uphill Battle The last time public officials built a sports-entertainment arena in the city’s mostly Black Hill District, bulldozers upended a vibrant neighborhood and displaced thousands. Fifty years later, with a new arena rising, Hill leaders use foundation support to forge a novel agreement and reclaim precious ground. By Jeffery Fraser

An overflow crowd anxiously waits outside a Pittsburgh Planning Commission meeting to learn whether the panel will approve a master plan for a new hockey arena in the city’s Hill District. The plan was passed after the meeting last January, despite objections from residents seeking a contract for how the development would benefit the neighborhood. 13 uphill Battle The last time Pittsburgh public officials built a sports-entertainment arena in the city’s mostly Black Hill District, bulldozers upended a vibrant neighborhood and displaced thousands. Fifty years later, with a new arena rising, Hill leaders use foundation support to forge a novel agreement and reclaim precious ground. By Jeffery Fraser Dylan Vitone 14 t was the first Monday of last year. Reporters had gathered at the Hill House Association building in Pittsburgh that cold evening to hear what Hill District neighborhood leaders thought of an unexpected offer from city and Allegheny County officials to attach certain community benefits to the development of a new hockey arena. The reporters were about to get a response tailor-made for the cameras.

Hope had been building in the beleaguered nego­tiator for the One Hill Community Benefits neighborhood for months. In 2007, thousands Agreement (CBA) Coalition, which ­represented of volunteer hours were spent organizing and the Hill District at the bargaining table. At that canvassing. There were heated debates over the moment, it became clear that nothing short of a issues. And very public negotiations began with legal contract spelling out negotiated benefits the city, county and over a and giving residents a voice in shaping the future contract to ensure that jobs and other benefits of their neighborhood would prevent community would flow to the Hill District from construction opposition to the arena and help mend lingering of a $321 ­million hockey arena, financed largely wounds inflicted by a failed project with public funds, along with a hotel and other some 50 years earlier. devel­opment. “That was a turning point,” says Gabe Morgan, Now, out of the blue, came this unilateral a veteran Service Employees International Union agreement from the city and county — released negotiator and co-chairman of the nonprofit through the news media — that was ­neither a Pittsburgh UNITED, an alliance of union, com- ­product of those negotiations nor the legally munity and political groups that was part of the ­binding contract neighborhood leaders had sought Hill District bargaining team. “The community’s from the outset. “I don’t anticipate any significant reaction convinced everyone at the table that adjustments,” Mayor Luke Ravenstahl had told this was just going to have to get done.” reporters. “The proposal we put forth was a Eight months later, the city, county, Penguins fair one.” and One Hill CBA Coalition signed a legally But on that January evening, with television ­binding community benefits agreement — the first cameras rolling, lifelong Hill District resident of its kind successfully negotiated in . Brenda Tate held up a copy of the city and county’s It includes funds to establish a job center, money offer and asked: “Anybody got a match?” Someone to attract a grocery store to the neighborhood and put a lighter to the three-page document, and it other benefits related to the development of a new went up in flames. arena and an adjacent 28-acre tract of land. The “We’re standing here collectively as a deal also enables the coalition and neighborhood ­community to say that what was put on the elected officials to participate in drafting a master table is unacceptable,” said Evan Frazier, the Hill development plan for the Hill District. House Association’s executive director and chief

Jeff Fraser is a Pittsburgh-based freelance writer and frequent contributor to h. His last article, published in the Fall issue, was about the new education-and-research center that Pittsburgh’s Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Gardens is constructing to be a “living building,” the pinnacle of green design. t was the first Monday of last year. Reporters had gathered at the 15 Hill House Association building in Pittsburgh that cold evening to hear what Hill District neighborhood leaders thought of an unexpected offer from city and Allegheny County officials to attach certain community benefits to the development of a new hockey arena. The reporters were about to get a response tailor-made for the cameras.

But perhaps most important, the agreement “From our , it was very important reveals how a community found the will and a to be supportive, but not directive,” says Endowments way to begin healing the wounds from evictions President Bobby Vagt. “I think that is an absolutely and bulldozers five decades earlier. By rejecting a critical distinction.” ­politically expedient deal, neighborhood leaders And it was a challenging line to draw given that gained a document that has the power to breathe several Endowments staff members had personal new energy into the Hill District and offers ties to the neighborhood. ­promise for its future. One of the Hill-connected staffers, Bomani By measure of endurance alone, arriving at Howze, who works in the Innovation Economy a settlement was an achievement. The difficult section, draws on family history in describing the negotiations took nearly a year to complete, and significance of the benefits contract. “The Hill was everyone involved faced challenges. It required politically and economically disenfranchised under government officials and the developer to shed segregation when my grandparents and parents traditional top-down tactics and accommodate were forcibly removed from the 28-acre site,” he the community will, championed by the One Hill says. “Today the community is striving to leverage CBA Coalition, an amalgam of some 100 Hill its political representation and grassroots organizing District organizations, unions and other supporters. to translate into community revitalization.” It required Hill District leaders to navigate neigh- For all parties, successfully negotiating the borhood politics, build a coalition, galvanize community benefits agreement required over­ ­support, draft a bargaining platform and speak coming the weight of history. In the late 1950s with one voice during the negotiations. and early 1960s, much of the Lower Hill District It meant a group of local foundations had to was demolished to make way for new cultural avoid influencing, as much as possible, such ­amenities, including a municipal arena with a ­sensitive issues as community representation, retractable dome. The late Mayor David L. bargaining goals and negotiations outcomes — Lawrence’s grand vision of a cultural center on even though they had introduced the benefits the hill overlooking downtown was abandoned agreement concept to the region and their grants after the 1962 opening of the arena, known today helped provide the community with legal and as Mellon Arena — but not before some 100 acres other technical support. Led by the Falk Foundation, of houses and businesses were razed and 8,000 the collaboration included The Heinz Endowments, residents displaced. The neigh­borhood’s business The Pittsburgh Foundation, POISE, and the Women core was left crippled. Population fell steadily and Girls Foundation of Southwest Pennsylvania, and steeply. Crime and widespread poverty and marked one of the nation’s first local philan- emerged as inexorable problems. thropic efforts connected with such agreements. 16

Researchers have found that the destruction for affordable housing and $1 million from of large established neighborhoods inflicts psycho- the developer to provide community park and logical wounds much like the traumatic stress ­recreation amenities. The deal was the genesis response seen among victims of hurricanes, of a national movement, which has since led to ­tornadoes and floods. For individuals, the loss of agreements in places such as San Diego, Denver, a neighborhood can be disorienting and ­disruptive New York and Chicago. to their senses of attachment and ­identity. For a In Pittsburgh, the first written demands for community, social disruption, including an community benefits from the arena development increase in violence, is often seen when such severe were presented to city and county officials in April stress is coupled with inadequate resources for 2007 by a group of about 20 Hill District ministers managing it. and business leaders led by Marimba Milliones, “It doesn’t just tear the social fabric. It destroys a community leader and businesswoman, and the it,” says Columbia University psychiatry professor Rev. Johnnie Monroe, pastor of Grace Memorial Mindy Fullilove, who has studied the impact of Presbyterian Church. urban renewal on neighborhoods, including the Hill. The benefits they sought included a $10 million She writes about the consequences in her book development fund to be paid up front, annual “Root Shock: How Tearing Up City Neighborhoods contributions thereafter, a share of the arena reve­ Hurts America, and What We Can Do About It.” nues and a pledge to hire minority workers to fill A community benefits agreement is an 30 percent of the jobs created by the arena and ­emerging strategy that attempts to prevent such nearby development. Their stand drew widespread devastation. It is a legally binding contract that news coverage as did disagreement among political developers, government officials and coalitions of factions, which surfaced immediately. Tonya Payne, neighborhood organizations negotiate to ensure the Hill District’s city councilwoman, characterized that communities share in the benefits of major the group’s approach as smacking of entitlement devel­opment projects, particularly those that receive and criticized them for presenting demands that ­significant public subsidies. These contracts give were not the result of neighborhood-wide meetings residents a voice in shaping projects in their neigh- or other means of polling the broader community. borhoods and provide a way to enforce benefits Meanwhile, officials of a prominent neighbor- negotiated to address certain neighborhood needs. hood coalition, the Hill District Consensus Group, In return, developers faithful to the agreement were talking with the fledgling Pittsburgh UNITED get assurances that the community won’t stand in about the possibility of negotiating a community the way of the permits and other government benefits agreement that would be attached to the approvals necessary for a project to move forward. arena development. The One Hill CBA Coalition These agreements are relatively young. The was soon organized around that idea, gaining the first was struck in 2001 and involved a coalition of support of Pittsburgh UNITED and access to Los Angeles community organizations and unions funding from the Fulfilling the Dream Fund, which and a developer who received $150 million in public was established in 2004 with $10 million from the subsidies to help build a sports and entertainment Ford Foundation. By matching support from local district adjacent to the downtown Staples Center philanthropies, the national initiative defends, sports arena. Benefits won by community nego­ supports and expands affirmative action and other tiators included an agreement to give low-income efforts to promote racial and gender inclusion. residents first consideration for jobs­created by the project, a developer commitment of seed money ­

1930s and 1940s The Hill District thrives during this period. It pulses 1956 – 1961 Hill District Early 1800s The Hill with round-the-clock activity 1950 – 1955 Pittsburgh redevelopment displaces District starts as “Farm and is one of the most receives more than 416 businesses and more Number Three,” which a influential Black neighbor­ ­ $32 million in federal funds than 8,000 people. In grandson of William Penn hoods in the country. and $1 million from the 1960, residents opposing had sold to Gen. Adamson 1870 – 1890 Jewish It is world-renowned for its state for urban renewal in further urban renewal in Tannehill, a Revolutionary immigrants begin to replace music. Nearly every great the Hill District as part of the neighborhood erect War veteran. Thomas the original settlers on the jazz musician plays at the the Pittsburgh Renaissance. a billboard at the corner Mellon later buys a tract Hill. Following them are , the historic Original plans call for the of Centre Avenue and of this farmland that is Italians, Syrians, Greeks and jazz club on Wylie construction of theaters, Crawford Street that says, on the slopes nearest the Poles. African Americans Avenue. retail stores, luxury apart­ “No redevelopment beyond city and subdivides it into begin arriving from ments, a new symphony this point!” Forty-one small plots, beginning the South between hall and a municipal years later, a monument is the Hill’s transition into a 1880 and 1890, arena with a retractable erected on that spot to residential community. drawn by the dome roof. commemorate their stand. promise of relief In 1961, the , from southern now known as the Mellon segregation­ Arena, is dedicated. It laws. would be the only significant structure from the original cultural center plans to be built.

1963 – 1968 Reflecting 2007 – 2008 In the civil rights movement 1980s Playwright and August 2007, One Hill that is sweeping the Hill District native August CBA Coalition, a group country, more than 2,000 Wilson begins to garner representing more than people march in August national acclaim for his 100 Hill District community 1963 from the Hill District plays, particularly “Fences” organizations and other to downtown for job and “The Piano Lesson,” supporters, begins opportunities at Duquesne 1972 The current Hill which receive the Pulitzer 1993 The first phase meeting with city, county Light. Other protests follow, House building is Prize for Drama in 1987 of Crawford Square is and Pittsburgh Penguins including marches against completed. Designed by and 1990, respectively. completed. The mixed- officials to negotiate a discrimination at Mine African American architect The two plays are part income, residential community benefits Safety Appliances, local Walter Roberts, the Hill of a set of 10, collectively development sits on 17.5 agreement for the new department stores, the House is the home of the called the “Pittsburgh acres in the Lower Hill hockey arena development Pittsburgh Board of Hill House Association, Cycle,” that chronicle the District. As the develop­ in the neighborhood. Education and the which was founded in African American ment coordinator for the A year later, represen­ . In 1964 and provides social experience in the 20th project, McCormack Baron tatives from all parties 1968, riots in the Hill begin services to the community. century. Nine of these had formed a joint venture sign an agreement at the on April 5, the day after the plays, including “Fences” with the Hill Community historic Freedom Corner Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, and “The Piano Lesson,” Development Corp., the at Centre Avenue and Jr. is slain, and last until are set in the Hill District, Hill Project Area Committee, Crawford Street in the April 12. In that week, bringing attention to the and the Pittsburgh Urban Hill District. 505 fires lead to $620,000 cultural legacy and socio­ Redevelopment Authority. in property damage, one economic struggles of death and 926 arrests. the community. Urban Removal

The bottom 100 acres of the Hill District were razed between 1956 and 1961, uprooting more than 400 businesses and 8,000 residents, including 1,550 families, Nesbit’s among them. The removal of those living there outpaced the construction of low-cost housing for all who needed it. Two-thirds of those displaced were African American. The shortage of low- cost housing for the city’s Black population became a crisis. By 1960, Pittsburgh ranked the worst among the 14 largest U.S. cities in the percentage of housing units occupied by non-whites that were classified as deteriorating or dilapidated dwellings. “When they built the arena, they weren’t concerned about where they put people. They just scattered them,” Nesbit recalls. “It was like your life was in someone else’s hands.” City officials considered extending the cultural district project into the Upper Hill neighborhood, but protestors drew their line in the sand at the corner of Centre Avenue and Crawford Street, erecting a billboard in 1960 that declared, “No redevelopment or Ken Nesbit, the 1950s Lower Hill District of his beyond this point!” In 1962, the arena opened. But childhood was a melting pot of race and ethnic origin soon afterward, rising community activism, organized where families crowded into substandard housing were opposition to urban renewal and the growing civil rights bonded by the hardships of the poverty they shared. movement led public officials to lean toward the idea “Nobody had anything,” Nesbit, now 60, remembers. of improving “blighted” neighborhoods rather than “Everyone was the same. It was like an extended razing homes and businesses and relocating residents — family. Other parents treated you like your parents. but little progress was made in ensuing years. If you ran out of food or needed a place to stay, For decades, Pittsburgh’s largest Black neighbor- someone looked out for you.” hood had been known for its vibrant cultural life that Pittsburgh Mayor David L. Lawrence saw the included jazz clubs like the Crawford Grill, Hurricane poverty as well — and something young Ken Nesbit Lounge and Savoy Ballroom — essential stops along couldn’t envision. To the powerful mayor, the Lower the national jazz circuit. Much of that commercial Hill was prime real estate, a place where a city cultural and social center was now gone. The out-migration of FEven as controversy was district would rise from the slums as part of the Jews, Italians and other non-African American residents building over urban Pittsburgh Renaissance, the city’s first period of urban intensified, bleeding diversity from a neighborhood renewal in the Lower Hill District, the then–Civic renewal begun after World War II. once known for it. Crime and poverty worsened. Arena was hailed as an That renaissance vision transformed the Damage from riots that erupted in the wake of the architectural achievement downtown core. Point State Park replaced a grimy 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. left in 1961 because it warehouse district. New office development enhanced additional scars. featured the world’s the city as a corporate headquarters. Air quality In 1971, the renovated Heinz Hall opened largest retractable, policies started to change the image of Pittsburgh as downtown as the new home of the Pittsburgh stainless-steel dome roof. the “Smoky City.” In the Lower Hill, the architects Symphony, and the Lower Hill as the site of a cultural of the renaissance drew up plans for a $100 million center was abandoned in favor of the city’s core. cultural district that included a new symphony hall, Only the arena blossomed from those original plans. an art museum and luxury apartments. It would be The neighborhood population continued to fall so anchored by a municipal arena and financed with public that by 1990 there were only 15,000 Hill District and private dollars. The Howard Heinz Endowment, an residents, a steep drop from more than 50,000 in 1950. early contributor, helped pay for the study and planning Some 50 years after construction of the first of the symphony hall. arena, when city, county and Pittsburgh Penguins At first, Lower Hill residents expressed little officials announced plans for a new home for the opposition. That soon changed. hockey team, they could not divorce the development from that painful chapter in Hill District history. Library & Archives Division, Senator John Heinz History Pittsburgh, Pa. Center, 19

“Two important things got us involved with Once at the bargaining table, the availability the community benefits agreement,” says Carl of technical support provided through the local Redwood, One Hill CBA Coalition chairman and foundations-funded Dream Fund proved particu- convener of the Hill District Consensus Group, larly helpful, says Morgan, the Pittsburgh UNITED a coalition organized nearly two decades ago. co-chairman who had negotiated some 100 labor “We feel developers who come to our community contracts as a Service Employees International need to be responsible and responsive to the people Union official. “Look, the other side had several here. Second, developers who receive public subsi- different layers of attorneys. But because of those dies must give back to the community. That money resources, so did we. That’s invaluable because if is not a gift. It’s an investment and it’s supposed to you’ve never gone through a negotiating process help. We need to know how it’s going to help and before, it could become a mess. Or worse, it could get that in writing.” become nothing at all, particularly when you’re The emergence of the One Hill CBA Coalition sitting across from people who do negotiations meant two neighborhood groups were now seeking for a living.” to negotiate on behalf of the Hill District. Over The Penguins, for their part, publicly recognized the summer of 2007, the One Hill CBA Coalition the legacy of failed urban renewal in the Hill and gathered strength by investing upwards of 7,000 expressed a readiness to negotiate a deal that would volunteer hours to build a negotiating platform prevent history from repeating itself. “There’s a informed by citizen input solicited through a series great opportunity here for the city and the region,” of public meetings and door-to-door canvassing. Tom McMillan, the Penguins spokesman, told By early September 2007, the One Hill CBA reporters a few days before the first bargaining Coalition became the recognized negotiator for session. “The arena can be an economic generator, the Hill District when its nine-member bargaining more than just a hockey arena. We acknowledge team sat down with city, county and Penguins that what happened here 50 years ago was a officials to begin formal talks over its set of travesty.” demands, the “Blueprint for a Livable Hill.” The talks, however, still traveled a crooked road. The months of internal struggle to determine There were the continued attempts by a group community representation challenged foundation of Hill District ministers to negotiate ­separately officials to understand the neighborhood political from the One Hill CBA Coalition. There were terrain, with which they had little experience. the pickets outside Mellon Arena. There was the “It was complicated, and the process initially was media-highlighted burning of the city and rushed due to the Penguins’ construction schedule,” ­county’s proposal that was not the negotiated says Mary Navarro, senior program officer for contract Hill District leaders sought. Arts & Culture at the Endowments and chair of an Adding to the tension was the city Planning internal team working to support ­revitalization Commission’s approval of an arena master plan efforts in and adjacent while community benefits were still in talks. One ­communities. “We needed to try and understand Hill responded by flexing its litigation muscles in the issues involved. The voice of the Hill com­ Common Pleas Court, appealing the commission munity needed to be heard. In this politically ruling, which threatened to delay construction. charged and fast-moving situation, it was better to Penguins officials, meanwhile, were absent from sit back and provide the appropriate support so negotiations for several months without explanation, the community could come together and decide a situation that changed after One Hill made what it wanted out of an agreement.” Dylan Vitone 21

Less than 24 hours after Hill District community leaders reject city and county officials’ proposed community benefits agreement — and watch a copy of it go up in flames — One Hill CBA Coalition Chairman Carl Redwood, standing center, leads a tour of the neighborhood to point out sites residents want to be developed as a result of the new arena construction. In a ceremony befitting the historic nature of Pittsburgh’s first community benefits agreement, Allegheny County Chief Executive , left foreground, and Mayor Luke Ravenstahl, right foreground, meet with Penguins President David Morehouse, left at podium, and community representatives at Freedom Corner in the Hill District to sign the contract.

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repeated public appeals for the team to come back to the table. When the Penguins returned, a sense of hope grew that an agreement would be reached. Finally, last April, there was a tentative agreement endorsed by the neighborhood’s negotiators, with the final version signed by all parties in August. The key provision of the agreement is a com- Copyright, © Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2009, all rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. prehensive development plan for the Hill District relies on contributions from groups other than that the city is required to draft by next February the primary developer. Milliones believes that the with significant input from the community, which agreement should have required the Penguins to historically had little influence in such matters. foot the bill for most of the community investment One Hill occupies four of the nine seats on the because the team received the public subsidy. committee charged with shaping the master plan, The Hill House Association’s Frazier says, and the Hill’s elected state representative, state however, that the ­package was significant because senator and city councilmember hold another three. it marked “the first time there was such broad The deal also calls for the Penguins and the city collective community thinking and vetting of the to contribute $1 million each toward development direction the neigh­borhood wants to go.” of a grocery store, now in planning, which the Hill “It was through that community effort that has gone without for nearly three decades. The city we ended up with a negotiated agreement that “In Pittsburgh, I witnessed young, progressive and diverse leaders emerge to guide this initiative to success. Their voices are vital as we collectively engage in discussions about the future of our city.” Kerry O’Donnell president, Falk Foundation

and county agreed to contribute money to create I think will have impact for years to come,” he says. a model “first-source referral center” to prepare From a national perspective, Pittsburgh residents for the workforce and refer qualified Hill ­foundations’ key role in introducing the benefits District residents to employers connected with the agreement concept and supporting efforts to arena project, who agree to give them first con­ ­negotiate the contract also was unique. The philan- sideration when hiring. Another negotiated benefit thropic collaborative was among the first in the is the Neighborhood Partnership Program fund to nation to use local and Fulfilling the Dream Fund support further economic development, education, matching grants to support efforts to negotiate a training, youth services and other improvements. community benefits agreement. That strategy also The program will receive $3 million over six years was used in California to support a Los Angeles from the Bank of New York Mellon, which gets a community coalition that negotiated a 2004 tax credit for its contribution. ­community benefits agreement related to the As one of the neighborhood leaders, Milliones $11 billion expansion of Los Angeles International says she’s grateful for the resources that will be Airport. It remains the largest such agreement flowing into the Hill District. But she contends that to date, providing an estimated $500 million in the contract does not follow the pattern set by labor, environmental and other benefits. other community benefits agreements in that it 23

A year later, Falk President Kerry O’Donnell guide this initiative to success. Their voices are vital approached several foundations about creating as we collectively engage in discussions about the a funding collaborative in Pittsburgh to address future of our city.” school finance reform and to help replicate locally For Pittsburgh officials, this first encounter the community benefits agreement model to with a community benefits agreement revealed address several of the foundations’ goals for both promise and risks. “If it is approached in such ­promoting diversity and inclusion. Although the a way as to say, ‘How can we make this deal happen foundations had no specific development project and be the best it can be for everyone?’ great things in mind at the time, Falk and the other four can materialize,” says Rob Stephany, executive ­foundations pooled $500,000. That amount director of the Urban Redevelopment Authority included $200,000 from the Endowments, nearly of Pittsburgh. “If the approach is, ‘We can stop this half of which supported the CBA process. When thing unless you pay us’ — that poses a risk of contributions from the local foundations were slowing down or stopping deals that are financially matched by the national Dream Fund ­established marginal to begin with.” in 2004, the total reached $1 million. For neighborhood leaders, the agreement means Still, support for this new concept posed more work ahead to sustain the organization and some risk. drive that enabled them to succeed at the bargain- “I knew this could be contentious … ing table, to negotiate a crucial neighborhood Foundations here don’t have a history of supporting master development plan and to make sure all “In Pittsburgh, I witnessed young, progressive and diverse leaders emerge to guide this initiative to success. Their voices are vital as we collectively engage in discussions about the future of our city.” Kerry O’Donnell president, Falk Foundation

community organizing activities,” says Jane parties comply with the contract. “It’s one thing Downing, senior program officer for Economics to get the agreement, but it’s another to take the

and Community Development at The Pittsburgh steps necessary to make sure the community will Points in Time photo credits, Foundation. “I had conversations with our board actually benefit from it,” says Frazier. page 17, clockwise from top left: and some other people who understood minority 1872 plat map courtesy of Historic But Redwood, the One Hill co-chair, believes Pittsburgh contracting about whether they thought that if we that enduring the arduous bargaining process Axe photo courtesy of Sen. John Heinz explored this opportunity it would be a good thing already has lasting implications for the neigh­bor­ History Center for Pittsburgh. The question for us was: Do we hood. “A lot of people look at it as organizing the Charles “Teenie” Harris, Man playing piano in Crawford Grill No. 2, c. 1945 – think this could help address hiring opportunities community to get a community benefits ­agreement. 1970, Housing advocacy billboard, Lower Hill District, c. 1960 – 1970, on publicly financed projects? The answer was yes.” I see it as working on the community ­benefits Heinz Family Fund, Copyright, © 2009 Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh Achieving a signed CBA agreement for the Hill agreement to organize the community. The lasting Crawford Square photo courtesy of District has increased the visibility nationally of impact is that, as we move forward, our commu- McCormack Baron Regan promising practices in both racial inclusion and nity is better organized and stronger than before.” h at the New Granada Theatre, Copyright, © Pittsburgh community–labor partnerships, adds the Falk Post-Gazette, 2009, all rights reserved. Foundation’s O’Donnell. “In Pittsburgh, I witnessed Reprinted with permission. young, progressive and diverse leaders emerge to Hill House National Guard in Hill District, Copyright, © Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 2009, all rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.