CET COMBUSTION LAB The Store House Thebarton Campus

2 Contents

Vision, Mission & Objectives Resource Engineering Program 40

Who We Are 1 Program Leader’s Report 41 Highlights 41 Contents 3 Research Highlight 44 Chairman’s Report 4 Environmental Impacts of Mineral and Executive Director’s Report 5 Energy Resources Program 46

Strategies and Priorities 6 Program Leader’s Report 46 Highlights 47 The Global Challenge 7 Socio-Economic Impacts of Mineral and Organisational Structure 8 Energy Resources Program 48 Key Leaders 9 Program Leader’s Report 49 Highlights 49 Board and Committees 10

Major Sponsors 12 Focus on Australian School of Petroleum 50 Head of School’s Overview 51 Research Funding 14 Advisory Board 52 Key Collaborations 15 Highlights 53

Key Awards 16 GeoFrac Consortium Project Develops 55

Centre for Energy Technology 18 Focus on Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials 56 Director’s Report 19 Research Highlight 58 Highlights 20 Research Areas 21 CRCs at the University of Adelaide 60 Advisory Board 22 Energy Pipelines Cooperative Research Highlight 24 Research Centre (EPCRC) 61 Cooperative Research Centre for Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration 26 Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) 62 Director’s Report 27 Research Highlight 63 Research Areas 27 Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre (DETCRC) 64 Highlights 28 Research Highlight 29 Key Major Projects 66

Centre for Mineral Exploration Under Cover 31 Staff and Members 70

Director’s Report 31 Postgraduate Members 75 Research Highlight 32 Higher Degree Graduates 77

South Australian Centre for Public Seminars and Events 78 Geothermal Energy Research 34 Visitors 82 Director’s Report 35 Advisory Board 36 Publications 85 Highlights 36 Research Areas 38 Research Highlight 39

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 3 Chairman’s Report

In 2011, IMER researchers were part Other areas of IMER sponsored of a combined $A7 million funding expertise utilised in 2011 include success through Australian Research geothermal energy; energy storage Council (ARC) Linkage proposals and and management; targeting and Discovery projects. extraction of natural gas from ultra tight shale and the social and economic The year also brought success to impacts of mineral and energy IMER from commercial partnerships resource developments. with global companies. IMER has consolidated wide-ranging A major project focussing on research fields under one banner to the Reservoir Architecture and continue to showcase the success Heterogeneity in Marginal Marine of the researchers and to benefit the Systems entered its second phase in mineral and energy industries in the partnership with 12 global oil and gas state of South Australia, nationally companies. The WAVE Consortium and internationally. attracted leading international companies as sponsors for Phase II IMER remains committed to a sound Mr Robert Kennedy which began April 2011. plan of growth for its research priority areas with its attention focussed on Another project, termed the GeoFrac establishing industry-based partner- I am pleased to report the progress Consortium Project, arose through ships, collaborative links nationally of the Institute for Mineral and IMER’s strategic support, along with and internationally and accelerating Energy Resources in its third year the Australian School of Petroleum. technology transfer to its industry of operation. South Australia’s This project and a complementary partners for the resultant economic resource expansion is anticipated to ARC Linkage proposal led by benefit to all parties. This objective be the single most significant driver Geology and Geophysics, aims to relies on committed researchers of economic development in the State increase the recovery of natural gas obtaining the satisfaction of a fulfilling for at least the next two generations. from unconventional reservoirs by career and providing the postgraduate enhanced targeting of promising areas IMER is ready to play its part by cohort with opportunities to realize of reservoirs. It aims to reduce the continuing to build on state, national their capabilities. and international collaborations to cost of drilling for gas production and provide the ground-breaking research reduce the environmental and societal My thanks go to the IMER board and capability required in the minerals impact of developing unconventional particularly to the IMER Executive Director and energy resources sector for a reservoirs by minimising the number of Professor Stephen Grano, his staff and substantial impact on that sector. wells that need to be drilled. IMER members for the progress made by the institute in the last year. Under IMER’s auspices, academic Through the year, IMER researchers staff involved in research projects achieved more than 330 articles in are given the opportunity to train refereed books, book chapters, journal the next generation of professionals and conference articles published in 2011. and researchers to supply the future IMER’s 150 staff offered research workforce for the sector. and technology expertise in close The rapid expansion of the mining to a dozen areas including mineral exploration under cover; deep open industry brings about significant Mr Robert Kennedy pit mining and processing; energy challenges. IMER’s success with Chairman government, research grants and efficiency in fuel combustion; syngas 18 July, 2012 commercial partnerships are evidence and synthetic liquid fuels; biofuels; that the capabilities within the IMER wind energy and the regulatory team can answer these challenges. framework and separation of radionuclides.

4 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Executive Director’s Report

South Australia is also a leader in Numerous Australian Research renewable energy generation with Council (ARC) Linkage and Discovery more than half of Australia’s installed Grants were successful by IMER wind generation capacity, currently researchers. Many projects gained providing over 20% of the State’s multiple commercial sponsors electricity production with a target to representing some of the world’s most rise to 33% by 2020. South Australia known and respected energy and has world-class geothermal, solar resource companies. and wave energy resources that can Through the year, workshops, public potentially be harnessed. seminars and conference addresses IMER and the University of Adelaide showcased leading-edge research: are well placed to provide not only in areas of solar thermal processing cutting-edge research, but also the (Mining the Sun), uranium geology, necessary research leaders and wind energy, geothermal energy, iron highly-skilled graduates and post- oxide copper gold deposits, doctorate graduates to tackle energy unconventional gas, and many and resource challenges. other topics. Professor Stephen Grano The University of Adelaide produces I would like to thank the IMER The Institute for Mineral and the largest number of honours level Advisory Board members for their Energy Resources (IMER) has an geosciences graduates in Australia. valuable input through 2011 and extend important role to play in undertaking It has the largest Mechanical acknowledgement to the hard work research to benefit society, industry Engineering School in Australia. by all IMER members through the year. and government through the It is also a participant in the Deep sustainable and efficient use of Exploration Technologies Cooperative global resources. Research Centre (DET CRC), the world’s largest independent research South Australia has globally-significant initiative in mineral exploration. mineral and energy resources consisting of major copper, iron ore, As the principal point of contact for uranium and natural gas deposits. the strategic research interests of the South Australia generated almost University of Adelaide in mineral and Professor Stephen Grano $A4 billion in mineral export revenue energy resources, IMER maximises the Executive Director over the 2010-2011 financial year – a core strengths of existing University 18 July, 2012 figure nearly four times higher than a Centres across geology, geophysics, decade ago. Mineral exports are now mining engineering, petroleum the largest export earner for the State engineering as well as renewable with a target to increase the value of energy and energy efficiency research. minerals production and processing to Building on IMER’s establishment $A10 billion by 2020. in 2009, the Institute has developed strong relationships with business and government in 2011.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 5 Strategies and Priorities

IMER’s mission is to be globally recognised as a centre of excellence for fundamental and applied research, innovation and technology transfer in mineral and energy resources.

IMER aims to develop national and • To attract, retain and develop international leadership in specific excellent research staff and students; research priority areas and to increase RESEARCH PRIORITIES • And to promote and support the number and portion of articles in pathways to commercialisation of highly-ranked journals. IMER’s research priority areas applied research expertise. for support are: By further increasing the success • Non-conventional natural gas rate, number and scale of national Key Concepts competitive grants or funding, IMER extraction and utilisation; intends to build research capability in IMER’s mission emphasises four • Understanding, discovering, the minerals and resources sector. key concepts: and exploiting iron, copper IMER plans to foster productive • Global recognition reflects the and gold deposits; relationships with industry, government strategic intent of the University • Uranium and rare earth and public organisations which may of Adelaide to be considered elements, exploration and offer avenues for commercialising a great research University by extraction; research outcomes. world standards, and necessarily • Low-energy and low-impact New strategic partnerships will places global benchmarks on the performance of IMER; exploration, mining, extraction be forged including international and value adding to resources; engagements, joint ventures and • The need to focus on both partnerships which may also bring fundamental and applied • Pathways to cost effectively together multi-disciplinary teams from research recognises the critical reduce greenhouse gas across the University of Adelaide to importance of fundamental emissions in energy address our research priority areas. research to enhance understanding, transformation; IMER uses four key performance underpinning applied research. • Geothermal energy; indicators to monitor success: Applied research provides a focus for targeting research at problems of • Step-change reduction in • To advance and accelerate global significance; energy consumption in high-quality research performance mineral recovery; in mineral and energy resources, • Innovation recognises the key importance of step-change research • Sustainable communities targeting inter-disciplinary research and life after mining. challenges of global significance; and the break-throughs required to make a deep and lasting impact • To foster state, national and on industry and societal problems international collaborations globally; and partnerships with the aim of making the University of Adelaide • Technology transfer in all its forms, the recognised Asia-Pacific centre such as commercialisation and the of excellence in the integrated transfer of information and know- provision of research, education and how, is a key aspect of the University consulting services for the mineral of Adelaide’s interaction with industry and energy resources industries; and society.

6 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Answering Global Resource and Energy Challenges

2 Real energy prices will increase electrical grid, and are dependent on IMER seeks to achieve excellent through both global competition and imported LPG or diesel for electrical quality research performance the introduction of the carbon tax; a energy production for use in the by establishing and developing key factor will be marked increases operation and local community; long-term partnerships with its in the cost of transportable fossil 6 Nuclear energy will feature key stakeholders in industry fuels such as LPG and diesel, for prominently into the future as a and government underpinning which Australia is a nett importer at legitimate response to the need their research needs particularly present; opportunities to convert gas to to both reduce greenhouse gas in these vital, globally-significant liquid fuels will increase in importance; challenges. emissions and secure energy 3 The need to reduce greenhouse gas supplies by some countries; emissions from existing industries that 7 Underpinning all these In 2010 IMER along with industry drive Australia’s mineral exports will developments, the need to develop leaders and other key stakeholders increase markedly with the introduction technology and market place sought to identify global trends that of the carbon tax. This will be followed strategies to allow the introduction may affect the research directions by an emissions trading scheme and of alternative, low greenhouse gas of IMER. The global trends identified carbon cap with significant increases emission energy technologies; remain relevant in 2011 and into 2012. in the price of energy; In many cases, the trends have become 8 Local, regional, state and national 4 Advances in technologies to explore even more marked as the resources communities will need to benefit to greater depths and under cover sector faces the challenges of meeting from the resources expansion while will be required; also new techniques increasing demand, but with significantly environmental harm has to be and approaches to explore for ore increasing capital and operating costs. minimised; bodies at shallower depths for which 1 Natural gas from unconventional the signature at the surface is 9 The scale and complexity of mineral sources, and in particular shale gas, obscured or requires new approaches and energy resource developments will expand markedly as a cleaner for discovery will be required; will increase markedly, increasing burning, transitional fuel for the the risk and scale of capital cost 5 Continuing emphasis on low-energy 21st century; the production of gas overruns and potential environmental and low-impact exploration, mining (as LNG) from coal and (oil) shale damage, as well as the need for and extraction methods. This will reserves will increase in importance; highly skilled people. be particularly critical to operations which are not connected to the

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 7 Organisational Structure

Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research

IMER BOARD DVCR, Executive Deans, Executive Director and Industry Leaders

IMER MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE IMER ADVISORY PANEL IMER Executive Director, IMER Manager, Centre Director or Deputy, Executive Director, IMER Heads of Schools Representatives Manager, Centre Directors

Socio-Economic Environmental Centre for Energy Centre for Tectonics, SA Centre for Resource Impact of Mineral & Impact of Mineral & Technology (CET) Resources and Geothermal Energy Engineering Energy Resources Energy Resources Exploration (TRaX) Research (SACGER) Program Program Program

Centre for Mineral Exploration Under Cover (CMXUC)

Deep Energy Pipelines CRC for Greenhouse Exploration CRC Gas Technologies Technologies CRC

8 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Key Leaders

IMER Executive Director SACGER Program Leaders Professor Martin Hand Executive Director Professor Hand was the inaugural Resource Engineering Program Professor Stephen Grano Director of TRaX and was appointed Associate Professor Emmanuel Chanda Professor Stephen Grano was appointed SACGER Director in 2010. His current Executive Director of IMER in March research focus is the emerging Socio-Economic Impacts of 2010. He is an internationally-recognised geothermal energy industry in Australia. Mineral and Energy Resources metallurgical engineer with nearly three His research expertise is in the Development decades’ research experience and a thermal evolution of the continental Associate Professor John Spoehr background of delivering successful crust, including a PhD on the structural projects linked to industry. and metamorphic evolution of Environmental Impact of Mineral Proterozoic terrains in Antarctica and Energy Resources Program Manager and central Australia. Associate Professor Sue Carthew Dr Jordan Parham Associate Professor José Facelli Director TRaX (from 31 December 2011) Dr Jordan Parham combines extensive Associate Professor Nigel Cook experience in both research and industrial environments. In his current Associate Professor Nigel Cook was role, he manages the Institute’s appointed TRaX Director in 2010. Over Cooperative strategic research initiatives, business two decades, his work has been Research Centres development, outreach activities and directed to the geology and mineralogy internal operations. He holds a PhD of sulphide ore deposits. He aims to Cooperative Research from the University of Adelaide in the show how mineralogical study can and Centre for Greenhouse Gas control and optimisation of mixing and should be applied to solve a range of Technologies (CO2CRC) combustion for mineral processing. questions in ore geology. Chief Scientist Professor John Kaldi Director CMXUC Deep Exploration Professor David Giles Centre Directors Technologies Cooperative Professor Giles was appointed Research Centre (DET CRC) Director CET CMXUC Director and the South Research Leaders Professor David Giles, Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Australia Chair of Mineral Exploration Associate Professor Chaoshui Xu in 2005 following a South Australian Appointed as founding Director of CET government grant. His major research in 2009, Professor Nathan specialises Energy Pipelines Cooperative interests include developing and Research Centre (EPCRC) in thermal energy engineering in applying geoscience concepts for Program Leader systems supplied by solar, geothermal mineral exploration in regions covered Associate Professor Peter Ashman and the combustion of fossil and bio- by recent sediments or deep weathering fuels. In particular, he specialises in profiles, the evolution of geologic novel approaches to integrate these processes and the architecture of different energy sources and the the Proterozoic lithosphere and its research needed to optimise them. associated mineral systems.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 9 Board and Committees

Board (Left to Right): Professor Mike Advisory Board Dr Stephen Forbes Brooks, Professor Peter Dowd, Professor Director, Adelaide Botanic Gardens Stephen Grano, Mr Bob Kennedy, Dr Stephen Forbes, Professor Robert Hill, The Advisory Board brings together Professor Stephen Grano Ms Susan Jeanes, Mr John England and industry and government leaders Executive Director, Institute for Dr Jordan Parham (Dr Paul Heithersay and internal university members not pictured). Mineral and Energy Resources with extensive knowledge or The University of Adelaide experience of the mineral and energy resource sectors. Dr Paul Heithersay Deputy Chief Executive, Department Chair | Mr Robert Kennedy of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Chairman, Beach Energy Limited Resources and Energy (DMITRE) Professor Mike Brooks Professor Robert Hill Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Executive Dean, Faculty of Sciences Vice-President (Research) The University of Adelaide The University of Adelaide Ms Susan Jeanes Professor Peter Dowd Chief Executive Officer, Australian Executive Dean, Faculty of Geothermal Energy Association Inc. Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences Dr Kevin Wills The University of Adelaide Managing Director, Flinders Mines Ltd Mr John England *Dr Kevin Wills, Managing Director, Flinders BHP Billiton, Vice President Mines Ltd, was a member of the IMER Advisory Technology Board from August 2009 until August 2011.

10 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Management Mr Simon Firth Commercial Development Manager, Committee Adelaide Research and Innovation Pty Ltd The Management Committee Professor Martin Hand comprises relevant members from Director, South Australian Centre for the University of Adelaide’s Centres, Geothermal Energy Research Programs, Schools and research leaders. The group generates research ideas, Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan reviews funding and engagement Director, Centre for Energy Technology opportunities and discusses project Dr Jordan Parham management issues. Committee Manager, Institute for Mineral and members develop IMER’s research Energy Resources capability and oversee strategy. Associate Professor John Spoehr Executive Director, Australian Management Workplace Innovation and Social Committee Members Research Centre (WISeR)

Professor Stephen Grano Executive Director, Institute for Management Mineral and Energy Resources Committee Alternates

Professor Bruce Ainsworth Professor Steve Begg Deputy Head of School, Head of School, Australian Australian School of Petroleum School of Petroleum Associate Professor Peter Ashman Associate Professor Bassam Dally Deputy Head of School, Deputy Director, Centre for School of Chemical Engineering Energy Technology Associate Professor Barry Burgan Dr Simon Holford Head of School, Business School Deputy Director, Centre for Tectonics, Associate Professor Sue Carthew Resources and Exploration Program Leader, Environmental Dr David Lewis Impacts of Mineral and Energy Senior Lecturer, School of Resources Development Chemical Engineering Associate Professor Dr Chris Medlin Emmanuel Chanda Senior Lecturer, Business School Program Leader, Resource Engineering Program Dr Yung Ngothai Deputy Director, South Australian Centre Associate Professor Nigel Cook for Geothermal Energy Research Director, Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration Dr Mark Tingay Advisory Panel Senior Lecturer, Australian Professor Christopher Findlay School of Petroleum The Advisory Panel is comprised Head of School, School of Economics of the IMER Director, IMER Dr Ernesto Valenzuela Manager and IMER’s affiliate Associate Professor José Facelli Executive Director, Centre for Centre Directors and one School of Earth and Environmental International Economic Studies Science (incoming member 2012) independent member of the Dr Chaoshui Xu Management Committee. Senior Lecturer, School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 11 Major Sponsors

IMER member researchers attracted sponsorship funding from leading international companies, South Australian and Australian government departments linked to competitive and prestigious research grants.

CRC for Greenhouse Deep Exploration Chevron Gas Technologies Technologies CRC ConocoPhillips Core Industry and Core Industry, Government Nexen Petroleum Pty Ltd Government Sponsors: and Research Participants: OMV Group Anglo American Anglo American Shell Australian National Low Emissions Barrick (Australia Pacific) Statoil Coal Research and Development (Anlec R+D) BHP Billiton Todd Energy BG Group Boart Longyear Woodside Energy Ltd BHP Billiton CSIRO Major Research Sponsors BP Australia Curtin University Adelaide Airport Ltd Brown Coal Innovation Australia Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Adelaide Brighton Ltd Chevron Australia Energy (DMITRE) Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean INPEX Geoscience Australia Development and Climate NSW Trade and Investment, Gold Fields Australia Australian Centre for International NSW Government Imdex Agricultural Research, Australian Korean Institute of Geoscience and Government Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Newcrest Australian Federal Police, Ministry of Science and Innovation Vale Exploration Commonwealth of Australia New Zealand University of Western Australia Australian Genome Research Facility QER Pty Ltd Australian Research Council Queensland Government Energy Pipelines CRC Australian Learning and Teaching Rio Tinto Ltd Core Industry Sponsor: Council, Australian Government SASOL Australian Pipeline Industry Barrick Gold Australia Ltd Association (APIA) Schlumberger Ltd Beach Energy Ltd Shell Reservoir Architecture and BHP Billiton Solid Energy New Zealand Ltd Heterogeneity in Marginal Biomatters Ltd, NZ Stanwell Corporation Ltd Marine Systems – WAVE CANSYD Australia Total Consortium Committee for Economic Department of Primary Industries, Core Industry Sponsors: Development of Australia State Government Victoria Apache Corporation Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Department of Mines and Petroleum, Badr Petroleum Co Government of Western Australia Department for Manufacturing, BG Xstrata Coal Australia Innovation, Trade, Resources and BHP Billiton Petroleum Energy, Government of South Australia BP Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of South Australia

12 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Department of Innovation, Industry, Iluka Resources Ltd Rex Minerals Ltd Science and Research, Australian Mayne Pharma Group Roxar Government Midland Valley Exploration Ltd SafeWork SA, Government Department of Premier and Cabinet, of South Australia Government of South Australia Minerals Council of Australia Santos Ltd Department of Trade and Minotaur Exploration Economic Development, Government Newmont Australia Ltd Schlumberger Ltd of South Australia Oceanlinx Ltd Shell (Petroleum Mining) Company Ltd Endeavour Discoveries Onesteel Manufacturing Pty Ltd South Australian Museum, ESSO Australia Pty Ltd Government of South Australia Origin Energy Ltd ExxonMobil South Australian Water, Paradigm Ltd Government of South Australia FCT Combustion Pty Ltd Petratherm Pty Ltd SQC Pty Ltd Geodynamics Pty Ltd Petrobras Total Geological Survey of Western Australia, Department of Mines and Petrosys Pty Ltd Woodside Energy Ltd Petroleum, Government of Western Process Group Australia Premier’s Science and Research Fund, GPA Engineering Government of South Australia I Want Solar Pty Ltd RenewablesSA, Government IHS of South Australia

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 13 Research Funding

Funding which can be attributed to Research funding is shown according IMER members has been calculated to the Australian Higher Education from the total funding obtained by Research Data Collection categories: IMER member researchers for projects Category 1 Nationally competitive and research infrastructure grants research grants relevant to IMER. Category 2 Other public sector As IMER is highly cross-disciplinary funding and encompasses a very diverse cross-section of research fields, Category 3 Industry, donations only projects and infrastructure that and international grants relate to core IMER research areas Category 4 Cooperative of expertise and priorities have been Research Centres included in this financial data.

2011 Research Income Total Income $A12,013,445

Category 1 $A3,775,994 31.5% 17.5 % Category 2 $A3,252,176

Category 3 $A2,881,272 27% Category 4 $A2,104,003 24%

14 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Key Collaborations

IMER researchers collaborate with leading companies and universities across the globe. These collaborations bring together experts with diverse skills and capabilities, generating a holistic approach to solving current and future challenges facing the world.

Australia International Royal Tyrrell Museum RWTH Aachen University The Australian National University Al Nahrain University Sandia National University Australian Society for Exploration Aries Energy Schlumberger Limited Geophysicists British Geological Survey Simon Fraser University Charles Darwin University China University of Mining South Australian Museum, Commonwealth Scientific and and Technology Government of South Australia Industrial Research Organisation Delft University of Technology (CSIRO) Tianjin University Durham University Curtin University University of Aberdeen ERK Eckrohkessel GmbH Department for Manufacturing, University of Auckland Innovation, Trade, Resources and ETH Zurich University of Beijing Energy, Government of South Australia ExxonMobil University of Birmingham Flinders University GFZ German Research Centre University of California, Irvine for Geosciences Geological Survey of Queensland University of California, Los Angeles GNS Science Geological Survey of Western Australia University of Cambridge Imperial College London Geoscience Australia University of Dar es Salaam Lawrence Berkeley National GeoScience Victoria, Department of University of Edinburgh Primary Industries, State Government Laboratory of Victoria Lulea University of Technology University of Nebraska at Lincoln Global Carbon Capture and Lund University University of Science and Technology Beijing Storage Institute Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg University of Southern California Geotrack International Nanjing University of Aeronautics Heathgate Resources and Astronautics University of Strathclyde Ian Wark Research Institute PE&I Cell, CSIR-IMMT University of Texas - Austin Monash University Purdue University University of Toronto Northern Territory Geological Survey Queensland University of Technology Panax Geothermal Ltd Petratherm Ltd Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence RMIT University University of Melbourne University of New South Wales University of Queensland University of South Australia University of Western Australia University of Wollongong Urrbrae Agricultural High School Western Australian Geothermal Centre of Excellence

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 15 Key Awards

Dr Simon Holford Dr Philip van Eyk Professor Keith King Walter Howchin Medal ASI Fellowship RACI Chemistry Division Medal 2011 The Deputy Director of TRaX, IMER researcher Dr Philip van Eyk Dr Simon Holford, was recognised was awarded a Fellowship by the Professor Keith King was honoured with the prestigious Walter Howchin Australian Solar Institute (ASI) in with the 2011 Royal Australian Medal in 2011. December 2011. The three-year Chemical Institute (RACI) Physical fellowship supports his salary in the Chemistry Division Medal announced The Medal was presented by the area of solar gasification. This Category 1 in September, 2011. Geological Society of Australia, South funding scheme is highly competitive. Australian Division. The Medal recognises outstanding Dr van Eyk is based at the School of contributions by an individual to the It recognises a researcher (35 years and Chemical Engineering, the University field of physical chemistry in Australia. younger) in the early stage of his or her of Adelaide and is a key member of career who is distinguished by significant the Centre for Energy Technology. Professor King said: “I am very published work within South Australia honoured to receive a prestigious or from a South Australian base. The Australian Solar Institute (ASI) is a award and high-level recognition by a $A150 million commitment by the cognate discipline.” The Medal commemorates the Australian Government to keep Australia pioneering contribution of Walter at the forefront of solar innovation. A Centre for Energy Technology Howchin (1845-1937) who worked for (CET) member based in the School of more than 50 years in South Australia Dr van Eyk’s area of expertise is Chemical Engineering, Professor King’s documenting the State’s geology in conducting research into combustion expertise is in energy and combustion. more than 80 papers. He also taught and gasification of low-rank coals and at the University of Adelaide. biomass to produce electricity, syngas He also received an award of Fellow or liquefied fuels. He will apply this of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Dr Holford, whose home school is expertise within the Fellowship to the largest organisation in Europe for the Australian School of Petroleum, investigate using solar energy in advancing the chemical sciences. was recognised for his contributions combination with gasification of low- This was announced in May, to understanding tectonic processes rank coals or biomass to produce 2011. Fellow of the Royal Society in passive continental margins and in liquefied transport fuels. This technology of Chemistry (FRSC) is the most sedimentary basins in the British Isles has the potential to significantly reduce senior category of membership; it and the southern margin of Australia. recognises those members who have the CO2 emissions and significantly increase the production rate of liquefied made an outstanding contribution to transport fuels produced from these the advancement or application of low-grade carbonaceous feedstocks. chemical science.

16 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Left: His Excellency Rear Admiral Kevin Scarce AC CSC RANR, Governor of South Australia presenting Dr Mark Tingay with the 2011 Tall Poppy Award

TRaX member wins Tall Poppy Award

TRaX member Dr Mark Tingay was named a South Australian Tall Poppy winner in August, 2011. Dr Tingay, whose home school is the Australian School of Petroleum, won the award within the area of Geoscience and Petroleum Engineering. The Australian Institute of Policy and Science created the Tall Poppy campaign to celebrate achievement in sciences with a view to communicating the passion and purpose of Australia’s finest scientists to a wider audience. Dr Tingay’s research examines stresses in the Earth’s crust caused by movements of its tectonic plates. In particular, he investigates how rocks buckle and break under natural processes such as the generation of earthquakes and mountain formation and through man-made influences such as tunnels and mines. Dr Tingay also studies how oil wells are drilled to avoid and control disasters that cause oil spills.

Professor Graham Dr Cristian Birzer Associate Professor (Gus) Nathan Finalist – 2011 Advantage SA Benjamin Cazzolato ARC Discovery Outstanding South Australian of the Year Awards - Australian Acoustical Society Researcher Award (2012-14) Young South Australian of the Year President’s Prize

This Australian Research Council Dr Cristian Birzer was a finalist in This was awarded to the best technical grant, which supports his present Advantage SA’s 2011 South Australian paper presented at the Australian position, is a senior career award. of the Year Awards, Young South Acoustical Society Conference by This prestigious award, won in 2011, Australian of the Year Category, in a member of the Society in 2011. is worth $A900,000 for the next three recognition of his academic and extra- The paper related to “Modelling the years. Professor Nathan is the Director curricular activities. The category, Vibrational Behaviour of Composite of the Centre for Energy Technology sponsored by BHP Billiton, aimed Archery Arrows” from Proceedings (CET). Professor Nathan was one of to recognise and acknowledge of Acoustics 2011, Gold Coast only 26 people in Australia to receive young South Australians who (November 2-4, 2011). Associate the award. There were two other have demonstrated outstanding Professor Cazzolato was one author recipients from the University of leadership, inspiring and supporting along with Ms Marianne Rieckmann Adelaide. DORAs provide opportunities young people, as well as facilitating and Dr John Codrington. for mid- to late-career research-only outstanding youth projects or activities. and teaching and research academics. Selection is based on the needs of the project in addition to the excellence of the researcher.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 17 CET Centre for Energy Technology

Vision fuels; to the use of solar, biomass, wind, ocean and geothermal energy sources, The vision of the Centre for Energy transport and storage systems. A Technology (CET) is to deliver innovative particular focus is the novel integration of technologies for a clean energy future technologies and practices to increase through strategic partnerships. cost effectiveness.

Mission Objectives

CET aims to accelerate the transition • To increase high quality research of national and international energy outputs in energy technology at

technologies from a high to low CO2 the University of Adelaide; emission intensities through world-leading research and development in partnership • To accelerate the development and with leading industry, government agencies deployment of clean energy technology; and other research organisations. • To provide increased support for CET The mission encompasses cost- researchers in line with the mission and effective clean-energy technologies from objectives. sustainable use of fossil and alternative

18 Director’s Report Professor Gus Nathan

The Centre for Energy Technology CET’s partnership with the Adelaide (CET) has continued to grow during Airport (AAL) commenced in earnest 2011 in the quality, scale and impact in 2011 with projects targeting AAL’s of its research. With input from the energy footprint as well as supporting Advisory Board, the Centre has innovations that will have a broader continued to refine its research impact. Projects led by Dr Tim Lau, priorities and to invest strategically Associate Professor Eric Hu and to generate new opportunities to Dr Lei Chen are investigating and develop cost effective clean energy implementing ways to reduce energy technologies. CET has identified consumption in the Terminal building particular opportunities in hybrids, T1, which is the major component of since they can typically halve the AAL’s direct energy footprint. During the year CET members have cost of renewable energy and also published more than 80 papers in The CET-AAL Platinum Partnership in the direct application of renewable leading international journals and has supported the investment of some heat for production of liquid fuels more than 40 peer review conference $A250,000 in strategic initiatives including: and application in the minerals and papers. Of the journal papers, 12 were resources sector. • A collaboration with Korean Maritime on the application of laser diagnostics University to investigate turbine wake to turbulent combustion, six on MILD CET had a number of major funding generation and propagation for combustion, also known as flameless successes in 2011 including the improving wind farm operation; oxidation and one reports the first largest Australian Research Council detailed investigation of the interaction • The establishment of a unique laser (ARC) Discovery grant in Australia between concentrated solar radiation diagnostic facility to provide detailed to Professor Nathan, Dr Alwahabi, and a flame. Professor Abraham and Professor measurements in flames and soot Steinfeld for a project titled ‘Heat for combustion and solar hybrid CET has continued its extensive transfer in novel solar thermal reactors research; engagement with industry and to process minerals and solar • Supporting ongoing research to the public. During 2011 the Centre fuels’ and a Discovery Outstanding optimise pulverised fuel combustion hosted the Asia Pacific Conference Research Award to Professor Nathan. systems such as the Gyrotherm low on Sustainable Energy Technologies which brought together over 100 Professor Colin Hanson and Associate NOx burner, developed in partnership with FCT-Combustion which has researchers to Adelaide from around Professor Con Doolan received the world. Other events included our funding for Discovery projects in the been employed widely in the cement and lime industry around the world; Mining the Sun forum at the Royal area of wind energy. Professor Nathan Institution of Australia to discuss the was also awarded an ARC Linkage • A novel catalytic technology for potential of solar energy to contribute Grant with industry partner Heliotherm generating hydrogen from solar energy to mining and mineral processing Pty Ltd to investigate the novel solar via photoelectrochemical processes; operations. It featured world-wide hybrid receiver combustor developed • Efficient solar cells based on aligned expert Professor Aldo Steinfeld from by the CET team. In total the Centre carbon nanotubes. ETH, Zurich. The CET’s leading and was awarded $A3.5 million in new multi-disciplinary expertise in wind grant funding during the year. The benefits of CET’s strategic energy was also showcased at a investments are well illustrated by our public event ‘The Impact of Wind establishment, in partnership, with Energy’ an internal strategic workshop. IMER and the School of Chemical Home Schools Engineering, of a 12-month fellowship In 2011, CET recognised some during 2011 enabling Dr Philip van Eyk of the key contributions made by School of Chemical Engineering to develop some novel concepts in the its researchers. Dr Peter Kalt was solar gasification of coal and biomass. awarded the ‘best contribution to School of Chemistry and Physics This investment also provided bridging research quality’ with Mr Wei Wu School of Electrical and funding that enabled Philip to attract Jun awarded the ‘best postgraduate Electronic Engineering a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the contribution’ and Dr Cris Birzer Australian Solar Institute to continue awarded a commendation. Dr Shaun School of Mathematical Sciences this research to 2014. Chan and Dr Tim Lau were awarded School of Mechanical Engineering ‘best team player award’.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 19 Highlights Wind Energy two-dimensional measurements of Collaboration with Korea temperature made in turbulent flames with soot. Four papers were published Wind Tunnel Launched Dr Maziar Arjomandi. on this technique alone. The technique Associate Professor Richard Kelso, During the year, CET signed a was also used to obtain CET’s first Professor Gus Nathan, Associate Professor Memorandum of Understanding to detailed measurements of both soot Bassan Dally, Dr Peter Lanspeary, Dr Maziar volume fraction and temperature in Arjomandi, Dr Con Doolan. collaborate on research with the Korean Maritime University (KMU). The well characterised turbulent sooting South Australia’s largest industry and collaboration has a particular focus on flames that will be presented at the research wind tunnel, the Adelaide renewable energy research, particularly ISF Workshop. Wind Tunnel, was officially opened from wave and wind sources. This on August 9, 2011 by Tim O’Loughlin, followed a visit from the Korean Maritime Progress in Solar and Geothermal the (former) Commissioner for University’s Professor Young-Ho Lee, Hybrid Research Renewable Energy from Renewables Professor Sung Cheol Koh and Professor Professor Gus Nathan, Associate Professor You-Taek Kim and a reciprocal visit by SA (Department for Manufacturing, Bassam Dally, Dr Zeyad Alwahabi, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Dr Maziar Arjomandi to Korea. Associate Professor Peter Ashman, Dr Paul Energy). The launch was attended by The collaboration between CET and Medwell, Dr Maziar Arjomandi, Associate around 90 delegates from industry, KMU has commenced with a project Professor Eric Hu. government and defence. focussed on the high-fidelity numerical CET’s program in high temperature modelling of wind turbine wake The tunnel was established with funding solar thermal processes has been generation and propagation. The project from the Premier’s Science and Research growing rapidly with four postgraduate is investigating the interaction between Fund and Sir Ross and Sir Keith Fund. student projects and one post doctoral the wakes of adjacent turbine which Its design and construction was researcher investigating a range of significantly influence the energy output, overseen jointly by the CET and the novel hybrids between solar thermal lifetime and noise from a wind farm. School of Mechanical Engineering. energy and combustion technologies. Professor Young-Ho Lee from KMU is The facility is located at the University Dr Philip van Eyk was awarded a visiting CET to undertake this research of Adelaide’s Thebarton campus, close to prestigious Post Doctoral Fellowship in collaboration with Dr Maziar Adelaide’s central business district. It by the Australian Solar Institute (ASI) Arjomandi. It is supported by CET’s offers three working sections with aero- to support the design of entrained Platinum Partnership with Adelaide acoustic research capability plus flow and fluidised bed solar reactors Airport and has already resulted in two automotive models to one-quarter scale. by investigating the influence of high conference papers and one journal radiation flux on key gasification The tunnel is capable of testing speeds paper ‘Large eddy simulation of properties such as reactivity. up to 180km/h in its aerospace section turbulent wake characteristics behind and 120km/h in the wind-engineering a wind turbine in a wind tunnel model’. Mr Mehdi Jafarian presented an test section and is equipped with innovative concept on the integration state-of-the-art instrumentation. New Combustion Research of a hybrid system between The tunnel provides specialist Technique Pioneered concentrated solar thermal energy capability for CET in commercial and chemical looping combustion Professor Gus Nathan, Associate buildings for elements such as at the Australian Combustion Professor Bassam Dally, Dr Zeyad reducing air conditioning loads; Symposium while Mr Ashok Kaniyal Alwahabi, Associate Professor Peter initiated a novel investigation on a for solar energy in areas such as Ashman, Dr Paul Medwell, Dr Peter Kalt. convective heat losses and dust hybrid concept between solar thermal deposition; and in wind turbine The combustion research group within energy and conventional coal to research on areas such as noise CET has made a number of significant liquids technologies with a view to control, turbine siting and steps in addressing the global making a step change in emissions micro-turbines. challenges to mitigate soot emissions intensity while maintaining continuous from combustion systems whilst also production. Mr Jiyun Qin published an maintaining good heat transfer. CET assessment of the use of geothermal has jointly initiated the launch of an energy to preheat the feedwater to ongoing International Sooting Flame fossil fuel steam cycles. (ISF) Workshop, which draws together CET was awarded an ARC Linkage the combined expertise of the Grant with industry partner Heliotherm international community to address Pty Ltd to further develop its novel the major challenges of achieving Hybrid Receiver Combustor. This new predictive capability in practical flames hybrid technology directly combines with soot. This is ahead of the first full concentrated solar energy with a gas meeting scheduled July 2012. flame to achieve lower capital cost The team has also made a number than conventional solar/fossil fuel of advances in the investigation hybrid systems, lower levelised cost of these flames. CET has further of electricity and higher combustion advanced the innovative laser efficiency. The technology can be diagnostic technique, known as Two- applied in situations that include base Line Atomic Fluorescence, to allow load supply as well as peaking plants.

20 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE CET RESEARCH AREAS

• Combustion and fluid mechanics: innovative burner technologies; turbulent flows; two-phase flows; heat transfer; clean coal technologies.

• Renewable energy integration: solar-combustion hybrids for solar fuels; minerals processing or electricity generation; techno- economic conditioning systems; electrical power quality conditioning; low-cost converter systems.

• Alternative fuels: the production and utilisation of alternative fuels from biomass and micro-algae.

• Wind energy: micro wind turbines; aero-acoustics; novel generators; wind farm optimisation.

• Physical chemistry; new photovoltaic materials; nanocatalysis; gas-storage and separation; nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage.

ADELAIDE WIND TUNNEL Building 21 (The Palace) Thebarton Campus

21 Commercialisation of Solar Hydrogen: Photocatalytic The project started in March 2011

Biofuels Technology Generation of H2 from water and much of the year was focussed on the design and construction of Associate Professor David Lewis, Associate Associate Professor Greg Metha, Professor Peter Ashman. Dr Tak Kee, Dr David Huang, Jason Alvino, the photo-catalysis apparatus. Other Trystan Bennett. achievements in the early stage of this Associate Professor David Lewis and project include analysis of the soft Associate Professor Peter Ashman A CET-Adelaide Airport Limited project x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data were part of an international team relates to an objective to develop the (SXR) which led to an understanding that in 2011 completed their project ‘A technique of metal-cluster doping of the oxidation state of the

fully integrated process for biodiesel of titania (TiO2) surfaces for the clusters. Analysis of the Absorption production from microalgae in production of hydrogen using solar Spectroscopy data (X-ray) is providing saline water.’ This was funded by the irradiation via photo-electrochemical information about the geometric Australian Government under the processes. The three-year project structure of the clusters when they Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean involves the construction of a reaction become bound to silica and titania Development and Climate. This cell, detection chamber, gas flow surfaces. Analysis of the far-IR spectra four-year project, led by Murdoch control equipment and optical pathway has identified features in the very low University, has demonstrated assembly with initial demonstrations of frequency region that distinguishes that large-scale cultivation and the capacity for hydrogen production between the different sized clusters. using titania under UV light conditions. downstream processing of a certain For many years it has been proposed The second year of the work includes strain of microalgae is possible for hydrogen would be an ideal energy the demonstration of hydrogen the purposes of biofuel production. carrier as a renewable, environmentally production under simulated solar As part of this project, the team friendly and highly-efficient energy conditions using various forms of successfully operated a pilot plant in source. It has the highest energy doped and un-doped titania plus Karratha, Western Australia, and also density of the known fuels, and exploration of improved efficiencies continuously maintained smaller-scale produces water as a sole by-product by exploring additional metal doping outdoor cultures during the life of the of combustion. The efficient and direct via laser ablation techniques. Finally, project. The IP developed from this production of hydrogen from solar there will be an investigation of project is now being commercialised radiation provides a renewable energy temperate effects on the system by Muradel Pty Ltd, a joint venture source that is the pinnacle of clean relative to hydrogen production and company established by Murdoch energy. This research project aims an exploration of other semiconductor University, the University of Adelaide to increase the efficiency of photo- based supports for hydrogen and the project’s major industry electrochemical hydrogen production production and other fuel sources partner, SQC Pty Ltd, a local South which contributes to the global effort of such as methane. Australian company. converting solar energy into portable chemical energy.

CET Advisory Board Mr Stephen de Belle Mr Craig Oakeshott Managing Director, Granite Power Principal Consultant, Power and Energy Sinclair Knight Merz Pty Ltd Chair (ceased as chair at end of Ms Ros de Garis 2011) Hon John Olsen, AO During 2011 Group Sustainability Dr Jordan Parham Former Premier of South Australia Manager, Adelaide Brighton Ltd Manager, Institute for Mineral and Energy Resources Associate Professor Peter Ashman Professor Stephen Grano Deputy Head, School of Chemical Executive Director, Institute for Mineral Mr Andrew Stock Engineering and Energy Resources Executive General Manager – Major Development Projects, Origin Energy Mr Mark Bonnar Dr Ross Haywood Investment Director, Southern Cross Practice Director, Hatch Global Hon Trish White (Chair from 2012) Venture Partners (Investment Manager, Executive Strategic Advisor, Cleantech Ventures during 2011) Mr David Holland Worley Parsons Director, Right Angle Business Services Mr Mike Congreve Mr Mark Young Team Leader, Reservoir Mr Terry Kallis Managing Director, Development, Santos Managing Director, Petratherm Ltd Adelaide Airport Limited

Associate Professor Bassam Dally Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Head of School, School of Director, Centre for Energy Technology Mechanical Engineering

22 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE CET LASER LAB Engineering North Building North Terrace Campus

23 Impact of High Intensity Radiation on a Flame

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

IMER researchers* are investigating These potential processes result in This combination of laser and fuel the role of high intensity radiation on the direct interaction of concentrated enabled a direct assessment of the flames, with a view to reducing the solar radiation on a flame or fuel. Solar role of the effects of high energy cost of solar thermal energy in the future. concentrators can achieve radiant irradiation, albeit at a different fluxes of 4 MW/m2. This exceeds the wavelength to solar energy. Combustion presently provides natural radiation from most flames, around 80% of the traded energy The distribution of soot volume fraction which is already known to be sufficient in industrialised economies and is (SVF) in the laminar ethylene flame to couple with combustion processes. expected to be a major energy source was analysed as premixed, partially (See Figure page 25) for the foreseeable future. premixed and non-premixed. In each The paper proposed three case, distribution was shown both Simultaneously, the need to mitigate mechanisms by which radiation can without and with the presence of a the emissions of CO is driving the 2 interact with a flame, namely via soot CO laser beam of consistent shape development of technologies that use 2 absorption, direct molecular excitation, (4.5 mm) diameter with a fluence of alternate energy sources – including or indirect molecular excitation. 4.3 MW/m2. solar energy. The first mechanism is broadband, The figure pictured presents the Despite its many advantages and that is, soot particles absorb at all images for the non-premixed cases. potential to be a dominant source of wavelengths of the solar spectrum, It can be seen the effect of the laser sustainable energy in the long term, while the latter two are narrow band, irradiation on the magnitude of the SVF the use of concentrated solar radiation so can only absorb a small fraction of is most significant when the interaction (CSR) in thermal power generation the solar spectrum. height is near to the base of the flame. remains significantly more expensive The combination of ethylene fuel At this height, soot volume fraction is than many alternate energy sources. and a CO2 laser was chosen low, and therefore the increase in SVF One way to reduce costs involves carefully because they allow all three is attributed largely to the mechanism combining solar thermal energy mechanisms to be assessed. The of direct molecular excitation of the fuel. with established technologies using CO laser matches both rotational 2 The work also found that, for a fossil fuels. These hybrid systems and vibrational transitions of ethylene, diffusion flame, the high energy can potentially halve the cost of allowing the direct excitation of fuel radiation translated the soot layer solar thermal power by reducing molecules to be achieved. Premixing into the higher temperature, oxidising infrastructure and generating potential of the fuel with ethylene consumes the region of the reaction zone, which will thermodynamic synergies. ethylene before the interaction region increase the radiation heat transfer with the laser, allowing the other two Traditional approaches to hybrid from the flame. mechanisms to be studied. Finally, power generation technologies the base of the flame provides a zone The researchers found that radiation collect the thermal energy from the before significant soot is formed, of intensities found in solar receivers solar and combustion sources in while strongly sooting regions persist result in a significant influence of each separate devices and then combine downstream. Hence careful choice of of these mechanisms in a laminar flame. them. However, a further infrastructure conditions allows the significance of reduction is possible by collecting Key findings include the influence of all three mechanisms to be assessed these energy sources in the combined irradiation of fuel, soot and more or less independently. same device. its precursors at an energy flux of 4.3 2 That is, the use of CO2 lasers allows MW/m and within a beam of 4.5mm a very great simplification over the diameter can lead to an increase in the extremely complex processes that peak soot volume fraction by up to 250%. would arise from the irradiation by a broad and non-uniform concentrated solar source.

24 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE The mechanism found to exert the (a) without CO2 laser (b) HABCO2=30mm greatest influence on the maximum soot volume fraction is that of direct 45 3.49 ppm 45 3.91 ppm molecular excitation of the C2H4 fuel. 40 40 In addition, for non-premixed flames, the irradiation translates the soot sheet 35 35 further into the higher-temperature part 30 30 of the flame - toward the oxidising-side HAB (mm) HAB (mm) 25 25 of the reaction zone. 20 det. lim. 20 det. lim. Another finding is that partial premixing −13 0 13 −13 0 13 of the irradiation leads to a broadening of the soot region on the fuel-rich side (c) without CO2 laser (d) HABCO2=20mm of the reaction zone. 35 2.68 ppm 35 3.66 ppm The work demonstrates for the 30 30 first time that highly concentrated 25 25 irradiation has a significant influence on the soot distribution in a flame. 20 20 HAB (mm) HAB (mm) More work is required to better 15 15 understand the other influences. 10 det. lim. 10 det. lim. −13 0 13 −13 0 13

REFERENCE (e) without CO2 laser (f) HABCO2=10mm

*Medwell P, Nathan G, Chan Q, 25 1.79 ppm 25 5.51 ppm Alwahabi Z, Dally B, 2011, ‘The 20 20 Influence on the soot distribution within a laminar flame of radiation at fluxes 15 15 of relevance to concentrated solar 10 10 radiation’, Combustion and Flame, HAB (mm) HAB (mm) Elsevier Inc. 158, 1814-1821 5 5 0 det. lim. 0 det. lim. Edited and summarised version −13 0 13 −13 0 13 from © 2011 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. Figure 7: (Color online) Averaged LII soot volume fraction images for non-premixed Above: Averaged LII soot volume fraction images for non-premixed ethylene All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j. 2 ethyleneflames flames(a, c, (a,e) without c, e) without and (b, and d, (b,f) d,with f) 4.3 with MW/m 4.3 MW/m2 irradiationirradiation at various at various combustflame.2011.01.006 heightheights above above burner burner. (HAB). In Ineach each image image pair,pair, thethe bottom bottom of of the the image image is aligned is aligned 10mm

below10nm HAB belowCO2 HABc02(horizontal (horizontal dashed line). dashed Note unique line). colour schemes for each image.

28

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 25 TRaX Centre for TECTONICS, RESOURCES AND EXPLORATION

Vision Objectives

The vision behind TRaX is to understand TRaX is committed to the translation of the evolving Earth and its resource research to practical application in the potential. TRaX provides a link between minerals and energy industries. It supports continental- and regional-scale geology the building of multidisciplinary teams that and deposits of minerals and petroleum, cross traditional university boundaries and seeking to understand why they form tackles major issues in mineral and energy where they do and developing innovative resources. Key objects include: predictive methods for the discovery of • To develop and maintain national and new resources. international research excellence in tectonics and resource exploration; Mission • To use TRaX research outcomes to influence exploration strategies and To be the foremost provider of research methods in the resources sector; and teaching in tectonics, resources and exploration in Australia – and to provide • To use expertise to influence government focussed research into South Australia’s resources policy; unique geological characteristics. • To educate students in the latest research technologies in order to provide a highly trained geoscience workforce. 26 Director’s Report Associate Professor Nigel Cook

The Centre for Tectonics, Resources range from multinationals to junior and Exploration (TRaX) is targeted companies, including Barrack at stimulating research in the rapidly Gold Australia Ltd, BHP Billiton, developing minerals sector in South Newmont Australia Ltd, OneSteel and Australia and within a global context. Woodside Energy Ltd, exploring for South Australia’s ever-growing list of TRaX’s success in achieving acclaim resources. TRaX researchers have for the quality of its research is published more than 55 contributions acknowledged by the Australian to scientific peer-reviewed journals in Federal Government’s Excellence in 2011, have membership of editorial Research for Australia (ERA) results boards and involvement in major which assess the quality of research national research initiatives. TRaX publication of five papers from his being conducted in Australian is a major contributor to the Deep PhD project and his leadership of the universities. The disciplines of Earth Exploration Technologies Co-operative American Association of Petroleum Sciences and Geology both received Research Centre. Geologists student chapter. a score of five, an ERA definition which places the discipline as well above TRaX sought new opportunities in the The Geology and Geophysics group world standard. growing mineral sectors by hosting a saw the completion of 10 PhDs in series of strategic workshops in 2011 2011, the highest number of PhD TRaX staff deliver expertise in mineral, targetting the key research questions completions in a year for the last energy and resources with innovative, aligned to IMER’s strategic priorities decade and a testament to the drive of cross-disciplinary research within of uranium and rare earth element students and supervisors. the areas of Lithospheric Evolution, resources, South Australia’s giant Geofluids and Landscape Evolution. iron-oxide-copper-gold deposits and The team is committed to world-class unconventional gas exploration. research into practical applications for Home Schools the minerals and energy sectors. The In 2011, Dr Rosalind King was team is also renowned for excellence named TRaX Researcher of the in teaching and training. Year in recognition of her successful Adelaide Microscopy Australian Research Council (ARC) Researchers are involved with Australian School of Petroleum grant application, detailed under collaborations with national and Research Highlights. Dr King also School of Computer Science international universities, federal gained important recognition in and state agencies such as the School of Earth and publications and offered innovative Department of Manufacturing, Environmental Sciences teaching. TRaX student researcher of Innovation, Trade, Resources and the year was David Tassone for the South Australian Museum Energy (DMITRE). Industry partners

TRaX Research Areas Regolith and Landscape Evolution: Geophysical Exploration: techniques the nature and evolution of the cover to map the physical properties Lithosphere Evolution: the growth, sequences, plant, animal and micro- and infer the composition of cover destruction and modification of both organism biogeochemical expression and basement rocks, seismic the Crust and the Upper Mantle with of buried substrates, regional profiling, crustal heat flow mapping, direct applications to minerals and landscape evolution models, regolith- geochemical sampling groundwater petroleum exploration. landform mapping. detection and numerical modelling. Geofluids: sedimentology, geochemistry, Tectonics and Metallogeny: nature of Minerals, Microbes and Solutions: mineralogy, structural geology, ore basement rocks in South Australia and study of metal complexes under genesis, deformation processes, Australia, their tectonic evolution and hydrothermal conditions, high diagenesis, and the migration and their mineral prospectivity including pressure-high temperature flow accumulation of hydrocarbons. stress and structure of the Earth. conditions, and biosensors.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 27 Highlights The team has embarked on work in TRaX hosted Indian researcher Dr the project, completing three fieldwork Sukanta Roy who worked with Alan New Development in Geochemistry: campaigns to the Osen-Roa shale Collins, Guillaume Backé, Graham Redox-controlled Iron Isotope detachment in Norway; the Indo-Sinian Baines and Andrew Barker to produce shale detachment in Thailand; and the a manuscript on the heat production Professor John Foden, Professor Galen Bitter Springs evaporite detachment in distribution of rocks found within Halverson, Paolo Sossi. the Amadeus Basin in Australia. Field the ‘ultra-high temperature’ Eastern The use of stable isotopes of iron is a campaigns to Norway and Thailand Ghats orogen. This work not only new development in geochemistry. The included significant sampling for demonstrated the unusually high key control of their fractionation is microstructural analysis. thorium content of the orogen, but also oxidation state. More reduced magmatic confirmed the surprising observation Collaborative Research systems should fractionate to have that despite consisting of lower crustal Underway with India in 2011 relatively heavy iron isotopic composition rocks, rocks within the orogen are very (high Fe57 / Fe54 ratio) whereas more Associate Professor Alan Collins, Professor high heat producers. oxidised systems should be lighter. Martin Hand, Dr Guillaume Backé, Dr Other collaborations continue through Graham Baines, Dr Caroline Forbes, 2012 culminating in an international Where granites produce ore fluids, the Professor Martin Kennedy. iron-bearing ore minerals and gangue conference planned for November. should reflect the granite’s values. The year 2011 was the third year Research Offers Application of the Australia-India Strategic This project looks at a number of in Ore Genesis Studies and Research Fund project lead by TRaX ‘end-member’ magmatically-related Geometallurgy researchers and entitled ‘The Thermal ore systems such as porphyry coppers, Evolution of Peninsula India: Past Dr Cristiana Ciobanu, Associate Professor (most oxidised), IOCG and S-type granite Behaviours and Future Potential’. The Nigel Cook, Associate Professor Satoshi Sn-W skarns (most reduced) to examine project is funded by the Australian Utsunomiya, Professor Allan Pring. if there are systematic controls reflecting and Indian governments and has differing oxidation states. The loss Focussed ion beam-scanning electron been successful in developing of an ore fluid may leave the altered microscopy (FIB-SEM) is a relatively collaborations between TRaX, Curtin granite with anomalously heavy iron, new analytical tool that has been little University of Technology in Perth and and thus a potential exploration vector. applied to problems of ore genesis. the three partner institutions in India This technique enables high resolution – the National Geophysical Research Australian Research Council Grant (cross-section) imaging and can be Institute, Hyderabad; the Indian Funds Research in Detachments in used to prepare thinned foils for study by Institute of Technology, Kharagpur; Evaporites and Shales transmission electron microscopy (TEM). and the Indian Statistical Institute, Dr Ros King, Associate Professor Alan Kolkata. The project focuses on the The researchers have been able to Collins, Dr Mark Tingay, Dr Chris Morley, tectonic evolution of Peninsula India observe ore-forming processes at the Dr Guillaume Backé. and tracking heat-producing elements atomic scale while they are happening. through the rock cycle. This project offered the first attempt TRaX members were part of a team to to apply this instrumentation to ore successfully win an Australian Research Fifteen TRaX Honours students have minerals. Four case studies were Council (ARC) grant in 2011 relating undertaken projects with fieldwork analysed in this project. to Detachments in Evaporites and in India, to examine the geological Shales: Their Controls on Fold-Thrust evolution of both the Eastern Ghats Adelaide Microscopy is a world-class Belt Style and Wedge Geometry. The and the Southern Granulite Terrane facility at the University of Adelaide $A260,000 grant will fund work in and examine the development and which offers the possibility of nano- coming years from 2012 to 2014. evolution of the extensive Cuddapah sampling in-situ. Basin that covers much of Andrah Detachments are remarkable features The research offers application in ore Pradesh. Honours projects in 2011 which can promote and accommodate genesis studies and geometallurgy. It focussed on the southern Eastern large amounts of deformation in an also bridges scales of observation of Ghats and its relationship with the overlying fold-thrust belt. Considerable scanning and transmission electron Cuddapah Basin. variations in structural style and vergence microscopes. The technique has been direction in fold-thrust belts are The projects were: applied in studies using synchtrotron controlled by the nature of the underlying • ‘The tectonic evolution of the Ongole radiation. detachment; particularly changes in Domain, India: A metamorphic and detachment thickness, dip (magnitude geochronological approach’ by and direction), and strength (lithology Bonnie Henderson; and pore-fluid pressure). • ‘A Geochronological and Structural This project uses structural mapping Analysis of the Nallamalai Fold Belt, of outcrop analogues, microstructural S.E. India’ by Emma Alexander; analysis of field samples and • ‘A Geochronological and Structural forward modelling to investigate Analysis of the Nallamalai Fold Belt, fundamental questions about the role S.E. India’ by Georgina Falster; of detachments in the deformational processes which occur in the overlying • ‘Geochronological and fold-thrust belt. PhD students will work Sedimentological Constraints of the on the project in coming years. Srisailam Formation, S.E. India’ by Ryan Gore.

28 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Implications for Mineral Processing related to mineralogy of indium in sulphide deposits

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

Focussed ion beam-scanning electron Indium forms a small number of influence the dissolution behaviour microscopy (FIB-SEM) is a relatively independent indium-bearing minerals of a mineral. The influence which new analytical tool that has been little of which roquesite (CuInS2) is the most significant concentrations of indium applied to problems of ore genesis. abundant. While trace amounts of will have on sphalerite behaviour roquesite are found from some indium is much less well constrained but This technique enables high resolution bearing zinc ores, the mineral is never some studies available suggest (cross-section) imaging and can be of serious economic importance by that indium presence will influence used to prepare thinned foils for study itself. It is only relatively abundant sphalerite behaviour by changing the by transmission electron microscopy when the zinc content of the ore is very semiconductor type of sphalerite from (TEM) at site-specific locations. Such low and copper abundance is high. p-type to n-type. approach is critical when trying to interpret ore-forming processes down The vast majority of indium is currently Other studies dealing with the leach to the smallest possible scale where produced as a by-product of the zinc behaviour of an In-bearing zinc atom exchange takes place. mining industry. In mines that exploit concentrate were carried out on Zn-(Pb) ores, there is considerable ores from the Neves Corvo mine. The project was a first attempt to economic interest in the by-product Almost all the zinc and indium could integrate the application of FIB-SEM indium if concentrations of sphalerite be successfully leached without the and TEM techniques on ore minerals are sufficiently high – even if the bulk addition of external oxidants, only 20% aiming at understanding the nature of of the current indium production is from of copper was leached. minor and trace element substitutions the refining of zinc concentrates in down to the nanoscale. Other researchers have highlighted which the indium content is rather low. the main methods used in indium Adelaide Microscopy is a world-class Past research by TRaX Director Associate processing with emphasis on facility at the University of Adelaide which Professor Nigel Cook using laser ablation electrolytic recovery of zinc as cathodes offers the possibility of nanosampling inductively-coupled plasma mass and subsequent containment of the in-situ. The research offers application spectroscopy (LAICP- MS) on indium indium fraction in residues. in ore genesis studies and geometallurgy. concentrations in sphalerite from various It also bridges scales of observation The leaching behaviour of indium worldwide deposits, demonstrated between that of scanning and bearing sphalerite is of direct interest lattice-bound indium at concentrations transmission electron microscopes. to the geological community and across several orders of magnitude The FIB-SEM technique has also to metallurgists. It may supply (<1ppm to > 5wt.%). In all cases, indium been applied to obtain slices of additional information on the is incorporated into the sphalerite minerals necessary for studies using incorporation of indium in the structure structure via the simple coupled synchtrotron radiation. and mechanisms by which this is substitution of 2Zn2+ by Cu+ and In3+. achieved– and thus controls on its Indium (In) has attracted considerable This finding is supported by other distribution in ore deposits. attention from increased demand for researchers’ experimental work in the its use in numerous high-technology system ZnS-CuInS and in observance applications. This has spurred research 2 of In3+ as the stable species in REFERENCE into the geochemical distribution of the hydrothermal solutions. In examining element, its mineralogy in indium-bearing Edited and summarised excerpt from the ranges of indium concentration in ore deposits and the behaviour of *Cook, N. J, Ciobanu, C. L, Williams sphalerite from several southern China In-bearing minerals during mineral T, 2011, ‘The mineralogy and mineral zinc deposits, here too the indium is chemistry of indium in sulphide deposits processing. lattice-bound within sphalerite. and implications for mineral processing,’ Hydrometallurgy, 108 p226-228 © Elsevier IMER researchers* summarised current The other mineral that can carry BV. All rights reserved. knowledge of the mineralogy and mineral significant indium in base metal ores is chemistry of indium with a focus on the chalcopyrite however concentrations main economic In-bearing sphalerite in of indium are lower than in co-existing a published work in 2011. sphalerite. It is well known that trace and minor elements can significantly

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 29 X-RAY LAB Darling Building North Terrace Campus

30 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE CMXUC CENTRE FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION UNDER COVER

Director’s Report Professor David Giles

The Centre for Mineral Exploration This funding was continued over a Under Cover (CMXUC) is a South three-year period (2009-2011 inclusive) Australian State Government-funded within the context of PACE 2. The PACE research centre. Its specific objective funding allowed for the creation of the links the mineral exploration research inaugural State of South Australia Chair activities of the University of Adelaide, of Mineral Exploration (and Director of Primary Industries and Resources CMXUC) held by Professor David Giles South Australia (PIRSA) now named since January 2006. Department of Manufacturing, A significant milestone for the CMXUC Innovation, Trade, Resources and was realised in November 2010 with Energy (DMITRE) and the mineral the launch of the Deep Exploration exploration community in order to In addition to its research mandate Targeting Cooperative Research establish an international hub for CMXUC has a continuing commitment Centre (DET CRC), an eight-year mineral exploration research and to educating South Australia’s next $A110 million research initiative head- training in South Australia. The CMXUC generation of job-ready minerals quartered in Adelaide. The research operates as a discrete, externally- industry professionals. Through its efforts of the CMXUC in 2011 were funded entity embedded within the contribution to minerals industry largely incorporated within DET CRC Centre for Tectonics, Resources and relevant undergraduate courses as a major component of Research Exploration (TRaX) with all CMXUC and management of the Minerals Program 3: Deep Targeting. This has researchers also belonging to TRaX. Tertiary Education Council Minerals enabled significant growth in terms Geoscience Honours program, Funding of $A1.2 million over four of funding, employment of research CMXUC has played a key role in the years (2005-2008 inclusive) was personnel and post-graduate students growth of undergraduate Geology provided by PIRSA, through the Plan and has facilitated extensive growth of and Geophysics at the University for Accelerated Exploration (PACE), to the CMXUC’s research network. of Adelaide. establish and seed fund the CMXUC.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 31 Insights into the formation of the northeastern Gawler Craton, South Australia

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

A group of scientists including IMER members* have been involved in research to gain an understanding of the tectonic history and architecture of the northeastern Gawler Craton in South Australia.

The Gawler Craton extends over a striking feature of this sample was Woods Inlier is therefore associated significant area of present-day South the preservation of fine intergrowths with significantly elevated geothermal Australia from some hundreds of (symplectites) of cordierite and spinel gradients. The highly elevated kilometres north of Coober Pedy that are consistently surrounded by a geothermal gradients associated with and to the south through the Eyre cordierite moat. This moat separates prograde metamorphism suggest Peninsula and parts of the Yorke the symplectites from the matrix (or the Moonlight Hills metasediments Peninsula. The field area of this study, the remainder) of the rock. Together, initially underwent significant heating the Mount Woods Inlier is located in the symplectites and moats comprise with limited burial. The elevated, but the northeast of the Gawler Craton around 5% of the whole rock, are up to slightly lower geothermal gradients between Coober Pedy and Lake Eyre. 5mm length, and have an ovoid shape. associated with peak metamorphism Garnet occurs as rims around some implies the rocks then underwent The Mount Woods Inlier comprises of the cordierite moats, or as large further heating associated with Proterozoic (~1.75-1.64 billion years grains that are not associated with the increased burial. old) basement rocks. Knowledge symplectite/moat mineral assemblage. of these rocks is limited as they are This study suggests that geothermal The process of development of the mostly overlain by younger sediments gradients within the Mount Woods symplectites and the moats, and their and are therefore poorly exposed. Inlier were initially elevated due to association with garnet are the key However, there are small exposures intrusion of voluminous mafic and petrological feature that needed to be of metapelitic rocks suitable for study felsic magmas at mid- to upper-crustal accounted for in the Moonlight Hills within the northern parts of the Inlier. levels, some of which have since been pelites. The researchers interpret the removed during exhumation of the Samples taken from these exposures cordierite-spinel symplectites and the terrane and associated erosion. The were used to determine the thermal cordierite moats to have developed hot rocks were subsequently buried evolution and tectonic architecture prior to the growth of the garnet. The and further heated to attain conditions of the Mount Woods Inlier at a time garnet grains were determined to have of peak high-temperature/low-pressure of extensive mineralisation (e.g. grown at the highest temperatures metamorphism. U-Pb geochronology the Prominent Hill and Olympic that the rocks attained, implying of zircon and monazite grains from the Dam deposits). Thermobarometric that the moats and symplectites are Moonlight Hills pelite demonstrated modelling was integrated with features that developed during heating that the timing of prograde- to peak- previous and newly acquired U-Pb (prograde metamorphism) of the rocks. metamorphism within the Mount geochronological data to assess the The research concluded that early Woods Inlier can be constrained to relative timing of burial and heating stages of prograde metamorphism ~1.61-1.59 billion years ago. (prograde metamorphism) of the rock occurred at pressures and packages, and constrain the time Characterising the timing and temperatures of 2-3 kbar (~7-11km when the highest temperatures of ˜ conditions of prograde-to-peak depth) and ~550-610°C. Peak metamorphism were attained (peak metamorphic paths at various crustal metamorphism attained conditions metamorphism). The thermal driver for levels contributes to understanding of ~4.7 kbar (~16-17km depth) and metamorphism was then considered. the thermal and deformational 750°C. The geothermal gradient during evolution and the mechanism of The sample used for pressure- the early stages of metamorphism is strain distribution within a terrane. temperature (P-T) analysis in this study therefore calculated to be 50-90°C The results of this study have was a garnet-cordierite-spinel-bearing km-1, and during peak metamorphism demonstrated that metamorphism pelite taken from an exposure in the was 45-50°C km-1. As the geothermal and deformation in the Mount Woods Moonlight Hills area of the Mount gradient for normal crust is ~20-25°C Inlier was contemporaneous with Woods Inlier (see images). The most km-1, metamorphism within the Mount

32 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE deformation and high-temperature/ Left: Qualitative Mg chemical map of a cordierite-spinel symplectite, cordierite moat low-pressure metamorphism and partially rimming garnet grain from the Moonlight Hills pelite sample. Warm colours indicate higher Mg concentration. Cordierite: yellow; Spinel: small purple grains in centre throughout eastern Proterozoic of map and surrounded by yellow cordierite; Garnet: large pink to purple grain in bottom Australia, including at Broken Hill and half of map. Solid cordierite can be seen surrounding the cordierite-spinel symplectite in Mount Isa. This has implications on the centre of the map. The matrix of the rock (black and small yellow grains) comprises our understanding of the influence of feldspar, quartz, biotite and cordierite. large-scale (Australia-wide) crustal Right: Photomicrograph of cordierite-spinel symplectite, cordierite moat and partially vs mantle thermal processes on rimming garnet shown in the adjacent Mg chemical map. metamorphism and deformation, and subsequently on our understanding of the genesis of giant ore deposits.

REFERENCE

Edited and summarised version of paper. * Forbes C. J., Giles D., Hand M., Betts., P. G., Suzuki K., Chalmers N., Dutch R. 2011, ‘Using P-T paths to interpret the tectonothermal setting of prograde metamorphism: An example from the northeastern Gawler Craton South Australia’, Precambian Research, 185, pp65-85. © Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 33 SACGER South Australian Centre for Geothermal Energy Research

Vision Objectives

The vision of the South Australian SACGER aims to conduct research into Centre for Geothermal Energy Research enhanced geothermal systems and (SACGER) is for a future in which the related power systems that provide an world’s mineral and energy resources economically and environmentally are managed efficiently and sustainably viable delivery of geothermal energy. for the benefit of society, industry and The Centre is committed to enabling the environment. South Australia to remain at the forefront of research and development Mission in geothermal energy which will result in widespread benefits for industry, The mission of SACGER is to establish the community and the environment. a world-class centre for practical, high- priority geothermal energy research with a focus on enhanced (engineered) geothermal systems and in geothermal power systems that will result in widespread benefits at a state, national and international level.

34 Director’s Report Professor Martin Hand

The South Australian Centre for In 2011 the Centre received $A2 million Geothermal Energy Research of funding from the Department for (SACGER) was established in 2009 Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, through funding from the South Resources and Energy (DMITRE), Australian Government’s Renewable State Government of South Australia. Energy Fund. SACGER brings together This grant, along with awards from the cross-disciplinary research excellence Australian Research Council (ARC) and expertise. and the South Australian Premier’s Research and Science Fund (PSRF) To date the only deep geothermal increased SACGER’s total funding wells in Australia have all been drilled to nearly $A3 million. This promoted in South Australia: Geodynamics’ strategies to improve the fluid flow significant growth in analytical Habanero and Jolokia wells; performance of the geothermal well in capacity, allowing the purchase of a Petratherm’s Paralana-2; Panax’s order to develop sustainable reservoir second electron microprobe, a second Salamander-1 and Origin Energy’s production models. Laser ICP-MS, to add to a recently Celsius-1. The Geodynamics and acquired X-Ray diffractometer and Another project commenced in 2011 is Petratherm projects represent improved hardware in the Centre’s SATherm. This research program seeks two of the world’s most significant hydrothermal laboratory. This to improve the understanding of the Engineered Geothermal Systems hydrothermal capability simulates thermal state of the South Australian (EGS) projects. Both projects entail the conditions within a geothermal crust by, in the first instance, expanding the enhancement of naturally fractured reservoir and allows researchers to the State’s thermal properties database. rocks via hydraulic fracture stimulation. investigate fluid-rock interactions at It includes performing thermal In contrast the wells drilled by Panax temperatures of 250ºC and pressures conductivity and diffusivity measure- and Origin Energy target sedimentary- similar to those of rocks buried at depths ments with the Centre’s recently hosted geothermal systems. of 3000m. Researchers within the acquired optical scanner device. While 2011 has seen an industry facing Centre also form part of a consortium Research continued at Petratherm’s challenging times with a softening that will oversee the establishment of Paralana project in the Northern of investment leading to a reduced an ARC-funded high-pressure rock Flinders Ranges where SACGER’s rate of project development in the deformation and fluid-flow testing team of geophysicists were able to sector, SACGER has continued to system at Monash University. electrically image the injection of fluid grow, developing new projects, taking New projects initiated by SACGER into the geothermal reservoir during on five new research staff as well as in 2011 include a collaboration with fracture stimulation at a depth of 3,800m. students, and forging collaborations Panax Geothermal Ltd to investigate This is the first time that fluid injection with geothermal research centres in the nature of the reservoir surrounding has been imaged in real time, and this Western Australia and Queensland, the 4,000 m deep Salamander-1 well in achievement opens up a new area of Geoscience Australia, CSIRO and the the Otway Basin. The aim is to develop monitoring fluid reservoir stimulation. University of Auckland.

Home Schools

Australian School of Petroleum School of Chemical Engineering School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering School of Computer Science School of Earth and Environmental Sciences South Australian Museum

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 35 SACGER Mr Barry Goldstein Dr Bob Johnson Executive Director - Energy Resources Chairman, Geothermal Resources Ltd Advisory Board Department for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy, State Chair | Mr Roger Massy-Greene Mr Terry Kallis Government of South Australia Chairman, Eureka Capital Partners Managing Director, Petratherm Ltd Professor Martin Hand Mr Sam Button Dr Adrian Williams Director, South Australian Centre Geothermal JV Coordination Manager, Former Chairman of Geodynamics Ltd for Geothermal Energy Research Origin Energy Dr Doone Wyborn Ms Susan Jeanes Professor Peter Dowd Chief Scientist and Founding Chief Executive, Australian Executive Dean, Faculty of Engineering, Director of Geodynamics Ltd Geothermal Energy Association Inc Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide

Highlights prediction ahead of the drill bit as an aid So far the work has shown that to delineate new geothermal resources. sedimentary-hosted geothermal reservoirs could be susceptible to International Leader in The collaborative research team fines migration due to the thermal Magnetotelluric (MT) Techniques involves staff from Petratherm Ltd control on electrostatic interactions Professor Graham Heinson, Dr Stephen Thiel, and Green Rock Energy as well as between particles. Understanding Mr Jared Peacock, Professor Craig Mudge. researchers from the Institute of Earth this thermo-electrostatic sensitivity Sciences and Engineering (IESE) at will allow the team to design methods The University of Adelaide is the University of Auckland. internationally recognised for its insuring optimal flow rates that minimise expertise in the use and development formation damage thereby creating an Research Partnership to Improve of magnetotelluric (MT) techniques. economic and sustainable geothermal Reservoir Quality and Productivity It is an international leader in the flow. The magnitude of this flow will form development of electromagnetically Professor Pavel Bedrikovetsky, Dr Zhenjiang the basis of reservoir production models based tools for the geothermal You, Dr Themis Carageorgos, Dr Alex and geothermal energy extraction industry and aims to develop this Badalyan, Professor Allan Pring, Dr Rosalind models that will link with work conducted capability further through additional King, Dr Simon Holford, Mr Adam Bailey, in the Centre on optimisation of industry and government funding. Professor Martin Hand. geothermal plant efficiency. The University of Adelaide’s SACGER has entered into a research SACGER has applied for funding from magnetotelluric equipment was partnership with Panax Geothermal Ltd the Australian Centre for Renewable deployed at Paralana in collaboration to understand the reservoir behaviour Energy (ERP ACRE, Measure) to broaden with Petratherm Ltd, as well as in the around the Salamander-1 well near the scope of the research in order to North Perth Basin in conjunction with Penola in the Otway Basin. Salamander-1 systematically understand the variables Green Rock Energy. At the Paralana was drilled to a depth of 4012 m, that influence reservoir quality in site in the Northern Flinders Ranges, finding good temperatures, but fluid sedimentary-hosted geothermal systems researchers successfully measured flows lower than predicted. The research in Australia. If successful this funding changes in the electrical resistivity of is aimed at understanding the factors will be primarily applied to research in the reservoir during fracture stimulation controlling the change in flow rate the Otway and Cooper Basins. at 3,800m depth, showed for the first over time, and identifying remediation Collaborators include staff from Panax time that MT can be used to directly strategies that can be employed Geothermal Ltd, Geodynamics Ltd, image the changing distribution of fluid to improve the performance of the the Department of Manufacturing, in real time. This opens up a range well. The research is also aimed at Innovation, Trade Resources and Energy of applications for monitoring fluid understanding where future geothermal (DMITRE) and researchers from CSIRO. distribution during fracture stimulation wells should be drilled. in the geothermal industry but also in The team is investigating a number of Stochastic Rock Fracture other areas of energy extraction, such aspects that include: (1) Possibility of Modelling, Fluid and Heat Transfer as for example unconventional gas. In fines migration toward the well leading in Geothermal Reservoirs 2012 similar experiments of fracture to a reduction in permeability in the stimulation MT monitoring are near well environment over time; (2) Professor Peter Dowd, Dr Chaoshui Xu, Dr Rosemarie Mohais, Mr Younes Fadakar scheduled in the Cooper Basin at the Diagenetic modification of the reservoir Geodynamics Ltd site near Innamincka. Alghalandis, Sattar Seifollahi. Industry resulting in lower than predicted partner: Geodynamics Ltd. The work in the Cooper Basin will also rock matrix permeability; and (3) involve the development of MT as a Reservoir compartmentalisation due to Success in hot dry rock geothermal tool for temperature and permeability stratigraphic and/or structural features. applications depends critically on establishing an enhanced geothermal

36 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Fracture Mapping Dr Dennis Cooke, Dr Hani Abul Khair.

Knowledge of the geometry of natural fracture systems and present day horizontal stresses control the direction of hydraulic fracture propagation; this is crucial in our understanding of geothermal reservoirs. As a test study natural fractures within select stratigraphic intervals in the Cooper Figure 1: Seismic point cloud of Habanero Figure 2: Fracture model for the Habanero Basin using curvature attributes were fracture stimulation. reservoir. calculated from dip-steered seismic cube. Evidence from image logs, system, or reservoir, by creating a validate the methods and algorithms cores, and seismic interpreted fault network of fractures through which developed. A simulated fracture network correlated well in supporting fluid is induced to flow. Such an model for the Habanero reservoir is the modelling results. given in the following figure, where effective system that will deliver High density of fractures is found in the figure on the left shows absolute technically and economically viable the vicinity of the fault planes and tight hypocenter locations of the seismic energy production depends crucially anticlines. Similarly, a higher fracture events generated during the fracture on realistic models of fluid flow and density is correlated with higher stimulation process and the figure on heat transfer within the generated gamma-ray values. For instance the the right is a simulated fracture model fracture networks. This research correlation between shale content and conditioned on these seismic events. aims to provide these models. The high fracture density is confirmed by objectives of this project are to image log analysis and supported conduct research and development Reservoir Fracture and flow modelling by direct observation along cores. A in algorithms, methods and tools that higher fracture density in shale than in can be used to construct realistic Professor Peter Dowd, Associate Professor Chaoshui Xu, Dr Rosemarie Mohais. sandstone is not intuitive, but is not a reservoir fracture model for hot dry rare phenomenon in Australian basins. rock enhanced geothermal systems Australia’s three flagship geothermal Likely contributors are diagenetic and to investigate fundamental projects are all located in South effects, pore pressure, stiffness, tensile principles of fluid flow and heat Australia (Geodynamics Cooper vs compressive strength, in differences transfer in rock fractures. The project Basin project; Petratherm Paralana of the shale and of the sandstone. aims to provide efficient and reliable project and Panax Penola project). The Fractures interpreted from image system modelling tools for industry Geodynamics and Petratherm projects logs provide a consistent northwest- scale geothermal applications. represent two of the world’s most southeast trend. This trend significant Engineered Geothermal Started in November 2010, this project corresponds with the fracture set Systems (EGS) projects. Both projects is supported by an Australian Research interpreted from the curvature attribute require the enhancement of naturally- Council (ARC) Discovery grant and calculated at given time slices. South Australian Centre for Geothermal fractured rocks with hydraulic fracture Energy Research (SACGER). The project stimulation. SACGER has significant Most-positive curvature attribute is aims to develop rock fracture modelling expertise in statistical modelling of a powerful tool for determining the techniques that can simulate realistically fracture systems, and is seeking azimuth of the natural fracture network the fractured reservoir for hot dry to couple these spatial models in a sedimentary basin, and at a rock enhanced geothermal systems, to flow formulations to provide a smaller scale a geothermal reservoir. to investigate the fundamentals of comprehensive model for heat mining An excellent relationship can be found fluid flow and heat transfer within the extraction in fractured geothermal between the shale volume and the fracture system and to develop an reservoirs. fracture density, both horizontally as well as vertically, using curvature efficient tool for modelling industry In order to create realistic models attributes. Shale-versus-density scale geothermal applications. for fluid and heat movement in a relationship can be interpreted to fractured reservoir, it is necessary Key research areas in stochastic be caused by diagenetic effects, to develop appropriate models that fracture modelling include data pore pressure, stiffness, tensile vs describe fractures. Natural fractures integration, multivariate spatiotemporal compressive strength of the shale are typically surrounded by a damage modelling, conditional simulation and compared to that of the sandstone. connectivity assessment. For fluid flow zone that has an effective permeability and heat transfer, the research covers intermediate between the fracture initially fundamentals of mass and the distant matrix. The researchers energy transfer in a single fracture with have determined an equivalent various boundary conditions, which permeability of permeable-walled will lead to the construction of the fracture and addressed the problem mass and energy transfer model for of coupled fluid flow and heat transfer the entire geothermal reservoir. within a single fracture comprised of permeable walls, determining the Geodynamics’ Habanero geothermal velocity and heat transfer profiles reservoir in the Cooper Basin of using slip conditions at the walls of the South Australia has been used in this fracture. research as a case study to cross-

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 37 SACGER basins, along with production data understanding of the stress and fluid- from existing oil and gas wells, to pressure state in non-conventional Research Areas investigate relationships between geothermal systems. fracture density, orientation and Electrical imaging of crustal fluids: Reservoir quality and productivity: permeability. the development of new methods to development of models that allow image the distribution of subsurface Reservoir fracture and flow modelling: understanding of reservoir quality, fluids to derive information about development of reservoir fracture particularly in sedimentary-hosted permeability, fracture orientation and models for enhanced geothermal systems. This work includes stress and to image fluid movement systems and linking those to fluid thermodynamic modelling of fines during fracture stimulation and flow models to create an improved migration to provide a framework for development of geothermal reservoirs. understanding of fluid pathways and optimal well design and flow testing. heat transfer in fractured rock systems. In understanding the thermal and Regional geothermal assessments: chemical controls on diagenetic with work on the improvement of the Fluid rock interactions: focus on the processes and their implications for thermal characterisation of the South geochemistry of geothermal fluids using permeability researchers are able Australian crust and beyond via a our flow-through and batch hydrothermal to predict where maximum matrix program of heat flow and thermal reactors to evaluate the dissolution of permeabilities may occur. conductivity data acquisition to identify rock minerals and resultant precipitation new areas of geothermal prospectivity. and scaling within the reservoir and Thermodynamic modelling This includes the potential for direct above-ground infrastructure. of geothermal power plants: use geothermal inputs into industrial examination of how the efficiency of Crustal stress: work characterising processes such as mineral processing. geothermal power plants is influenced and modelling contemporary crustal by the complex set of engineered Fracture mapping using seismic stresses in a number of regions and natural variables that apply to tools and well logs: use of 3D seismic around the world including areas of geothermal systems, with the goal of to image fracture systems in Australia’s known geothermal potential such as understanding optimal performance geothermally prospective sedimentary the Cooper Basin; this leads to a better criteria over time.

CIVIL ENGINEERING MINING LAB Engineering North Building North Terrace Campus

38 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Investigation Increases Knowledge of Hot Rock Energy Extraction

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

Hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal energy extraction aims to obtain energy from high heat-producing granites located a few kilometres below the Earth’s surface.

As these rocks are usually almost and experimental studies. For EGS, profiles for low Reynolds number fluid impermeable to flow in their natural the reservoir cannot be directly (<7) based on a similarity solution and state, an artificial reservoir, or observed on a meaningful scale and it perturbation expansion of coupled enhanced geothermal system (EGS), is is not possible to determine precisely momentum and energy equations. created through hydrofracturing which what occurs between the injection The researchers focused on the main involves pumping highly-pressurised and recovery wells. The most practical attributes that would enable the problem water into the rock. analytical approach is to conduct the to closely resemble a single fracture Hydrofracturing opens existing modelling with a reduced complexity in with permeable walls connecting an fractures and generates new fractures the reservoir geometry. injection and a recovery well. to create a connected fracture network IMER researchers* have worked on the They found that the flow velocity through which fluid can flow. Once mathematical analysis of fluid flow and profiles, the heat transfer profiles and the reservoir has been established, heat transfer using a simplified fracture the volumetric flow rate are all altered cold water can be introduced through model to represent the connection with changes in channel width, wall injection wells flowing through the between the injection and recovery permeability and slip coefficient, which fracture network. This can be extracted wells of an EGS. is a dimensionless constant related to at much higher temperatures at Dr Rosemarie Mohais (South the inherent properties of the channel. recovery wells. Australian Centre for Geothermal Three main heat transfer processes Energy Research, SACGER), Associate within the reservoir are: 1) heat Professor Chaoshui Xu (Resource REFERENCE conduction through the intact rock Engineering Research Program) and *Mohais R., Xu C., Dowd P., 2011, ‘Fluid toward fractures; 2) convection within Professor Peter Dowd (Resource Flow and Heat Transfer Within a Single the heated fluid; and 3) advection, that Engineering Research Program) Horizontal Fracture in an Enhanced is the transport of heat by the bulk flow consider the walls of the fracture Geothermal System’, Journal of Heat of the fluid. See Figure 1. to have properties of a permeable Transfer, November 2011, Volume 133. medium. They studied the effect of the (Summarised version, © American Society The modelling of fluid flow in fractured of Mechanical Engineers). reservoir can be done with analytical slip boundary conditions at the fracture techniques, numerical calculations walls on velocity and temperature

um Permeable medium FIGURE 1 u f Velocity profile for coupled parallel y flows within a channel and bounding porous medium according to the slip flow hypothesis of Beavers and uf x 2h Joseph (after Beavers and Joseph (1967) and Neale and Nadar (1974).

uf Permeable medium um

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 39 Resource Engineering Program

40 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Program Leader’s Report Associate Professor Emmanuel Chanda

The Resource Engineering Program and field studies on productivity comprises Mining/Geotechnical enhancement and formation damage, Engineering and Petroleum (3) reservoir characterisation and Engineering Research clusters. simulation and (4) decision-making under uncertainty. The Mining and Geotechnical Engineering Research Group brings The Mining research group is a together capabilities in geostatistics, key part of the Deep Exploration operations research, rock mechanics, Technologies Cooperative Research and geotechnical engineering. The Centre (DET CRC), which aims to Group brings these capabilities develop more successful, cheaper, together with a focus on improving safer and environment-friendly ways to the efficiency and safety of mining target, drill and analyse deep mineral operations, both below and deposits. The DET CRC is an eight above ground. year program funded by $A28 million cash from the Australian Government’s Research in Petroleum Engineering CRC Program, $A21 million cash (and is focused on four areas (1) recovery $A12 million in-kind) from industry of unconventional resources (tight participants, and $A50 million in-kind gas, shale gas, coal seam gas) (2) from its research providers. mathematical modeling, laboratory

Resource Home Schools Australian School of Petroleum Engineering Research School of Civil, Environmental and Program Highlights Mining Engineering

Deep Exploration Technologies over the three years for the two projects element method to model the failure plus a total of six allocated PhD places. mechanism of diamond impregnated Associate Professor Chaoshui Xu, Associate drilling bits; and the other uses the Professor Emmanuel Chanda, Dr Murat There are three research tasks discrete element method to model the Karakus, Dr Noune Melkoumian, Associate currently being carried out by the corresponding rock cutting mechanics. Professor Hamid Sheikh, Dr Abbas Taheri, group in each of the two projects. Mr Saeed Hashemi, Mr Jiayi Xu, Mr Xianqun He. Tasks one and two in the second project Task one in the first project is to deals with the borehole stability issues investigate the application of acoustic The mining group within the Resource in drilling with one in the framework of signal monitoring and analysis for the Engineering Program contributes unconsolidated ground and the other one performance optimisation of drilling to two DET CRC research projects: for solid rock. Task three in this project is operations. The other two tasks in Fundamentals of Rock Tool Interaction; to develop a comprehensive rock mass this project are to investigate the and Borehole Stability. The Group has characterisation system for drilling mechanical interactions between the received funding totaling $A419,000 operations, using the Brukunga mine as a rock and the drill bit using numerical case study. Brukunga mine is the training modelling. One of them uses the finite and drilling test site for the DET CRC.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 41 Below: Impregnated diamond drill bit (photographs: Courtesy of Boart Longyear)

Acoustic Signal Monitoring and If successful, the approach will lead to Ground Rubblisation: Improving Analysis for Drilling Optimisation improved drilling performance, faster Mining Haul Roads and Increasing drilling and avoidance of catastrophic Tyre Life and Fuel Efficiency Dr Murat Karakus, Associate Professor bit failure. Chaoshui Xu Associate Professor Mark Jaksa, Associate Professor Chaoshui Xu Direct measurement and visualisation Real Time Monitoring of of the impregnated diamond drilling Acoustic Emissions for Prediction Inattention to ground compaction can process is extremely difficult in deep of Mine Rock Failures lead to significant problems. Without exploration drilling. The driller currently appropriate compaction control, built estimates when to alter drilling parameters Dr Murat Karakus structures settle excessively and often and to change the diamond drill The stability of some rock excavations expensive foundations are required to bit based on experience. However such as pillars, shafts, galleries and compensate for poor site preparation. drilling performance is impacted by slopes are critical to ensuring a safe Mine haulage roads that are ineffectively bit wear, rock type and various fluid working environment and long- compacted increase the need for environment and control parameters term mining operations. The mining vehicle maintenance and limit vehicle such as drilling force and torque. The operation is a dynamic process, after operation as slower speeds are required. fundamental issue relates to whether initial excavation, and the health of Mine roads made up rocks of more than drilling performance can be improved the structures have to be monitored a certain size can result in excessive in real-time through appropriate constantly to ensure their long-term wear or puncturing of tyres. A single monitoring of the drilling operation. stability. This project aims to develop tyre can cost up to $A100,000 to replace. The research approach is to exploit an early-warning system for potential One approach to avoid this problem acoustic emission (AE) to detect catastrophic rock failures based on is to develop improved techniques for changes in the cutting response and micro-seismic activities within and rolling dynamic compaction, rubblising identify the cause of AE signals, for around the structure. and in situ testing and validation of the example the bit itself, rock and mud. The researchers’ approach is to compacted space. Generally the AE signals generated use an array of acoustic emission Rolling dynamic compaction, in the during drilling with new bits are low (AE) sensors and signal processing form of the four-sided impact roller, level representing continuous AE. In stations and apply advanced enables the ground to be compacted addition, the penetration pressure is noise discrimination to filter out more efficiently than conventional minimal and friction between rock and mechanical noises, thereby isolating compaction equipment such as bit is low with a new bit. However, in the ‘sounds’ of the rock mass and vibrating drum and sheepsfoot rollers. the case of a worn bit, a larger portion in particular, ‘listening’ for the sound Appropriately applied, rolling dynamic of energy is converted into heat and of fracture events. The research compaction can also be used to sound and thus the AE signal is higher relates to developing new criteria rubblise rock materials, creating and rougher than new bit signals. for identifying potential rock failures a smaller particle size and denser based on acoustic emission rates ground surface which is particularly and developing an understanding appropriate to mine haulage roads. of failure due to shearing and due to compression and tension. An impact roller is a potentially efficient compaction method because of its The benefit of the research will be speed and the energy impacted to that unexpected rock falls and the ground. Working together with collapses in underground mines or Broon’s, researchers are investigating slope instability can be identified early an impact roller with outstanding and warning of collapse provided. properties for superior compaction For deeper and steeper mines, the including its speed and the energy research aims at improving safety impacted to the ground. systems and improving profitability by Above: AE signals detected from different being able to safely steepen states of the bit. rock walls.

42 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE A New Cost-Effective Active recovery during waterflood by injection regarding a person’s level of Structural Health Monitoring of water with a composition that allows uncertainty that needs to be taken into (SHM) Technology it to lift reservoir fines. account when working with a person’s estimates. More generally, we have Dr Noune Melkoumian, Mr Stan Woithe, Mr Ian Cates, Professor Michael Griffith, Mr Centre for Improved Business developed a preliminary individual Gary Bowman and Performance - Making Good differences battery, testing a variety of Mr David Hale. Decisions cognitive and personality measures, in order to determine the extent to A new active SHM technology has Professor Steve Begg, Dr Matthew Welsh, which these predict susceptibility to been developed within the Resource Mr Bernardus Wahyuputro, Ms Belinda Bruza. a range of specific biases and, thus, Engineering Program which is specifically The Centre for Improved Business on appropriate personnel selection designed to perform under extreme strategies and de-biasing methods. conditions for mining applications as Performance (CIBP) is a research well as in massive civil structures and group within the Australian School The year 2011 also saw the start infrastructures. It carries out active of Petroleum which has an applied of industry field testing of a new SHM faster and at significantly lower research focus on Making Good and improved method of eliciting costs than other currently available Decisions with a strong emphasis on uncertainty assessments from methods. This enables wide application the role of uncertainty in decision- technical experts (the MOLE, of the new technology and conducting making. It has been at the forefront of More-or-Less-Elicitation). To date, active SHM on demand. The technology a new research area in the petroleum techniques for uncertainty elicitation is currently being patented, through the industry: integrating management- require experts to answer questions University of Adelaide’s commercial- science and psychological research many of them feel are “unnatural”. isation arm, Adelaide Research and on decision making under uncertainty. The innovation in the MOLE comes Innovation Pty Ltd (ARI). Australian The CIBP has pursued two main, from psychological insights as to the and international companies and integrated, areas of research on better sorts of judgments the brain is good government agencies have expressed decision making under uncertainty: at performing, and developing an interest in using the technology. Theme one: Elicitation of Expert elicitation method based on these. Judgements and Probability Under Theme two, Professor Begg, Sponsorship Enables Research Assessments; and Theme two: with colleagues Professor Reidar on Formation Damage Improved Decision Modelling and Bratvold (University of Stavanger) Valuation Under Uncertainty. Professor Pavel Bedrikovetsky, Dr Zhenjiang and Dr Bart Willigers (British Gas) You, Dr Alexander Badalyan, Dr Themis In 2011, under Theme one, Dr Welsh published a paper on their research Carageorgos, Dr Abbas Zeinijahromi, with colleagues Associate Professor on valuing swing options in gas Associate Professor Andrei Korousov, Nick Burns and Associate Professor contracts using on Least Squares Adytia Khanna, Alireza Keshavbarz. Paul Delfabbro (from the School of Monte Carlo Simulation. Although the Psychology) and Professor Begg particular application (swing options Resource Engineering Program’s in gas contracts) is rather specific, Professor Pavel Bedrikovetski has pursued research related to individual differences in decision making. the solution technique (valuation undertaken research on a project titled using Least Squares Monte Carlo Formation Damage and Improved Oil Having looked at “group” behaviour, the work is now moving towards Simulation) looks very promising as Recovery (2009 – 2011) sponsored by a reasonably robust and easy-to- Santos Ltd. The main focus of the project individual difference, with two main goals: The ability to identify people implement methodology, applicable is on finding cheap and effective methods to a wide range of valuation problems of enhanced oil and gas recovery, prone to particular biases and thus help with appropriate job assignment/ that have embedded decision options, particularly low salinity water injection that can be exercised in response provoking mobilisation of fines. hiring and possible remediation/ training; and to find, develop and to evolving views of uncertainty. To Other findings include insight into a design useful reward/penalty/ date, techniques for valuing these new technology for well stimulation incentive systems to try to mitigate sorts of decision options have had in coal beds by graded proppant the magnitude/prevalence of biases – limited applicability due to restrictive injection and a new method to identify tuned to individuals. assumptions or restriction to very non-productive intervals in gas fields simple problems with few decisions from pressure and temperature profiles Following on from work on base rate or uncertainties. in the well. Another research highlight neglect, individual differences in includes the discovery of a new number preferences (the tendency of method to improve recovery during people to prefer to give round numbers pressure depletion by injection of small when estimating) were identified water volume with a composition that as a potential source of previously allows it to lift reservoir fines. unknown error in estimation. Work on this phenomenon continues but Another highlight of this research initial research on a lay sample has includes the creation of a new method confirmed that people use rounded to predict oilfield scaling from simple numbers as an implicit indicator of low and robust laboratory measurements confidence and that this is, therefore, and a new method to improve oil an additional source of information

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 43 Understanding of Injectivity Decline Reduces Costs on Offshore Oil Projects

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

Injectivity formation damage with waterflooding using sea or produce water has been widely reported in leading oil areas such as the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Campos Basin in Brazil.

Damage is caused by the capture of The researchers published a paper negative was compensated by the solid or liquid particles by reservoir investigating the effects of injectivity positive effect of water cut reduction rock which consequently leads to skin in a system of horizontal wells for lateral flood of a two-permeability- permeability decline. This can also induced from the injection of poorly- zone reservoir where the induced skin be caused by the formation of a low, treated water in order to create did not affect the oil production history. permeable external filter cake. incremental oil recovery. Incremental recovery factor proved Injectivity damage can be prevented or The waterflood black-oil reservoir higher for lower viscosity oils yet the mitigated by injected water treatment simulator (ECLIPSE100) was coupled ratio between the incremental recovery which is an extremely expensive with the analytical model for injectivity factor and the recovery factor after 1 PVI operation under offshore conditions. decline. The simulation results showed increased with increasing oil viscosity. Water treatment costs remain high - the noticeable effect of injectivity decline The researchers gratefully even with the relocation of treatment provided by the injection of poor quality acknowledge Petrobras as a generous facilities onto the sea floor. water on the water cut history and the sponsor of the injectivity damage reservoir sweep by waterflooding. Cost reduction for injected water project over many years. treatment is of increasing importance A wide range of conclusions was drawn worldwide due to increasing oil from the project research. It was found production by waterflooding, particularly that injection of poor quality water created REFERENCE from offshore deep-water oil fields. in-homogeneously distributed skin a* Resource Engineering Program’s factor as the skin varied along the well Bedrikovetsky P. G. , Nguyen T. K. P., a a Professor Pavel Bedrikovetsky and the according to the injection rate variable. Hage A., , Ciccarelli J. R.,a and ab Wahab M.a, Chang G.b, de Souza A. L. S.,c and Australian School of Petroleum’s Thi It was found that the induced skin Furtado C. A.,c , 2011, ‘Taking Advantage Nguyen, Andrew Hage, John Ciccarelli yielded a partial homogenisation of the of Injectivity Decline for Improved Recovery and Mohammad ab Wahab worked injectivity profile. During Waterflood with Horizontal Wells’, on a paper to investigate the effects of The researchers found poor quality Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, injected water quality on waterflooding water injection resulted in significant 78, 288-303. Summary from this publication, © Elsevier BV. All Rights reserved. using horizontal wells. Other reduction of injected and produced participants were from Schlumberger, water compared with clean water a University of Adelaide, Australian School of Australia and Petrobras, Brazil. Petroleum, North Terrace, Santos Petroleum flooding with some increase in Engineering Blg, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia The researchers found moderate sweep efficiency while causing a b Schlumberger, Australia injectivity decline was not too total production rate reduction. This c Petrobras, Brazil. damaging for a waterflood project with

long horizontal injectors where the Injector Producer initial injectivity was high. In this case, Water front the injection of raw or poorly treated with skin FIGURE 1

water might significantly reduce the Low Permeability Schematic for improved cost of water treatment which is both Induced Zone skin sweep of low permeability cumbersome and expensive. zone due to skin, induced The effects of near-well formation by injectivity of low High damage on waterflood performance Permeability quality water, in a two- Zone permeability-zone reservoir. has long been recognised. Skin factor in injection wells grows with time due to reservoir clogging and cake formation. See Figure 1.

44 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 45 Environmental Impacts of Mineral and Energy Resources Program

Program Leader’s Report Associate Professor José Facelli

Mineral exploration and mining are can be avoided or minimised and increasing at an unprecedented ultimately the ecosystem can be fully rate across parts of Australia, and in restored afterwards. particular in South Australia. More and Research in the program is aimed more, these activities are occurring towards these goals, but achieving in relatively pristine areas – mostly in them is not without challenges. semi-arid or arid environments that Natural systems are complex and are susceptible to disturbance. So the heterogeneous and often little is impacts on the natural system have the known about the intact system before potential to be both large and long-term. exploration and mining. The Environment Impacts of Mineral The research program currently and Energy Resources Development involves two main areas: Program aims to ensure that an area’s • Effective restoration post disturbance environmental biodiversity is known and • Endangered species conservation to assess methods of restoration and how mining activity may affect the to understand where species of their effectiveness and investigate environment. Researchers need to concern occur, what habitat they patterns of restoration – particularly understand the important ecosystem require and why and how mining in environments where changes can processes and how they might be activities might affect them. There be slow. disrupted and then use this knowledge to are legislative requirements to inform mineral exploration approaches. minimise any detrimental effects on Through this, environmental impacts such species.

46 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Highlights the reconstructed profile, but species able to persist with shallow roots may be unaffected. However, salts may be Root Distribution and Salinity brought to the surface or subsurface and Soil Water Dynamics in a by hydraulic redistribution or Environmental Impacts Chenopod Shrubland: Implications deposition of plant litter with high salt for Restoration Ecology content. The researchers have started of Mineral and Energy Associate Professor José M. Facelli, the characterisation of root distribution Professor David Chiltleborough, Associate of key species, measurements of water Resources Program Professor Jenny Watling, Dr Emma movement along roots and within Steggles, Dr Leanne Pound, Dr Laurence the soil profile, and the experimental Clarke and Ms. Keli Payne. assessment of the response of various species to saline and hypersaline Underground ecosystem processes conditions. One of the most exciting (i.e. water distribution and use developments so far is the use of by plants) are central to arid land molecular markers to determine the ecology, but they are complex and presence of root of various species at poorly understood. In post-mining different depth, in collaboration with reconstructed soil profiles these the Australian Centre for Ancient DNA. Home School processes have to be re-established to The techniques allow researchers make the system self sustained. to identify genetic markers to match School of Earth and This project investigates the above and below components of Environmental Sciences distribution of roots and the use of species in the area and to identify the water by key species in open woodlands presence of species from root material with shrub under-storey in natural and collected at various depths. preferences of the sandhill dunnart in restored sites in South Australia. It This project is supported by Iluka areas with different fire history. Together also investigates the effects of salinity Resources Ltd. with an ARC Linkage with complementary information redistribution after restoration, and Grant for continuation until 2015. from other sites (e.g. Great Victorian the consequences for revegetation Desert and Western Australia) this will outcomes. The information will help produce management plans to guide Conservation and Management of to understand long term dynamics industry activities that have minimal the Sandhill Dunnart of these extended ecosystems and impact on this endangered species. provide insight in their possible Associate Professor Sue Carthew and Ms Amanda McLean. responses to climate change. The Mine Related Disturbances in project involves multidisciplinary The recent expansion of mining Semi-Arid Ecosystems: Effects and collaboration between plant ecologists, Restoration Strategies plant ecophysiologists, geope- activity in arid Australia has resulted in dologists and molecular biologists. impacts to areas that have previously Dr Phillip Ainsley (Botanic Gardens of been pristine natural environments. Adelaide), Dr Leanne Pound, Lindy Scott, Iluka Resources has recently started This can have important effects on Dr Emma Stegles mineral extraction in Ambrosia Mine, a range of native species that may 230 km NW from Ceduna, SA. A trench potentially come under threat. This This project investigates the effects 30 m deep, 1 km wide and 10 km long project focuses on the endangered of disturbances produced by mining will be opened to extract mineral sands. dasyurid marsupial, the Sandhill related activities such as mineral The separation of the minerals (zirconium Dunnart (Sminthopsis psammophila). exploration. The plant component of and titanium) uses hypersaline water A detailed management plan has not the study focuses on the differences from a paleochannel. The tailings are been implemented as little is currently in the plant community structure and then returned to fill the bottom of the known about this species. dynamics between linear clearances trench as hypersaline sludge. At a later used for mineral prospecting and stage the tailings are covered with layers The project is conducted in the adjacent undisturbed sites. Another of untreated subsoil and top soil before Middleback Ranges of Eyre Peninsula aspect of the project includes revegetation starts. The long-term in South Australia, where the species the study of the requirements of success of the revegetation hinges occurs in mallee dune habitat with an native species for germination and upon the soil-salt-water-root interactions understorey of hummock grass (Triodia establishment in areas used for established in the restored area. irritans). The project is jointly funded mineral sand mining. by both industry and environmental There are important questions groups including OneSteel, Nature regarding the water dynamics and Foundation SA, Holsworth Wildlife root distribution in the soil that Research Endowment, Sir Mark will determine the success of the Mitchell Foundation, Field Naturalists restoration efforts. For example, Society of SA, and Australia and species that need deep root systems Pacific Science Foundation. The to survive may be highly affected by project has established a long-term the hypersaline conditions deeper in study to investigate broad habitat

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 47 Socio-Economic Impacts of Mineral and Energy Resources Program

48 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Program Leader’s Report Associate Professor John Spoehr Socio-Economic Impacts The mineral and energy resources The researchers are fast-tracking the of Mineral and Energy policy landscape has been a busy one development of innovative industry over the last year with the rolling out of and employment modelling and Resources Program the Clean Energy Package, the Carbon impact assessment capabilities to be Pollution Reduction Scheme and the able to better respond to the research Minerals Resource Rent Tax. All of these needs of government, industry and initiatives have significant social, community stakeholders. economic and environmental implications Key areas of focus include: which we need to better understand. • Understanding the socio-economic The fast pace of mineral and energy impacts of major energy and sector development presents resource projects. significant challenges as well as Home Schools opportunities. Recognising this, • Developing better ways of measuring researchers from the Faculty of the demand for skills in the mineral Australian Workplace Innovation Humanities and Social Sciences and and energy resource sectors and and Social Research Centre the Faculty of the Professions are understanding the drivers that establishing new collaborations to underpin successful attraction and Business School better understand the social and retention in the sectors. School of Economics economic dimensions of growth and change in these major industrial sectors. School of History and Politics

Highlights about these industries. The pursuit the challenges associated with the two- of ‘cultural’ license to operate for speed economy. Opened by Senator extractive corporations entails a close Penny Wong the workshop examined Extractive Industries: Ensuring engagement with creative ventures. the political, economic and social a cultural license to operate To engender positive representations dimensions of the two-speed economy. Dr Carlo Tognato of the extractive industries in the public imagination, an ample choice OZ Minerals Research Partnership Since 2000, the World Bank estimates of cultural instruments is available the contribution of the emerging including dramas, musicals, soap Associate Professor John Spoehr, economies to the global supply operas, documentaries, stand-up Dr Ann-Louise Hordacre and Dr Kate Barnett. of minerals has increased at an comedies, songs and caricatures. accelerating pace. As extractive The Australian Workplace Innovation operations expand around the world, and Social Research Centre (WISeR) Understanding the episodes of community resistance was commissioned by OZ Minerals Two Speed Economy against them have also multiplied, to assist with the identification of the with some resulting in a backlash Professor Kanishka Jayasuriya, Associate socio-economic dimensions and beyond single operations. Dr Tognato, Professor Andrew Rosser, Associate impacts of its Prominent Hill operations visiting Research Fellow at the Professor John Spoehr, Michael O’Neil. South Australia. Extensive interviews Indo-Pacific Governance Research with key stakeholders in Coober A two-day workshop in December Centre, suggests the pursuit of a Pedy and Adelaide were undertaken 2011 on ‘Politics and the Two-Speed social license does not address to inform an analysis of the benefits, Economy – Transformation, Participation cultural risk while that of a cultural costs and challenges associated with and Equality’ convened by the Indo- licence to operate does. A sustained mining. This work is informing planned Pacific Governance Research Centre interaction between local companies decommissioning as well as new projects. brought together local and national and neighbouring communities may researchers and policymakers to discuss change local negative stereotypes

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 49 Australian School of Petroleum We focus here on the Australian School of Petroleum to highlight a key School which strongly contributes to research in IMER.

Vision Mission Objectives

The vision of the Australian School • To provide high quality • To prepare undergraduate and of Petroleum is to be the destination education for undergraduate postgraduate students for industry; of choice for students, staff and external and postgraduate students and • To provide support to the stakeholders; to be a recognised school industry professionals; petroleum industry through joint for the integration of petroleum • To perform applied research with research; engineering, petroleum geosciences the overall aim of improving out- • To develop co-operative ventures and petroleum business; to have strong comes for the petroleum industry; relationships with the petroleum industry with Australian and international locally, nationally and internationally; • To foster co-operation between the petroleum companies and to engage the community on broader petroleum industry, academia and government organisations. issues related to the development government for mutual benefit and of petroleum accumulations; and to of society at large. build world-class research groups.

50 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Head of School’s Overview Professor Steve Begg

The Australian School of Petroleum by consortiums of leading global (ASP) is Australia’s pre-eminent centre oil and gas companies: Lake Eyre for education, training and research Basin Research Group (LEBARG) in petroleum geoscience, engineering focussed on dryland reservoirs; and and management. It resulted from the the WAVE Consortium focussed on the merger of the School of Petroleum prediction of reservoir geometries Engineering and Management (SPEM) and heterogeneities in marginal and the National Centre for Petroleum marine systems. RARG also provides Geology and Geophysics (NCPGG). expertise to the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse The School was created by the Gas Technologies (CO2CRC); University of Adelaide in 2003 and developed and tested by a combination • The Stress, Structure and Seismic offers two disciplines: geoscience; of parameterisation, Bayesian Group (S3) within the ASP consists and petroleum engineering and regularisation and different evolutionary of petroleum geoscientists and management. ASP contributes research optimisation with the automatic engineers with expertise on petroleum expertise to TRaX, SACGER and the history matching in reservoir geomechanics, tectonics, neotectonics Resource Engineering Program. simulation using a genetic algorithm. and seismic interpretation; The gift from Santos of $A25 million • Within the area of unconventional • Professor Steve Begg oversees over a 10-year period from 2001 to set reservoirs, a new technology for well the Centre for Improved Business up the SPEM represented the largest simulation in coal seam gas (CSG) Performance (CIBP), which is single corporate contribution to the formations and geothermal reservoirs a research ‘club’ that supports University of Adelaide at that time. It has been proposed and modelled. research into “Decision-Making enabled building – from the ground Fines migration has been investigated Under Uncertainty”; up – a completely new School with for geothermal wells and used for a purpose-designed building; with • The ASP also has staff investigating exploration of formation damage. staff recruited from academia and the petrology and diagenesis of Recently-developed methods of industry around the world to present reservoirs associated with petroleum gas well rate determinations from training programs new in concept and and CO2 sequestration; temperature profiles in the gas column content for Adelaide. It also allowed • Seals Research at the ASP have been successfully applied. A a focus on the practical needs of the consists of a group of petroleum project on production data analysis in international oil and gas industry for geoscientists characterising fine shale gas and tight gas reservoirs looks comprehensively trained engineers grained sediments in terms of at reliable reserve estimations and and managers. mercury injection capillary pressure reservoir characterisation in uncon- ASP is the largest petroleum-focussed (MICP) seal capacity, scanning ventional reservoirs achieved through university program in the southern electron microscopy (SEM) and type curve matching techniques. hemisphere and one of only a few X-ray mineralogy; • Other projects within unconventional institutions in the world offering fully- • Other areas of research are reservoirs include experiments and integrated teaching and research Improved Oil Recovery, Formation modelling of thermal recovery of programs covering petroleum geoscience, Damage and Reservoir Simulation. CSG, a new recovery technique engineering and management. This encompasses elements such developed for the elimination of dewatering operations and It is one of a small number of as fines-assisted waterflooding for improving gas recovery by universities globally operating within and also involves water production combination of sedimentary hot a Master research and training management during oil and gas aquifers and CSG reservoirs. Other agreement with ExxonMobil. field depletion. The technologies are based on a new theory of fines work involves the petrophysical The Australian School of Petroleum migration in porous media. Other evaluation of shale gas reservoirs has a number of research groups: areas of research include flow where shale samples in the Cooper Basin have been studied • The Reservoir Analogues Research visualisation of miscible CO flooding 2 to characterise their free porosity, Group (RARG) is led by Professor under gravity domination, a project permeability and adsorption Bruce Ainsworth. It is the largest which has dual applications for EOR behaviour through quantitative sedimentology/stratigraphy and CO sequestration. The findings 2 evaluation of minerals by scanning research group in the southern can be applied at larger electron microscopy and other hemisphere. The group runs two scales through dimensional analysis. imaging methods. major research projects funded A new methodology has also been

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 51 • The ‘GeoFrac Consortium Project’ aims to increase recovery of natural gas from unconventional reservoirs by enhanced targeting of promising areas in reservoirs. It aims to reduce the cost of drilling for gas production and reduce the environmental and societal impact of developing unconventional reservoirs by minimising the number of wells that need to be drilled. This project is outlined in detail in another part of this 2011 Annual Report. The project will be undertaken from May 2012 with an expected completion date of April 2015. • CO2CRC staff in the ASP are predominantly involved in storage projects comprising both fundamental and applied areas of Petronas, Rio Tinto Limited, SASOIL, offered include: Decision Making and research. The prime focus of the Shell, Statoil and Woodside Energy to Risk Analysis; Fiscal Regimes; Value of research is the selection of storage name a few. Information and Flexibility; Psychological Aspects of Expert Judgements and sites, their adequate characterisation Staff and students are active in Uncertainty Assessment; and Portfolio with respect to storage capacity and professional societies including the Management. Geoscience courses containment; and an understanding Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), include: Petroleum Geomechanics, of the physical and chemical the American Association of Petroleum Introduction to Reflection Seismology; processes which take place during Geologists (AAPG), and the Petroleum Evaluation of Reservoirs, Seals and and after injection. Exploration Society of Australia (PEGA). Pay; Sedimentology and Sequence The Australian School of Petroleum The School offers short courses Stratigraphy and Basic Principles of has many key collaborators spanning specifically for delivery to industry Petroleum Exploration for Non-technical the globe including Anglo American, professionals, usually delivered as in- Staff. Some courses run for up to five BAPETCO, BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron, house courses for the staff of a client days, others are one day only. ConocoPhillips, ExxonMobil, OMV, company. Engineering short courses

ASP Advisory Board Neil Gibbins Teof Rodrigues Chief Operating Officer, Beach Chief Reservoir Engineer, Santos Ltd Petroleum Chair: Bruce McKay Phil Ryles B & L McKay Consultants Pty Ltd Barry Goldstein Greater Western Flank, Woodside Director, DMITRE Energy Roald Brotherton Director Operations Australia Business Iain MacDougall Laine Summers Unit, ConocoPhillips Chief Operating Officer, Bight Development Manager (Reservoir Petroleum Pty Ltd Engineering), ConocoPhillips Trevor Brown Vice President Exploration, Santos Ltd Steve Mackie Richard Suttill CEO, Bass Strait Oil Company Chief Geologist, Origin Energy Wee-Leng Chia Education and Training Services, Marcel Pieren Peter Vincent Manager, Schlumberger Information VP Technical, Shell Development Chief Geoscientist (Exploration and Solutions (Australia) Pty Ltd Subsurface) Santos Ltd

Adem Djakic Simon Price Dale Womacks Pacific Manager Exploration, Esso Exploration Manager, BP Exploration Frac/Acid Principal Technical Australia Pty Ltd Professional, Halliburton Bill Robinson Gordon Field and CO Subsurface Zaidah M Zain Yacoub Dossary 2 Head Training and Career Team Leader, Chevron Energy Student Advisor Australia and New Development, Saudi Aramco Technology Pty Ltd Zealand, Petronas

52 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Highlights Key Phase II deliverables include Distinguished Lecture Tour the completion of the WAVE ASP Head of School, Professor Knowledgebase population for low Steve Begg completed a Society The WAVE Consortium accommodation settings; initiation of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) of population of the Knowledgebase The WAVE Consortium is a major Distinguished Lecture tour with visits to for high accommodation settings project focussed on the Reservoir Asian cities including Singapore, Baku, and fine-tuning of the predictive Architecture and Heterogeneity Tokyo, Daqing and Ho Chi Minh. capabilities to meet the needs of in Marginal Marine Systems. In individual sponsors. 2011, it entered its second phase Leadership at Top Industry in partnership with 12 companies Research Conference including Chevron, Shell, BP, Statoil, ARC Success Professor Begg also gained a OMV, Woodside, Nexen, Apache, Dr Mark Tingay gained an Australian prestigious invitation to lead four BG Group, BHP Billiton, Todd Energy Research Council (ARC) Discovery sessions at the SPE’ invitation-only and BAPETCO. Phases I and II of the Project announced late 2011. The event in Dubai in December 2011. project have brought in funding of over project brings $A380,000 funding over Dr Matthew Welsh, a post doctorate $A3 million. three years (2012 to 2014). Cognitive Scientist employed through Wave-influenced shallow marine Dr Tingay is the chief investigator for Professor Begg’s CIBP research systems are generally regarded to the project “Contemporary stress program also led a session. form good quality, highly continuous and tectonics of Australia”. He will The events, known as Forums, bring reservoirs. However tidal and fluvial work with Adjunct Professor Oliver together global experts in the field from processes acting in these depositional Heidbach of GeoForschungsZentrum industry to discuss current research, environments can introduce significant Potsdam, Germany. levels of heterogeneity which can future trends and emerging areas. lead to uncertainties in predicting the The project will conduct a detailed This forum was titled “Uncertainty distribution and lateral continuity of examination of the state and controls Management and Risk Mitigation Over reservoir facies. on present-day tectonic stress in Asset Lifecycles”. Australia. Tectonic stresses are a Professor Begg was the opening The WAVE Consortium aims to better primary control on deformation in Keynote Speaker and a Discussion characterise mixed-influence (wave, the Earth and this project has direct Leader at three other sessions. His tidal and fluvial) processes coastal applications for earthquake hazard topics ranged from the psychological depositional environments and assessment, mine stability, production aspects of assessing uncertainty to to analyse the potential impact of of petroleum and geothermal energy methods of modelling its impacts heterogeneities (shale and cemented and carbon dioxide sequestration. zones) on reservoir connectivity and on value and ultimately managing compartmentalisation and how it can To date, efforts to model the stress those impacts to create value by risk be best predicted and mitigated in the pattern, and thus estimate the forces mitigation and opportunity capture. controlling stresses in Australia, have subsurface. The Society of Petroleum Engineers been unable to replicate the stress is the largest individual-member The project is led by Professor of orientations in some areas and often organisation serving managers, Petroleum Geology Bruce Ainsworth. do not match with observed stress engineers, scientists and other magnitudes. Phase I (April 2008 to August 2010) professionals worldwide in the upstream delivered results from three different This project will collect stress data segment of the oil and gas industry. field areas and defined a new process- in previously unexamined areas of based classification system for Australia such as coal seam gas marginal marine systems integrated regions, minerals and geothermal into the WAVEKnowledgebase. provinces, as well as updating the Predictive aspects of this WAVE stress information in petroleum Knowledgebase can be used in regions. exploration, development and production settings. The project will provide the first widespread and comprehensive Phase II (from April 2011 to dataset of present-day tectonic March 2014) aims to focus on stress orientations and magnitudes in further development of the WAVE Australia. Knowledgebase via improved ichnological data integration, further Dr Tingay was announced as a 2011 geometrical data population and Young Tall Poppy Science Award in focussed fieldwork in Australia’s Gulf August, 2011. The Australian Institute of Carpentaria, Egypt’s Fayoum and of Policy and Science created the Canada’s Drumheller. Detailed static Tall Poppy campaign to celebrate 3D reservoir models will be developed achievement in the sciences and from each of these field areas. communicating the passion and purpose of Australia’s finest scientists to a wider audience.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 53 #1 TEST WELL Santos Petroleum Engineering Building North Terrace Campus

54 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE GeoFrac Consortium Project Develops

INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP PROJECT

In 2011, IMER researchers at the University of Adelaide, recognised their capabilities could address industry’s need to improve understanding of different geomechanical and geochemical contributions to variations in wellbore productivity from unconventional reservoirs.

Identified as the GeoFrac Consortium The project aims also to increase Professor Martin Kennedy is a key Project, a series of meetings were held in recovery from natural gas from contributor to the Geofrac project May and June 2011 to develop the unconventional reservoirs by and is also the Chief Investigator of a concept, which became a joint IMER- enhanced targeting of promising areas complementary Australian Research Australian School of Petroleum initiative. in reservoirs. It aims to reduce the Council Linkage grant, submitted The project will be undertaken from cost of drilling for gas production and in 2011. This proposal, titled “From May 2012 with an expected completion reduce the environmental and societal organo-mineral nanocomposite date of April 2015. impact of developing unconventional to Australian basins; an integrated reservoirs by minimising the number of approach to unconventional gas The project is formally called ‘Variations wells that need to be drilled. exploration and development” will be in Wellbore Productivity from Project leader Dr Dennis Cooke a major research effort to identify the Unconventional Reservoirs – The geological processes critical to carbon GeoFrac Consortium Project’. said the GeoFrac project results can also be used for making geothermal burial, diagenesis, and hydrocarbon Development of existing ‘resource reservoirs economically attractive. generation in shale. It proposes to plays’ such as shale gas, coal seam use new microbeam technologies to gas and basin-centre or tight gas is IMER researchers involved in the project allow the nano-scale organomineral often done with pattern drilling based offer cross-disciplinary areas of expertise. interactions characteristic of shale to on the assumption the reservoir is Dr Cooke is the Program Manager, be studied for the first time, hence homogeneous with spatially uniform Unconventional Resources at the increasing the fundamental under- reservoir quality. This pattern drilling or University of Adelaide’s School of standing of carbon sequestration ‘manufacturing mode’ approach does Petroleum. He has more than 25 which can then be used to direct lower the cost per development well. years’ experience in the oil and gas enhanced exploration tools for specific use in Australian Basins. Professor Performance analysis using those industry doing research, exploration Kennedy is a staff member of the Centre development wells’ production data and development. Research interests for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration. shows very significant variations in well include seismic imaging, seismic flow rates that is likely to be caused by inversion and geomechanical Potential Geofrac sponsors are invited spatial changes in reservoir quality. Many modelling. to contact Dr Dennis Cooke for details of these resource plays are marginally Other contributors to the Geofrac on [email protected] economic and would be more profitable project include TRaX’s Dr Mark Tingay, if companies could predict and drill Resource Engineering Program’s the more profitable well locations and Associate Professor Chaoshui Xu, avoid poor well locations. Associate Professor Hamid Sheikh and Dr Murat Karakus.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 55 Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials

Vision Objectives

The Centre undertakes ground- • To develop the fundamental breaking trans-disciplinary research research in nanomaterials that will at the forefront of materials science. lead to disruptive technologies that will benefit Australian industries; Mission • To develop the Centre into a nationally leading research centre The Centre provides an environment and an ARC Centre of Excellence. to foster, connect and harness research activities centred on the • Increase the profile of the synthesis, processing and study of University of Adelaide by nanomaterials which have the ability publishing results in leading to create disruptive technologies international journals; essential to Australian industries. • Attract high quality international PhD students and independently funded research fellows to the University of Adelaide

56 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Research Leaders Dr Christian Doonan, Dr Christopher Sumby

The Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials in the separation and storage of from flue gases. CAN will also use

(CAN), a stand alone Centre of the CO2. It is anticipated such materials crystalline nanomaterials to recycle University of Adelaide, was established will dramatically lower the energy carbon dioxide in reusable commodity in 2011. costs associated with capturing CO2. chemical feedstocks or fuels. Ultimately, materials that catalyse the Key research themes include: chemical reduction of CO into value-added and electrical energy storage; energy 2 Heterogenous Catalysis products, such as fuels or chemical waste management; heterogenous feedstocks, will also be desired. The overarching aim of this research catalysis; and nanoporous materials is to develop a general method for gas separations. Analogous materials are being for synthesising catalysts based investigated as electrodes for batteries The Centre has been established for on open nanostructured materials which will improve their overall energy an initial period of three years with Dr such as metal-organic frameworks density and reduce production costs Christian Doonan as inaugural Director. and covalent organic frameworks. as catalyst supports and membranes CAN, a separate Centre of the University These materials will incorporate the for fuel cells. of Adelaide, has a strong scientific advantages of both heterogeneous affiliation with IMER. The leadership CAN is hosted within the School of catalysts offering stability and grouping comprises Dr Chris Sumby, Chemistry and Physics with access to ease of product separation, and Professor Mark Biggs, Professor Jim state-of-the-art research laboratories homogeneous catalytic systems Hill and Professor Shizhang Qiao. including solid-state materials with well-defined structures. synthesis and characterisation Heterogeneous catalysts are Researchers with expertise in laboratory, the Bragg Crystallography ubiquitous in industry, however a materials chemistry, chemical Facility for solid-state structure significant drawback is that their engineering and mathematical determination and characterisation, structures are not precisely understood, modelling, design and apply materials a femtosecond laser facility, and thus exactly how catalysis is performed to solve real-world challenges. supercomputing facilities. remains unclear. Subsequently, By 2050 the world’s population is improvements in performance are expected to reach eight billion. This typically made by trial-and-error methods. Major research areas CAN facilitates the development of will require between 30 to 60 terawatts of focus include: (TW) per year of energy. Current these novel hybrid catalysts by using a multifarious modelling-simulation- energy generation based predominantly Chemical and Electrical synthesis approach. on fossil fuels produces 13 TW per year. Energy Storage Over the last 40 years, this has contributed Two areas where porous to a 14% rise in atmospheric CO2. Gas Separations nanostructured materials make a Further, the demand for resources significant impact in energy science The ability to separate gas mixtures is such as minerals, water, food and and technology are fuel cells fundamental to numerous industries. chemical feedstocks is increasing. (chemical storage) and batteries In the energy generation sector, natural gas wells with significant levels of A major challenge will be to deliver (electrical storage) technologies. carbon dioxide require ‘sweetening’; energy from new technologies in a CAN uses a novel approach adsorbents capable of separating clean and sustainable manner and employing predictive modelling and carbon dioxide from methane are to develop renewable, non-fossil fuel computational simulations to provide highly desirable. Carbon dioxide and alternatives for chemical feedstocks. a design blueprint for the 3D porous nitrogen separations are essential for Furthermore, to achieve a cleaner architectures that compose fuel cell energy waste management. Within the energy future, materials that form the membranes, catalysis and battery chemical industry, gas separations are basic technologies for CO capture electrodes. These components are 2 required such as ethane and ethylene. will be required. In the transport then synthesised using ‘bottom up’ A fundamental understanding sector, high density energy storage is building block techniques established of the requirements for efficient necessary while the chemical industry by Centre members. separation are a focus of CAN through is searching for more efficient and combined theoretical, modelling and economical processes to produce Energy Waste Management experimental investigations. This commodity and fine chemicals. The need to reduce greenhouse gas knowledge can be implemented to Nanomaterials have unique structural emissions is an international issue. generate disruptive approaches for and functional properties and are Relying on inefficient separation gas separation relying on crystalline poised to revolutionise the field of technologies, current pilot projects porous materials. materials science. look to find approaches to store carbon dioxide in geological features. CAN’s Porous nanomaterials are being activities include the use of new crystalline developed within the University of nanomaterials to efficiently separate Adelaide to act as highly-efficient carbon dioxide with low-energy penalties adsorbants for the processes involved

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 57 Researchers demonstrate reversible guest-induced breathing behaviour for a silver PCP

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

The University of Adelaide researchers* Dr Chris Sumby and Mr Witold Bloch have demonstrated for the first time, a reversible guest- induced breathing behaviour for a silver(I) porous coordination polymer (PCP). This work was undertaken through the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials.

PCPs exhibiting a degree of flexibility New materials are sought to extend the The findings from this work provide the or dynamic behaviour have been types of dynamic behaviour that could proof-of-principle for the design of extensively studied over the last be used for these applications. more robust dynamic porous coordination decade. Their dynamic properties The researchers found two different types polymers that are applicable to the make them useful for applications of dynamic behaviour in a 3-D PCP separation of particular solvents and which are not easily accessible by (PCP-1) formed from an organic gases. In particular that material rigid frameworks such as efficient gas molecule and a silver(I) salt. They reported might be capable of separations or sensing. found the as-synthesised PCP (PCP-1as) application to separating low molecular Examples of dynamic behaviour has a flexible structure with a sodalite weight hydrocarbons, principally those include drastic solid-state expansion, topology. This can facilitate either guest- capable of coordinating silver(I) from a contraction or swelling as well induced expansion and contraction mixture of compounds. as reversible and non-reversible in the solid-state or a transformation Dr Sumby acknowledges an ARC crystal-to-crystal transformations. into a 2-D framework upon complete Future Fellowship for supporting Such transformations occur in these desolvation. See figures 1 and 2. this research. solid-state materials with retention of To the researchers’ knowledge, this structural regularity. work represents an unprecedented Dynamic materials, like those under dynamic behaviour in the context of a REFERENCE investigation at the University of Adelaide, 3-D silver(I) PCP, in particular the first Summarised and edited excerpt. *Sumby have been studied in the context of example of a silver(I) PCP that displays C. J., Bloch W. M., 2012 (accepted in gas storage and separation where solid-state breathing. 2011) “Guest-induced crystal-to-crystal crystal-to-crystal transformations The researchers observed that crystal- expansion and contraction of a 3D porous coordination polymer’ ChemComm, 48, can be used to reversibly enhance to-crystal solvent exchange occurred or diminish a PCPs’ capacity for gas p2534-2536, 2012 - Reproduced by in a facile manner while the material permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry. uptake. The ability to alter the size of retained structural regularity. pore apertures or channels is also relevant to catalysis in PCPs.

FIGURES

Figure 1: The 3-D PCP (PCP-1) formed from an organic molecule and a silver(I) salt. Figure 2: Solid-state breathing showing the contraction of the channel walls by about 20%. Figure 1 Figure 2

58 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 59 Cooperative Research Centres at the University of Adelaide

The University of Adelaide houses the benefits to the CRC researchers, the leading research activities of three Institute and the University of Adelaide Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs) as a whole. relevant to research in mineral and The Australian Federal Government’s energy resources. These are the CRC CRC Program provides funding to for Greenhouse Gas Technologies build critical mass in research ventures (CO2CRC), Deep Exploration between end-users and researchers Technologies CRC (DET CRC) and the which tackle clearly-articulated, major Energy Pipelines CRC (EPCRC). challenges for the end-users. CRCs While these CRCs have working links pursue solutions to these challenges into the Centres and Schools that are innovative, of high impact and affiliated with IMER, the Institute also capable of being effectively deployed works directly with the key by the end-users. researchers in these areas to maximise

60 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Energy Pipelines Cooperative Research Centre EP CRC

Program Leader Associate Professor Peter Ashman

Modern economies are founded on them in new, dedicated pipelines such as the premise of cheap, abundant and H2 and NH3 or in existing natural gas easily transportable energy. Over the pipelines which may be used for blends past 200 years, fossil fuels – including of H2 with conventional natural gas. petroleum, natural gas and coal – The Energy Pipelines Cooperative have doubled both as primary energy Research Centre (EPCRC) was sources and as energy carriers. established in 2010 to undertake This has underpinned society’s research and education of relevance to advances in technology and lifestyle. the energy pipeline industry in Australia. However, the issues of increasing There are 30,000km of high-pressure concentrations of atmospheric natural gas transmission pipelines in carbon dioxide and energy security, Australia supplying about 22 per cent has meant society is looking beyond of Australia’s energy needs. It is clear fossil fuels towards more sustainable Australia’s energy pipeline network will primary energy sources. not be able to support the country’s economic prosperity in a carbon and Many alternate energy sources such finance constrained future unless new as wind power, solar energy and technologies are created to extend geothermal energy have the drawback the life of the existing, ageing network. of locations which are remote from New pipelines are also needed with existing electricity transmission networks. the use of new technologies. The use of electricity as an energy carrier, may also in some cases, EPCRC is focussed on four research introduce additional energy conversion programs: more efficient use of materials steps which unavoidably result in a for energy pipelines; the extension of safe loss of overall energy efficiency and operating life for both new and existing thus higher energy costs. energy pipelines; additional pipeline design and construction; and public There is a growing interest in both safety and security of supply issues. non-fossil-derived carbon based fuels such as methanol or ethanol and non- carbon based energy carriers such as hydrogen or ammonia. There is also interest in the options to either transport

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 61 Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies CO2CRC

Chief Scientist Professor John Kaldi

The Cooperative Research Centre The CO2CRC commenced activities for Greenhouse Gas Technologies in 1998 and has grown to nearly 200 (CO2CRC) is one of the world’s researchers with an annual budget leading research organisations of over $22 million. The CO2CRC focussed on carbon dioxide capture was recently renewed for funding of and storage (CCS). the program to 2015. Professor John Kaldi, of the Australian School of Carbon capture and storage is a hot Petroleum, continues as a member of topic because of its potential to make the Executive of CO2CRC, and is its substantive cuts in CO emissions 2 Chief Scientist. from large industrial sources such as power stations, aluminium smelting, The ‘jewel in the crown’ of the gas processing and cement plants. CO2CRC is the CO2CRC Otway Project, Australia’s first and to date CO2CRC collaborates with leading only, active CO storage facility. international and national organi- 2 Located in the Otway Basin of sations and CCS experts to conduct southwest Victoria, the Otway Project world-class research into carbon has successfully injected over 60,000 capture and storage. Industry tonnes of CO more than 2000m below Researchers are focusing on the partners include global and nationally 2 the surface. following areas: significant organisations such as Anglo • Technologies for assessing sites for American, BG, BHP Billiton, BP, Chevron, CO2CRC staff at the University of CO storage; Inpex, KIGAM, Mitsui, QER, Rio Tinto, Adelaide are predominantly involved 2 Sasol, Schlumberger, Shell, Solid in storage projects comprising both • Reservoir and Seal Characterisation Energy, Stanwell, Total and Xstrata. fundamental and applied areas of and Stratigraphy; research. The prime focus of the • Geomechanics and Petrophysics; research is the selection of storage • Geochemistry and Hydrodynamics; sites, their adequate characterisation • Reservoir Engineering; with respect to storage capacity and containment; and an understanding of • Investigation of onshore and the physical and chemical processes offshore natural analogues for CO2 which take place during and after geosequestration. injection. In addition, using the Otway Project as a field laboratory, the group’s research activities provide an understanding of the technologies available for monitoring the movement

of stored CO2 and an assessment of the risks associated with all phases of the process.

62 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Evaluation of the Otway Basin as a Geological

Host for CO2 Storage

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

The Australian Cooperative the injected CO2 when post-injection • The source of CO2 in soil gas is a Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas monitoring took place in 2009-2011 combination of both organic matter Technologies (CO2CRC) is carrying and will continue in 2012 and beyond. decomposition and weathering of out a field-scale carbon dioxide (CO ) the Port Campbell Limestone. 2 Carbon dioxide, methane and helium sequestration demonstration project in were the main gases analysed and for • Deep subsurface CO2 is not the Otway Basin, South-East Australia. much of the time CH concentrations present in the soil gas samples This evaluates the Otway Basin 4 were too low for accurate analysis. taken during baseline and assurance as a geological host for CO storage. 2 Carbon dioxide concentrations ranged monitoring surveys.

During stage 1 of this project CO2-rich from atmospheric background levels gas (~80 mol% CO2; ~20 mol% CH4) of 0.033% up to about 10% of the total 13 REFERENCES was extracted from a gas well. The soil gas. The δ CCO2 values are typical gas was then injected into a newly for organic matter decomposition as the Boreham, CJ, Hope, JM and Hartung-Kagi, B, drilled well and was safely stored two main source of the CO2 in the soil gas. 2001. Understanding source, distribution kilometres below the Earth’s surface. and preservation of Australian natural gas: Modern radiocarbon ages, determined a geochemical perspective. The APPEA Vadose zone soil gas monitoring has from 14C analysis, and low helium Journal, 41 (1), 523 – 48. been proposed as one of the sentinel concentrations support the conclusion Dodds, K, Etheridge, D, Henning, A, Watson, M, Rogers, C, Boreham, C, monitoring systems to detect leakage of that CO2 in the soil gas is predominantly carbon dioxide from a storage reservoir. from modern organic sources (see Fig. 1). Stalker, L, Urosevic, M and Kepic, A, 2007. Monitoring and verification in the Otway In order to effectively monitor soil gases The findings of the five soil gas surveys Basin Pilot Project: approach, results and during and after the injection of CO 2 carried out between 2007 and 2011 in plans. CO2CRC Presentation PRZ07-0554. into the geological subsurface, baseline the CO2CRC Otway Project area are: Schacht, U, Regan, M, Boreham, C and characterisation of the study area took Sharma, S, 2011. CO2CRC Otway Project - place in 2007 and 2008. The baseline • Vadose zone soil gas sampling is Soil gas baseline and assurance monitoring study characterised background soil an effective method for studying 2007-2010. Energy Procedia 4: 3346-3353. gas concentration and other chemical variations in gas chemistry. attributes, and identified potential zones • CO composition and isotopic 2 Figure 1 where leakage may occur. Through analysis paired with helium and/or the baseline characterisation study, a tracer analysis is most effective in 13 (A) CO2 concentrations vs. δ CCO2 methodology has been developed to suit the determination of the CO2 source. values, (B) He concentrations vs. 13C values and (C) CO vs. He the challenges of the study area, field δ CO2 2 • CO2 concentrations within the soil conditions and the nature of the soil gas. concentrations of the 2010 survey subset gas are moderately high, ranging for isotopic and He analysis (Schacht The baseline characterisation also allowed over three orders of magnitude. et al., 2011). Cape Grim atmospheric a differentiation of the existing CO2 from composition (CG) is according to Dodds et al. (2007) and Otway natural gas composition according to Boreham (2001).

A CO2 (ppm) B He (ppm) C He (ppm) 100 1000 10000 100000 0 25 50 75 100 -5.00 100

CG Otway Natural  Air Gas Average -10.0 background

Range Deep Subsurface 75 ) 0 -15.0 (% 2 50 C0 C

13 -20.0 δ He (ppm)

25 -25.0 Organic Matter Decomposition

-30.0 0.00

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 63 Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Centre DET CRC

Research Leader Professor David Giles

The Deep Exploration Technologies mineralisation, detect near misses and Cooperative Research Centre (DET enable immediate follow-up drilling by CRC) was launched late 2010 to real-time refinement of exploration and meet the increasing long-term global life-of-mine models. demand for mineral products, a The targeting program aims to ensure demand which can only be satisfied drill holes are placed to maximise their by discovering new mineral deposits success and the knowledge they (greenfields exploration) and extending produce by developing new seismic known deposits (brownfields and geochemical methods for exploration) under deep cover rocks. exploration and integrating such into Deep mineral exploration through new exploration workflows in drilling, barren cover rocks must become logging and sensing. • Collecting and integrating regional- more successful, more cost-effective, IMER members from the School scale data to produce mineral more environmentally-friendly and of Civil, Environmental and Mining potential maps of highly-prospective be undertaken with less safety Engineering and the School of Earth mineral provinces in South Australia. risks, if Australian mining is to be and Environmental Sciences have been This data can be used to refine sustainable. DET CRC aims to develop involved with DET CRC since its inception. drilling, sampling and analytical technologies and workflows which methods in the deep exploration will address these issues and be The University of Adelaide personnel search area; commercialised for routine use in are involved in a number of projects mineral exploration. within DET CRC aimed at: • Investigating the advantages of co- located seismic and magnetotelluric The three key research programs of • Overcoming the technical and cost (MT) surveys in terms of mutual DET CRC relate to drilling; logging and barriers that have prevented the constraints and joint inversion that sensing; and targeting. widespread application of seismic significantly improve geological methods in mineral exploration; The drilling program aims to reduce interpretation over that which can be cost and environmental impact • Determining the geochemical and achieved from a single technique; and increase the safety of mineral mineralogical signature of hypogene • Developing models of the bit-rock exploration drilling by delivering mineral systems and the dispersion interface to improve the design incremental and transformational pathways for the components of drill bits and choice of drilling changes in drilling technology. The end of those mineral systems within parameters in order to maximise product will be a revolutionary new overlying deep cover rocks; drilling efficiency; drilling platform, bringing coil-tube • Developing sampling and • Establishing an accessible facility, drilling into the mineral exploration sector. analytical workflows which allow at Bruckunga in the Adelaide Hills, The logging and sensing program the rapid assessment of mineral for field testing of new drilling aims to increase the value of drill system footprints in deeply-buried and logging techniques and for holes by real-time down-hole or environments during drilling; vocational drilling. top-of-hole evaluation of intersected

64 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Affiliates The DET CRC Affiliates program is administered by AMIRA International

Supplier Affiliates HiSeis Paladin Energy Australian Drilling Industry JKTech Rex Minerals Association Olympus Innov-X Tanami Gold CSA Global Sandvik Diamant Drilling Services Teakle Composites Geological Survey Affiliates Diarotech Geological Survey of New South Wales Downhole Surveys Producer Affiliates Geological Survey of Queensland Easternwell ABM Resources Geological Survey of Western Australia Fugro Carpentaria Exploration Geoscience Australia GeoMole Heathgate Resources GeoScience Victoria Globaltech Minotaur Exploration Nautilus Minerals Northern Territory Geological Survey

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 65 Key Major Projects

IMER researchers gained support A fully integrated process for Scramjet-based access-to-space systems from prominent global companies, biodiesel production from microalgae Sponsor: Department of Industry, government and research partners in a in saline water Innovation, Science, Research and large number of projects during 2011. Sponsor: Asia Pacific Partnership on Tertiary Education, Australian Government Here are details of key projects either Clean Development and Climate Chief Investigator: Dr Con Doolan initiated in 2011 or continuing as active Chief Investigator: A/Prof Peter Ashman projects through the year: Tomography of inclined stress Growth optimisation and scale up of corrosion cracking Centre for Energy Technology specified algal strain Sponsor: Energy Pipelines Cooperative The Adelaide Airport Limited Sponsor: SQC Pty Ltd Research Centre Industry Partnership Chief Investigator: Dr David Lewis Chief Investigator: Dr Erwin Gamboa Sponsor: Adelaide Airport Limited Chief Investigator: Prof Gus Nathan Investigation of the coupled Understanding and predicting dependence of concentrated solar submarine hydrofoil noise radiation and combustion in a novel Detailed understanding of the Sponsor: Australian Research Council solar hybrid technology behaviour of soot in, and emission Chief Investigators: Dr Con Doolan, from, turbulent flames and fires Sponsor: Australian Research Council Prof Colin Hansen, A/Prof Anthony Sponsor: Australian Research Council Chief Investigator: Prof Gus Nathan Zander, Dr Laura Brooks Chief Investigator: Prof Gus Nathan The mechanics of quiet airfoils Centre for Tectonics, Resources and Exploration Energy from microalgae - industrial Sponsor: Australian Research Council scale development and downstream Chief Investigator: Dr Con Doolan, AuScope - Imaging Operations processing of co-products Prof Colin Hansen Sponsor: Department of Industry, Sponsor: Australian Research Council Innovation, Science, Research and Chief Investigators: Dr David Lewis, Dr Metal-organic frameworks as Tertiary Education,Australian Government heterogenous catalytic systems Stephen Clarke, A/Prof Peter Ashman Chief Investigator: Prof Graham Heinson Sponsor: Australian Research Council Enhanced mixing of turbulent jet Chief Investigators: Dr Christian Carbon sequestration by mineral flames via side lateral injection Doonan, Dr Christopher Sumby surface area as a feedback to climate Sponsor: Australian Research Council warming in a greenhouse ocean Chief Investigator: A/Prof Bassam Dally Multi-dimensional, high-speed Sponsor: Australian Research Council laser imaging facility for fluids and Chief Investigator: Prof Martin Kennedy combustion Establishment of a Chair and Sponsor: Australian Research Council Associated Activities in Process Safety Compressional deformation and uplift and Integrity Management (PSIM) Chief Investigators: Dr Zeyad of Australia’s passive southern margin Alwahabi, ProfAssaad Masri Sponsor: SafeWork SA, Government of Sponsor: Australian Research Council South Australia Chief Investigator: Dr Simon Holford Chief Investigator: A/Prof Peter Ashman Multiscale models of nanoporous carbons for a sustainable future Constraining conditions and timing Sponsor: Australian Research Council Establishment of Senior Academic in of orogeny and reworking in the west Process Safety and Integrity Management Chief Investigator: Prof Mark Biggs Musgrave Province Sponsors: Adelaide Brighton Ltd, Sponsors: Australian Research BHP Billiton, GPA Engineering, Mayne A novel approach to controlling Council, Curtin University, Geological Pharma, Origin Energy, Department boundary-layer separation Survey of Western Australia for Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Sponsor: Australian Research Council Chief Investigator: Dr David Kelsey Resources and Energy, Government of Chief Investigators: Dr James Denier, South Australia, Santos Ltd Prof Andrew Bassom Chief Investigator: A/Prof Peter Ashman Open framework organic materials for

CO2 capture and conversion Sponsor: Australian Research Council Chief Investigator: Dr Christian Doonan

66 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Development of biosensors and Professor of Mining Geology South Australian Centre for bioindicators for gold exploration and Sponsor: Department for Manufacturing, Geothermal Research processing in Australia Innovation, Trade, Resources and Sponsors: Australian Research Council, Energy, Government of South Australia Development of the Geothermal Barrick Gold of Australia Ltd, CSIRO Land Chief Investigator: Prof Ian Plimer Research Facility and Water, Flinders University, Martin Sponsor: Department for Manufacturing, Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Reservoir architecture and Innovation, Trade, Resources and Newmont Australia, South Australian heterogeneity in marginal marine Energy, Government of South Australia Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln systems – WAVE Consortium Phase 11 Chief Investigator: Prof Martin Hand Chief Investigators: A/Prof Frank Reith, Sponsors: Apache Corporation, Prof Joel Brugger, Prof Joseph Shapter, Badr Petroleum Co, BG Todd Energy, Developing world-class trace element A/Prof Claire Lenehan BHP (Broken Hill Proprietary), Billiton micro-analytical imaging facilities for Petroleum, BP Australia, Chevron South Australia through key analytical Experimental studies on hydrothermal Australia, ConocoPhillips, Nexen infrastructure advances reaction processes at the molecular Petroleum Australia Pty Ltd, OMV Sponsor: Premier’s Science and level: the role of mineral replacement Group, Shell, Statoil, Todd Energy, Research Fund, Government of reactions in ore formation Woodside Energy Ltd South Australia Sponsor: Australian Research Council Chief Investigator: Prof Bruce Ainsworth Chief Investigator: Prof Martin Hand Chief Investigators: Prof Allan Pring, Prof Joel Brugger Resistivity of typical rocks at crustal Research funding for South Australian pressure and temperature conditions Centre for Geothermal Energy Research The geomicrobiology and (bio) from combined laboratory and Sponsor: Department of Trade and geochemistry of platinum, palladium magnetotelluric measurements Economic Development, Government and rhodium Sponsor: Australian Research Council of South Australia Sponsor: Australian Research Council Chief Investigator: Dr Katherine Selway Chief Investigator: Prof Peter Dowd Chief Investigator: A/Prof Frank Reith The regolith expression of IOCG South Australian Centre for Geothermal High performance EMPA optimised mineralisation at the Project Mawson Energy Research 2011 to 2013 for the microanalysis of sulphides and area, NE Eyre Peninsula, South Sponsor: Department of Premier and heavy elements Australia (part 1) Cabinet, Government of South Australia Sponsors: Australian Research Council, Sponsor: Onesteel Manufacturing Pty Ltd Chief Investigator: Prof Peter Dowd BHP Billiton, Flinders University, Monash Chief Investigator: Dr Steven Hill University, University of South Australia. Environmental Impacts Chief Investigators: Dr Joel Brugger, South Australian State Chair of of Mineral and Energy Prof Martin Hand, A/Prof Heike Petroleum Geology Ebendorff-Heidepriem, A/Prof Claire Resources Development Sponsor: Department for Manufacturing, Lenehan, Dr Andrew Tomkins, Prof Innovation, Trade, Resources and William Skinner, Dr Kathy Ehrig Allocating water and maintaining Energy, Government of South Australia springs in the Great Artesian Basin Chief Investigator: Prof Bruce Ainsworth Iron isotope variation in sub-duction Sponsor: South Australian Arid Lands magmas: links to fluid flux and Natural Resources Management Board oxidation of the mantle wedge? Three-dimensional magnetotelluric Chief Investigators: Dr Jennie Fluin, and controlled-source electromagnetic Sponsor: Australian Research Council A/Prof Susan Carthew modelling and inversion in isotropic Chief Investigator: Prof John Foden and anisotropic media with Gaussian Environmental Genomics: Mining, Quadrature Grids climate change, water, crime and health Mitchell Channel architecture and Sponsor: Australian Research Council connectivity project Sponsors: Australian Federal Police, Chief Investigator: Prof Graham Heinson Australian Genome Research Facility, Sponsor: Woodside Energy Ltd Australian Research Council, Biomatters Chief Investigator: Dr Rachel Nanson Sonic drilling to provide Ltd NZ, Department of Environment contamination-free core sampling and Natural Resources, Government Molecular structure and transport of rock, unconsolidated sediment of South Australia, Department for properties of hydrothermal fluids (administered by University of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, under extreme conditions: near-critical, Wollongong) Resources and Energy, Government of South Australia, South Australian high salinity, high pressure and high Sponsor: Australian Research Council volatile contents Museum, Government of South Chief Investigator: Dr Rachel Nanson Australia, South Australian Water, Sponsor: Australian Research Council Government of South Australia Chief Investigator: Prof Joel Brugger Chief Investigators: A/Prof Jose Facelli, Prof Alan Cooper, Prof David Adelson, Prof Barry Brook

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 67 Root distribution and salinity and soil Stochastic modelling of fractures in Deep Exploration water dynamic in a chenopod shrubland: crystalline rock masses for hot dry Technologies Cooperative implications for restoration ecology rock enhanced geothermal systems Research Centre Sponsor: Iluka Resources Ltd Sponsor: Australian Research Council Chief Investigator: A/Prof José Facelli Chief Investigator: Prof Peter Dowd Acoustic emission monitoring during drilling/rock cutting for optimising Resource Engineering Program Socio-Economic Impacts of drilling performance Mineral and Energy Resource Sponsor: Deep Exploration Acoustic emission monitoring during Development Program Cooperative Research Centre drilling/rock cutting for optimising Chief Investigator: Prof David Giles drilling performance Plausible futures for economic development and structural adjustment Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre Borehold stability assessment for - impacts and policy implications for for Deep Exploration Technologies deep drilling Indonesia and Australia Chief Investigator: A/Prof Chaoshui Xu Sponsor: Deep Exploration Sponsor: Australian Centre for Cooperative Research Centre International Agricultural Research, Borehold stability assessment for Chief Investigator: Prof David Giles deep drilling Australian Government Chief Investigator: Prof Christopher Findlay Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre Geochemical sampling of deep cover for Deep Exploration Technologies Cooperative Research Sponsor: Deep Exploraion Cooperative Chief Investigator: A/Prof Chaoshui Xu Centre for Greenhouse Gas Research Centre Technologies Chief Investigator: Prof David Giles Centre for improved business performance CO storage in deltaic and fluvial 2 Hypogene alteration Sponsors: ESSO Australia Pty Ltd, sedimentary systems Santos Ltd Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre Sponsor: Deep Exploration Cooperative Research Centre Chief Investigator: Prof Stephen Begg for Greenhouse Gas Technologies Chief Investigators: Dr Mark Bunch, Chief Investigator: Prof David Giles Developing engaging, effective and Dr Richard Daniel, Dr Saju Menacherry enlightening practical experiments in Joint inversion of 3D Seismic data and magnetotelluric (MT) Data geotechnical engineering Understanding CO2 storage in saline Sponsor: Australian Learning and aquifers Sponsor: Deep Exploration Teaching Council Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre Cooperative Research Centre Chief Investigator: A/Prof Mark Jaksa for Greenhouse Gas Technologies Chief Investigator: Prof David Giles Chief Investigators: Dr Mark Bunch, Energy Pipelines Cooperative Development of innovative Dr Saju Menacherr, Dr Richard Daniel technologies for oil production based Research Centre on the advanced theory of suspension Reactive rocks and their impact on Development of simplified flows in porous media CO storage potential trapping 2 mathematical models and criteria for Sponsors: Australian Research Council, Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre identification os whether a weld will be Santos Ltd, University of South Australia. for Greenhouse Gas Technologies susceptible to WMHACC Chief Investigators: Prof Pavel Chief Investigator: Dr Ulrike Schacht Sponsor: Energy Pipeline Cooperative Bedrikovetski, Prof Anthony Roberts, Dr Research Centre Andrei Kotousov Seal geomechanics and retention of Chief Investigator: A/Prof Peter Ashman CO2 in the subsurface Institute for Mineral and Energy Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre Weld metal HACC susceptibility under Resources (IMER) for Greenhouse Gas Technologies controlled welding conditions and Sponsor: Department of Premier and Chief Investigators: Dr Guillaume restraint levels Cabinet, Government of South Australia Backe, Dr Mohammad Rahman, Mr Sponsor: Energy Pipelines Cooperative Chief Investigator: Prof Peter Dowd Ernest Swierczek, Prof John Kaldi Research Centre Chief Investigator: A/Prof Peter Ashman Modelling the capillary entrapment Predictive modelling of storage reservoirs phenomena and integrity of geological Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre reservoirs for clean energy, water and for Greenhouse Gas Technologies waste management technologies Chief Investigator: Dr Mark Bunch Sponsors: Australian Research Council Chief Investigators: Prof Pavel Monitoring and verification Bedrikovetski, Dr Yildiray Cinar, Sponsor: Cooperative Research Centre Dr Andrei Kotousov for Greenhouse Gas Technologies Chief Investigator: Dr Ulrike Schacht

68 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Adelaide Airport Limited (AAL) Project Model an Australian First

INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP PROJECT

IMER’s Centre for Energy Technology (CET) is working in partnership with Adelaide Airport Limited (AAL) to develop clean energy solutions that reduce the carbon footprint of AAL and contribute towards the sustainability of the broader environment.

Research Team: Professor Gus Nathan, The validated thermodynamic model •  Developing a unique laser Dr Tim Lau, Dr Lei Chen, Associate will be the first in Australia to be diagnostic experimental facility to Professor Eric Hu, Associate Professor successfully used for such a large research more efficient and clean Bassam Dally, Dr Maziar Arjomandi. complex building. burning flames and solar energy- flame hybrid concepts. The model will integrate the outcomes The partnership began in 2011 of other projects focussed on The Partnership also supports CET’s to provide leadership in how the potential benefits of indirect ongoing and world-leading research organisations and people can evaporative cooling (IEC) technology to optimise fuel combustion systems advance clean energy practices by and the development of a smart such as the Gyrotherm low NOx making AAL the most ecologically mechanical plant control system. burner, developed in partnership with sustainable airport in Australia and FCT-Combustion. supporting CET’s drive to be a world- The Partnership also directly supports leading research centre in clean six projects across the CET which are The Gyrotherm burner technology energy technology. investigating a range of clean energy reached an important milestone in technologies to the broader benefit of 2011. The 34 burners installed around A key project to reduce AAL’s carbon society. These projects include: the world to date are estimated to footprint is the development of a have now reduced global greenhouse transient, thermodynamic model • Improving wind energy utilisation by gas emissions by an estimated 29.6M of the Terminal 1 (T1) building. This investigating turbine wake generation tonnes of CO equivalent. This is equal model accounts for T1’s geometry, and propagation in a collaboration 2 to the annual CO emissions of South location, local weather, operation, with Korean Maritime University; 2 Australia. lighting systems, heating, ventilation • Producing a future clean fuel source, and air-conditioning systems. It will be by using catalytic technologies to used to accurately assess the costs generate hydrogen from solar and benefits of energy-efficiency energy; and technologies or practices.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 69 Staff and Members

Institute Staff Deputy Director, TRaX Environmental Impact of Mineral Dr Simon Holford and Energy Resources Program Executive Director PhD, University of Birmingham; Associate Professor Sue Carthew Professor Stephen Grano BSc (Hons), Keele University PhD, MSc, BSc (Hons), University of PhD, University of South Australia; Petroleum geoscience, basin analysis, Wollongong MSc, University of South Australia; tectonics Conservation biology BEng (Hons), University of Queensland Minerals processing Director, CMXUC Associate Professor José Facelli Professor David Giles PhD, BSc, University of Adelaide Deputy Directors PhD, BSc (Hons), Monash University (Incoming Leader 2012) Plant ecology Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Mineral exploration Director, CET PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Director, SACGER CRC Leaders Adelaide Professor Martin Hand Chief Scientist, CO2CRC Combustion, fluid mechanics, heat PhD, University of Melbourne; BSc transfer and renewable energy (Hons), University of Newcastle Professor John Kaldi Geology, geothermal energy and tectonics PhD, Cambridge University; MSc, BSc, Professor Martin Hand City University of New York Director, SACGER Deputy Director, SACGER Carbon capture and storage PhD, University of Melbourne; Dr Yung Ngothai BSc (Hons), University of Newcastle Research Leader, DET CRC PhD, BEng, RMIT University Geology, geothermal energy and Minerals science, rheology Professor David Giles tectonics PhD, BSc (Hons), Monash University Mineral exploration Institute Manager Program Leaders Dr Jordan Parham Resource Engineering Program Program Leader, Energy PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Pipelines CRC Energy systems and combustion Associate Professor Associate Professor Peter Ashman Emmanuel Chanda PhD, MEng, BEng, University of Centre Directors PhD, Technical University Berlin; Sydney MEng, Colorado School of Mines; BSc, University of Zambia Microalgae, combustion, coal and Director, CET geothermal energy Mine planning and design, process Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan optimisation PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Researchers Combustion, fluid mechanics, heat Professor Bruce Ainsworth transfer and renewable energy PhD, University of Liverpool; Professors MSc, McMaster University; Bruce Ainsworth Deputy Director, CET BSc (Hons), Imperial College PhD, University of Liverpool; Associate Professor Bassam Dally Sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy MSc, McMaster University; PhD, University of Sydney; BSc (Hons), Imperial College BSc, Technion University Program of Socio-Economic Impact Sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy Combustion, fluid mechanics, heat of Mineral and Energy Resources transfer and energy systems Associate Professor John Spoehr Pavel Bedrikovetski PhD, University of South Australia; PhD, MSc, BEng, Moscow Gubkin Director, TRaX BEcon, University of Adelaide Petroleum University Associate Professor Nigel Cook Economic development Mathematical modelling for formation PhD, BSc, University of London damage, waterflooding and IOR/EOR Geology and mineralogy of sulphide ore deposits

70 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Steve Begg Stephen Lincoln Ben Cazzolato PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Reading PhD, University of Adelaide, BSc PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Decision making and project economics (Hons), DSc, University of Manchester Structural dynamics, acoustics, signal Climate change and energy processing, robotics and control Mark Biggs PhD, University of Adelaide; BEng Russell Luxton Alan Collins (Hons), University of New South Wales PhD, University of London; PhD, University of Edinburgh; Nanoporous carbons and BE (Hons), University of Adelaide BSc (Hons), University of London multiphase fluids Air conditioning, fluid mechanics Tectonics and geochronology

Joel Brugger Jamie Mi Jim Denier PhD, University of Basel; Visiting Professor; PhD, University PhD, University of New South Wales; BSc (Hons), University of Fribourg of Newcastle BSc (Hons), University of Melbourne Experimental geochemistry, Fluid mechanics Advanced fluid dynamics, fluid mixing mineralogy, spectroscopy Jesper Munch Nesimi Ertugrul David Chittleborough Also affiliated with the Institute for PhD, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; Also affiliated with the Environment Photonics and Advanced Sensing MSc, BSc, Istanbul Technical University Institute PhD, MSc, University of Chicago; BSc, Electrical and Electronic and PhD, University of Adelaide Massachusetts Institute of Technology Communication Engineering Soils and water quality Laser physics and optical design Eric Hu PhD, Asian Institute of Technology; Peter Dowd Jonathan Pincus MEng, Beijing Solar Energy Research PhD, University of Leeds; MScA, PhD, Stanford University; BEcon Institute; BEng, Zhejiang University Ecole Polytechnique de l’Universite de (Hons), University of Queensland Montreal; BSc (Hons), University Thermodynamics and sustainable energy State taxes and fiscal equalization of New England Mark Jaksa Geostatistics and mathematical Ian Plimer PhD, BE (Hons), University of Adelaide geosciences PhD, Macquarie University; BSc (Hons), University of New South Wales Foundations, geotechnical engineering Christopher Findlay Mining geology and mineral exploration PhD, MEcon, Australian National Bo Jin University; BEcon (Hons), University PhD, University of New England; Stephen Priest of Adelaide MSc, Delft University of Technology; PhD, University of Durham; BEng, Ningxia University Reform and industrialisation of the BSc (Hons), University of Bristol Chinese economy Bioprocess engineering and Mineral economics and financial analysis nanotechnology John Foden Allan Pring PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Tasmania; Richard Kelso Also affiliated with South Australian BSc, Australian National University PhD, BEng, University of Melbourne Museum Geology and trace elements geology Fluid mechanics and combustion PhD, ScD, University of Cambridge; BSc, Monash University Colin Hansen Colin Kestell PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Geology and geophysics PhD, University of Adelaide; BSc Acoustics, aeroacoustics, noise and (Hons), Coventry University John Sturgul vibration control Engineering design, CAD engineering PhD, University of Illinois; MS, education research University of Arizona; BSc (Hons), Graham Heinson Michigan Technological University PhD, Australian National University; Michael Liebelt BSc, Edinburgh University Mine design, mineral economics MEng, MSc, BEng (Hons), BSc, and geostatistics Electromagnetic and electrical geophysics University of Adelaide Electronics and computer architecture Kanishka Jayashuriya Associate Professors Greg Metha PhD, Australian National University; BA Peter Ashman PhD, BSc (Hons), Monash University (Hons), University of Western Australia PhD, MEng, BEng, University of Sydney Laser ionisation spectroscopy Politics and history Microalgae, combustion, coal and geothermal energy Martin Kennedy Craig Mudge PhD, University of North Carolina; PhD, University of Adelaide; Karin Barovich BEcon, Australian National University BSc, University of Wisconsin PhD, MSc, BSc, University of Arizona Cloud computing, eScience, Geochemistry and petroleum systems Rocks and geological events parallel computation, computational Keith King Barry Burgan geoscience PhD, BSc, University of New South Wales BEcon (Hons) University of Adelaide Combustion and laser diagnostics Project and policy evaluation

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 71 Peter Mullinger Dr Lei Chen Dr Mark Tingay PhD, University of Sheffield; BSc, PhD, Flinders University; BEng Huazhong PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Adelaide BEng, University of Leicester University of Science and Technology Geothermal, tectonics, geomechanics, Industrial combustion systems Building management systems, overpressure, mud volcanoes energy integration and optimisation Mandar Oak solutions, energy audits and renewable Dr Ernesto Valenzuela PhD, Cornell University; MA, Delhi energy options. PhD, Purdue University; MSc, Southern School of Economics; BCom, Illinois University University of Mumbai Dr John Conran Climate change Public economics, political economy, PhD, BSc (Hons), University of applied microeconomics Queensland Dr Alexandra Wawryk Evolution and environment PhD, BEc (Hons), LLB (Hons), Brian O’Neill University of Adelaide PhD, BEng (Hons), University Dr Cornelius Doolan Climate change and renewable energy law of Queensland PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Queensland Process systems modelling Lecturers Aeroacoustics and computational Frank Reith fluid dynamics Dr Kathryn Amos PhD, Australian National University; PhD, University of East Anglia; BSc MSc, BSc, BBA, University of Bayreuth Dr Manouchehr Haghighi (Hons), Imperial College, University Geomicrobiology, metagenomics and PhD, MSc, University of Southern of London transcriptomics California; BSc, MSc, University of Tehran Dryland and sub-marine sedimentology Petroleum engineering, reservoir Andrew Rosser simulation Dr Guillaume Backé PhD, Murdoch University; BCom (Hons), PhD, MSc, BSc, University of Pau University of Adelaide; BA (Hons), Dr Hugh Harris 3D geomodelling and fracture imaging Flinders University PhD, BSc (Hons), University of New Politics, anthropology South Wales; BEng, University of Dr Benjamin Binder Melbourne PhD, BSc (Hons), University of East Anglia Wen Soong Bioinorganic chemistry/metals in biology Fluid mechanics PhD, University of Glasgow; BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Dr Steven Hill Dr An Deng Electrical machinery and renewable energy PhD, Australian National University; PhD, Pennsylvania State University; BSc (Hons), University of Melbourne MEng, Tongji University; BEng, Central Chaoshui Xu Regolith geology South University BSc, Northeast University Characterization and reuse of solid Rock fracture modellling, Dr David Lewis waste materials as geomaterials, Geostatistics and resource evaluation PhD, BEng, University of Adelaide testing and modelling of soil Microalgal biotechnology consolidation, electrokinetic Anthony Zander remediation and modelling PhD, BE (Hons), University of Adelaide Dr Christopher Medlin Acoustics and vibrations PhD, MBA, University of Adelaide; Dr Matthew Finn BEcon, Flinders University PhD, MMath (Hons), University of Nottingham Senior Lecturers Supply chain business Chaotic laminar fluid mixing Dr Zeyad Alwahabi Mr Andy Mitchell PhD, University of Sussex; BSc, BSc (Hons), University of Adelaide Mr Paul Harris Al Mustansiriyah University Geophysics BEng, University of Melbourne Laser diagnostics Agriculture and agricultural machinery Dr Andreas Schmidt Mumm Dr Maziar Arjomandi PhD, Georg August University; DipSc, Dr Carl Howard PhD, MEng, Moscow Aviation Institute; Australian National University PhD, BE (Hons), University of Adelaide BEng (Hons), Iran University of Trace element geochemistry and Acoustics, vibrations, thermoacoustics, Science and Technology mineral exploration ultrasound, condition monitoring, Aircraft design, aerodynamics and finite element analysis, digital signal wind energy Dr Yvonne Stokes processing PhD, BSc, University of Adelaide; BSc, Dr Bunda Besa Murdoch University Dr David Huang PhD, Curtin University; MSc, BSc, Computational fluid dynamics PhD, University of California; BSc University of Zambia (Hons), University of Sydney Mine planning and design, mining Dr Christopher Sumby Theoretical and computational transport and materials handling PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Canterbury nanoscience Materials for energy applications

72 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Dr Murat Karakus Dr Benjamin Wade Dr Benjamin Wade PhD, University of Leeds; PhD, BSc (Hons), University of PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Adelaide BEng, Hacettepe University Adelaide Evolution of the earth Mining geomechanics Evolution of the earth Dr Bing Zhou Dr Tak W Kee Senior Research Associates PhD, University of Adelaide; BEng, PhD, University of Texas; Chengdu University of Technology BSc, Iowa State University, Dr Cristian Birzer Wave modelling Biophysical chemistry and PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide materials chemistry Fluid mechanics, laser diagnostics and Research Associates combustion Dr David Kelsey Dr Hani Abul Khair PhD, University of Melbourne; BSc Dr Shaun Chan PhD, MSc, University of Jordan; (Hons), University of Adelaide PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide BSc, Yarmouk University Petrology and chemical geology Combustion, laser diagnostics and Integration of sedimentolgy renewable energy Dr Rosalind King Dr Graham Baines PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Liverpool Dr David Cooke PhD, University of Wyoming; Structural geology and petroleum PhD, Colorado School of Mines; MSc (Hons), University of Liverpool geomechanics BA, University of Colorado Potential field geophysics Stress and geomechanics Dr Andrei Kotousov Dr Bunda Besa PhD, Russian Academy of Dr Richard Craig PhD, Curtin University; MSc, BSc, Sciences; BSc (Hons), Moscow PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide University of Zambia State Technical University Solar energy and heat transfer Mine planning and design, mining Fracture mechanics transport and materials handling Dr Richard Daniel Dr Philip Kwong PhD, University of Adelaide; Dr Maxwell Bull PhD, Hong Kong University of Science BSc, Macquarie University PhD, University of South Hampton; and Technology; BEng, University of Carbonate and elements of drilling BMechE (Hons), BSc (Hons), Hong Kong engineering University of Melbourne Biomass energy and combustion Fluid mechanics Dr Peter Kalt Dr Trent Mattner PhD, University of Sydney; MA, Dr Mark Bunch PhD, BEng, University of Melbourne Macquarie University; BEng (Hons), PhD, MSc, University of Birmingham; Fluid Mechanics BSc, University of Sydney BSc (Hons), Durham University Combustion and advanced laser Detection and quantitative modelling Dr Paul Medwell diagnostics PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Dr Qing (Shaun) Chan Combustion, laser diagnositcs Dr Adam Kosminski PhD, BEng, University of Adelaide PhD, University of Adelaide; MSc, Building management systems, Dr Noune Melkoumian Szczecin Polytechnik energy integration and optimisation PhD, University of New South Combustion and gasification of solid fuels solutions, energy audits, and Wales; PhD, ME, BE, Yerevan State renewable energy options Polytechnic University Dr Peter Lanspeary Mining and geotechnical engineering PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Dr Cristiana Ciobanu Fluid mechanics PhD, BSc, University of Bucharest Dr Rachel Nanson Mineralogy and geochemistry PhD, University of New South Wales; Dr Saju Menacherry BSc (Hons), University of Wollongong PhD, University of Adelaide; MSc, Dr Nicolas Coniglio Fluvial and coastal geomorphology University of Kerala; BSc, University PhD, BAM and Otto-von-Guericke of Calicut University; BEng, Ecole Centrale Dr Justin Payne Sedimentology de Nantes PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Adelaide Welding and metallurgy Geochemistry and geochronology, Dr Matthew Tetlow evolution of the earth’s crust PhD, BEng (Hons), University Dr Robert Dart of Adelaide PhD, University of Adelaide; BSc Dr Zhao Feng Tian Aerospace propulsion, high speed (Hons), University of South Australia PhD, University of RMIT; MESc, aerodynamics Regolith geology and geochemistry University of New South Wales; BE, Shanghai Jiaotong University CFD, coal combustion, renewable energy

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 73 Dr Robert Dickinson Dr Ulrike Schacht PhD, University of Waterloo; MSc, PhD, University of Kiel; MSc, BSc, University of Guelph; BEng, University Technical University of Berlin of Melbourne Siliciclastic reservoir quality and Systems design diagenesis

Dr Barbara Etschmann Dr Sattar Seifollahi PhD, BSc (Hons), University of PhD, Iran University of Science and Western Australia Technology; MSc, BSc University of X-ray absorption spectroscopy Tabriz Fracture network modelling Dr Caroline Forbes PhD, MSc, BSc, Monash University Dr Kate Selway Proterozoic tectonics PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Adelaide Proterozoic collision Dr Pascal Grundler PhD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Dr Stephan Thiel de Lausanne; DChem, University PhD, BEng, University of Adelaide; of Lausanne MEng, Freiberg University of Mining Coordination chemistry, physical and Technology chemistry, geochemistry Electromagnetics and geothermal exploration Dr Nathanial Jewell PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Dr Adrian Tuitt Adelaide; BSc, Flinders University PhD, BSc (Hons), University of Edinburgh Fluid mechanics, operations Seismic interpretation and numerical research, hydrology modelling

Dr Timothy Lau Dr Philip van Eyk PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide PhD, BE (Hons), BSc, University Fluid dynamics of Adelaide Combustion and gasification of low- Dr Rosemarie Mohais rank coals and biomass PhD, MPhil, BSc, University of West Indies; DipEd, Valsayn Teachers’ College Dr Matthew Welsh Fluid flow and heat transfer PhD, BA (Hons), BSc (Hons), University of Adelaide Dr Danielle Moreau Psychology of decision-making PhD, MEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Dr Zhenjiang You Aeroacoustics, acoustics, active noise PhD, BEng, Zhejiang University control and virtual sensing Fluid mechanics and heat transfer

Mr Alexander Musson Dr Carla Zammit BSc (Hons), University of Melbourne; BSc, BA (Hons), Curtin University BSc, University of Adelaide; BA, Environmental microbiology and ACCD Pasadena Art Center College molecular genetics of Design Thermal geophysics, geothermal geology Dr Manfred Zockel PhD, MEng, University of Adelaide Dr Stephen Pahl PhD, BEng (Hons), University of Adelaide Thermodynamics, engines, design and manufacturing Industrial bioprocessing and biotechnology

Dr Zebb Prime PhD, BE, BSc, University of Adelaide Robust control theory

Mr Myles Regan BE, University of Adelaide Enhanced oil recovery

74 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Postgraduate Members

Here is a list of current postgraduate Guiqin Cai Michael Dixon students supervised by IMER members Understanding and modelling metabolic Optimizing removal of algal toxins using relevant to core IMER research areas flux network of hydrogen fermentation integrated membrane systems and priorities during 2011. Peter Chaplin Liang Duanmu Hamish Adam Lead acid batteries Intelligent automatic control system Integrating 2d transect and 3d regional Xiao Chen Blessing Eboibi mt data Numerical study of pressing jet Renewable energy and bioenergy Muhammad Akram Xin Xin Chen Blaise Fernandes Reducing CO emissions from glue 2 Heterotrophically grown microalgae Deepwater outcrop analogues gasses by developing the chemical as a feed source for the Australian absorption techniques aquaculture industry Clayton Fry CO storage potential of the Officer Homoud Al Anzi 2 Yang Chen Basin of South Australia Anatomy of an intra-shelf basin: oligocene Controlled supramolecular assembly in to pliocene seismic stratigraphy of the aqueous molecular and macroscopic Alexander Gentleman Bonaparte basin shelf, NW Australia system Laser spectroscopy of mixed transition metal clusters Mohammed Al-Ghamdi Mei Chiin Cheong Detection of reservoir fracturing using Targeted unmixing of particles in Matthew Gray seismic attributes suspension Geophysical and structure 1 modelling of the musgraves block Jade Anderson Amanullah Choudhry Crustal evolution of proterozoic central Dynamic stall control on wind Martin Griessmann Australia using an integrated isotopic, turbine blades Gold-basemetal mineralisation in the metamorphic and geochemical approach Adelaide foldbelt Mohammad Chowdhury Mohamed Awadalla Investigation of particle agglomeration Kristy Lee Hansen Gas leakage detection and mobile using laser diagnostics influence of Effect of leading edge tubercles robot navigation in pipelines and urban stokes number on particle distribution in on airfoil performance environments a pipe jet Steven Harding Khadijah Awang Hilary Coleman Stability and fracture of highly Evolution in Cassytha (Lauraceae) The study of metal complex chemistry non-linear systems for application in sensor chemistry Setiawan Bambang Alan Harrland and technology Modified evaluation of liquefaction Hypersonic inlet for a laser powered potential of soils utilising in situ tests Kathryn Cutts propulsion system Metamorphic analysis of proterozoic Elizabeth Baruch Abdolvahab Honari terrains in Rodinia Influence of multi-scale rock fabric, Effects of stress and temperature on mechanical properties and composition Michael De Rosa methane adsorption and desorption in on geophysical (log and seismic) Active control of horizontal axis coal seams properties of gas shales wind turbines Katherine Howard Marcus Boyd Jamie Dennis Crustal evolution of the Gawler Craton Investigation of the in-cylinder Qualification and quantification of coal combustion dynamics of biodiesel fuel Hao Huang in the patchawarra formation of the Intelligent control system southern Cooper Basin: significance to in-situ coal aquathermolysis

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 75 Roniza Ismail Arash Mirahmadizoghi Marianne Sandstrom Trace element distributions in South Rock mechanics, rock behaviour under Lake Eyre as a modern analogue Australian IOCG mineral deposits three dimensional state of stress, evaluating 3d failure criteria by Jacques Sayers Richard Jones comparing them with experimental data Geostatistical representation of fracture Aeroacoustic shape optimisation for systems in mechanical modelling aerofoil trailing edge noise Mohammadamin Miremadi approaches when designing carbon An investigation into the effects of vortices dioxide hoods Ashok Kaniyal in the heat transfer from a flat plate Investment strategies for thermal Md Hossain Siddiqui renewable resources Alireza Moazen Ahmadi Palaeo environmental study of Murray Defect detection of rolling element River wetlands Timothy Kelly bearings using vibro-acoustic Climate change policy signatures Sarabjeet Singh Development of a Wheel-rail dynamics Kieran Kilgariff Mohd Mohamad Hashim simulation model for predicting Exploration opportunities: C02 CRC’s An autonomous mobile robot acoustic radiation PPL’s 11 & 13, Otway Basin Victoria navigating system Yuriy Solomonov Alexis Lambeck Roslina Mohammad Investigation of friction in water- Basin analysis and the geochemical Response of pressurized pipes due to lubricated bearings and isotopic signature of low speed impact daleoproterozoic sedimentary Narasimha Thota successions in northern Australia Morteza Mohammadzaheri Development and validation of a new Intelligent control systems method to predict submarine flow Changhwan Lee induced noise 3-D reservoir modelling of marginal Syed Mohsin marine systems Solar coupling with combustion Manjot Toor Removal of Toxic Pollutants from Industrial Seung Joon Lee Mustarum Musaruddin Wastewater by Australian Clay Mineral Structure health monitoring Automatic fault analysis in power systems via application service provider Melissa Vallee Kan Li Development of an improved Geochemistry of in-situ uranium recovery Thi Nguyen petrophysical model based on semi Improved oil recovery using raw water quantitative mineralogy, jurassic- Qi Lin injection Intelligent vision system cretaceous succession, Cooper area, Eromanga Basin Frances Parkhowell Gernot Loidl A biogeochemical and geophysical Benjamin Vanderhoek Geology and geochemistry of the study of Arkaroola, South Australia Endeavor deposit Regolith and landscape evolution in South Australia Anne Philcox Mohammad Lotfolah Hamedani Study of reactive intermediates relevant Vipasiri Vimonses Alteration and mineralisation in the to material combustion chemistry Curnamona Craton and Broken Hill region Integration of nanotechnology for Ian Powrie wastewater treatment Phyllis MacGillivray The implications for company and Kim Toan Vu Tracking phenological shifts and institutional strategy of the risks evolutionary impacts due to climate Impact of film heterogeneity and transport associated with the sustainable and transport of international trade change development of the Australian wine industry. Saleh Mahmoud Andrew Ward Anaerobic digestion of algal biomass Measurements in Sooty Flames Herath Premarathna (Combustion) Trace element bio geo chemistry Stuart Wildy Rachel Maier Smart sensor technology for structure Qian Qian health monitoring Applications of marine magnetotellurics Probabilistic stability analysis of rock for petroleum exploration structures James Wilkie Mohamed Mat Ali NVH Tuning in Power Steering Thomas Raimondo Systems - Plastic Tuner Cable Aeroacoustic interaction of a square Fluid flow in shear zones cylinder and a flat plate James Lionel Donald Wilson Nima Ramezani Taghiabadi Electrical and Electromagnetic Abdolrasool Mayahi Intelligent trajectory planning Design, fabrication and control of an Geophysics for Groundwater underwater vehicle Ladan Sahafi Exploration Intelligent control systems Yongling Zhao Melissa Salt The study of carbon-methanol Phytocapping of landfills for final closure adsorption cooling tube

76 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Higher Degree Graduates

During 2011 IMER researchers Gernot Loidl Jacques Sayers supervised twenty three higher Geology & geochemistry of the Geostatistical representation of degree graduates in a wide range of endeavor deposit fracture systems in mechanical research areas. Of this number twenty modelling approaches when Mohammad Lotfolah Hamedani completed PhDs, and a further three designing carbon dioxide hoods Alteration and mineralisation in completed Masters. the Curnamona Craton and Broken Vipasiri Vimonses Here is a list of graduates and their Hill region Integration of nanotechnology research topics in areas relevant to for wastewater treatment Rachel Maier IMER’s focus. Applications of marine magnetotellurics for petroleum exploration Masters Doctor of Philosophy Mohamed Mat Ali Thi Nguyen Rachael Brick Aeroacoustic interaction of a square Improved oil recovery using raw The formation and exhumation of the cylinder and a flat plate water injection world’s oldest eclogites Roslina Mohammad Manjot Toor Alexandre Burgun Response of pressurized pipes due to Removal of toxic pollutants from Synthesis and structure of electro- low speed impact industrial wastewater by Australian commutable trinuclear complexes of clay mineral Mustarum Musaruddin iron and ruthenium: toward bistable Automatic fault analysis in Yongling Zhao molecules for molecular electronic power systems via application The study of carbon-methanol Qing Chan service provider adsorption cooling tube Soot evolution in non-premixed flames Herath Premarathna Wai Chan Trace element bio geo chemistry Quality in drinking water reservoirs Thomas Raimondo Kathryn Cutts Fluid flow in shear zones Metamorphic analysis of proterozoic terrains in rodinia Michael Dixon Optimizing removal of algal toxins using integrated membrane systems Martin Griessmann Gold-base metal mineralisation in the Adelaide foldbelt Michael Hatch The use of shallow geophysical techniques to help characterise hydrological parameters Katherine Howard Crustal evolution of the Gawler Craton Alexis Lambeck Basin analysis and the geochemical and isotopic signature of daleoproterozoic sedimentary successions in northern australia

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 77 Public Seminars and Events

IMER members shared key research findings, outcomes and benefits with business leaders, government and the wider community. Here is a selection of key public presentations during 2011.

Mining the Sun Lecture

The development of solar energy and the key role of the mining sector were themes of a free public lecture in July 2011. Professor Aldo Steinfeld, one of the world’s foremost researchers in solar energy technology, joined the University of Adelaide experts including the Centre for Energy Technology’s (CET) director Professor Gus Nathan for the event. “The mining and resources sector is a vital part of the Australian and South Australian economies and the largest contributor to South Australia’s exports,” said Professor Nathan. Mining the Sun was held by CET in (Left to right): Professor Aldo Steinfeld, association with the University of Professor Stephen Grano, Professor Gus “But both mining and minerals Nathan and Ms Susie Smith Adelaide’s Environment Institute and processing are energy-intensive the Royal Institution of Australia. industries and they contribute

significantly to national CO2 emissions Speakers included Professor Aldo and are vulnerable to energy price Steinfeld from the Department of increases and carbon pricing Mechanical and Process Engineering mechanisms. New technologies are at ETH Zurich; Professor Gus Nathan; required to reduce energy consumption, and Ms Susie Smith, Manager Climate costs and impacts,” he said. Change and Sustainability, Santos. IMER Director Professor Stephen Grano was the moderator.

78 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE IMER Executive Addresses Innovate SA Seminar

Institute for Mineral and Energy Resource (IMER) Executive Director Professor Stephen Grano addressed the 6th instalment of the Innovate SA and Enterprise Connect supported Mining Innovation Seminar on November 15, 2011 in Adelaide. More than 80 guests attended the seminar. Professor Grano led discussion on Ore Pre-Concentration as a means to reduce both energy and water consumption in mining. Another key speaker was John Karageorgos, Senior Principal Process Control Engineer at Mantra Controls. He discussed what the minerals industry is doing to minimise water and energy consumption using automation. Left to right: Innovate SA’s Mike Richards, John Karageorgos, Stephen Grano and The seminars aim to bring mining industry end-users, technology providers and Enterprise Connect’s Mark Osborne. researchers together in South Australia.

Geological Society of Gondwana Research APCSEET 2011 in Adelaide America Presentation Annual Meeting draws TRaX The 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Researchers TRaX member Dr David Kelsey Sustainable Energy and Environmental presented at the Geological Society TRaX PhD students Udeni Amarsinghe Technologies (APCSEET 2011) was of America annual meeting in and Andrew Barker presented talks staged in Adelaide, held on July Minneapolis, USA, during October 2011. at the International Association for 10-13, 2011. He was invited by the University of Gondwana Research Annual Meeting The APCSEET 2011 was organised by Arkansas’ Dr Gregory Dumond. in Hyderabad, India in August, 2011. CET and Associate Professor Eric Hu was chairman of this event. The first was titled ‘Linking Accessory They were joined with a presentation Mineral Growth and Breakdown to by Associate Professor Alan Collins APCSEET is an international biennial Mineral Evolution in Metamorphic and posters presented by TRaX forum that aims to address the Rocks – Where are We at for Monazite?’ Honours students Emma Alexander challenge of balancing growth with (from Nuna to Rodinia: Proterozoic and Bonnie Henderson. sustainability in economic, social and Growth and Evolution of Laurentia II). environmental sectors. Macquarie Private The second presentation was titled It brings together stakeholders from ‘Implications for the Tectonic Setting Wealth Seminars universities, industries, government of Long-Lived Grenvillian-Aged and business involved in the The first of the University of Adelaide Tectonism in the Musgrave Province invention, design, development Excellence in Research series of Central Australia, based on and implementation of sustainable Boardroom Dinners hosted by Constraints from Large-Scale Isotopic technologies. The first APCSEET was Macquarie Private Wealth was held Homogeneity and Thermaborometry’. staged in Singapore in 1996. Other on September 21, 2011. forums have been held in China, TRaX Attend Gondwana The series presents an opportunity to Japan, New Zealand and Thailand. highlight the research from each of the 14 Conference University’s five Research Institutes TRaX members Associate Professor to senior industry, government and Alan Collins, Professor John Foden private individuals. and PhD student Ben McGee attended SACGER Centre Director Professor the Gondwana 14 Conference in Martin Hand presented ‘Geothermal Buzios, Brazil in September, 2011. Energy in Australia – Let’s Go With the Associate Professor Collins presented Flow’ to 20 University and Macquarie an invited talk entitled ‘When did guests over dinner. Gondwana Finally Amalgamate?’.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 79 Professor Pavel Bedrikovetsky Associate Professor Alan Collins Professor Stephen Grano Professor, Australian School of Petroleum Associate Professor, School of Executive Director, Institute for Mineral Earth and Environmental Sciences, and Energy Resources SPE Formation Damage Symposium Discipline of Geology and Geophysics Presented two technical papers NG Mining Summit Australia Sprigg Symposium 1. Water-Cut Reduction during Methods and Benefits of Integrating Waterflood by Induced Fines Local controls on rifting and inversion Low Greenhouse Energy Technologies Migration: Effects of Varying in the northern Flinders Ranges into Mining and Processing Formation Damage Coefficient 2. Modified Mathematical Model for Dr Dennis Cooke Professor Stephen Grano Fines Migration in Oilfields Program Manager - Unconventional Executive Director, Institute for Resources, Australian School of Mineral and Energy Resources Petroleum Professor Pavel Bedrikovetsky Latin America and Australia: Professor, Australian School of Petroleum Fracture Simulation Workshop Building on Strengths and Opening Brazil Offshore Conference Impediments and possible solutions for New Frontiers and Exhibition success in unconventional reservoirs – Managing Resources for a Productivity Impairment Due to An overview of the GeoFrac Consortia Sustainable Future Fines Migration: Steady State Production Regime Associate Professor Bassam Dally Professor Stephen Grano Deputy Director, Centre for Energy Executive Director, Institute for Professor Barry Brook Technology, Head of School, School of Mineral and Energy Resources Mechanical Engineering Sir Hubert Wilkins Chair, Climate Change, Latin American Seminar, Panel Chair Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Adelaide, Research Week Managing Resources for a Committee for Economic Research impacting the future of Australia Sustainable Future Development of Australia (CEDA) – Energy/Sustainability Associate Professor Bassam Dally Professor Stephen Grano Our Nuclear Future? The pros and Deputy Director, Centre for Energy Executive Director, Institute for Mineral cons of Nuclear Energy Technology, Head of School, School of and Energy Resources Mechanical Engineering AMCHAM Internode Professor Joel Brugger Innovation Showcase 2011 - Business Luncheon ARC QE11 Fellow, School of Earth and Mining, Engineering and Defence Environmental Sciences, Discipline of SA’s Mining Boom and Prospects for Geology and Geophysics Flameless Combustion for High Business Efficiency and Low Emission The Inaugural Solomon Meeting Mr Paul Harris Towards a molecular-level Dr Con Doolan Lecturer, School of Agriculture understanding of metal transport in Senior Lecturer, School of Food and Wine Mechanical Engineering hydrothermal fluids: successes and The Society for Engineering challenges. Frontiers in Mineral Systems University of Adelaide, Research Week Agriculture (SEAg) Conference Professor Joel Brugger The Impact of Wind Energy A method for determining the size of ARC QE11 Fellow, School of Earth anaerobic digesters and Environmental Sciences, Professor John Foden Discipline of Geology and Geophysics Professor, School of Earth and Mr Paul Harris Environmental Sciences, Discipline Lecturer, School of Agriculture Elizabeth and Frederick of Geology and Geophysics Food and Wine White Conference Sprigg Symposium Convener: Bioenergy Australia Minerals at Extreme Conditions: Conference Integrating Theory and Experiment Mt Gee and Mt Painter: Genesis and preservation of a U-rich Palaeozoic Professor Graham Heinson Professor Joel Brugger epithermal system with a surface expression School of Earth and Environmental ARC QEII Fellow, School of Earth and Sciences, Head of Geology and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Geophysics Geology and Geophysics Professor David Giles Research Leader, DET CRC, Director, Innovation Showcase 2011 - Mining, Sprigg Symposium Centre for Mineral Exploration Undercover Engineering and Defence Mt Gee and Mt Painter: Genesis and Sprigg Symposium preservation of a U-rich Palaeozoic 4D Imaging of Energy Resources epithermal system with a surface Local controls on rifting and inversion expression in the northern Flinders Ranges

80 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Professor Graham Heinson Dr Kate Selway School of Earth and Environmental Research Associate, School of Sciences, Head of Geology and Earth and Environmental Sciences, Geophysics Discipline of Geology and Geophysics Magnetotelluric Exploration of Sprigg Lecture South Australia – PIRSA event The Earth Beneath Your Feet Dr Simon Holford Dr Kate Selway Deputy Director, TRaX Research Associate, School of Geological Society of Australia Earth and Environmental Sciences, monthly seminar Discipline of Geology and Geophysics Seismic volcanology: new insights Magnetotelluric Exploration of South into extrusive and intrusive igneous Australia – PIRSA event processes through analysis of 3D 1. Gawler Craton and Musgraves seismic datasets from sedimentary basins 2. Targets Beneath Cover

Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Associate Professor John Spoehr Director, Centre for Energy Technology Executive Director, Australian Institute for Social Research AMCHAM Internode Business Luncheon University of Adelaide, Research Week Carbon Tax/Pricing The Impact of Wind Energy

Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Dr Stephan Thiel Director, Centre for Energy Technology Postdoctoral Fellow, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Australia, Israel Chamber of Discipline of Geology and Geophysics Commerce Business Luncheon Magnetotelluric Exploration of Energy Efficiency South Australia – PIRSA event

Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Dr Alex Wawryk Director, Centre for Energy Technology Senior Lecturer, Adelaide Law School University of Melbourne, Law Society – Mining Law Melbourne Energy Institute Update to the Mining Act 1970 (SA, Opportunities and Challenges exploring the 2010 amendments to the Act) Professor Graham (Gus) Nathan Director, Centre for Energy Technology Dr Matthew Welsh Engineers Australia Research Fellow, Australian School of Petroleum Opportunities and Challenges Maths Society of SA Lecture Dr Jordan Parham Felicitous Elicitation: DMing in the Manager, Institute for Mineral and O&G Industry Energy Resources Innovation Showcase 2011 Mining, Engineering and Defence Integration of Renewable Energy Solutions in Mining, Mineral Processing and Power Production

Professor Jonathan Pincus Visiting Professor. School of Economics Symposium, GST Distribution Review Mining Revenue

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 81 Visitors

The University of Adelaide has welcomed many international and national visitors representing world-leading researchers, industry and government groups and entities. Here is just a selection of some key visitors who have collaborated, conducted research or presented at the University of Adelaide in areas of relevance to IMER.

Professor Abraham Associate Professor Kevin Brown Leading Alumina Research Fellow, the Society of Automotive Partner/Consultant, Geokem NZ and Development Managers Engineers, Purdue University (Geothermal and Environmental and Executives Visit IMER Geochemistry) Professor Jonathan Aitchison Head of School, School of Professor Georgy Burde Executives from leading alumina Geosciences, University of Sydney Professor, Department of Solar Energy companies visited IMER late and Environmental Physics, November, 2011. Mr Theo Aravanis Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Senior research representatives Chief Geologist from Worsley Alumina, Alcan, Rio Tinto Mineral Exploration Pty Ltd Professor Don Bursill AM Queensland Alumina and United Chief Scientist for South Australia Associate Professor Rosalind Archer Company Rusal, who make up Deputy Head of Department, Mr Tom Cawley the Alumina Technical Panel (Continuum Mechanics), Department Chief Executive Officer, Balance (ATP), heard presentations of Engineering Science, University Energy from IMER Executive Director of Auckland Professor Stephen Grano and Dr Li Chen IMER Centres including the Dr Denis Audet Research Scientist, Department South Australian Centre for Manager - Qld R & D Centre (QRDC) of Defence Science and Technology Geothermal Energy Research Rio Tinto Alcan Organisation (SACGER) and the Centre for Energy Technology (CET). Mr Ali Baghaei Professor XiaoQi Chen Chief Executive Officer, Oceanlinx Ltd Academic and Accreditation Heads of the University of Coordinator, University of Canterbury Adelaide’s Schools of Chemistry Dr Tony Bagshaw and Physics and Chemical Consultant, Chemical Systems Pty Ltd Dr Benoit Cristol Engineering gave presentations Consultant, United Company Rusal along with the Australian Centre Dr Sanjeeva Balasuriya for Evolutionary Biology and Associate Professor of Mathematics Mr Joe Cuccuza Biodiversity. Connecticut College, USA Program Director, AMIRA International Dr Rowena Ball Dr Debi Das ARC Future Fellow, ANU College of Scientist, Dept of Science and Physical and Mathematical Sciences Technology, Govt of India The Australian National University Mr Mark Dobin Mr Frank Bierlein Senior Research Geophysicist Project Generation Manager Upstream, ExxonMobil Research Co AREVA NC Australia Mr Ed Donaldson Professor Reidar Bratvold Stratigraphic & Reservoir Systems, Department of Petroleum Engineering, ExxonMobil Research Co University of Stavenger Professor Colin Dunn Adjunct Professor Craig Brown Independent Consultant, British Staff Chemist, Centre for Neutron Columbia Geological Survey Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology

82 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Professor Wilfred Elders Mr Ross Haywood Professor Peter Malin Professor of Geology Emeritus/ Global Practice Director, Hatch Australia Director, Institute of Earth Science and Research Geologist, Department of Engineering, University of Auckland Earth Sciences, University of California Mr Jeff Innes Chief Operating Officer, Mr Ken McAlpine Professor Amanda Ellis Conquest Mining Pty Ltd Director of Policy and Government Deputy Head of Research, Faculty Relations, Vestas Wind Systems Ms Susan Jeanes of Science and Engineering, Flinders Chief Executive, Australian Geothermal Mr Alastair McArthur University Energy Association Inc. Project Engineer, Ramp RFID Solutions Mr John Flexman Mr John Karageorgos Mr Gary Meyer Graduate Development Manager, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Consultant, Green Rock Energy Petroleum Engineering, BG Group Western Australian School of Mines, Dr Mo Mr Thomas Flottmann Department Minerals Engineering and Dept. of Radio Sciences & Technical Advisor, Origin Extractive Metallurgy, Curtin University Engineering, Korean Maritime Petroleum Corporation Mr Brian Kilgariff University Ms Maria Galatsanos General Manager of Prominent Hill Professor Behdad Moghtaderi Vice-President / Director SA, Operations, OZ Minerals Researcher, School of Engineering, Aust Chile Chamber Commerce Hon Tom Koutsantonis MP The University of Newcastle Mr Rudy Gomez Minister for Manufacturing, Innovation Dr Hossein Najafian Executive Chairman, Cartwheel and Trade; Minister for Mineral Researcher, Centre for Engineering Resources Pty Ltd Resources and Energy; Minister for Small Business, Government of South Sustainability, University of Liverpool Dr Reine Granstom Australia Professor Peter Nelson Researcher, Lulea University of Professor of Environmental Studies & Technology Mr Adrian Larking Director of Operations, Associate Dean Research, Faculty of Dr Paul Green Green Rock Energy Science, Macquarie University Director, Geotrack International Dr Sarah Laurie Dr David Nobes Dr Sanja Gunawardena Chief Executive Office, Waubra Senior Lecturer in Geophysics - Senior Lecturer, Department of Foundation; Medical Director, Flinders Near-Surface Geophysics and its Chemical and Process Engineering, University Applications, University of Canterbury University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka Dr Peter Leary Dr Alan Noble Dr Don Gunasekera Chief Scientist, Institute of Earth Engineering Director, Google Visiting Scientist, Centre for Complex Science and Engineering, NZ Australia and New Zealand Systems Science, CSIRO Centre for Professor Naotake Ohtsuka Complex Systems Science Mr George Levay Adjunct Senior Research Fellow, Emeritus Professor, University of Mr Coy Hall Ian Wark Institute, University of Ryukoku Assessment Skill Area Coordinator, South Australia Dr Craig O’Neill ExxonMobil Exploration Professor Michael Lee Manager of the GEMOC Computung Mr Ian Hardwick Chair and Professor of Cognitive Cluster ARC National Key Centre, Business Manager, Deep Exploration Sciences, University of California, Department of Earth and Planetary Technology CRC Irvine Sciences, Macquarie University

Professor T. Harinarayana Dr Mike McWilliams Lyle Pickett Director, GERMI Research Centre, Chief, CSIRO Earth Science and Combustion Research Facility National Geophysical Research Resource Engineering Researcher, Engine Combustion Institute, Hyderabad Department, US Department of Professor Qin Li Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories Professor Andrew Harris Adjunct Associate Professor, Director of the Laboratory for Department of Chemical Engineering Mr Jim Poss Sustainable Technology, The Curtin University President and Chief Executive Officer, University of Sydney Big Belly Solar, USA Dr Jian Wei Li Dr Ian Harrison Faculty of Earth Resources, China Professor Steve Reddy Director of Research and Development, University of Geosciences Dean Research Science, Curtin Alcoa of Australia University Mr Xuehao Liu Professor Brian Haynes MSc Student, Chinese Academy of Dr Steve Rosenberg Chemical Engineer - The School Science Technical Manager - Development, of Chemical and Biomolecular BHP Billiton Worsley Alumina Pty Ltd Engineering, The University of Sydney Dr Horst Maerten President, Heathgate Resources

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 83 Professor Sukanta Roy Mr Bogdan Skomra Mr Daniel Walsh Scientist and Project Leader, National Research and Development Senior Wind Analyst Engineer, Geophysical Research Institute Superintendent, Queensland Alumina Pacific Hydro Hyderabad Pty Ltd Mr Peter Wameyo Dr Jim Sait Mr Robert Smith Senior Field Technician, Institute of Senior Research Specialist, Consultant, Greenfields Geophysics Earth Science and Engineering, NZ Braithwaite Steiner Pretty Dr Wayne Stange Professor Hongjlang Wang Professor Mike Sandiford Managing Director, AMIRA University of Science and Director, Melbourne Energy Institute International Technology, Beijing and Professor of Geology, University of Melbourne Dr Victoria Steblina Professor Makoto Watanabe Senior Consultant, Applied Science Faculty of Life and Environmental Mr Ian Satchwell International Sciences, University of Tsukuba Interim Director, International Mining for Development Centre, Committee Professor Aldo Steinfeld Dr Nicky White for Economic Development of Head, Institute of Energy Technology, Reader, Dept of Earth Sciences, Australia (CEDA) Eidgenössische Technische University of Cambridge Hochschule Zürich Dr Keith Scott Mr Hao Yuan Senior Researcher, CSIRO Dr Mark Sykes PhD student, Technical University Exploration and Mining Assessment Skill Area 2IC, of Denmark ExxonMobil Exploration Mr Ibrahm Shahin Dr Eryong Zhang Graduate Mechanical Engineer and Professor Denis Testemale Hydrogeologist, China Geological Development Programme, BG Group Researcher, Institut Néel, Survey CNRS, France Professor David Sherman Professor Dongke Zhang Professor of Geochemistry, Professor Jiyuan Tu Director/Winthrop Professor, UWA University of Bristol Deputy Head of Research and Centre for Energy, The University of Innovation, RMIT University Western Australia Professor Stuart Simmons Visiting Research Professor, CERI Mr Mark Twidell Mr Lin Zuo and Department of Geology and Executive Director, Australian Solar PhD Student, Department of Energy Geological Engineering, Colorado Institute Resource Engineering, Stanford School of Mines University, California Professor Avner Vengosh Professor of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University

84 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Publications

Books Aurifeille,J, Medlin,C, (2011), Inter-Firm Abdul K, Hanton,L, Sumby,C, (2011), Self- Governance and Relationship Performance: assembled metallo-macrocycle based Conran,J, (2011), Hydatellaceae, SA A Study of Market, Hierarchy and Relational coordination polymers with unsymmetrical Government - Department of Primary Coordination Mechanisms, Globalisation, amide ligands, Dalton Transactions, 40(45), Industries & Resources. Governance and Ethics: New Managerial and pp.12374-12380. Economic Insights, 1st edn, Nova Science Addicoat,M, Metha,G, Kee,T, (2011), Density Conran,J, Marchant,J, (2011), Droseraceae, Publishers, pp.99-112. SA Government - Department of Primary functional theory investigation of Cu(I)- and Industries & Resources. Findlay,C, (2011), Australia-China Economic Cu(II)-curcumin complexes, Journal of Relations, Rising China: Global Challenges Computational Chemistry, 32(3), pp.429-438. Jessop,J, Conran,J, (2011), Commelinaceae, and Opportunities, 1st edn, ANU E Press, Adhikary,R, Barnes,C, Trampel,R, Wallace,S, SA Government - Department of Primary pp.181-201. Industries & Resources. Kee,T, Petrich,J, (2011), Photoinduced trans- Findlay,C, Parsons,D, (2011), ASEAN and to-cis isomerization of cyclocurcumin, Journal Montanez,I, Norris,R, Algeo,T, Chandler,M, Australia Partnership: Time for Business and of Physical Chemistry B: Condensed Matter, Johnson,K, Kennedy,M, Kent,D, Kiehl,J, People to Lead, ASEAN Matters!: Relecting on Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces & Biophysical, Kump,L, Ravelo,A, Turekian,K, (2011), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1st 115(36), pp.10707-10714. Understanding Earth’s Deep Past: Lessons edn, World Scientific Publishing, pp.145-150. for Our Climate Future, The National Ainsworth,B, Vakarelov,B, Nanson,R, (2011), Academies Press. Findlay,C, (2011), Services trade and Dynamic spatial and temporal prediction of investment liberalization, The Economics of changes in depositional processes on clastic Rasmussen,T, Rosser,A, Sandbu,M, Ross,M, East Asian Integration: A Comprehensive shorelines: Toward improved subsurface van Staveren,T, Neupert,R, Gomes,R, Taylor,J, Introduction to Regional Issues, 1st edn, uncertainty reduction and management, Harmadi,S, Pasha,H, (2011), Timor-Leste human Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp.209-231. AAPG Bulletin-American Association of development report : managing natural resources Petroleum Geologists, 95(2), pp.267-297. for human development : developing the Howard,H, Werner,M, Smithies,R, Evins,P, non-oil economy to achieve the MDGs, United Kirkland,C, Kelsey,D, Hand,M, Collins,A, Amani,H, Haghighi,M, Sarrafzadeh,M, Nations Development Programme. Pirjano,F, Wingate,M, Maier,W, Raimondo,T, Mehrnia,M, Shahmirzaee,F, (2011), (2011), The Geology of the West Musgrave Optimization of the Production of Bio- Rosser,A, Joshi,A, Edwin,D, (2011), Power, Province and the Bentley Supergroup - A Field surfactant from Iranian Indigenous Bacteria Politics, and Political Entrepreneurs: Realising Guide, 1st edn, Geological Survey of Western for the Reduction of Surface Tension and Universal Free Basic Education in Indonesia, Australia, pp.1-6. Enhanced Oil Recovery, Petroleum Science Institute of Development Studies. Ito,T, Medlin,C, (2011), Hierarchical Network and Technology, 29(3), pp.301-311. Rosser,A, Wilson,I, Sulistiyanto,P, (2011), Governance: An Examination of Keiretsu An,H, Jin,B, (2011), DNA exposure to Leaders, Elites and Coalitions: The Politics Networks Globalisation, Governance and Ethics: buckminsterfullerene (C(60)): Toward of Free Public Services in Decentralised New Managerial and Economic Insights, 1st DNA stability, reactivity, and replication, Indonesia, The Developmental Leadership edn, Nova Science Publishers, pp.125-142. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(15), Program, Online. Jarand,C, Chen,K, Pozniak,B, Cole,R, pp.6608-6616. Yilmaz,F, Hessami,M, Kouzani,A, Hu,E, (2011), Pham,D, Lincoln,S, Tarr,M, (2011), Anderson,K, Valenzuela,E, Wittwer,G, (2011), Power Plant Cooling Technologies: Hybrid Degradation Products of TNT after Fenton Wine Export Shocks and Wine Tax Reform in Cooling Systems Can Save Water, Chargan My Oxidation in the Presence of Cyclodextrins Australia: Regional Consequences Using an Book Publisher. Environmental Chemistry of Explosives and Economy-wide Approach, Economic Papers, Propellant Compounds in Soils and Marine 30(3), pp.386-399. Book Chapters Systems: Distributed Source Characterization Backe,G, Abul Khair,H, King,R, Holford,S, and Remedial Technologie , 1st edn, (2011), Fracture mapping and modelling in Chemical Society, pp.343-353. Anderson,K, Valenzuela,E, (2011), Agricultural shale-gas target in the Cooper basin, South policy as a barrier to global economic Nishimura,A, Hu,E, (2011), Reforming CO2 Australia, APPEA Journal, 2011, pp.397-410. integration, International Handbook on the into Fuel Using a TiO2 Photocatalyst Membrane Baines,G, Giles,D, Betts,P, Backe,G, (2011), Economics of Integration, Volume III: Factor Reactor, Planet Earth 2011: Global Warming Locating a major Proterozoic crustal boundary Mobility, Agriculture, Environment and Challenges and Opportunities for Policy and beneath the Eastern Officer Basin, Australia, Quantitative Studies, 1st edn, Edward Elgar Practice, 1st edn, InTech, pp.373-398. Precambrian Research, 191, pp.120-140. Publishing Limited, pp.225-239. Rosser,A, (2011), Timor-Leste and the Bedrikovetski,P, Nguyen,T, Hage,A, Andrew,J, Spoehr,J, (2011), Beyond the Resource Curse: An Assessment Ciccarelli,J, Ab Wahab,M, Chang,G, Creative Quick Fix Conceptualising Creativity’s Security, Development and Nation-Building in de Souza,A, Furtado,C, (2011), Taking Role in a Regional Economy, Drivers of Timor-Leste: A Cross-Sectoral Assessment, advantage of injectivity decline for improved Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Regional 1st edn, Routledge, pp.185-194. recovery during waterflood with horizontal Dynamics, 1st edn, Springer, pp.369-385. wells, Journal of Petroleum Science and Aurifeille,J, Medlin,C, Tisdell,C, Lafuente,J, Journal Articles Engineering, 78(2), pp.288-303. Aluja,J, (2011), Globalisation, Governance Bedrikovetski,P, Siqueira,F, Furtado,C, de and Ethics: The Main Issues, Globalisation, Abadie,J, Hosken,D, Munch,J, Ottaway,D, Souza,A, (2011), Modified particle detachment Governance and Ethics: New Managerial and Veitch,P, (2011), Directional limits on persistent model for colloidal transport in porous media, Economic Insights, 1st edn, Nova Science gravitational waves using LIGO S5 science Transport in Porous Media, 86(2), pp.353-383. Publishers, pp.1-12. data, Physical Review Letters, 107(27), pp.1-9.

IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 85 Bedrikovetski,P, Vaz,A, Furtado,C, de Brugger,J, Elliott,P, Meisser,N,Ansermet,S, Chong,M, Jin,B, Saint,C, (2011), Using Souza,A, (2011), Formation-damage (2011), Argandite, Mn(7)(VO(4))(2)(OH) H-titanate nanofiber catalysts for water evaluation from nonlinear skin growth during (8), the V analogue of allactite from the disinfection: Understanding and modelling coreflooding, Spe Reservoir Evaluation & metamorphosed Mn ores at Pipji, Turtmann of the inactivation kinetics and mechanisms, Engineering, 14(2), pp.193-203. Valley, Switzerland, American Mineralogist, 96, Chemical Engineering Science, 66(24), Berto,F, Lazzarin,P, Kotousov,A, (2011), On higher pp.1894-1900. pp.6525-6535. order terms and out-of-plane singular mode, Brugger,J, Meisser,N, Etschmann,B, Ciobanu,C, Cook,N, Utsunomiya,S, Mechanics of Materials, 43(6), pp.332-341. Ansermet,S, Pring,A, (2011), Paulscherrerite Pring,A, Green,L, (2011), Focussed ion Berto,F, Lazzarin,P, Kotousov,A, (2011), On the from the Number 2 Workings, Mount Painter beam-transmission electron microscopy presence of the out-of-plane singular mode Inlier, Northern Flinders Ranges, South applications in ore mineralogy: Bridging induced by plane loading with KII = KI = 0, Australia: “Dehydrated schoepite” is a mineral micro- and nanoscale observations, Ore International Journal of Fracture, 167(1), pp.119-126. after all, American Mineralogist, 96, pp.229-240. Geology Reviews, 42, pp.6-31. Berto,F, Lazzarin,P, Kotousov,A, Harding,S, Brugger,J, Wulser,P, Foden,J, (2011), Genesis Clark,A, Stokes,Y, (2011), Follicle structure (2011), Out-of-plane singular stress fields and preservation of a uranium-rich Paleozoic influences the availability of oxygen to the in V-notched plates and welded lap joints epithermal system with a surface expression oocyte in antral follicles, Computational and induced by in-plane shear load conditions, (Northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia): Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2011, pp.1-9. Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials Radiogenic heat driving regional hydrothermal Clark,A, Stokes,Y, Thompson,J, (2011), & Structures, 34(4), pp.291-304. circulation over geological timescales, Estimation of glucose uptake by ovarian Astrobiology, 11(6), pp.499-508. Betts,P, Giles,D, Aitken,A, (2011), Palaeo- follicular cells, Annals of Biomedical proterozoic accretion processes of Australia Bunch,M, Backe,G, Kaldi,J, (2011), Geological Engineering, 39(10), pp.2654-2667. appraisal of an onshore CO storage and comparisons with Laurentia, International 2 Conran,J, Maciunas,E, MacIunas,K, Geology Review, 53, pp.1357-1376. prospect, Energy Procedia, 4, pp.4625-4632. (2011), Serapias lingua L. (tongue orchid): Biffin,E, Conran,J, Lowe,A, (2011), Podocarp Cai,G, Jin,B, Monis,P, Saint,C, (2011), Naturalised in the Adelaide Hills, South Evolution: A Molecular Phylogenetic Metabolic flux network and analysis Australia - caveat cultivator?, The Orchadian, Perspective, Smithsonian Contributions to of fermentative hydrogen production, 16(12), pp.556-561. Botany, 95, pp.1-20. Biotechnology Advances, 29(4), pp.375-387. Cook,N, Ciobanu,C, Danyushevsky,L, Binder,B, Landman,K, (2011), Quantifying Cai,G, Jin,B, Saint,C, Monis,P, (2011), Gilbert,S, (2011), Minor and trace elements evenly distributed states in exclusion and Genetic manipulation of butyrate formation in bornite and associated Cu-(Fe)-sulfides: nonexclusion processes, Physical Review pathways in Clostridium butyricum, Journal of A LA-ICP-MS study, Geochimica et E. (Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Biotechnology, 155(3), pp.269-274. Cosmochimica Acta, 75(21), pp.6473-6496. Physics), 83(4), pp.041914-1-041914-9. Cazzolato,B, Prime,Z, (2011), On the dynamics Cook,N, Ciobanu,C, Williams,T, (2011), The Binder,B, Vanden-Broeck,J, (2011), Hybrid of the Furuta pendulum, Journal of Control mineralogy and mineral chemistry of indium in free-surface flows in a two-dimensional Science and Engineering, 2011, pp.1-8. sulphide deposits and implications for mineral channel, Physical Review E. (Statistical, Chan,S, Medwell,P, Alwahabi,Z, Dally,B, processing, Hydrometallurgy, 108, pp.226-228. Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics), 84(1), Nathan,G, (2011), Assessment of interferences Cook,N, Sundblad,K, Valkama,M, Nygard,R, pp.016302-1-016302-10. to nonlinear two-line atomic fluorescence Ciobanu,C, Danyushevsky,L, (2011), Birch,W, Grey,I, Mills,S, Pring,A, Bougerol,C, (NTLAF) in sooty flames, Applied Physics Indium mineralisation in A-type granites in Ribaldi-Tunnicliffe,A, Wilson,N, Keck,E, (2011), B-Lasers and Optics, 104(1), pp.189-198. southeastern Finland: Insights into mineralogy Nordgauite, MnAl2(PO4)(2)(F,OH)(2)center dot Chan,S, Medwell,P, Kalt,P, Alwahabi,Z, and partitioning between coexisting minerals, 5H(2)O, a new mineral from the Hagendorf- Dally,B, Nathan,G, (2011), Simultaneous Chemical Geology, 284, pp.62-73. Sud pegmatite, Bavaria, Germany: description imaging of temperature and soot volume Cornelis,G, Ryan,B, McLaughlin,M, Kirby,J, and crystal structure, Mineralogical Magazine, fraction, Proceedings of the Combustion Beak,D, Chittleborough,D, (2011), Solubility 75(2), pp.269-278. Institute, 33(1), pp.791-798. and batch retention of CeO2 nanoparticles in Birzer,C, Kalt,P, Nathan,G, (2011), A method Chanda,E, Besa,B, (2011), A computer soils, Environmental Science & Technology, to provide statistical measures of large-scale simulation model of a monorail-based mining 45(7), pp.2777-2782. instantaneous particle clusters from planar images, system for decline development, International Croke,J, Jansen,J, Amos,K, Pietsch,T, (2011), Experiments in Fluids, 51(3), pp.641-656. Journal of Mining, Reclamation & Environment, A 100 ka record of fluvial activity in the Fitzroy Birzer,C, Kalt,P, Nathan,G, (2011), The 25(1), pp.52-68. River Basin, tropical northeastern Australia, influences of jet precession on large-scale Chang,R, Richardson,J, Banky,G, Coller,B, Quaternary Science Reviews, 30 (13-14), instantaneous turbulent particle clusters, Jaksa,M, Lindsay,E, Maier,H, (2011), Practitioner pp.1681-1695. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 37(4), reflections on engineering students’ Crossley,E, Aitken,J, Vogt,S, Harris,H, pp.394-402. engagement with e-Learning, Advances in Rendina,L, (2011), Uptake and distribution of a Bloch,W, Derwent-Smith,S, Issa,F, Morris,J, Engineering Education, 2(3), pp.1-31. platinum(II)-carborane complex within a tumour Rendina,L, Sumby,C, (2011), Fused pyrazino Chen,L, Askarian,S, Mohammadzaheri,M, cell using synchrotron XRF imaging, Australian [2,3-b]indolizine and indolizino[2,3-b]quinoxaline Samadi,F, (2011), Simulation and experimental Journal of Chemistry, 64(3), pp.253-257. derivatives; synthesis, structures, and properties, study of inverse heat conduction problem, Cutts,K, Hand,M, Kelsey,D, (2011), Evidence Tetrahedron, 67,(48), pp.9368-9375. 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86 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Ding,L, Yang,G, Xia,F, Lenehan,C, Qian,G, Hardi,J, Oschwald,M, Dally,B, (2011), Howard,K, Hand,M, Hatch,K, Belousova,E, McFadden,A, Brugger,J, Zhang,X, Chen,G, Flame response to acoustic excitation in a (2011), Provenance of late paleoproterozoic Pring,A, (2011), A LA-ICP-MS sulphide calibration rectangular rocket combustor with LOx/H2 cover sequences in the central gawler craton: standard based on a chalcogenide glass, propellants, CEAS Space Journal, 2, pp.41-49. Exploring stratigraphic correlations in eastern Mineralogical Magazine, 75 (2), pp.279-287. Hay,G, Facelli,J, (2011), Putting plant proterozoic Australia using detrital zircon ages, Hf and Nd isotopic data, Australian Dixon,M, Richard,Y, Ho,L, Chow,C, O’Neill,B, resistance traits on the map: a test of the Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(5), pp.475-500. Newcombe,G, (2011), Integrated membrane idea that plants are better defended at lower systems incorporating coagulation, activated latitudes, New Phytologist, 191(3), pp.777-788. Howard,K, Hand,M, Hatch,K, Payne,J, carbon and ultrafiltration for the removal Heintze,M, Chang,N, Jeanneret,F, Munch,J, Cutts,K, Belousova,E, (2011), U-Pb of toxic cyanobacterial metabolites from Ottaway,D, Veitch,P, (2011), Single-pulse zircon, zircon Hf and whole-rock Sm-Nd Anabaena circinalis, Water Science and measurement of wind velocities using an isotopic constraints on the evolution of Technology, 63(7), pp.1405-1411. Er:Yb:glass coherent laser radar, Applied Paleoproterozoic rocks in the northern Gawler Craton, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, Dixon,M, Richard,Y, Ho,L, Chow,C, O’Neill,B, Optics, 50(21), pp.4017-4023. 58(6), pp.615-638. 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Holford,S, Green,P, Hillis,R, Underhill,J, Huang,D, Harrowell,P, (2011), Controlling Englich,F, Foo,T, Richardson,A, Ebendorff- Stoker,M, Duddy,I, (2011), Reply to discussion adsorbate diffusion on a high-symmetry Heidepriem,H, Sumby,C, Monro,T, (2011), on ‘Multiple post-Caledonian exhumation surface through molecular shape selection, Photoinduced electron transfer based ion episodes across NW Scotland revealed by The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part sensing within an optical fiber, Sensors, 11(10), apatite fission-track analysis’, Journal of the C: Nanomaterials and Interfaces, 115(19), pp.9560-9572. Geological Society, 168(5), pp.1226-1228. pp.9526-9534. 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Holford,S, Hillis,R, Duddy,I, Green,P, Hunter,A, Jin,B, Kelly,J, (2011), Independent Faast,R, Facelli,J, Austin,A, (2011), Seed Tassone,D, Stoker,M, (2011), Paleothermal duplications of alpha-amylase in different viability in declining populations of Caladenia and seismic constraints on late Miocene- strains of Aspergillus oryzae, Fungal Genetics rigida (Orchidaceae): are small populations Pliocene uplift and deformation in the Torquay and Biology, 48(4), pp.438-444. doomed?, Plant Biology, 13, pp.86-95. sub-basin,southern Australian margin, Australian Jayasuriya,K, Hameiri,S, (2011), Regulatory Finn,M, Cox,S ,(2011), Shear-flow suppression of Journal of Earth Sciences, 58(5), pp.543-562. Regionalism and the Dynamics of Territorial hotspot growth, Physica D, 240(8), pp.709-718. 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Zhuang,G, (2011), Biodegradation of Fong,M, Visser,B, Gascooke,J, Cowie,B, di-n-butyl phthalate by a newly isolated Thomsen,L, Metha,G, Buntine,M, Harris,H, Hollick,M, Arjomandi,M, Cazzolato,B, (2011), Diaphorobacter sp. strain QH-6, African (2011), Photoreduction kinetics of sodium An investigation into the sensory application Journal of Microbiology Research, 5 (11), tetrachloroaurate under synchrotron soft X-ray of DBD plasma actuators for pressure pp.1322-1328. exposure, Langmuir, 27(13), pp.8099-8104. measurement, Sensors and Actuators A-Physical, 171(2), pp.102-108. Johnson,P, Andresen,A, Collins,A, Fowler,A, Forbes,C, Giles,D, Hand,M, Betts,P, Suzuki,K, Fritz,H, Ghebreab,W, Kusky,T, Stern,R, Chalmers,N, Dutch,R, (2011), Using P-T paths Hosken,D, Munch,J, Ottaway,D, Veitch,P, (2011), Late Cryogenian-Ediacaran history to interpret the tectonothermal setting of prograde (2011), Beating the spin-down limit on of the Arabian-Nubian Shield: A review of metamorphism: An example from the gravitational wave emission from the Vela pulsar, depositional, plutonic, structural, and tectonic northeastern Gawler Craton, South Australia, Astrophysical Journal, 737(2), pp.93-1-93-16. events in the closing stages of the northern Precambrian Research, 185, pp.65-85. Hosken,D, Munch,J, Ottaway,D, Veitch,P, East African Orogen, Journal of African Earth Ganija,M, Hosken,D, Munch,J, Ottaway,D, (2011), Search for gravitational wave bursts Sciences, 61(3), pp.167-232. 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IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 87 Kennedy,M, Droser,M, (2011), Early Cambrian Le Heron,D, Cox,G, Trundley,A, Collins,A, Medwell,P, Nathan,G, Chan,S, Alwahabi,Z, metazoans in fluvial environments, evidence (2011), Two Cryogenian glacial successions Dally,B, (2011), The influence on the soot of the non-marine Cambrian Radiation, compared: Aspects of the Sturt and Elatina distribution within a laminar flame of radiation Geology, 39(6), pp.583-586. sediment records of South Australia, at fluxes of relevance to concentrated solar radiation, Combustion and Flame, 158(9), Kennedy,M, Wagner,T, (2011), Clay mineral Precambrian Research, 186, pp.147-168. pp.1814-1821. continental amplifier for marine carbon Lemon,P, Zeinijahromi,A, Bedrikovetski,P, sequestration in a greenhouse ocean, Shahin,I, (2011), Effects of injected water Mohais,R, Xu,C, Dowd,P, (2011), Fluid flow Proceedings of the National Academy of chemistry on waterflood sweep efficiency via and heat transfer within a single horizontal Sciences of the United States of America, induced fines migration, SPE International fracture in an enhanced geothermal system, 108(24), pp.9776-9781. 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Kotousov,A, Bortolan Neto,L, Rahman,S, and thermodynamic properties for cobalt Moreau,D, Brooks,L, Doolan,C, (2011), (2011), Theoretical model for roughness chloride complexes in hydrothermal fluids Broadband trailing edge noise from a sharp- induced opening of cracks subjected to at 35-440 degrees C and 600 bar: An in-situ edged strut, Journal of the Acoustical Society compression and shear loading, International XAS study, Geochimica et Cosmochimica of America, 129(5), pp.2820-2829. Journal of Fracture, 172(1), pp.9-18 Acta, 75, pp.1227-1248. 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Laera,G, Jin,B, Lopez,A, (2011), Application Journal of Mineral Processing, 98, pp.74-81. of sequencing batch membrane bioreactors Maciunas,E, Conran,J, Bannister,J, Paull,R, Morrissey,L, Payne,J, Kelsey,D, Hand,M, (SB-MBR) for the treatment of municipal Lee,D, (2011), Miocene Astelia (Asparagales: (2011), Grenvillian-aged reworking in the wastewater, Water Science and Technology, Asteliaceae) macrofossils from southern New North Australian Craton, central Australia: 64(2), pp.391-396. Zealand, Australian Systematic Botany, 24(1), Constraints from geochronology and modelled phase equilibria, Precambrian Laera,G, Jin,B, Zhu,H, Lopez,A, (2011), pp.19-31. Research, 191, pp.141-165. 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88 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Nishimura,A, Okano,Y, Hirota,M, Hu,E, (2011), Reich,M, Hough,R, Deditius,A, Utsunomiya,S, Stokes,Y, Bradshaw-Hajek,B, Tuck,E, (2011), Effect of preparation condition of TiO2 film Ciobanu,C, Cook,N, (2011), Nanogeoscience in Extensional flow at low Reynolds number and experimental condition on CO2 reduction ore systems research: Principles, methods, and with surface tension, Journal of Engineering performance of TiO2 photocatalyst membrane applications. Introduction and preface to the Mathematics, 70, pp.321-331. reactor, International Journal of Photoenergy, special issue, Ore Geology Reviews, 42(1), pp.1-5. Stokes,Y, Carey,G, (2011), On generalised penalty 2011, pp.1-14. 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IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 89 Tooth,B, Ciobanu,C, Green,L, O’Neill,B, Welsh,M, Al Hakim,A, Ball,F, Dunstan,J, Yongabi,K, Lewis,D, Harris,P, (2011), A Brugger,J, (2011), Bi-melt formation and Begg,S, (2011), Do personality traits affect Moringa Oleifera Disinfectant-Sand Filter gold scavenging from hydrothermal fluids: decision-making ability: can MBTI type Integration: A Review of an Alternative An experimental study, Geochimica et predict biases?, APPEA Journal, 51(1), pp.359- Sustainable Technology for Household Water Cosmochimica Acta, 75(19), pp.5423-5443. 368. Treatment, Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, (9), pp.-1100-1108. Tuitt,A, Holford,S, Hillis,R, Underhill,J, Whitley,T, Fullekrug,M, Rycroft,M, Bennett,A, Ritchie,J, Johnson,H, Hitchen,K, Stoker,M, Wyatt,F, Elliott,D, Heinson,G, Hitchman,A, Yongabi,K, Lewis,D, Harris,P, (2011), Tassone,D, (2011), Continental margin Lewis,A, Sefako,R, Fourie,P, Dyers,J, Application of phytodisinfectants in water compression: A comparison between Thomson,A, Flower,S, (2011), Worldwide purification in rural Cameroon, African Journal compression in the Otway Basin of the South extremely low frequency magnetic field sensor of Microbiology Research, 5(6), pp-628-635. Australian margin and the Rockall-Faroe network for sprite studies, Radio Science, 46, Yongabi,K, Lewis,D, Harris,P, (2011), area in the northeast Atlantic margin, APPEA pp.S4007-S4007. Indigenous plant based coagulants/ Journal, 2011, pp.241-257. Williams,G, Foden,J, (2011), A unifying model disinfectants and sand filter media for surface Uribe-Romo,F, Doonan,C, Furukawa,H, for the Torridon Group (early Neoproterozoic), water treatment in Bamenda, Cameroon, Oisaki,K, Yaghi,O, (2011), Crystalline covalent NW Scotland: Product of post-Grenvillian African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (43), organic frameworks with hydrazone linkages, extensional collapse, Earth-Science Reviews, pp.8625-8629. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 108, pp.34-49. Yongabi,K, Lewis,D, Harris,P, (2011), 133, pp.1478-1481. Willigers,B, Begg,S, Bratvold,R, (2011), Integrated Phytodisinfectant-Sand Filter Drum van Eyk,P, Ashman,P, Alwahabi,Z, Nathan,G, Valuation of swing contracts by least-squares for Household Water Treatment in Subsaharan (2011), The release of water-bound and Monte Carlo simulation, SPE Economics & Africa, Journal of Environmental Science and organic sodium from Loy Yang coal during the Management, 2011, pp.215-225. Engineering, 5(8), pp.947-954. combustion of single particles in a flat flame, Wolf,S, Arjomandi,M, (2011), Investigation Zeinijahromi,A, Lemon,P, Bedrikovetski, Combustion and Flame, 158(6), pp.1181-1192. of the effect of dielectric barrier discharge (2011), Effects of induced fines migration van Eyk,P, Ashman,P, Nathan,G, (2011), plasma actuators on the radar cross section on water cut during waterflooding, Journal Mechanism and kinetics of sodium release of an object, Journal of Physics D-Applied of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 78, from brown coal char particles during combustion, Physics, 44(31), pp.1-10. pp.609 - 617. Combustion and Flame, 158(12), pp.2512-2523. 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Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Zhou,B, Greenhalgh,S, (2011), Computing the Wang,J, Li,L, Guo,X, Zheng,L, Pham,D, Economic Geologists, 106(5), pp.835-867. sensitivity kernels for 2.5-D seismic waveform Lincoln,S, Ngo,H, Clements,P, May,B, Xu,D, Ametov,I, Grano,S, (2011), Detachment inversion in heterogeneous, anisotropic Prud’homme,R, Easton,C, (2011), Aggregation of coarse particles from oscillating bubbles- media, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(10), of hydrophobic substituents of poly(acrylate) The effect of particle contact angle, shape pp.1729-1748. s and their competitive complexation by and medium viscosity, International Journal of Zhou,D, Hansen,C, Li,J, (2011), Suppression beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins and their Mineral Processing, 101, pp.50-57. of maglev vehicle-girder self-excited vibration linked dimers in aqueous solution, Industrial Xue,Y,Arjomandi,M, Kelso,R, (2011), using a virtual tuned mass damper, Journal of & Engineering Chemistry Research, 50(12), Visualization of the flow structure in a vortex Sound and Vibration, 330(5), pp.883-901. pp.7566-7571. tube, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Zhou,D, Li,J, Hansen,C, (2011), Application of Wang,J, Pham,D, Kee,T, Clafton,S, Guo,X, 35(8), pp.1514-1521. least mean square algorithm to suppression Clements,P, Lincoln,S, Prud’homme,R, Yan,Q,Hu,E, Yang,Y, Zhai,R, (2011), Evaluation of maglev track-induced self-excited vibration, Easton,C, (2011), Aggregation and host- of solar aided thermal power generation with Journal of Sound and Vibration, 330(24), guest interactions in dansyl-substituted various power plants, International Journal of pp.5791-5811. poly(acrylate)s in the presence of beta- Energy Research, 35(10), pp.909-922. cyclodextrin and a beta-cyclodextrin dimer Zhou,D, Li,J, Hansen,C, (2011), Suppression in aqueous solution: A UV-Vis,fFluorescence, Yanagisawa,N, Ngothai,Y, Rose,P, Wyborn,D, of maglev track-induced self-excited vibration (1)H NMR, and theological study, (2011), Geochemical behavior of EGS using an adaptive cancellation algorithm, Macromolecules, 44(24), pp.9782-9791. reservoir during first circulation test at Applied Mechanics and Materials, 44-47, Habanero Site, Cooper Basin, Australia, pp.586-590. 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Surface Strain Measurements Using a 3D (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference), Scanning Laser Vibrometer, Experimental American Institute of Aeronautics and Mechanics, 2011, pp.1-11. Astronautics, Portland, USA, pp.1-18.

90 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Arcondoulis,E, Doolan,C, Brooks,L, Zander,A, Chanda,E, Hardy,R, (2011), Selection Criteria Halupka,K, Wiederman,S, Cazzolato,B, (2011), A Modification to Logarithmic Spiral for Open Pit Production Equipment - Payload O’Carroll,D, (2011), Discrete implementation Beamforming Arrays for Aeroacoustic Distributions and the ‘10/10/20’, Policy, of biologically inspired image processing for Applications, 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics in Proc. 35 APCOM Symposium, 26-30 target detection, Proceedings of ISSNIP 2011, Conference (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics September, University of Wollongong, NSW. IEEE, Adelaide, pp.143-148. Conference), American Institute of Aeronautics Chen,C, Anvar,A, Lu,T, (2011), Modelling and Hansen,K, Kelso,R, Dally,B, Hassan,E, and Astronautics, Portland, USA, pp.1-12. simulation of automated underwater acoustic (2011), Analysis of the streamwise vortices Ayub,M, Zander,A, Howard,C, Cazzolato,B, communication transmission recovery for generated between leading edge tubercles, (2011), A review of acoustic absorption oceanic robotics operations, Proceedings of Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference mechanisms of nanoscopic fibres, the 9th International Congress on Modelling on Laser Diagnostics in Fluid Mechanics and Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2011: Breaking and Simulation, The Modelling and Simulation Combustion, UNSW, Canberra, pp.99-102. new ground, Australian Acoustical Society, Society of Australia and New Zealand, Perth, Hardi,J, Oschwald,M, Dally,B, (2011), Gold Coast, pp.1-8. pp.291-297. Cryogenic oxygen/hydrogen flame response Bazghaleh,M, Grainger,S, Cazzolato,B, Cheong,M, Arjomandi,M, (2011), Current to acoustic excitation in a rectangular Lu,T, (2011), Model-based drift correction trends in the application of atmospheric rocket combustor, Proceedings of the of a digital charge amplifier, Proceedings plasma for the improvement of wind turbine Australian Combustion Symposium 2011, The of the15th International Conference on efficiency through separation control, Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.1-5. Mechatronics Technology, International Proceedings of the15th International Harris,P, (2011), A method for determining the Conference on Mechatronics Technology, Conference for Women Engineers and size of anaerobic digesters, Proceedings of the Melbourne, pp.1-6. Scientists, Engineers Australia, Adelaide, Binennial Conference of the Australian Society for Birzer,C, Dally,B, Kelso,R, (2011), Scaling pp.1-10. Engineering in Agriculture, SEAg, Engineers trajectories for jets in confined cross-flows, Dally,B, Birzer,C, Medwell,P, (2011), Turbulent Australia, Surfers Paradise, pp.213-220. Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference jet flames under hot coflow conditions, Howard,C, (2011), A new cost function on Laser Diagnostics in Fluid Mechanics and Proceedings of the Australian Combustion algorithm for adaptive-passive vibration and Combustion, UNSW, ACT, pp.1-4. Symposium 2011, The Combustion Institute, acoustic resonators, Proceedings of ACOUSTICS Birzer,C, Kalt,P, Nathan,G, (2011), The effect NSW, pp.1-8. 2011: Breaking new ground, Australian of radial injection on the particle distribution of Darcey,W, Chanda,E, Kuruppu,M, (2011), Acoustical Society, Gold Coast, pp.1-6. an initially biased turbulent jet, Proceedings of Alternative underground ore transport Howard,C, (2011), Recent developments the Australian Combustion Symposium 2011, systems for the Jaguar Base metal deposit, in submarine vibration isolation and noise The Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.1-4. Proceedings of the 11th AusIMM Underground control, Proceedings of the Submarine Birzer,C, Kalt,P, Nathan,G, (2011), The effect Operators’ Conference 2011, AusIMM, Science, Technology and Engineering of swirl injection on the particle distributions Canberra, pp.235-243. Conference 2011, Engineers Australia, of an initially biased turbulent jet, Proceedings Davey,K, Chandrakash,S, O’Neill,B, (2011), Adelaide, pp.283-288. of the 6th Australian Conference on Laser Friday 13th risk model of clean-in-place (CIP) Howard,C, Craig,R, (2011), Adaptive-passive Diagnostics in Fluid Mechanics and in a milk plant, Proceedings of CHEMECA quarter-wave tube resonator silencer, Combustion, UNSW, ACT, pp.1-4. 2011, Engineers Australia, Sydney, pp.1-10. Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2011: Breaking Birzer,C, Kelso,R, Dally,B, (2011), Flame Ding,B, Stanley,R, Cazzolato,B, Costi,J, new ground, Australian Acoustical Society, structure of jets in confined cross-flows, (2011), Real-time FPGA control of a hexapod Gold Coast, pp.1-6. Proceedings of the Australian Combustion robot for 6-DOF biomechanical testing, Huang,H, Kwong,P, Aisyah,L, Ashman,P, Symposium 2011, The Combustion Institute, Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference Leung,Y, (2011), Chemical looping combustion NSW, pp.1-4. on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IEEE, of syngas with ceria-supported oxygen Bruza,B, Welsh,M, Navarro,D, Begg,S, (2011), Melbourne, pp.252-257. carriers, Proceedings of the Australian Does anchoring cause overconfidence only Doolan,C, (2011), Wind turbine noise Combustion Symposium 2011,The in experts?, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual mechanisms and some concepts for its Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.227-230. Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society control, Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2011: Jafarian,S, Arjomandi,M, Nathan,G, Nasehi,S, 2011, Cognitive Science Society, Boston, Breaking new ground, Australian Acoustical (2011), Application of chemical looping combustion pp.1947-1952. Society, Gold Coast, pp.1-7. for solar thermal energy storage, Proceedings Bu,A, Alali,M, Alzaid,M, Bunch,M, Dowd,P, (2011), Formulating and solving of the Australian Combustion Symposium Menacherry,S, (2011), Numerical Simulation complex minerals industry optimisation 2011, The Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.1-5. Model of Geological Storage of Carbon problems - a systems approach to complex Jaksa,M, (2011), E-learning in Geotechnical Dioxide in Onshore Gippsland Basin, Victoria, systems problems, Conference proceedings Engineering, Proceedings of the International Proceedings of the SPE European Formation of the 35th APCOM Symposium 2011, AusIMM, Conference on Advances in Geotechnical Damage Conference 2011, The Netherlands, University of Wollongong, pp.1-10. Engineering, Perth, pp.31-44. pp.1-17. Fadakar,Y, Xu,C, Dowd,P, (2011), A general Jenkins,C, Cook,P, Ennis-King,J, Cazzolato,B, Harvey,J, Dyer,C, Fulton,K, framework for fracture intersection analysis: Underschultz,J, Boreham,C, Dance,T, de Schumann,E, Zhu,T, Prime,Z, Davis,B, Hart,S, algorithms and practical applicaitons, Catriat,P, Etheridge,D, Freifeld,B, Hortle,A, Pearce,E, Atterton,J, (2011), Modeling, Proceedings of the 2011 Australian Kirste,D, Paterson,L, Pevzner,R, Schacht,U, simulation and control of an electric diwheel, Geothermal Energy Conference, Geoscience Sharma,S, Stalker,L, Urosevic,M, (2011), Proceedings of ACRA 2011, ARAA, Melbourne, Australia, Melbourne, pp.15-20. Safe storage and effective monitoring of CO2 pp.1-10. Frizenschaf,Y, Giles,S, Miller,J, Pitman,T, in depleted gas fields, Proceedings of the Chalk,P, Gooding,N, Hutten,S, You,Z, Stapleton,C, Cazzolato,B, Robertson,W, National Academy of Sciences, PNAS, USA. (2011), Development of a magnetic levitation Bedrikovetski,P, (2011), Laboratory and Jones,R, Kelso,R, Dally,B, (2011), Effect of flow vibration isolator using inclined permanent theoretical investigation of size exclusion velocities on the horseshoe vortex created magnet springs, Proceedings of ACOUSTICS suspension flow in rocks, Society of Petroleum by an obliquely impinging jet in a cross flow, 2011, Australian Acoustical Society, Gold Engineers - 9th European Formation Damage Proceedings of the 6th Australian Conference Coast, pp.1-7. Conference 2011, Society of Petroleum on Laser Diagnostics in Fluid Mechanics and Engineers, The Netherlands, pp.1327-1344. Grainger,S, Kestell,C, Willis,C, (2011), Staff Combustion, UNSW, Canberra, pp.39-42. and student perceptions of the effective use Chan,S, Medwell,P, Dally,B, Alwahabi,Z, Karakus,M, Tutmez,B, (2011), Assessing of comtemporary lecture theatre technology, Nathan,G, (2011), New seeding methodology deformability of siltstone under compressive Proceedings of the 2011 AAEE Conference, for two-line atomic fluorescence; Part I: loading by ultrasonic wave propagation, Australasian Association for Engineers Non-reacting flow, Proceedings of the Conference proceedings of the 35th APCOM Education, Fremantle, pp.607-611. Australian Combustion Symposium 2011, The Symposium 2011, AusIMM, University of Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.1-4. Greig,A, Birzer,C, Arjomandi,M, (2011), Wollongong, pp.625-633. 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IMER ANNUAL REPORT 2011 91 Kuncoro,G, Ngothai,Y, O’Neill,B, Pring,A, Medwell,P, Brooks,L, Medwell,B, (2011), Moreau,D, Brooks,L, Doolan,C, (2011), Brugger,J, (2011), Preliminary kinetic study Analysis of the lawn bowl trajectory as Experimental investigation of broadband on rock-fluid interaction of the enhanced a teaching tool for sports engineering: trailing edge noise from sharp-edged geothermal systems in Cooper Basin, South Development of a graphical user-interface, struts, Proceedings of the 17th AIAA/CEAS Australia, Proceedings of the New Zealand Proceedings of the 5th Asia-Pacific Congress Aeroacoustics Conference, AIAA Inc, Oregon, Geothermal Workshop 2011, NZGW, Auckland, on SportsTechnology, Elsevier, Melbourne, USA, pp.1-23. pp.1-6. pp.531-537. Moreau,D, Brooks,L, Doolan,C, (2011), Flat Lau,T, Dally,B, Arjomandi,M, (2011),The Medwell,P, Chan,S, Alwahabi,Z, Dally,B, plate self-noise reduction at low-to-moderate application of a dynamic thermal model for Nathan,G, (2011), Temperature measurement Reynolds number with trailing edge serrations, the assessment of the energy efficiency of in particle-laden reacting flows, Proceedings Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2011, Australian Adelaide Airport Terminal 1, Proceedings of of the 6th Australian Conference on Laser Acoustical Society, Gold Coast, pp.1-8. Building Simulation 2011: 12th Conference of Diagnostics in Fluid Mechanics and Mudge,C, (2011), The parallelization of International Building Performance Simulation Combustion, UNSW, ACT, pp.6-13. Geoscience Apps at C3L with Azure, Cloud Association, IBPSA, Sydney, pp.1607-1614. Medwell,P, Chan,S, Dally,B, Alwahabi,Z, Futures 2011: Advancing Research and Liddy,T, Lu,T, Harvey,D, (2011), Dynamic Nathan,G, (2011), New seeding methodology Education with Cloud Computing, Microsoft, obstacle avoidance for an ackerman for two-line atomic fluorescence; Part Washington. vehicle: A vector field approach, ICINCO II: Reacting flows, Proceedings of the Mudge,C, Chandrasekhar,P, Heinson,G, 2011 - Proceedings of the 8th International Australian Combustion Symposium 2011, The Thiel,S, (2011), Evolving inversion methods Conference on Informatics in Control, Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.1-4. in geophysics with cloud computing, Automation and Robotics, SciTePress, The Melkoumian,N, Milnes,P, Mather,D, (2011), Proceedings of the 2011 7th IEEE International Netherlands, pp.93-98. The Effects of extreme events on attitudes to Conference on eScience, IEEE, Stockholm, Liddy,T, Lu,T, Harvey,D, (2011), Target following occupational health and safety, Proceedings pp.119-125. using a vector field approach, Proceedings of of the Twentieth International Symposium Myo,M, Lu,T, (2011), The study of BWR the First International Conference on Robot, on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection cutting trajectory for optimal stockpile-voxel Vision and Signal Processing, IEEE, Taiwan, (MPES 2011), National Centre on Complex profile design, Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE pp.162-165. Processing of Mineral Raw Materials, RSE., International Conference on Robotics and Liew,G, Tang,C, Soong,W, Ertugrul,N, Republic of Kazakhstan, pp.1429-1441. Biomimetics, IEEE, Phuket, pp.1961-1966. Gehlert,D, (2011), Finite-element analysis Mijajlovic,M, Penna,M, Biggs,M, (2011), Free Nejad,F, Jaksa,M, (2011), Prediction of pile and design of a radial-field brushless PM energy of adsorption of proteins at fluid/ behavior using artificial neural networks machine utilizing soft magnetic composites, solid interfaces using molecular simulation, based on standard penetration test data, Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Proceedings of CHEMECA 2011, Engineers Proceedings of the International Association Electric Machines and Drives Conference, Australia, Sydney, pp.1-11. for Computer Methods and Advances in IEEE, Niagara Falls, pp.930-935. Milnes,P, Melkoumian,N, Mather,D, (2011), Geomechanics, IACMAG, Melbourne, pp.1-6. Lightbody,P, Salt,M, Cox,J, Jaksa,M, (2011), Identifying and clearing cultural blockages to Ngothai,Y, Pring,A, Brugger,J, Etschmann,B, Modelling Phytocap (evapotranspiration occupational health and safety, Proceedings O’Neill,B, Thomas,J, (2011), A review of cover) designs using waves (water of the Twentieth International Symposium current experiment fluid-rock interaction in atmosphere vegetation energy and solutes) on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection EGS reservoirs, Proceedings of the New model - design and calibration, Proceedings (MPES 2011), National Centre on Complex Zealand Geothermal Workshop 2011, NZGW, Sardinia 2011, Thirteenth International Waste Processing of Mineral Raw Materials, RSE., Auckland, pp.1-6. Management and Landfill Symposium, CISA, Republic of Kazakhstan, pp.1442-1453. Nguyen,P, Kotousov,A, Ho,S, (2011), Slurry Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre, Mohais,R, Xu,C, Dowd,P, (2011), Case study: Italy, pp.1-9. spray technique for manufacturing thermal Does wall permeability influence the flow barrier coatings, Proceedings of the Annual Lightheart,T, Grainger,S, Lu,T, (2011), and heat transfer in horizontal fractures in an International Conference on Materials Constructive network reinforcement learning EGS, Abstract H32D-03 presented at 2011 Fall Science, Metal & Manufacturing, GSTF, for autonomous mobile robots, Proceedings Meeting, American Geophysical Union, San Singapore, pp.32-36. of the 15th International Conference on Francisco. O’Neill,B, Van Heeswijck,T, Muhlack,R, (2011), Mechatronics Technology, ICMT Secretariat, Mohais,R, Xu,C, Dowd,P, (2011), A Melbourne, pp.1-6. 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Geothermal Energy Conference, Geoscience Australia, Melbourne, pp.175-179 Peace,M, Mattner,T, Mills,G, (2011), The Lu,T, Zhao,S, Xu,S, Koch,B, Hurdsman,A, Kangaroo Island bushfires of 2007 a (2011), A 3DOF system for 3 dimensional Mohiuddin,Z, Haghighi,M, (2011), Visualization meteorological case study and WRF-fire stockpile surface scanning using laser, of CO displacement process under gravity 2 simulation, Proceedings of MODSIM 2011, The Proceedings of the 2011 6TH IEEE Conference domination, Society of Petroleum Engineers- Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia on Industrial Electronics and Applications, SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Conference 2011, and New Zealand, Perth, pp.228-234. IEEE, Beijing, pp.1-5. EORC 2011, - From Science to Success: More, Pring,A, Etschmann,B, Brugger,J, Ngothai,Y, Maddern,A, Privopoulos,E, Howard,C, (2011), Faster, Greener, Cheaper, Kuala Lumpur, pp.591-603. (2011), Hydrothermal fluid flow during mineral Emergency vehicle auditory warning signals: alteration reactions in geothermal and other Physical and psychoacoustic considerations, Moreau,D, Brooks,L, Doolan,C, (2011), systems: An overview, Proceedings of the Proceedings of ACOUSTICS 2011: Breaking Empirical study of flat plate trailing edge Australian Geothermal Workshop, Melbourne, new ground, Australian Acoustical Society, flow and noise, 14th Australian International pp.1-6. Gold Coast, pp.1-5. Aerospace Congress, Australian International Aerospace Congress, Melbourne, pp.1-9. Purwanto,E, Ngothai,Y, O’Neill,B, Bremmell,K, Marchi,A, Simpson,A, Ertugrul,N, (2011), (2011), Optimization of the hydroxylation Assessing variable speed pump efficiency Moreau,D, Brooks,L, Doolan,C, (2011), reaction of epoxidised rice-bran oil using a in water distribution systems, Proceedings of Empirical study of the tonal noise radiated response surface methodology, Proceedings Computing and Control for the Water Industry by a sharp-edged flat plate at low-to- of CHEMECA 2011, Engineers Australia, 2011, University of Exeter, pp.1-6. moderate Reynolds number, Proceedings Sydney, pp.1-8. of ACOUSTICS 2011, Australian Acoustical Society, Gold Coast, pp.1-7.

92 THE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE Qi,G, Nathan,G, Kelso,R, (2011), Wood,C, O’Neill,B, (2011), The spatial & Aerodynamics of long aspect ratio fibrous temporal distribution of chromated copper particles under settling, Proceedings of the arsenate in waste fence posts, Proceedings of ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering CHEMECA 2011, Engineers Australia, Sydney, Joint Conference, ASME, Hawaii, pp.1-10. pp.1-9. Rieckmann,M, Codrington,J, Cazzolato,B, Wu,F, Ngothai,Y, Liu,C, Wei,J, O’Neill,B, (2011), Modelling the vibrational behaviour Musgrove,R, (2011), PLA-modified of composite archery arrows, Proceedings magnesium phosphate bone cement with of ACOUSTICS 2011, Australian Acoustical anti-washout property and degradability, Society, Gold Coast, pp.1-8. Proceedings of CHEMECA 2011, Engineers Salmachi,A, Haghighi,M, Bedrikovetski,P, Australia, Sydney, pp.1-9. Xu,C, (2011), Thermal gas recovery from coal Wu,F, Ngothai,Y, Liu,C, Wei,J, O’Neill,B, seam gas reservoirs using underground coal Musgrove,R, (2011), Preparation and gasification, Society of Petroleum Engineers characterization of macroporous magnesium - 73rd European Association of Geoscientists phosphate scaffold for bone regeneration, and Engineers Conference and Exhibition Proceedings of CHEMECA 2011, Engineers 2011 - Incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2011, Australia, Sydney, pp.1-8. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Vienna, Xu,C, Karakus,M, Melkoumian,N, Wang,C, pp.3357-3368. Sui,Q, Wang,J, Qian,Q, Goodchild,D, (2011), Sayyafzadeh,M, Mamghaderi,A, Haghighi,M, Probabilistic slope stability assessment of (2011), A new method to forecast reservoir fresh bulldog shale in Prominent Hill open pit, performance during immiscible and miscible Proceedings of the 35th APCOM Symposium gas-flooding via transfer functions approach, 2011, The Australasian Institute of Mining and Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Asia Metallurgy, University of Wollongong, pp.643- Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition 649. 2011, SPE International, Jakarta, pp.464-477. 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Symposium, CISA, Environmental Sanitary Sykes,M, Welsh,M, Begg,S, (2011), Don’t Engineering Centre, Italy, pp.1-8. drop the anchor: Recognizing and mitigating Zeinijahromi,A, Lemon,P, Bedrikovetski,P, human factors when making assessment (2011), Effects Of Induced Migration Of judgments under uncertainty, Proceedings Fines On Water Cut During Waterflooding, of the SPE Annual Technical Conference SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and and Exhibition 2011, Society of Petroleum Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Engineers, Colorado, pp.1256-1270. Bahrain, pp.1-19. 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Umit,M, Cabanas,W, Tetlow,M, Akiyama,H, Yamaura,S, Olaleye,S, (2011), Development of a fly-back CANSAT in 3 weeks, RAST 2011-Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies, IEEE, Istanbul, pp.804-807. van Eyk,P, Ashman,P, Nathan,G, Alwahabi,Z, (2011), Quantitative in-situ measurements of sodium release from combusting South Australian brown coal particles, Proceedings of the Australian Combustion Symposium 2011, The Combustion Institute, NSW, pp.1-4. Welsh,M, Delfabbro,P, Burns,N, Begg,S, (2011), Individual differences in anchoring: Numerical ability, education and experience, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2011, Cognitive Science Society, Boston, pp.3193-3198. Welsh,M, Navarro,D, Begg,S, (2011), Number preference, precision and implicity confidence, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2011, Cognitive Science Society, Boston, pp.1521-1526.

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