REFLECTIONS on CROATIA, 1960-1992 Eleanor Despalatovic
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REFLECTIONS ON CROATIA, 1960-1992 Eleanor Despalatovic Connecticut College A colleague asked me last spring "How does it feel to see junkies" tuning in to BBC in the morning, Radio Zagreb the country you have spent your lifetime studying fall at night, combing newspapers and journals for new apart?" I can't remember what I answered, but the information, printing out reams of e mail. Even with all of question has stayed with me. this information I cannot say I understand what has happened. Certainly this is not a war fought because of I am a historian who has worked in the field of Croatian "ancient tribal rivalries" as American and European and Yugoslav history since the late 1950's. My first book newspapers so charmingly describe it. It seems to be a Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement, described the strange combination of hard line communists trying to development of Croatian and Yugoslav nationalism in the hold on to power and privilege, a powerful modern army first half of the nineteenth century. I followed this with a left without a state falling into the hands of radical series of articles on the spread of nationalism from the nationalists, an outdated nineteenth century push for Croatian political and cultural elite to the peasantry in the national unification, and twentieth century racism. This is late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the rise of a lethal combination. the Croatian Peasant Party, and the life and thought of Ante Radic, the Party ideologist. These led me to my What right does Serbia have to the city of Vukovar? It has present topic, one which has occupied me for almost 15 never been part of Serbia and it did not even have a years, namely the economic, social and political life of the Serbian majority. Why should the existence of a Serbian peasantry in Croatia before World War I, the period in minority of 12.3% justify allowing a third of Croatia to be which the Peasant Party was founded. I am now controlled by armed Serbs? Why should a minority of completing work on the first volume of a history of the 33% in Bosnia-Hercegovina mean that 90% of that Croatian peasants from 1880 to 1914. It focuses on republic should "belong" to the Serbs? Why should the everyday peasant life, and is based, primarily, on majority of the inhabitants of these Serb-controlled ethnographic sources. The second volume will analyze the regions be expelled from their homes and deprived of interaction between the modernizing programs of the their property at gunpoint in the name of "ethnic Croatian urban elite and traditional peasant culture during cleansing?" What a nice aseptic word to describe brutal the same period. My interests overlap with those of evacuation of families from old settled communities to a anthropologists and ethnologists, and I have collaborated life with nothing. Perhaps the refugees will go home once on several projects with Joel M. Halpern: an English more, but to what? Whole villages have been leveled and edition of Rudolf Bicanic's How the People Live, and a property records destroyed. Elsewhere, others of the study of the Balkan travels of Emily Balch, author of Our "proper" nationality have taken over the homes and farms Slavic Fellow Citizens . of those who were forced to leave. I have lived a total of five and a half years in Croatia. My This is worse than a hurricane disaster, because there the husband is Croatian. We met in Zagreb in 1960 when I victims are seen as everyone's neighbors and help flows in was doing my dissertation research and married there. freely. But what happens when it is your very neighbors Therefore professional ties to Croatia are paralleled by who have dispossessed you and killed or maimed ties of kinship and friendship. In addition to my first members of your family in the holy name of motherland? research stay in 1960-62, my husband and I and our two Can Serbs and Croats, Serbs and Moslems and Croats daughters spent our 1972, 1978-79 and 1985-86 ever live together peacefully again? The "German " sabbatical leaves in Zagreb, and our girls attended minority problem in Eastern Europe was solved by the Croatian schools. We have made various shorter trips to brutal expulsion of German speaking minorities after Croatia as well. My last research visit was during the World War Two. Could this war not end in the same way, summer of 1988. ultimately, with the expulsion of Serbs from regions in which they have lived for centuries as a minority. The events since June of 1991 in Croatia and now Bosnia- Hercegovina have come as a surprise and have remained a Why did the world allow the senseless shelling of daily horror. My husband and I have become "news Dubrovnik and the intentional destruction of historic buildings, churches, mosques, hospitals, schools, factories past three years, or in former Yugoslavia in the past year throughout Croatia and, most recently, Bosnia- and a half, are like huge movements of the earth's surface Hercegovina? How can any civilized person accept which raise low places into mountains. We have lived "ethnic cleansing." How can we remain indifferent to the with the existence of Yugoslavia as one lives with a well plight of millions of refugees? This is a war fought not known landscape. The Yugoslavs seemed to have found a only around major cities, although these capture the way to balance the nationalisms of small closely-related headlines, but in the countryside, in provincial towns and nationalities by forming a federated state of national villages. The Germans broke apart Czechoslovakia in republics. The "Yugoslav Experiment" during the Cold 1938, in order to "protect" the German minority, which War offered an intriguing alternative to the highly had in fact been well treated. Europe stood by and helped, centralized Soviet system with the Yugoslav path- muttering pious words about keeping the peace until it breaking institutions of workers self-management and finally became clear that only force would stop Hitler and market socialism. the Nazis. The European Community, the United States and the United Nations stand by now, making token Although Yugoslavia may not have had as dramatic a efforts to stop the war, asking the victims to be patient, growth rate as some of the Soviet bloc countries, her chiding them when they defend themselves. It is, after all, modernization was more humane, and she let foreign the "wild" Balkans. scholars come in and observe and record the process. The League of Communists offered an ideological alternative Historical facts get tossed around in quite frightening to nationalism, and Tito was an appealing leader who ways. The number of Serbs who were supposed to have seemed to be able to adjust to the needs of the moment been killed in the Jasenovac concentration camp has risen while keeping tight control. This small Balkan country from "a hundred thousand" to "hundreds of thousands" to was even, for a while, the leader of the non-aligned "a million and a half." When Croatian scholars argue from movement. Compare the number of books written by documents that a total of 216,000 people perished in American anthropologists, sociologists, political concentration camps, and of these only 79,00 were Serbs, scientists, economists and historians on Yugoslav topics and that 487,000 Serbs died from all causes in the war, with those on Czechoslovakia or Romania or Bulgaria. they are attacked for defending fascists. Are the French For decades Yugoslavia had a significance in the world still judged "fascist" because of the Vichy government? which vastly outweighed either her size or her wealth, and Are all Norwegians called "quislings?" In the war against her growing prosperity seemed to prove that the system Croatia, the shadow of World War II was evoked again was viable. With the end of the Cold War she became and again, as if fifty years had not passed. marginalized. I wondered in l985-86 and again in 1988 at the frequency I first visited Yugoslavia in the spring of 1956, eager for with which the term ustase was used by the Serbs when sunshine after a long cold Austrian winter. I was on a talking about present day Croats. The number of German Fulbright fellowship that year at the University of Vienna troops held down by the Partisans also grows with the taking courses in Habsburg and modern history, and telling, especially when American and British military studying Czech. I can't remember why I chose to learn advisors are explaining why they should not send troops Czech, it may have been the only non-Russian Slavic to keep or establish peace. The world seems afraid of the language offered. I remember that I did not particularly Balkans. New myths have been established by the like the sound of Czech. It reminded me of teakettles Milosevic propaganda machine and American newspapers whistling. I knew I wanted to go on in East Europe naively repeated them for a while: all Croats are ustase history, but still didn't know which region to choose for under the skin; the Serbs won both world Wars; only my concentration. Serbs were Partisans; only Croatia had a puppet fascist regime; the Bosnian Moslems are Islamic Austria in 1956 was just coming back to life after war and fundamentalists, and so on and so forth. Perhaps one way occupation and somehow seemed narrow, drab, and historians can most be of use, to try to debunk myths, depressed. I had never been so cold as I was that winter.