DOCSLIB.ORG

Comparing Genetic and Linguistic Diversity in African Populations with a Focus on the Khoisan of Southern Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comparing Genetic and Linguistic Diversity in African Populations with a Focus on the Khoisan of Southern Africa Alma%Mater%Studiorum%–%Università%di%Bologna% % DOTTORATO%DI%RICERCA%IN% BIODIVERSITÀ%ED%EVOLUZIONE% % Ciclo%XXV% Settore%ConCorsuale%di%afferenza:%05/B1% Settore%SCientifiCo%disCiplinareM%BIO/08% % % Comparing%genetiC%and%linguistiC%diversity%% in%African%populations%% with%a%focus%on%the%Khoisan%of%southern%AfriCa% % % Presentata(da:(Chiara(Barbieri( ( ( Coordinatore(Dottorato(( ( ( ( ( ( Relatore Prof.(Barbara(Mantovani( ( ( Prof.(Donata(Luiselli ( ( ( ( ( Esame(finale(anno(2012( University of Bologna Doctoral Thesis Comparing genetic and linguistic diversity in African populations with a focus on the Khoisan of southern Africa Author: Supervisor: Chiara Barbieri Prof. Donata Luiselli A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the PhD program in Biodiversity and Evolution Department of Anthropology March 2013 ii Preface: A day in Dobe “Chiara, today we are going to visit Dobe! Arent you excited?” Brigitte Pakendorf, my supervisor at Max Planck Institute, conveys her expecta- tions to me on the incoming day of fieldwork. I know Dobe had been the center of intense ethnographic study in the 70s, on which some books were published: this is how the picture of the pristine society system of the indigenous foragers San was made popular to a broad audience. We will meet the Ju|’hoan com- munity there: will it be the same of the 70s? I dont think it will. But perhaps we will find people who remember the time spent with Richard Lee and how re- search was carried on for many years. On the other hand, we may find a touristic attraction spot. Brigitte and I have a kind of a di↵erent approach on fieldwork. She had read the ethnographies, she can remember the names of the people and of the villages, and she is trying to cross-check all her notes taken from our colleagues from the KBA (Kalahari Basin Area) project, some of the best experts of Khoisan in the academic world. In a word, she is organized. I would describe my attitude as oriented towards a na¨ıve immersion in the people and in their life, learning day by day on the field (the perfect way to become a source of desperation for your supervisor, after the fifth time that she has to explain you that the !Xuun and the !Xoon are di↵erent people). The truth is that, unfortunately, I did not have time to prepare myself too much. I have confused memories of the talks in Berlin with the KBA colleagues, I keep mixing the names and I do not remember that the same population can be called in di↵erent terms, I barely recall where the people are supposed to live, and the only thing that I really put an e↵ort into was learning how to pronounce the five clicks, thanks to the patience of iii Preface iv Hirosi Nakagawa and Alan Barnard who taught me the “clicks for dummies”. This was how I felt in my very early stages of the PhD: confused, excited, more disorganized than usual, trying to project my life into new responsibilities and panicking about the setting up of weeks of Spartan fieldwork in Botswana. The tent, the Swiss knife, the vaccinations, the equipment, and that young girl face which has to conduct a trip all over the country, persuade village chiefs to join the project, give orders to the driver, Justine, and the translator, Bless, and keep the mood up until the last day of work. With a shiny sun and a rather hot stream of dry air hitting our faces, this is going to be a typical fieldwork day, but on a special location. As usual, we ask directions about where to go to from the people we meet on the street, but this time our destination appears particularly inaccessible. Suddenly, we find ourselves on a white street that goes straight as a ruler, geometrically drawn until it meets the horizon. That must be the border between Botswana and Namibia. An infinite straight line. We turn around and explore the surrounding a bit better, and finally we park the jeep near a baobab, suspecting that that compound must be Dobe. The huts, a circular wall made with adobe with a conic roof of straws, are deserted. There seems to be nobody around. We walk a bit further and finally meet an old woman, who guides us to her hut. There are children and a young couple. The old woman is happy to see new people and chats a lot, even if Bless has some difficulties in translating straight from Ju|’hoan; she does not speak Tswana, the Bantu language spoken by the majority of people in this country. She shows us some items that surely will pique curiosity in our white faces: a big arrow, some traditional decorations, ostrich eggshell ornaments, and a turtle shell that contains some cosmetic powder used as a face sunscreen. Dobe is rather uninhabited nowadays; people are leaving for less isolated places, for finding better opportunities — the young couple is also very nice and they sit with us chatting in Tswana. At the present life in Dobe is difficult: the surroundings are very arid, as we noticed, and the government aid, usually in the form of a couple of cows, do not reach as far as here. In such conditions, people have to rely on hunting; but hunting is prohibited by some recent laws, and the officers sometimes patrol the area to keep an eye on the Khoisan communities. Preface v Occasionally, when it is necessary to do so, the men go hunting, albeit very cautiously. When they come back to the compound with some prey, usually an antelope, the children are sent inside the huts and hushed to sleep. Meanwhile, the women start to slaughter the animal and prepare the meat together with the men. A fire is set. When the food is ready, some water is sprinkled over the hut — “children, it’s raining” — and then the meal is served to everybody. Sometimes the officers get close to the villages and find some children playing around: they target them and start asking questions to check how frequently the adults go out hunting. “Children, when was the last time you ate meat” and they would answer: “the last time we had meat. it was raining!” No, it does not rain that much often in the Kalahari. Life in the Kalahari can be harsh: there is paucity of water, resources and infrastructure. Life as a Khoisan, or better a Mosarwa (the term that the Khoisan in Botswana commonly use to identify themselves) is definitely tough: in spite of some recent e↵ort from the government to recognize their identity and their critical status, the discrimination against them is tangible, and their conditions are highly unstable. Entire villages have been relocated; their social structure has been rapidly dismantled and rebuilt into something that would better fit the post-colonialist world. Most Khoisan have been somehow integrated as herdsman or laborers for members of other ethnic groups, but the majority of the extant Khoisan communities are a↵ected by social ills such as economic dependency, alcoholism, malnutrition, and societal breakdown, often associated with their abandoning the compounds to join the little urban centers. My fieldwork experience in Botswana represented an occasion to reflect on the need of anthropology today — or at least to what it means to me, to a certain extent. Ethnography in the third millennia has to face an exceptional reassess- ment of perspective, especially when the first material of study (pristine societies with a remarkable distinct cultural background) is disappearing. The encounter with distant culture excites the same enthusiasm it exerted for the Victorian explorers. Now however, a component of mutual exchange is intrinsic. In the era of globalization, we are facing people who share the same needs all over the planet, people who want to reach a better standard of living, a better prospec- tive, a better political and economical system. As we converse, I have to realize Preface vi that we are in the same conditions: citizens of the world with the respective traditions and cultures, which will be possibly passed to the next generations as a fading hologram. In that moment, I am the vulnerable observer described by the anthropologist Ruth Behar in her essays. Ethnography smoothly shifts towards political and social sciences. Nevertheless, my conclusions are clearer than ever: the need to study each other and to understand our past and our roots is strong and encompasses the fun- damental need of an identity: so many disciplines are involved in tracing this picture, in an intriguing dialogue. The study of the language, of the kin system, of the genetic makeup of a population, the reconstruction of their prehistory, is a fantastic storytelling; every culture is a great story to tell and not to be forgotten. Acknowledgements My first sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor at Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Brigitte Pakendorf, for her dedication, her strength, and her endless care for me over all the big and small research steps. I am thankful for being trusted and guided, and for having had the opportunity to participate in truly exciting projects. I also want to acknowledge the support I received from my colleagues of the Comparative Population Linguistic group and of the Population History group, and from Mark Stoneking, who also followed all the research projects I partic- ipated to, and so many times just had the right suggestion for me when I was stuck in some analysis. To my supervisors in Bologna University, Donata Luiselli and Davide Pettener, and to the colleagues of the Anthropology department: I want to thank you for the support I felt and for always keeping an eye on me.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supplementary Information
    doi: 10.1038/nature08795 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary Discussion Population naming In some contexts, the indigenous hunter-gatherer and pastoralist peoples of southern Africa are referred to collectively as the Khoisan (Khoi-San) or more recently Khoesan (Khoe-San) people. This grouping is based on the unique linguistic use of click-consonants1. Many names, often country-specific, have been used by Bantu pastoralists and European settlers to describe the hunter-gatherers, including San, Saan, Sonqua, Soaqua, Souqua, Sanqua, Kwankhala, Basarwa, Batwa, Abathwa, Baroa, Bushmen, Bossiesmans, Bosjemans, or Bosquimanos. In addition, group-specific names such as !Kung and Khwe are often used for the broader population. The two most commonly used names, “San” and “Bushmen”, have both been associated with much controversy due to derogatory connotations2. “San” has become the more popular term used in Western literature, although “Bushmen” is arguably the more commonly recognized term within the communities. Since they have no collective name for themselves, the term Bushmen was selected for use in this paper as the term most familiar to the participants themselves. Regarding identification of individuals The five men identified in this study have all elected to have their identity made public knowledge. Thus we present two complete personal genomes (KB1 and ABT), a low-coverage personal genome (NB1), and personal exomes for all five men. On a scientific level, identification allows for current and future correlation of genetic data with demographic and medical histories. On a social level, identification allows for maximizing community benefit. For !Gubi, G/aq’o, D#kgao and !Aî, their name represents not only themselves, but importantly their extended family unit and a way of life severely under threat.
    [Show full text]
  • Bayesian Coalescent Inference of Major Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup Expansions in Africa Quentin D
    Downloaded from http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on July 28, 2017 Proc. R. Soc. B (2009) 276, 367–373 doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0785 Published online 30 September 2008 Bayesian coalescent inference of major human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup expansions in Africa Quentin D. Atkinson1,*, Russell D. Gray2 and Alexei J. Drummond3 1Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6PN, UK 2Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 3Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Past population size can be estimated from modern genetic diversity using coalescent theory. Estimates of ancestral human population dynamics in sub-Saharan Africa can tell us about the timing and nature of our first steps towards colonizing the globe. Here, we combine Bayesian coalescent inference with a dataset of 224 complete human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences to estimate effective population size through time for each of the four major African mtDNA haplogroups (L0–L3). We find evidence of three distinct demographic histories underlying the four haplogroups. Haplogroups L0 and L1 both show slow, steady exponential growth from 156 to 213 kyr ago. By contrast, haplogroups L2 and L3 show evidence of substantial growth beginning 12–20 and 61–86 kyr ago, respectively. These later expansions may be associated with contemporaneous environmental and/or cultural changes. The timing of the L3 expansion—8–12 kyr prior to the emergence of the first non-African mtDNA lineages—together with high L3 diversity in eastern Africa, strongly supports the proposal that the human exodus from Africa and subsequent colonization of the globe was prefaced by a major expansion within Africa, perhaps driven by some form of cultural innovation.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Public Disclosure Authorized THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF LANDS, HOUSING AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DEVELOPMENT Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) Public Disclosure Authorized FOR LAND TENURE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (LTIP) DRAFT Public Disclosure Authorized April 2020 DODOMA 1 Environmental and Social Management Framework –Land Tenure Improvement Project (LTIP) Definition of Terms Adjudication: Is the process through which existing rights in a particular parcel of land are finally and authoritatively ascertained. Certification processes – Procedures involved in certifying land use rights according to the 1999 Village Land Act and 1999 Land Act. Contractor –a person or company that is hired on a contractual basis to complete a specific set of tasks for which they are paid according to the contract. Demarcation – Identification and marking of land parcel boundaries involving also confirmation with neighbours. Environmental and Social Management Framework - An instrument that examines the issues and impacts associated when a project consists of a program and/or series of activities, and the impacts cannot be determined until the program or activities details have been identified. The ESMF sets out the principles, rules, guidelines and procedures to assess the environmental and social impacts. It contains measures and plans to reduce, mitigate and/or offset adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts, provisions for estimating and budgeting the costs of such measures, and information on the agency or agencies responsible for addressing project impacts. The term "Environmental Management Framework" or "EMF" may also be used. Environmental Degradation- Modification of a critical or other natural habitat that substantially reduces the habitat's ability to maintain viable populations of its native species.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues
    Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues United Republic of Tanzania Country Technical Notes on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Submitted by: IWGIA Date: June 2012 Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations ‗developed‘ and ‗developing‘ countries are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. All rights reserved Acronyms and abbreviations ACHPR African Commission on Human and Peoples‘ Rights ASDS Agricultural Sector Development Strategy AU African Union AWF African Wildlife Fund CBO Community Based Organization CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Party of the Revolution) CELEP Coalition of European Lobbies for Eastern African Pastoralism CPS Country Partnership Strategy (World Bank) COSOP Country Strategic Opportunities Paper (IFAD) CWIP Core Welfare Indicator Questionnaire DDC District Development Corporation FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FBO Faith Based Organization FGM Female Genital Mutilation FYDP Five Year Development Plan
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Independent Histories of the Human Y Chromosome and the Human Mitochondrial Chromosome
    The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism Volume 8 Print Reference: Pages 133-151 Article 7 2018 An Overview of the Independent Histories of the Human Y Chromosome and the Human Mitochondrial chromosome Robert W. Carter Stephen Lee University of Idaho John C. Sanford Cornell University, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences School of Integrative Plant Science,Follow this Plant and Biology additional Section works at: https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/icc_proceedings DigitalCommons@Cedarville provides a publication platform for fully open access journals, which means that all articles are available on the Internet to all users immediately upon publication. However, the opinions and sentiments expressed by the authors of articles published in our journals do not necessarily indicate the endorsement or reflect the views of DigitalCommons@Cedarville, the Centennial Library, or Cedarville University and its employees. The authors are solely responsible for the content of their work. Please address questions to [email protected]. Browse the contents of this volume of The Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism. Recommended Citation Carter, R.W., S.S. Lee, and J.C. Sanford. An overview of the independent histories of the human Y- chromosome and the human mitochondrial chromosome. 2018. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H. Whitmore, pp. 133–151. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship. Carter, R.W., S.S. Lee, and J.C. Sanford. An overview of the independent histories of the human Y-chromosome and the human mitochondrial chromosome. 2018. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Creationism, ed. J.H.
    [Show full text]
  • 14 Barnard & Boden Conclusions Final1
    Edinburgh Research Explorer Conjectural histories – Pros and Cons Citation for published version: Barnard, A & Boden, G 2014, Conjectural histories – Pros and Cons. in A Barnard & G Boden (eds), Southern African Khoisan Kinship Systems. Research in Khoisan Studies, vol. 30, Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne, pp. 263-280. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: Southern African Khoisan Kinship Systems Publisher Rights Statement: © Barnard, A., & Boden, G. (2014). Conjectural histories – Pros and Cons. In A. Barnard, & G. Boden (Eds.), Southern African Khoisan Kinship Systems. (pp. 263-280). (Research in Khoisan Studies; Vol. 30). Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. To be cited as: Alan Barnard / Gertrud Boden (eds.): Southern African Khoisan Kinship Systems (Research in Khoisan Studies , 2014, VI, 301 pp., ill. ISBN 978-3-89645-874-2 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 Conclusions 263 Conjectural histories: pros and cons Alan Barnard & Gertrud Boden Overview The aim of this book was to contribute to untangling the historical relations between the indigenous peoples of the Kalahari Basin Area, often subsumed under the label “Khoisan”, yet increasingly thought of as making up a Sprachbund composed of three individual language families, viz.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Inferences on Human Evolutionary History in Southern Arabia and the Levant
    GENETIC INFERENCES ON HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY IN SOUTHERN ARABIA AND THE LEVANT By DEVEN N. VYAS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2017 © 2017 Deven N. Vyas To my parents, sisters, and nephews and in memory of my grandmother, Ba. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would also like to thank my parents and sisters and the rest of my family for all their love and support. I want to thank my advisor and mentor, Dr. Connie J. Mulligan for all her advice, support, and guidance throughout my graduate career. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Steven A. Brandt, Dr. John Krigbaum, and Dr. David L. Reed for their input and guidance. I would also like to thank the many former and current postdocs, graduate students, and undergraduate students from the Mulligan lab including Dr. David A. Hughes, Dr. Laurel N. Pearson, Dr. Jacklyn Quinlan, Dr. Aida T. Miró-Herrans, Dr. Tamar E. Carter, Dr. Peter H. Rej, Christopher J. Clukay, Kia C. Fuller, Félicien M. Maisha, and Chu Hsiao for all their advice throughout the years as well as prior lab members Dr. Andrew Kitchen and Dr. Ryan L. Raaum who gave me much advice and guidance from afar. Finally, I would like to express thank the Yemeni people without whose participation none of this research would have been possible. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF OBJECTS ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • With the Hadza
    WALKING WITH THE HADZA a cultural exchange in the Tanzanian bush text by JUSTIN FORNAL images by CHRISTOPHER BEAUCHAMP A FELLOW OF THE EXPLORERS CLUB SINCE 2011, JUSTIN FORNAL IS A WRITER, FILMMAKER, AND LONG-DISTANCE SWIMMER. HIS WORK HAS APPEARED IN NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VICE, AND ROADS & KINGDOMS. IN 2016 HE TRACKED DOWN THE ALLEGED SKULL OF NAT TURNER AND RETURNED IT TO THE TURNER DESCENDANTS. HE IS CUR- RENTLY ENGAGED IN SEVERAL OTHER RELIC REPATRIATION PROJECTS. IN 2017, FORNAL COMPLETED AN EXPEDITION TO SWIM AROUND ISLAY, SCOTLAND, WHILE FILLING AN OAK CASK WITH WHISKEY FROM COASTAL DISTILLERIES. WWW.JUSTINFORNAL.COM. THE EXPLORERS JOURNAL “Wake up quickly brother, they are leaving.” last true hunter-gather societies left on the Expedition member Allen Mollel shook planet. Traditionally, they do not farm. They me awake as the Hadza hunters started gain all of their sustenance from honey, to file out of camp and into the bush. Each tubers, berries, birds, and essentially any man grabbed his hunting kit consisting of a mammals they can kill. bow and roughly a dozen arrows. Within a Living less than 60 kilometers from minute all ten hunters had exited the village, Olduvai Gorge, an archeological site that which was perched atop an island of boul- holds some of the oldest known human ders, and had glided across the salt flats. hand tools, it can be argued that the Hadza There were minor conversations as each are the last living connection we have to our hunter filed through his collection of arrows ancient selves. It is believed that the mod- and tugged his bowstrings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes
    Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on September 19, 2005 as 10.1534/genetics.105.043901 The role of selection in the evolution of human mitochondrial genomes Toomas Kivisild*,1,4,5, Peidong Shen†,4, Dennis Wall‡3, Bao Do†, Raphael Sung†, Karen Davis†, Giuseppe Passarino§, Peter A. Underhill*, Curt Scharfe†, Antonio Torroni**, Rosaria Scozzari††,David Modiano‡‡, Alfredo Coppa§§, Peter de Knijff***, Marcus Feldman‡, Luca L. Cavalli-Sforza*, Peter J. Oefner†,2,4 *Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA. †Stanford Genome Technology Center, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA. ‡Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. §Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy. **Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy. ††Dipartimento di Genetica e Biologia Molecolare, Università "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. ‡‡Dipartimento di Scienze di Sanità Pubblica, Sezione di Parassitologia, Università "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. §§Dipartimento di Biologia Animale e dell'Uomo, Università "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy. ***Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. Present addresses: 1Department of Evolutionary Biology, Tartu University and Estonian Biocenter, 51010 Tartu, Estonia. 2 Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Josef-Engert-Str. 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. 3 Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School,
    [Show full text]
  • Serotonergic Gene Polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR, 5HTR1A, 5HTR2A
    Butovskaya et al. Journal of Physiological Anthropology (2018) 37:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-018-0171-0 ORIGINALARTICLE Open Access Serotonergic gene polymorphisms (5- HTTLPR,5HTR1A,5HTR2A), and population differences in aggression: traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and industrial (Russians) populations compared Marina L. Butovskaya1,2,3*, Polina R. Butovskaya4, Vasiliy A. Vasilyev5, Jane M. Sukhodolskaya5, Dania I. Fekhredtinova5, Dmitri V. Karelin6, Julia N. Fedenok1, Audax Z. P. Mabulla7, Alexey P. Ryskov5 and Oleg E. Lazebny8 Abstract Background: Current knowledge on genetic basis of aggressive behavior is still contradictory. This may be due to the fact that the majority of studies targeting associations between candidate genes and aggression are conducted on industrial societies and mainly dealing with various types of psychopathology and disorders. Because of that, our study was carried on healthy adult individuals of both sex (n = 853). Methods: Three populations were examined: two traditional (Hadza and Datoga) and one industrial (Russians), and the association of aggression with the following polymorphisms 5-HTTLPR, rs6295 (5HTR1A gene), and rs6311 (5HTR2A gene) were tested. Aggression was measured as total self-ratings on Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Results: Distributions of allelic frequencies of 5-HTTLPR and 5HTR1A polymorphisms were significantly different among the three populations. Consequently, the association analyses for these two candidate genes were carried out separately for each population, while for the 5HTR2A polymorphism, it was conducted on the pooled data that made possible to introduce ethnic factor in the ANOVA model. The traditional biometrical approach revealed no sex differences in total aggression in all three samples. The three-way ANOVA (μ + 5-HTTLPR +5HTR1A +5HTR2A +ε) with measures of self-reported total aggression as dependent variable revealed significant effect of the second serotonin receptor gene polymorphism for the Hadza sample.
    [Show full text]
  • Computing a World Tree of Languages from Word Lists
    From words to features to trees: Computing a world tree of languages from word lists Gerhard Jäger Tübingen University Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies October 16, 2017 Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 1 / 45 Introduction Introduction Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 2 / 45 Introduction Language change and evolution The formation of dierent languages and of distinct species, and the proofs that both have been developed through a gradual process, are curiously parallel. [...] We nd in distinct languages striking homologies due to community of descent, and analogies due to a similar process of formation. The manner in which certain letters or sounds change when others change is very like correlated growth. [...] The frequent presence of rudiments, both in languages and in species, is still more remarkable. [...] Languages, like organic beings, can be classed in groups under groups; and they can be classed either naturally according to descent, or articially by other characters. Dominant languages and dialects spread widely, and lead to the gradual extinction of other tongues. (Darwin, The Descent of Man) Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 3 / 45 Introduction Language change and evolution Vater Unser im Himmel, geheiligt werde Dein Name Onze Vader in de Hemel, laat Uw Naam geheiligd worden Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name Fader Vor, du som er i himlene! Helliget vorde dit navn Gerhard Jäger (Tübingen) Words to trees HITS 4 / 45 Introduction Language change and evolution Gerhard Jäger
    [Show full text]
  • University of Huddersfield Repository
    University of Huddersfield Repository Soares, Pedro, Rito, Teresa, Pereira, Luísa and Richards, Martin B. A Genetic Perspective on African Prehistory Original Citation Soares, Pedro, Rito, Teresa, Pereira, Luísa and Richards, Martin B. (2016) A Genetic Perspective on African Prehistory. In: Africa from MIS 6-2. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, IV . Springer, London, UK, pp. 383-405. ISBN 978-94-017-7519-9 This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/27955/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Sacha C. Jones and Brian A. Stewart (eds.), Africa from MIS 6-2: There is a consensus across the fields of genetics, Population Dynamics and Paleoenvironments, Vertebrate archaeology and palaeoanthropology that Africa is Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017- 7520-5_18 the cradle of Homo sapiens.
    [Show full text]