PCLiTiCAL AI{D !NTORMATIVE REVIEW ,, TIRANA ruc!{sel/197e The beloted leader of the Farty and of the entire Albanian people, comrade ENVER HOXHA, partA otganized atnong the happy-oj- chitdren tuho participat great Neu Year eteninE lat th; Palace Brigades bg the Central, e ol the Party of Labaur of Albania I and the Council ol Ministers ol the PSRA ber 30, 1977.
tor Janaq Pago. c0ltTEilTS:
' (Document) Ihe Pezo Conference - on event of greot historic importonce 46 ENVER HOXHA
Ihe history of the Albonion people is written with blood 2 MEHMET SHEHU The closs struggle w guorontee thot the Porty wi n o revolutionory Porty of t s l0 NDREqT PLASARI Mythology in modernist oesthetics 2l ATFRED Uqr From the life of the country 28
oEurocommunismn or undisguised revisionism 38 ZERI ! POPUTLIT Press review 58 THE }IISTORY OT'f,$EE ATBAruI H PEOPTE rs RttrEN t[ffi Br00D by MEFIMET SHEHU
The Member of the Potitical Bureau of the Central Committee of the pLA ond Chairmnn of the Couneil of Ministers of the PSRA, \lehmit Shehtr,. Little Albonio will certoinly build sociolism relying on its own forces, ond in consistent revolutionory struggle ogoinst imperiolism, with US imperiolism of the heod, ogoinst Soviet sociol-imperiolism ond modern revisionism of every hue ond brond, together with oll the proletorions ond genuine communists of the world, together with oll the peoples of the world
Dear comrades, Brothers and sistors, ON BEH-{I,F OF THE CEI\ITRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PABTY AND TTIE GOVERNMENT, THE PRESIDIUM OF THE PBOPLE ASSEMBLY, AND OF THE LEADER OF OUR PARTY AND PEOPLE, COMRADE ENVEE HOXHA PEESONAI,T-Y, I BRING YOU TTIE IUOs.,- FEBVENT REVOLUTIONARY GREETINGS AND WISH YOU MANY' TTIEUY HAPPY EETURNS OF THE GREAT F'ESTIVAI,S - THE 65TTI ANNIVERSAEY OF THE PROCLAMATION OF TTIE INDIPENDENCE OF THE HOMET-AND AND THE 33RD ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE COUNTRY FROM TIIE FAS-CIST OCCUPIEES, VLORA TIAS BECOME THE SYMBOL OF OUR PEOPLE'S LOVE FOR FREEDOIVI, PATRIOTISM, HEROISM, COURAGE. FIDELITY, BECAUSE THE PEOPLE OF VI,ORA HAVE ALWAYS DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES BY THE BLOOD THEY HAVE SHED FOR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE, FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE. IT IS THE VLORA OF NOVEMI}Ets 28, 19L2, WHEBE THE GEEAT AND WISE PATRIOT ISMATL QEMALI HOISTED THE NATIONAL FT,AG AND PROCLAIMED THE INDEPENDENCE OF ALBANIA AFTER 5OO YEARS OF SAVAGE SLAVERY UNDER THE BAEtsAROUS OTTOMAN DOMINATION; IT IS TIIE VLOR.A OF 1920, WHEN SELAM MUSAI'S STOUT FIGHTERS
The closs struggle THE CLASS STEUGGLE WITHIN THE PARTY OF THE WORKING CLASS IS A REFLECTION OF THE CLASS CONTRADICTIONS WHICH EXTST within the porty is direct- AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE WHICH GOES ON IN SOCIETY. ed ogoinst enemies ond THE PABTY IS THE LEADER OF THE CLASS STRUGGLE FOR THE Iroi tors; ogoinsI deviotions, DESTRUCTION OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST SOCIETY. AS SUCH IT STANDS IN distorlions ond violotions THE FOREFRONT OF THE BATTLES WITTI THE CLASS ENEMY. ON ITS of porty decisions IDEOLOGY AND POLICY, ON ITSABILITYINLEADEESHIP,DEPENDS THE ond directives; oguinst FATE OF THE REVOLUTION, OF THE GREAT STBUGGLE BET. WEEN SOCIALISM AND CAPITALISM, BETWEEN THE SOCIALIST AND shortcomings, CAPITALIST EOADS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. HENCE IT IS mistokes ond gops NATURAL THAT THE ATTACI{S AhID COUNTER-ATTACI(S OF TIIE ENEMI wotk of the leoding ABE DIRECTED AT THE PARTY IN THE FIRST PLACE. in the Apart from this, the communists The class struggle within the party orgons ond bosic are not completely free from or in- is directed against enemles and tra'!- orgonizotions vulnerable to the old concepts, cus- tors; against deviations, distortions of the purty; ogoinsl toms and habits carried by the social and violations of par:ty decisions anrl environment in which they have lived directives; against shortcomings, mis- dogmotism, opporlunism, or a1'e living, the social class or stra- takes and gaps in the work of sectorionism, ond ony tum to which they belong, either by the leading organs and basic orga- kind of olien, origin or curr'ent status, The commu- nizatlons of the party; against oppor- unti-Morxist views nists, ,like all our working people, are tunism, dogmatism, sectarianism, anri on the one hand, under the pressure any kind of alien, anti-Marxist views' of 'the btremishes of the old society, The class struggle within the par- and on the other, under the pressure ty is, in the first place, an ideologi- of the bourgeois and revisionist cal struggle for the Marxist-Leninist ideology and policy from abroad, purity of lts theory, of its general li- hence are faced with the dangers ne, and of the communists themselves. of bourgeois-revisionist degenera- But it is also a political struggle. tion. The fight against traitors and hostile The dangers that threaten the par- activity in the party ranks cannot be ty are overcome through a oorrect, confined to the ideological field alo- determined, and ceaseless class s,trug- ne, Every enemy of the Marxist-Le- gle wlthin its ranks. < and compiete only when it is waged have capil;ulated to the pressure and ensureC through class struggle. This as a combined ldeological and politicai attacks of the class enemy, to the struggle has kept them pure as van- struggle, and is accompanied with the tidal wave of petty-bourgeois psycho- guard revolutionary fighters, has pro- appropriate organizational measures. logy, have allo-wed the enemy to pe- tecteC them from bourgeois degenera- Only through such a struggle can netrate their ranks. and eventually, tion and capitulation to the pressure the parLy ',vork out, preserve anC erren to seize the reins of leadership. of the enemies, or in the face of dif- apply a correct Marxist-Leninist line; Although younger than many other {iculties and obstacles. preserve and strengthen its pro).eta- parties, the PLA has been able to The struggle for a correct Marxist- rian unity, without any breaches, en- work out and implement a correct Leninist line, for a steel-Iike unity, for sure the proletarien qualities of thc Marxist-Leninist line at all the pe- the communist qualities of the party communlsts, realize its undivided leir- riods of its existence and to ensure n-rembers, the entire class struggle in dership in the revolution and th(r victories of vital importance to the the Party, has had as its major objec- construction of socialism. Albanian people, because, in its faith- tive to ensure its undivided leader- The main reflection of how the fu1 implementation of Marxism-Le- ship, which constitutes the key to Mar:xlst-Leninist party wages the class ninism, as was stressed at the 7ih the solution of all problems, all the struggle is its political line, embodied Congress of the PLA, *it has reso- tasks of the revolution, the construc- in its practical revolutionary activity lu+.ely upheld the line of the class tion of socialism, and the defence of and tested by the results of this acti - struggle and . consistently u.,aged it the Homeland. After it succeeds in vity. against internal and external enemies. becoming the leader of the masses in Those parties of the working class as urell as amcng the people and in the revolutionary situation, the party lvhich have been unable to work out its orvn ranks".1) can preserve and play its leading ro- and implement a correct revolutionary The steel-lihe ideological and orga- le up till the complete victory of the line, and as a consequence, have not nizational unity of the PLA, which socialist revolution only through a succeeded in placi.ng themselves st has characterized it aI1 through its persistent ideologlcal and political the head of the masses in revolutiona- existence, is linked with this correct class struggle for the implementation ry situations, in preparing them anC and resolute struggle. The enemies' of its general Marxist-Leninist line, leading them in revolution, are by plans to destroy the PLA, or to turn and its proletarian principles and no means few. Other parties, although it into a bourgeois-revisionist party, ncrms. at given mo,ments or periods they ha- have faiLeC because they have noL As was stated at the 7th Congress -,,e followed a correct course and ha- found, anC have been quite unable of the PLA, precisely such a deter- ve shown .themselves capable of lead- to create, breaches in the Party in mined and consistent struggle, waged ing the masses in revolutionary strug- general and in its Central Committe: u,ith organically linked revolutionary g1e, of ensuring them great political in particular. In the Soviet Union and Marxist-Leninist methods for its li- and social victories, have not gone other countries the revisionists split ne, for the unity and the commun- to the end of this road, have chang- their respective communist and ist qualities of its members, has ena- ed course, have departed from Marx- workers' parties, which facilitated the bl.ed our Party *1e ensure its lead- ism-Leninism and turned into bour- destructive worl< for the liquidation of ing role throughout its whole exis- geois-revisionist parties, betraving the their proletarian character. tence, to ensure the hegemony of the cause of the working class, the revo- The communist qualities of menr- r,vorking class in such a complete mo- lution, and communlsm. Such parties bers of the party have always beerr nolithic, and effective manner,'.2) 12. (s8), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY The edge of the class tulal, military and other tasks, tt-t organs and organizations of the Party, create the impression that the policy because the hostile activity has not rtruggle in the Party ie , firgt of all, directed against of the Party was not correct. In ord,er been allowed to develop, nor have the to disguise themselves, and at the sa- views and activities of traitors been and the enemt, Ihe eaemiee me time, to exptroit the great authority allowed to destroY the unity of the activity in itg ranhg of the Party for their own benefit, the Party. enemies have tried to pose as if they It is known that, by linking up As is known, enemies and traitors rvere doing everything in the name with one another, enemy elements ha- have emerged from the ranks of the of the Party. They have used all sorts ve, indeed, rnanaged to create a num- Party from time to time. TheY have tactics and wiles to develop th: ber of factional groups within the been very few in numbers, but the of cult their own personality, to win ranks of our Party. However, these danger they posed was verY great. of personal prestige so that their words hostile groups have been smashed be- This danger was linked neither with carry rn eight and to gain fore they couid take the form oJ their nurnber, nor with their support would credit and support. trends in the sense that Stalin gave in the Party and among the PeoPIe, mainiy surreptitiously, the them, as *a party within the party-, because they have enjoyed no such Working awaited favourable and come out with an anti-party oppo- support, They endangered the Party, traitors have the mornent a ..crisiso, in order to stri- sition Iine. the dictatorship of the proletariat, and of ke their might. However this Ko,gi Xoxe's group was extremely the socialist order as a whole, be- with all moment, has never come, for they dangerous. The hostile activity of this cause of the important positions and uncovered have group extended to many fields. Ne- functions they had managed to occu- have been in time, been smashed ideologically, politically vertheless, the anti-Marxist views py in the leading organs of the Par- and views that were the foundation of this acti- ty, the state, the economy and the and organizationally, Jheir and activities have been liquidated. vity did not succeed in crystallizing army. They were dangerous, also, as have shown especially as an independent line. The 11th agents of external enemies. Abetted, The enemies great cor-rcern to establish links with Plenum of the Central Committee supported and assisted by the impe- another, to gather supporters (September 1948) and the lst Congress rialists and revisionists, they intended one around themselves, to create first of the Party (November), which made to take the fortress from within, bY groups factional anl political trying to divert the PartY from its and then trends an assessment of the line opposed the line the Part1,. Marxist-Leninist course, to eliminaie lines to of over the period 1945-1948, came to aware by not its revolutionary line and leadership, They are well that only the conclusion that there were organizing themselves and one, to liquidate the dictatorship of the uniting, by two lines in the Party, but only political platform op- proletariat, to make the country de- working out a which on a whole was correct, al- pendent on one or the other bour- posed to the Marxist-Leninist line though there were a number of dis- geois-revisionist and imperialist state. of the Party can they attain their tortions in it. These distortions were To the extent they were able, the goal, and alter its course towards some erroneous anti-Marxist theses traitors have carried out hostile, dis- revisionism. But this can happen onl;' and pr.actices smuggled into the linc ruptive, underrnini,ng, anti-Party acti- in certain conditions, when the Par- and activity of the Party by the trai- vity to achieve this aim. In general, ty falls asleep, is infected by dan- tor group which represented theses however, they have not dared to gerous bourgeois diseases, becornes and practices fro;m the Yugoslav trot- oppose the line of the Party openly, sclerotic, and thus, loses its ability to skyite-revisionist ideology and policy. because they have always found fight and liquidate the enemies that In recent years, the Party unoovereC themselves faced with its monolithic emerge irom, and operate in, its own and liquidated the hostile groups ol unity which has suppressed them, ranks. Such were the conditions in F. Paqrami and T. Lubonja, of B. and with its steel-like links with the which revisionist trends took shape irl Ba11uku, P. Dume and H. Qako, and of A. people, which have terrified them. Fct many former communist and work- K611ezi, K. Theodhosi and K. Ngjela. these reasons they have tended to ers' parties, and succeeded in tran- These groups, which operated t11 work surreptitiously, have tried to dis- sforming them complet'ely into bour- close connection and collaboration tort the line of the Party in one geois-revisionist parties. with one another and in coordina- field or the other, on one question Revisionism has been unable to stri- tion with some foreign revisionist s'ta- or the other, in the field of its im- ke root and triumph in the PLA, be- tes, made up ..a maior and extre- plementation, in order to create con- cause the bourgeois-revisionist disea- mely dangerous conspiracy", as the fusion, disrupti,on, disorder, to prevent ses have been systematically combatt- 7th Congress of the Party defined the implementation of decisions and ed in a struggle which prevented them them. With the fir.st group operating directives, on political, economic, cul- from invading and overwhelming the in the field of ideology and culture, ALBANIA TODAY 1 (38), 1978 . 13 thing the second ln the armY, and the third Hence, the class struggle within the more factions. And if such a in the field of the econcmy, the ene- ranks of the Marxist-Leninist party does show uP, the PartY cannot and of mies intended to destroy the PartY, cannot be called a struggle between must not tolerate the existence periodo.3) the clictatorsl-rip of the proletariat, opposing lines, and even less can such factions, even for a short prin- and the socialist economic-social or- a *struggle of lines" be considered an Guided by this Marxist-Leninist first pla- cler, and to turn Albania into a bour- objective phenomenon. The class strug- ciptre, our Party has, in the to bar geois-rerrisionlst country. To achieve gle in the ranks of the party is, truly, an ce, waged a preventive struggle paths these dangers, to cut this objective, they had reckoned on objective phenornenon like the class all the to factions organizing an armed putsch, through strr,rggie in general, but it is not ne- off the roots and sources of and of enemies the traitors in the Army, which was cessa-rily a struggle between two op- and opposing lines, to be backed up by foreign militarY posing lines. The experience of the and enemY activities. been consis- intervention. struggle within the PLA confirms this The PLA has alwaYs course' Hence the danger was extremelY very well: this struggle has alwaYs tent in its Marxist-Leninist programmatic taslis, great. Before they were uncovered, been waged for the defence, imPle- Befor,e setting its its attitudes on the the traitors caused all the damaqe mentation and enrichment, in the heat before deciding problems of its internal they could in the sectors where they of revolutionary action, of a single fundamental policy, has considered were working, taking advantage ot Marxist-Leninist line, and has noI or foreign it has not been hastY manifestations of liberalism and bu- been a struggle between two lines' them thoroughlY, procrastinated. It has acted reaucracy, the slackening of vigilance The struggle between two roads nor has it and the greatest sense and control, the incomplcte implemen- should not be confused with the strug- with rnaturity the Albanian tation of communist principles and g1e between two lines. The struggle of responsibility towards the Albanian peo- norms, the shortcomings and errols between the socialist road and the ca- working class and well as towards the world in the work of PartY organizations pitalist road of development, which ple, as pro- proletariat and the revolution, always and state organs in the relevant sec- includes the struggle between the of Marxist-Leninist prin- tors. Neverlheless, the latest hostile letarian ideology and the'revisionist in the light its decisions, groups, Iike the forrner ones, were ideology, is an objective law, whereas ciples. After it has taken opposing politi- unhesitatingly for their uncovered and smashed before they the struggle between it has fought is a sub jective Phenome- fully convinced of the succeded in crystallizing into revi- cal lines implernentation, non, emerges and develops only line' sionist opposition trends and lines in which correctness of its revolutionary conditions, when the par- deci- the Party. As soon as they were un- in certain Vacillation and uncertainty in ty allows factional trends and anti- unprinci- covered and attacked by the Centrai sions, attitudes and slogans, Marxist lines to be created in its questions Committee they were attacked and pled changes of position on ranks. Such opposing revisionist trends crushed by the whole Party and the of internal and foreign PolicY, bY and lines usually manage to crystalli- people. AIL the communists and all making this policy subject to deve' ze when the partY of the working the working people to a man were Iopments of the moment or to simPlY class does not wage a correct, deter- decisions of the utilitarian and pragma;tic motives, aI- in solidarity u,ith the mined and consistent class struggle ways cause confusion and disorienta- Central Committee, with comrade within its ranks all the time. Enver Hoxha, and rose against the tion, create suitable soil for factions activi- traitors and their anti-Party, antj- and opposing lines, for hostile How has the PLA socia).ist, and anti-national activity. ties in the ranks of the PartY' preventing itself to This experience of the struggle su€ceeded in The PLA has not allowed against enemies and their traitorous the crystallization be carried away bY success, to beco- activity within the Party shows that, of factiona! Irendc and me swell-headed and over-confident objectively, thele is a great and con- opposing reYisionist Iineg, on account of its firm unity, its cor- tinuing danger of the creation o,f fac- and been able rect line, its sound links with the tional trends and anti-Marxist oppo- to uncover in time, and masses and great victories achieved sltion lines in the ranks of the party smash the enemies and under its leadership. To combat sel[' of the working class. At the same 'ri- enemy activity in its ranlts? satisfaction, conceit and over-confiden- me, it shows that the emergence and ce means to destroY the breeding crystallization of these trends and Ii- ..A self-respecting Marxist-Leninist ground for the petty-bourgeois and nes is not decreed by fate to be ine- party',, says comrade Enver Hoxha, revisionist maggot, so that it is una- vitable. Thcy can be stopped in their ..cannot permit the existence of two b1e to get into the PartY and thL' tracks, and unity can be preserved lines within the party; it eannot, the- dictatorship of the proletariat, to des- and strengthened. refore, allow the existence of one or troy them frosr within, 14o (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY But loss or weakening of revolu- a man around the PartY. . . to fight to resolve these contradictions in the hionary vigilance, whatever the cause, these manifestations.*5) way the contraCictions among the are ju,st as dangerous. ..The vigilance The consistentlv revolutionary and people are sclved means to fa1l inlo of the Party, its great experience, r'e- clear cut stand of the Party against idealism. into religious ind ulgence, to volutionary acumen and coolheaded- anli-party groups br,s been decisive renounce the class struggle. ness>>, says comrade Enver Hoxha in for its Marxist-Leninist line and uni- The maln thing is that in the PLA connection with the uncovering an'i ty towarC.s anti-party groups, whcn the struggle against hostile elements Iiquidation of the latest groups of trai- such groups have managed to fo:-'m and groups has alu,ays been a prin- tors and conspirators, .brought about themselves within its ranks. The dan- cipled struggle and it has never been that the full extent and danger of ger they represent has always beer,-L allou,ed to degenerate into a struggle this enemy activity was uncovered".4) properly appreciated and they have between individuals. This struggle has Revo.lutionary experience teaches us been fought and completely smashed not been waged by the Central Com- that the Party must never forget or in order to prerrent them from turning mittee a1one, but by the entire Party underrate the great dangers that into opposing trends and lines. and the whole p,eople who have a1- struggle ways had their sa5,, asisting the Par- threaten it from the intentions ancl, There is not doubt that, the activities of external and interna.l against anti-party elements, groups ty to expose and utterly smash the class enemies, from the imperialisl- and views, like the entire class strug- anti-Ma,rxist and anti-socialist activi- revisionist encirclement. Only by r:- gle within the party, is an ideological ty and views of one or other enemY group. maining constanfly vigilant, by hav- struggle in the first p1ace. Through or traitor That is why this great ing a thorough knowledge of the ene- this struggle, which has continued struggle has had such success. protected from mies and the methods, forms ancl even after the srnashing of one or The PLA has been means of their destructive work, catr the other group, their anti-Marxist the danger of disastrous splits, of the the dangers be avoided and the waYs views have been exposed and refuted, creation of hostile lines and trends, be closed to the penetration of oppos- and profound convictions have been also, by its revolutionary, determined ing revisionist trends and lines. created among the communists anti and consistent stand towards any in- The PLA has been able to smash working people about the hostile cha- terference from outside. Only such a the enemy activity, to follow a con- racter of these views which have led stand brought about the defeat of the sistenUy correct line, to preserve and the traitors into activity against the attempts of the Yugoslav revisionists constantly strengthen its unity, also, party and the socialist order. But the to turn the Koqi Xoxe grouP into an because of the principl.ed revolutiona- ideological struggie never fully achie- anti-Marxist trend on an all-Party sca- ry attitude it has always maintaineC ves its purpose if it is not accompani- le, after this group had become a towards shortcomings and mistakes. A ed with organizational and political faction at its head, and then to ensu- proletarian party is not afraid to re- measures. As comrade Enver Hoxha re that this Trotskyite-revisionis'i cognise the mistakes and shortcomings tells us ..The Party has never failed trend would liquidate the Marxist- in its line or practical activity. But to use the means of patient explana' Leninist line of the Party. The effot'ts however important it is to recognise tion and conviction towards all those which the Khrushchevite revisionists your mistakes and shortcomings, it who betrayed and embarked on the made directly and through Liri Be- is just as important to be determined anti-party and anti-peoptre road, but lishova and Koqo Tashko, to split the and to know how to fight to the end when the cup was fuIl and facts we- Central Commitee and the PartY, in to eliminate them. Mistakes, weaknes- re obvious, it thr:ew them out of its order to be able to impose their anti- ses, deviations, that are not detected ranks unhesitatingty, and those who Marxist course on it were smashed and combatted in time and with re- had conspired tl,ere handed over to the in the same way. The external ene- volr-rtionary methods, create favourable courts which even condemned sorne of mies of Marxism-Leninism have aI- soil for the activity of the enemy, them to death. The enemies wept over ways abetted and supponted the trai- become the source of revisionist thern, while the PeoPle rejoiced at tors in the ranks of our PartY, in groups, trends and platforms. <.Any having settled accounts with these order to use them to sow the seed of traxity, any misuse, any liberal- traitors,'.6) This is a profoundly re- disruption and revisionism in the Par- ism, any underestimation of mis- volutionary, Marxist-Leninist stand. ty, as was confirmed also in the case takes and shortcomings," teaches coirl- The revolution, the dictatorship of thc of the discovery and smashing of the rade Enver Hoxha, < In each historical period, every par- committees in the Army, in order to admission of young workers anci ty organization or leading organ has ensure that this role is always sa- cooperativists, and in particular, ot encountered mistaken views and feguarded and perfected. To this yollng women, in whose revolutionary stands opposed to one or other di- end, the ?th Congress of the Party determination and abilities there has rective of the Party. demanded, in particular, that the not alwa-ys been complete confiden- Closely linked with the struggle erroneous tondency, manifested in so- ce. against violations, distortions and fall- me instances, to put the bureaus abo- The struggle has been, and on the ing short in the implementation oI ve the plenums, to overrate the role instructions of the 7th Congress, al- the line of the party is the struggle of buneaus and to underrate the role ways will be concentrated against mrt- waged against violations, distortions, of plenums, as well as to attribute nifestations that atfect the fundamen- falling short in the implementation of to the apparatus of the perty com- tal question of admissions to the Par- the Constitution of the Party, which mitLee functions that belong to the ty: quality. embotlies the Marxist-Leninist prin- elected organs, must be done away Our Party has never seen the qua- ciples and norms which regulate its with. The essence of this struggle Iity of the candidates for membership life. These two struggles merg,e into has been and is to ensure the fullest as consisting only in their worker one. There can be no party of the collective spirit in the activity of the or cooperativist status. It has Iink'r'l working class with a correct Marx- Ieading party organs. As cornrade this question with a series of othe;.' ist-Leninist line without communist Enver Hoxha put it at the ?th Con- very important questions of a class organizational principles and norms. gress, *159 collective spirit plays the character, which make the communist When the Communist Party of the decisive role in achieving the leader- a proletarian vanguard fighter, loyal Soviet Union d,eviated from the Le- ship of the Party,', because it avoids to the end to the cause of commun- ninist-Stalinist ideology and policy, at bureaucracy and arbitrarity, avoids ism, indomitable in the face of ene- the same time it also renounced the distortions and grave violations cf mies, difficulties, obstacles and sacri- revolutionary implementation of the the line of the Party, ensures the fices, an 1 determincd to implement Marxist-Leninist principles and norms best and most complete implemen- the political line of the Palty at any of the pa,rty, which were transformed tation of its decisions and directi- cost. Such questions are the ideologi- into lifeless formulas. ves. cal and political preparation of can. Therefore, the 7th Congress of the The PLA has achieved marked suc- didates for party membership; their PLA stressed again that, in order cesses in the ceaseless strengthening being outstarrding in the performance to achieve the indisputable leader- of the proletarian composition of its not only of thr,ir technical-professio- ship of the Party, faithful revolutio- membership. In the conditions of ou: nal ta-sks, but also of their political nary imptrementation of both its po- country, which embarked on the road and social tasks, in their revolutiona" litical line and its Leninist princi- of socialist development with a very ry attitude and behaviour at work, ptres ,and norms has decisive impor- backward social-economic and cultu- in society, and the family; their tance. ral-educational situation, the fact being tested through hard work, on Like the political line, the princi- that, in 1970, worker communisr s difficult fronts, in revolutionary acti- ples and norms, too, can find such ernerged as the biggest group, and vity in general, in class struggle, etc. application only through the class the rapid increase of the number of The Party has waged systematic struggle within the ranks of the women in the Party, who today ma- and incessant struggle against mani- Party. ke up more than 27 per cent of its festations that sully the purity of the The continuous strengthening of the members, are truly great victories. moral figure of communists, in order leading role of the party basic organi- The continuous increase in the num- to ensure that they always remai;t zatioq in order to apply the Marxisl- ber of cooperativist peasant corrurrun- vanguard revolutionary fighters, and Leninist teaching: . ALBANIA TODAY (38), 1978 . 79 werful and tested weapon for the The correct waging of the class have succeeded in talling shape' The sucoessful waging of the class struggle struggle within the Party requires purging of our Party has been carried in the ranks of the Party. This wea- that the course of the correction of out routinely, in the Process of the pon serves to detect and correct short- the erring communists must be follo- implementation of the principles and comings and errors, to prevent or wed with revolutionary justice and norms of its Cons,titution. smash manifestations alien to the severity, and not with opponbunist In our Party, Purging is a revolu- ideology, line, and norms of the Party. indu,lgence, that every communist to- tionary class process that is carriecl Thus, lt also supplements the commun- rvards whom disciplinary measures are out on the basis of the internal de- isb education of the party members. taken should be put to the test, more mocracy of the Party as well as bY Criticism and seif-criticism are a than any other communist, and that drawing in the opinion of the mas- very good indicator in assessing how the party basic organizations should ses of the working PeoPle, who make the class struggle is being waged with- guide this testing directly. The clais th,e assessrnent of this or that party in the Party. Where there is correct, struggle also makes the differentia- m,ember. principled, sever-e criticism and self- tion: on the one hand, it corrects cr.iticism without fear and hesitation the majority of those who waver o.' about every communist, there the di- Iag behind their comrades, on the Dangers that threaten seases that threaten the Party can- other, it separates out the incorrigi- the Party and the fight not get established, the work of the ble. The latter are people who have against them class enemy makes no headway, and smuggled themselves into the Party, the implementation of decisions ancl who have not had, and have no't been What are the dangers that threaten directives, the vanguard role of the able to acquire, aII the qualihies of the Party, against which it has fought communists, the leadership of the par- the communist, or have lost these and is fighting ceaselessly so that it ty basrc organization and of the ple- qualities on the uphill pull. of the witl always remain a revolutionary num of the party committee a,re revolution, that is to say,, have capi- party of the working class? ensured. tulated to the pressure of the enemy The ?th Congress of the Party *The situation is in order in the party or difficulties. stressed that *the class struggle waged organizations", comrade Enver Hoxha 'Ihere is only one measure for the during the whotre existenoe of the instructs, *only when th,ere is the incorrigible: expulsion from the rankg Party, as well as recentlY, has shown thrashing out of ideas, critioism and of the Party. Great as the need of that the main danger and enomY to self-criticism from corr.ect party the Party is for transfusions of new our Party, as well as to the entire positions, when opinions are expressed and pure blood into its body so that international revolutionary communist about rvork, when proposals, sugges- it rvill alu,ays remain a Party of re- and workers' movement, has been end tions ,etc., are made, in a word when volutionary action, a proi.etarian lead- still is ri,ght opportunism, revision- Iife is seething there, not rvhen there iflg ParLy, its need to Purge itself ismol";' is'tranquillify",.lltl of all those who lose the qualities AII the enemies and traitors who When it is based on the policy of the vanguarcl proletarian fighter have emerged from the ranks of the and interests of the Party, of the is just as great, It is no accidenr Party have been rightists. In the hos- rvorking c1ass, and socialism, the olash that Lenin calls purging a law of tile rightist views and activities we of opinions is never harmful. On the the development of the revolutiona- see reflected the pressure of the in- contrary it is necessary and usefur, ry party of the rvorking class. Our ternal and external class enemy, ac- because it strengthens the militant re- Party has never alowed oPPortun- cording to concrete historical periods volutionary character of the unity, ist softness, liberalism and sentimen- and conditions. makes it easier to uncover and com- tality in the implementation of this With the f rontal class struggle bat mistakes and shortcomings, vio- 1aw. which the PartY has waged uncea- lations and distortions of the line, antl There is also anothel' very imPor- singly within and outside its ranks, it to take more correct decisions. tant feature in the practice of the has never allowed the creation ol the purging carried out in our PartY. soil in u,hich right opportunism, re- Unlrxe many other parties, with us visionism could thrive. It has com- the first Together rDith the new industrY, no mass purges have taken place. batted right opportunism, in which is being set up desPite This is connected with the fact that place, in the views and activities of the sauage imperialist-reDisi.onist Party no factional its enemies. But the Party has also training in the ranks of our btockade, sociall.st Albania is symptoms which the cadres necessarg to run it. trends and opposition lines, the fought opportunist ln thls d,irection u:omen PLaY struggle for the smashing of which have appeared in the work of our an important rolc. In Albania theg mass people. enojg al,l the same rights as the nten, would have entailled Purges, 20o (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY Liber:alism, as a malked expression working class in power, never present struggle of the revolutionaL'y party o' of opportunism, has been dealt- hard themselves separately, but always the working class. Onesidedness is in- blows. entangled with each other. The one compatible lvith Marxist-Leninist dia- The fact that liberalism has never supplem,ents the other, they are bran- Ie'ctics, which is the foundation of thc been able to strike root and become ches of the same tree. The liberal is Iine and practical activitl' of the a. diqease in our Party confirrns how also a bureaucrat, just as the bu- Party. according correct and fruitful the struggle wag- reaucrat is also a liberal, lr ed ,against it has been. to the occasion, for neith,er the one ,(* The powerful btrows of the PartY nor the other is guided by revolu- By implementing such revolutiona- have been and are aimed against tionary principle, but by the interests ry principles, methods and practices bureaucracY, too. of the moment, by personal interests. in u,aging the class struggle within The bitter exPerience of the Com- Either of them, according to the oc- its ranks, the PLA u'i1t ahvays remain munist Party of the Soviet Union pro- casion, is a servile today, a pragma- a revolutionary party of the working ves that bureaucracy is just as great tist, a compromiser, arrogant and so on, class and lead the Albanian people with a clanger to the party of the working 'Ihe Party teaches us that we should sure steps to the complete construc- class in power as liberalism. What look for right opportunism and fight tion of socialist societl' and commun- happended in that party? Gradually. it not only in manifestations of libe- 1Sm. the basic organizations and organs of ralism and bureaucracy, but also irr the party were displaced fro,rn their their offspring, such as technocratism, Ieading role as organs of collective intellectualism, conformism, servrlity, leadership. AI1 leadership was con- indifference, etc. Opportunism presents centrated in the hands of the no- itself and operates in all sorts of torious <.apparatchiki", thus it beca- forms and shapes. 'right me bureaucratic from the centre to While combatting opportun- the base. Everything was decided by ism, the PLA has not neglected and the apparatuses which rode roughshod never will neglect the struggle against over the entire party and the work- the dangers which leftism, sectarian- 7. Enoer Hoxha. RePot"t to the 7th PLA, 109 (Eng' ing class. Khrushchev and coimpany ism and anarchism, present not onlY Congress of the P. ecl.). took advantage o,f this to carry out because, if they are overlooked and 2. Enaer Llorho^ RePott to the 7th the counter-revolution, while the par- not combatted, these dangers may ha- Congress of the PLA, P. 79 (Eng' consequences just as harmful as ed.). ty and the woriring class were in nc ve 3. Enuer Horhn. Reqorts and SPee- posj.tion to prevent the traitors from right opportunism, liberalism and bu- ches, 7967-1968, PP, 39-40. power reaucracy, but also because right- 1. Enuer Horha. Closing sPeech al seizing state and restoring ca- the 7th Plenum ol the CC of the pitalism, opportunism often presents itseII in PLA, MaA 29, 1975' Central Par- On the face of it, bureaucracy pas- .Ieft" attire. ty Archixes. RePorts and SPee- < by ALFRED Ugl The mythologicol tendency is nol imposed upon modernist ort by noture ond the specific ortistic lows, but from outside, by the needs of the imperiolist ond revisionist bourgeoisie to mystify the reolity, to conceol ond comoufloge the vitol dromos ond conflicts, to disguise ond distort their sociol-closs soulce ond couses IN oUR TIME, THE PRoBLEM oF THE MYTH AND ITs RELATIoNSHIP nism was founded upon the anti- TO ART IS TTIE FOCUS OF POLEMICS AND DISCUSSIONS ON AESTHETICS. scientific and reactionary theory of THE INCREASED INTEREST OF AESTHETICS IN THE PROBLEM OF THE F. Nietzsche, who considered the my- MYTH IS CLOSELY LINKED FIRST OF ALL, WITH THE FETISH-MAKING, thological fount as the source with MYTHOLOGISING ROLE WHICH THE MODEBNIST AESTHETIC TREND IS the greatest vitality in human cul- TIIOSE SOCIAL AND CLASS FACTORS PLAYING IN OUR, TIME AND WITH ture. He considered myths as the IN THE PRESENT-DAY WIIICH FOSTER AN ALIEN.ATED CONSCIOUSNESS foundation of the entire spiritual life CAPITALIST AND REVISIONIST WOBLD, WHICH GIVE RISE TO MANY of the society. Modernist aesthetics IDEOLOGICAL ILLUSIONS, WHICH IN TURN FREQUENTLY ASSUME THE FOBM OF MYTHS. was interested not only in idealizing and raising mythology to aesthetic levels, but especially in the irratio- Critique romanticism, which, in order to oppose the one-sided rationalism of classi- naI interpretation that Nietzsche gave of Mythologizing it, in warning of the end of ..huma- Aesthetics cism and illuminism, evaluated the myth as the prototype of poetical crea- nitarian civilization. and the upsurge Right from its initial steps, the tiveness, served as the starting point. of a new mythology. Nietzsche did modernist school of aesthetics was While the Illumination identified not see any source of knowledge at aware of the similarity between trends myths with. prejudices and deceP- all, no element of cognition in mythS; of the modernist aesthetic philosophy tion, the romanticists, embraced my- for him, the myth waS .the triumph and mythological thinking, and thology in their aesthetic philosophy, over cognitign", it was the crowniirg set to rvork to provide an inter- valued the power of the mythologi- of every movement that loses faith pretation of myths that would justify cal creative imagination highly and in the truth, in knowledge. He re- the different ..occult" and ..mytholo- considered myths as expressions of garded the elaboration of a ner.ir gical" variants of modernism, From the most intangible features of ..the mythology as a means to mystify the end of the 19th century and dur- soulo of peoples. In the enhancement history, as one of the new weapons ing the 20th century, the modernist of the aesthetic pr'esige of mythology of imperialism to stupify the masses aesthetic philosophy strove to formu- among the artists, the views of Wag- and put them to sleep. It was ifbt late its own theoretical platform on ner, who idealized folk mythology accidental that the Nazis remembe- myths. The ideas of the aesthetics of and linked the future and revival of red the ideas of Nietzsche and pro- art with it, played a rnajor role. claimed their reactionary doctrine as ALFRED UQI - Professor, speci,alist in 1\tarrist-Leni,nist phi,losophy. The aesthetic philosophy of moder- <.the new myth of the 20th century", 22o (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY Modernist aesthetics also borrowed their ideal 'lvishes and aims. In mvths, velopment of human society has been the reactionary ideas of the symbo- the artistic element is inseparable and will be a process of the demytho- list theory of E. Kasirery who iden- from all the other elements, there- logizing of spiritual life. Although this tified art with the myth and proclai- fore, the myth is not simply art. In process has had its own zig-zags, it med the symbolic universality of cul- myths the artistic element plays a has been and wiII be a general process ture, as well as the Freudian inter- subsidiary role. Myths are formed as of the narrowing and restriction of pretation of myths. Instead of seek- concrete imaginings of a miraculous, mythologlcal creativeness and its role ing the connections of mythology with marvellous, fantastic character. In in the spiritual culture of society. This the concrete conditions of antiquity, myths, the fantastic, imaginary ele- is an entirely natural consequence, if Freud, on the contrary, proceeded ment is combined with concrete sen- lve bear in mind the progressive from the psycopathic phenomena, the sory impressions and the concepts growth of the forces of productiori in neuroses of modern men, and tried formed. from them and religious views. the society, the development of to explain the origin of myths bY The man who creates and uses mvths, sciences, r.vhich explain and demystify this means. does not take them for reflections or aII those phenomena of nature and On the basis of these ideas, in the figures from life, but considers them life that were incomprehensible to pri- modernist aesthetics a ..mythological. as reality. Myths are not identical with mitrve man and were reflected in a rzariant was created, which is trying religion, because the latter admits the fantastic and distorted form in his to justify modernist art, while con- existence of supernatural phenomena, mythological thinking. cealing the concrete social and class of extrasensory spiritual forces from Of course, in the process of social causes that have given rise to it and the nether wor1d,- whereas mytholo- progress, the mythology of any people linking it to a .suprahistorioa,lo gical thinking considers the mytholo- does not disappear without a trace; on *pan-humano factor, with the per- gical figules and acts as an insepara- the contrary, it remains a cultural fac- petual tendency of man to involve ble part of nature, of the real world. tor which exerts an influence on the himself with the occult, with mytho- Myths are both a sort of naive, fan- spiritual life of the society. Every people logy, and to dream. There are many tastic explanation of phenomena of has had its own myths, in which the bourgeois and revisionist aesthetes, the world and also a way of regarding specific features of its life and history such as M. Bodking, R. Chase, N. them. In myths, the expression of a are reflected, in which, as it is custo- Freight, R. Garaudy, E. Fischer, and thing is inseparable from the thing exp- mary to say, -the spirito of the people, others, who try to show that my- ressed. rts aspirations, dreams, ob jectives, its thology, the creation of myths, is an In the course of its evolution, my- moral and aesthetic imagination and indispensable and permanent condi- thology first used animal figures (zoo- ideals, are expressed. tion of human life. morphism), then figures of man However the use of myths in various In fact, mythology, as myth-crea- (anthropomorphism) in order to objec- epochs, right up to the present-day, tion, is a specific phenomenon which tivize imaginings and emotions. These cannot be considered as pure mytho- corresponds to a very low level of forms of mythology prove that their logical creativeness. Nowadays, the the development of society, when creator, primitive man, was at a stage ancient myt6s do not function with man, as Lenin put it, tr,ad not yet of development when he did not se- that meaning they had when they detached himself from nature, did not parate and distinguish himself from emerged; but with another meaning. distinguish between himself and the things and the other creatures of na- Many of the myths of ancient Greece, other objects and creatures of na- ture. Mythological thinking does not like the myths of Zeus, Antaeus, He- ture, when he was still extremely distinguish man from nature, the figure racles, Sisyphus, and others are used powerless in face of the spontaneous from the thing, the subjective from the even today, in contemporary culture, destructive forces of nature. objective, the fantastic from the real. but modern man evaluates them only Aecording to Marxism, the myth is History shows that parallel with the as artistic figures, whereas the ancient a fantastic invention, elaborated by development of social life and the Greeks did not question the real exis- the collective consciousness of primi- extension of the sphere of the domina- tence of Zeus and believed that he tive tribes, which has a syncretic cha- tion of man over the world about him, feally could adrhinister punishment with racter, beeause in it are blended mythological creation became limited thunderbolts and shafts of lightning. their imaginings and their moral, and restricted. From the time of slave- Neither is it correct that a kind of artistic, religious and cognitive think- owning society, philosophical, moral, mythological activity or perhaps better ing. Mythology is the prodluct of the religious, aesthetic, and other imagi- called mythologizing and mystifying collective fantasy, which unites the nings, begin to differentiate themselves activit.y, lvhich exists in the conditions concepts about things which primitive and to gain independence from mytho- of the exploiting systems of our time, men form through their senses with logical creation. The history of the de- should be considered as equivalent to ALBANIA TODAY I (38), 1978 . 23 the ancicnt classical. mythology, and The Myth and Art lity ol man irnd equalizes it with art therefot'e, to draw the conclusion that in general. Meletinski writes that in mSrthologv is an inseparabte attribute Modernist aesthetics supports the the 20th centur-v othe myth revealecl oI the human being, as many bourgeois idea that nyths and art are equa1. itseli not only as the genetic source and revisior-rist aesthetes and mytholo- 'Ihis ideas has been circulated for a I'or the development oI the artisllc gists assert. Even in our epoch, in Long trine by the bourgeois mytholo- thought.. but also as n *perpetual Lhe capitalist and revisionist countries gists, but now the bourgeois aesthetes model and an element oI its being*. there is mvthologizing activity, myths oI our time are spreading lt as the Myth, mythology, on the one hand, ancl ar-e being created. In this sense, they most fruitlul idea for the modern arti- ar1,, artistic creativeness, on the other, speak about the -m)'ths of the 20th stic and aesthelic sciences. Man1, oi h:lve some affinlties and a number of centurr-". Horv-^ver, there is no scienti- them try to prove that understancling common features. Both of them are {ic basis at all on urhich to consicler the essence o[ the myths is the f oun- actualized a1v;ays ln concrete sensible the creation of m;,,ths ln our time equi- dation lor undelstanding art ancl arti- forms. Imaginatior-r plays an jmpot'- valent to. and identical with, the clas- stic creativeness, in order to discover tant role in artistic and ml,thological sical m.r'tho1og1, of ancjent times. their specific essencc., their perpsecti- creativeness. In myths and in artistic The ancient classical mythology has ves, and the features they will assume clealions. the concicLe sensorv imIlrcs- another content, other social roots, in the future. sions and images are inseparable fr:om and carlies out other functions, as Many present-day revisionist sta- the desires, aspirations, and ideal against the myths created in the bour- tes are displaying, special enthusiasm objectives of man. Howevel, betuzeen geois-r'evisionist world. The ancient Ior taking the mvthological theorl, art, artistic creativeness, on the one classical mvthology rvas the product oI art under their protection, even hand, and myth, mythology, on the of a lorv level of social development, decking it out in Marxist laiment. other bar-rd, there are also fundamen- wirile tlte present-dai.. myths ar.e pro- The revisionist aesthetes, E, Fischer ta1 distinctions, rvhich, if disregarded, clucts of the division oI society into and R. Garaudy, base their principal plevent understanding of tl-re speclfic antagonistic classes, the action of alie- eff orts to revise Marxist-Leninist aes- teatures of each oI these different phe- nating Iorces of the exploiting order. thetics on the mythotogical ir-rterpre- nomena of culture. The present-day m],ths are created, tation of art. They aL'e tL'1,-ing to pro- We see the distir-rctions bet\,\,een r:laborated, and spread through a ge- ve that ml,thological and artistic mythology and art in three respects, nerallv conscious, class-based ideolo- activity are allegedll. identical, the- Bellef in the realitir of figures crea- gical activity in order to manipulate refore they have declaled art to be ted by fanc1, i5 necessarily implicit in the cor-rsciousness oI the rnasses, in myth, occult art, and nlore over, mvthology, lrrhereas {or poetic, literarl' order to implant distorted concepts have equalized it with the mytholo- ancl artistic figures to function rvith al:cut life among them. in order to gical wing of modernlsm and, in ge- all their attributes. there is no need deceive them ideologicallv In the con- neral, with the ideological activity for for them to be taken for real things, clitions when science, the Ltlarxist-Le- the creation of myths in modern as equal to the things they stand for'. ninist ideology, make it possible for the bourgeois and revisionist society. In Mylh is the prodr-rct of collective pecple of our time to have correct this directior-r, they have deliberately fantas1., rvhereas in literature and cul- misused concepts of the most varied pheno- the idea of Marx that the tivated art, the individual imaginatioir Greek mythology was the mena and processes of nature ancl not only Ieaves idelible marks. M.vthological society, the bourgeois and revisionist arsenal from which Greek art drew 1:hinking assimilates, preserves and ela- the means of artistic expressions, but ideology is being used to concoct all l:orates only those elements of lndivi- also the soil on u,'hich this art flou- clual imagination confor- sorts of myths, to conceal the evils which are in rished. mity with the collective idea1. of the exploiting systerr and to fos- The Soviet revisionists, are Mytl-rology essentiallv implies the ter illusions and false concepts. Hen- too, shorving great interest in taking over miracle, the man,el; in it, the real is ce, the parallel drarvn by the bourgeois the ldeas of bourgeois mvthologists not distineuished from the flancifr-r1. and revisionist mythologists between and are using them to support the M1,tho1ogica1 figures have no indirect ti-re ancient mythology and the creatior-t mythological interpretation of art. or implied meaning. Metaphors, a1le of tl-re myths of our time is without Thus, one of the chief Soviet mvtho- gories, ai'e alien to mythological think- foundation, is antihistoric. and is Iogists, Meletinski, after defending ing. In cultiv:rted art and literature, eniployed to conceal the purely mysti- the theories of the bourgeois mvtho- on the contrarl', even when amazing Iying purpose of the ideological acti- logists, after advocating the need to aclions, or miracles, are included in vity of the reactionary social forces wed Marxism to these theories, con- them, these do not have a direct mean- in our tirne, siders mythologv ns a permanent qua- ing, but an indirect mctaphorical or 24 (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY allegorical meaning, For this reason, in the conditions of railways, loco- and there.[ore, he called Greek mytho- such figures may be encountered even motives and electric telegraph? How logy the soil of Greek art. in realist art. Lenin has emphasised can Vulcan match Roberts & Co, Jupi- Third, Marx did not identify art the need to distinguish between the ter the lightening-conductor, and Her- with mythology and asserted that my- artistic figure and thereality; according mes the Credit Mobiliser? Every my- thology does not always play a posi- to him, they are not the same thing. thology conquers, subjugates and re- tive role in art, as mythological aes- In order to justify the hideous pro- shapes the elements of nature in the thetics claims. ducts of modernism, some aesthetes of rmagination and with the irelp of the It is understandable that mythology modernism claim that in realist art imagination; consequently it disap- can play both a positive and a nega- and literature not only fantastic, but pears, together with the advent of real tive role in art, because it is connected even hideous figures, such as the domrnation over these forces of natu- with the very content and peculiari- monsters of Bosch, J. Swift's outlandish re. The premise of Greek art was ties of both myths and art. Thus, the beings, the angels or penguins of A. Greek mythology, that is, nature and mythology of ancient Egypt (in which France, Goya's phantasmagoria, and the social forms themselves, but elabo- reiigious motives were prevaleut and so on, have been created. However, rated by the people's imagination, arti- the gods w-ere not imagined in human there is nothing mythological about stically and in an unconscious man- form, but in the form of animals, these figures, no matter how fantastic ner. This is its material. But not every monsters, to which man prostrates they are, because they have been used mythology, that is, not every uncon- himself, did not stimulate the flowe- as conventional artistic means to sa- scious artistic elaboration of nature is ring and independent development of tirize the base and ugly phenomena of such material (nature here implies all art, whereas the Greek mythology (in the worId. None of the above-men- objective reality, inc).uding society). which the religious element was limi- tioned artists or writers believed in The mythology of Egypt could never ted and the gods were anthropomor- the reality of these figures. However have served as the soil or the birth- phlzed, that is, were imagined in a monstrous they might seem, these fi- place for Greek art. But, of course, a human aspect) played a positive role gures of realist art have nothing my- sort of mythology was needed. Conse- in the Greek art. thological about them, but are used quently, not such a development of The mythology of every people has to express an idea which does not society as excluded any mythological l-rad its course of evolution and has coincide directly with the content of attitude towards nature; any mytho- expressed the transformations of their the fi.gure, itself, but with its under- logizing of nature, which, consequent- social life. Many of the most ancient lying implied meaning. ly, demands from the artist a fan- myths have expressed man's fear of, The distinctions between art and tasy, independent of mythology. On and powerlessness against, the spon- mythology are difficult to define, the other hand, <.is Achilles possible taneous, destructive forces of nature. when ancient classical mythology is in the epoch of powder and shot? The myths about all sorts of demons, involved, because in antiquity, art did Or, in general, the 'Illyad' alongside monsters and dragons, r'vhich aroused not exist as a differentiated activity the printing press and especialiy the terror, horror, fear and submission in group. and was part and parcel of the syn- linotype machine? And do not the primitive man, fa1l into this rise the strength of man, cretic, spiritual culture of the soci- ba11ads, legends and muses inevitably With the of collective, and with the exten- ety, that is, it was completely inter- disappear, and together with them the of the sion of his domination over nature, woven with mythology. Later, under premises for epic PoetrY, with the class society, when tl-re man of ancient times also crea- the conditions of appearance of the Printing Press?- ted myths abounding in optimism, con- art became differentiated from the In this passage Marx Points out, other forms of spiritual culture of fidence in the invincible creative force first, that Greek art, at the Peak of differences became of man. and which expressed the the society, the its flowering had broken away fronl ever more distinct. Marx also, when dreams of man to master the secrets mythology, which served it as an arse- speaking about Greek art, does not and forces of nature. The myth about nal from which it drew various means identify it with mythology, though Daedalus and his son Icarus, about the of artistic expression. Mythology con- he stresses the affinity and connec- flying carpet, etc., expressed the play role degree tions between them. ..Greek mytholo- tinued to this to some dream of the man to fly and not to sub- gy," he wrote, ..ggnstituted not only even later, towards the arts of remain bound to the earth. There are the arsenal of Greek art, but also the sequent epochs. rnyths r,vhich conceived the world as soil for it, because is that stand point Second, Marx emphasises that in the the reign of chaos, but there are others on nature and social relations which conditions of slave-owning civilization, which saw it as the embodiment oI is the foundation of Greek fantasy, the connection of art with mythology harmony. The content of the mYth of therefore, of Greek art too, possibie was stronger than in the later epochs, Dionysus is altogether different from I 2 *T[1c fifle big l,il:,e a, canlTon>. ?his is th,e title, the painter Ksenofon Dilo has giuen hi,s oil painting d,ed,icated to the N ati on a ll,ib er atio rt W ar. T h, e p aintins depicts the i pat'tisans in the course of a clash witlt. the enernA "lr "l*1.!irr1lrril, pantc, " 26. (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY that of Apollo, likewise, the myth of mythological figures and motlves have world outlook. The efforts of the mo- Sisyphus carries another meaning from been utilized by the other artistic dernists to make this or that myth that of Proteus, that of Prome- trends, too, including realism, whereas lhe product of primitive consciousness, thetts" Therefore their role in art has the relationshlp of modernist art to the key to explain the life and pro- not been the same. It is not acci- mythology is more specific. Fit'st, un- blems of people of our times, are dental that the art of different classes and like realism, the mythological element utterly anti-historical. After the arbi- societies has used myths of differing occupies a very extensive place in the trary elaboration r,vhich the modernists content, or has interpreted them in dif- modernis[ art. Parallel with the incre- make of the ancient myths, they lose ferent ways. It is not accidental either ase of the influence of the *mytholo- their true freshness and beauty, as that modernism, too, selects precisely gica1" aesthetics of the 20th century, creations of the collective fantasy, and those myths from ancient mythology, the mythological school of modernist are turned into lifeless means to which are best suited to its reactionary art has greatly expanded. The mytho- objectivize the bourgeois or revisio- ideological content (Camus chose the Iogical r,ving of modernist literature nist philosophical, moral, aesthetic or Sisyphean myth to personify the phi- was strengthened through the works politlcal concepts of our time. losophy of absurdity), or interprets of Joyce, Kafka, Sartre, Camus, and The manipulation of mythological them in compliance lr.ith its reactio- others. Likervise, 1n modernist pain- figures and motives by nodernist nary ideological orientation (Kafka ting. mythological thinking had a great artists is carried out in another way, gave a pesimistic interpretation to the impact on the creations of the post- too. Sometimes, parallel wlth the myth of Prometheus). impressionists, primitivists, surrealists authentic original meaning of the my- Historica111,, in the course of its and on *occult- abstractionism. The thological motives that they use development, cultivated art has used reliance of the modernist art so power'- in their works, the modernists intro- and continues to use motives and fu1ly on mythology is, among other duce a second meaning, which emer- elements borrowed from mythotogy, tliings, an expression of tl-re exhaustion ges sometimes openly and sometimes horvever, depending on the peculiari- of the creative ideas, of modernist in a disguised way and engages in tres of their ideo-aesthetic platf orms, artists, who transform their works into polemics with the authentic meaning, the diffet'ent artistic trends have not a re-elaboration of the material bor- or even discredits it and, in the final made equal use of mythological ele- rowed ready-made from ancient mytho- analysis, subjr-rgates the work as a ments. In some of these trends, for Iogy, and who are trying to compen- rvhole to the modernist outlook and instance, in the cultivated art of anti- sate for their lack of individual ima- objectives. This can be observed for quity, the religious art of the Middle gination with the prestige, authority, example, in Joyce's novel *Ulysses-, in Ages, and romanticism, the mytholo- and beauty of mythological creations. Sartre's play ..Les Mouches*, and others. gical element is more extensively used Second, the modernists are mainly Some modernist artists do not use than in the aesthetic trends of il1umi- attracted by those myths which express mythological figures and motives, but rninism and realism. The various the fear, and powerlessness of man, borrorv and imitate the technique of trends within realism have not made that are charged with religious con- the creation of the myth, and try to equal use of the element borrowed fro,m tent, and which arouse negative emo- subject their artistic creativeness to mythology. The, Renaissance painting tions. The modernists are especially this technique. Thus, for instance, the frequently referred to mythological fond of those myths which abound in surrealistic method has many affini- themes, thougl-r giving them a rea- allegorical content. What they prize ties r,vith the laws and technique of listic, progressive interpretation, con- in myths is the most archaic, magical, mythological creativeness, It is akin to trary to the ir-rterpretation whlch reli- mystical and allegorical elements of the principle of automatism, spontaneity gious art gave them, whereas in the ancient m),tho1ogy; that is, they seize and the irrational character of the painting of critical realism of the on everything that coincides with products of phantasy, to the illogical 19th century the mythological element their own pessimistic, mystified, irra- combinations of imagination and a was greatly reduced. tional world outlook. sort of naturalistic illusionism, which Modernist Art Third, the modernists elaborate and is used to give credibility to the mon- and Mythology manipulate the figures and motives of strous figures of surreaiist paintings. mythology in such a manner that, Kafka, too, used the technique of the What is the relationship betr,veen very often, tl-rey alter their true ori- mythology. While speaking of an modernism and mythology? Someti- ginal meaning; they distort and make absurd, phantasmagorical world, he mes it is erroneously thought that an arbitrary interpretation of the presents it in such a manner as if it modernism assumes a mythological classical myths, subjecting them to were real, an inseparable part of character because it uses ancient my- the aims and content of their own common, everyday life. thological figures or motives. In fact, anti-scientific, pgactionary idealist Manv disciples of mythological aes- ALBANIA TODAY 1 (38), 1978 . 2T thetic theories have tried and are sti1l course of the destruction of art as the not mean that some mythological motif trying to extol the mythicizing tech- creation of beauty. In establishing such or figure cannot be used occasionally nique presenting of the modernists, it links with mythology, modernist art in the art of socialist realism. They as the only source for the revival becomes part and parcel of all that have been used with success, by our and regeneration of modern art, as broad mythologizing ideological acti- poets and writers. Likewise, it must the only condition to save art from vity of the reactionary social forces in not be thought that in the art of socia- the coldness of consciousness and tech- our epoch, which, fearful of the fu- list realism there is no place for fhe nical-scientific rationalism, in order to ture, are intelested in concealing the use of symbols, metaphors, allegories, cultivate in it the indispensable lyrical, historical processes and the prospects personifications, animisms and other sensuous and emotional beginnings of of social development. stylised figures. However, in the art of art, give and to free scope to the crea- The mythologizing tendency is not socialist realism these means are tive force of the artistic imagination. imposed upon modernist art by nature employed in keeping with the scienti- The mythological technique cannot and the specific artistic laws, but from fic world' outlook of the artists, in har- bring anything positive to art, because, outside, by the needs of the impe- mony with the nature of the tiving in any case, it is in opposition to the rialist and revisionist bourgeoisie to material, and only when this helps specific nature of art, and the aes- mystify the reality, to conceal and to arrive at the artistic truth, to thetic laws of artistic creativeness. In camouflage the vital dramas and con- understand life more deeply, correctly, our time, the mythological technique flicts, to disguise and distort their and poetically. Owing to its very drags art backwards, restricts and social-class source and causes. nature and functions, proletarian so- power limits its of cognitlon, diverts The tendency of many modernist cialist art has no reason to be mytho- it from the discovery of the truth of artists to utilize the mythologicat tech- logising. It is a powerful weapon for life, and transforms art into a mytho- nique is also due to theig subjectivist the demystification of the ugly bour- Io,gizing, falsifying, mystifying activity. world outlook, to their inability to geois and revisionist reality, for the It is no accident that the modernists understand and interpret correctly the clarification of the most varied pheno- are so devoted to the creation of ugly and debasing bourgeois and mena of iife in the light of truth, the most unreal and irrational symbols revisionist reality, which is imposed and in order to reveal the poetry and and allegories, because by means of upon them as a chaos, as a hideous, beauty of socialist life. The art of them they hide, mystify, and distort terrifying world, to their inability to socialist realism has no need for my- the content of life and reality. The link themselves with the revolutionary thological thinking, but for the artistic world of the most hideous nightema- masses of rvorking people, with those truth; therefore it recognizes no restric- res, terrible delusions, and illogical real forces which, in the chaotic world tion on approaching and attaining this imaginings of a sick and fragmented of exploitation, have the thread of objective. psyche, is the world modernism prefers Ariadne in their hands, have the scien- The progress towards socialism, the above aII. tific Marxist-Leninist world outlook, dissemination of education dnd cultu- The adoption of the mythological and are fighting to overthrow the re, the technical and scientific pro- technique is not some fortuitous mis- bourgeois-revisionist order. gress, create the premises for the eli- take or theoretical misunderstanding Our revolutionary art of socialist mination of mythological thought. If of modernism, but is in complete con- realism follows another road of deve- this thought continues to exist and to formity with the alienating, fetish lopment. The mythological technique generate myths, continues to exert its -making, mystifying goals of this art. of modernism, which alienates the influence, this is connected with the Consistent in its logic, modernism pro- artist from realism, from revealing life interests of the old reactionary classes, claims the fetish-making conscious- with artistic truth, is alien to the the bourgeoisie and the revisionists, ness, its animism and mythological dis- art of socialist realism. The life of who fear truth. The overthrow and tortion of the world, to be a norm our socialist society, the scientific casting aside of the domination of of artistic creativeness. That is why Marxist-Leninist world outlook, the these forces by the proletarian revolu- the principle of deforming the reality, rapid development of the technical- tion and the construction of socialism whith which it opposes the realist scientific revolution, the raising of the will bring about the complete elimi- principles of artistic generalization, cultural and educational level of the nation of mythological thinking in the appeals so strongly to modernism. entire people, the realist foundations fields of artistic creativeness, and so- Modernist deformation drives art on of socialist art, and other important cial life in general. Marx proclaimed to the course of distortion and falsi- factors which operate in socialist so- the irreconcilable hostility of commu- Iication of reality, diverts it from the ciety, cannot in any way justify the nism with any alienating or alienated course of normal, natural perception use of the mythotrogizing technique of consciousness, one manifestation of of aesthetic Dhenomena- on to the modernism in art. C)f course, this does which is mythologisine thinkine. New Yeor celebrotion in Albonis The Albani,an people uselcomed the sueets and d,rinl<,s of euerg kind. Tht:r1 Neut Year, 19'/8, 'pith joy and reuo- uorked extended liottrs in orcler to lutionarg optimism. As is th,e custom, fulJil the mang requirements of tlte this gear, too, the 7st of JanuarA rDas uorking people. Work o,nd prod,uc- turned into a great popular celebrs- tion centres, agricultural caapercltiles, tion thr oughout socialist Albania, W hile schools and cultural institutians orga- summing u'p the uictories achieued ni,ze.d colt"ectite pariies and afternoort in the course of 1977 and d,rafting th,e gatherings at ultich the s?rccesses plans for 1978, the Albanian uorking achi,euecl and, the tasks for the future people also prepared for the celebration, 'were pointecl out. In tlle restaur&nts, Seueral d,ays earlier, decorations w ent clubs and 'po,laces of culture, public up all, oDer the country. The main perties u)ere organtzed s,nd dancittg streets and squares shone ruith multi- uent on to the ear'uy hours of thc coloured li.ghts; slogans and banners 1norn1,ng. wishLng the uorking people a HapPg Whil,e happilg celebrating tlt.e New Neru Year were displaged euergwhere. Year, 1978, the Albanian u:orking peo- TIFEOFT}IE The shops usere filled roith al| sorts pl.e once again erpressed their great of goods, especiallE fooil, fresh truit, loue for the PartE of Labour of Al- EEI G} aC) -F h - -{ =e t, EEr bcL.nia and comrade Eru;er Hox.hct,, LL,n- progya,ms q,lso includetl perf ormances tler whose wise and courageous \ea- bg prof essiond,l and, amateur artistic dership the Albanian people are going grou.ps. Gifts of toAs and sweets uJere from uictorg to uictorE. At the same distributed to the children at these time theg erl2ressed their readiness to parties, m,arch consto"ntlA f oruard on, the course A large euening partg for children the Partg hqs set for the cans- uas organized on 30th of December trTlction of social,ism amd communism. at the Palace of Brigad,es in Tirana. The chil,dren, especiallg, enjoged the Fioe hundred child"ren, outstanding in Itlew Year celebrations. Speeial care their school uork, lrom all ouer the is deooted to tl'tis. The shops sold countrg, spent seueral joUful houts ttn exceptzonallg taide range of togs uith comrade EnDer Horha and the and splenclid euening parties uere or- other lead,ers of the Partg and, the ganized for the chlldren in enterprises, State. Ouerflowing with loae and, gra- agricultural cooperatifies, aarious cul- titud,e, the little ones pressed, around J oAous a,nd enthusiastic atmosphere, tu,ral and, educational institutions. The the leaders and performed songs and Comrade ENVER HOXHA Trade Union organizatiotts an(l those dances dedicated to the Party of La- and otlter Party and State leaders pioneers of the Labour Youth Ilnton of Atba- bour of Albania and its leader comra- dmong 500 outstanding all d,istricts of the countrA, nia had prepared, special, programs for de Enrer Horha who haue made life from Luho took part i,n the partA their entertainn'tent, tsesides the chil- so them. With great interest fine for organized on the Neu Year, 1978, clren's outn songs progro,n"Ls and dances, these they enjoEed the ri,ch espe- at the Palace of Brigades in Tirana. cially prepared, for them bg the ar- and nr,others and sisters and brothers' tistic groups. But you pioneers, too, who are doing During the partg, comrad,e Eruser Hotho your lesso'ns well and being eth.lcatetl made a speech of greetings to the with the he,althy morality of the Par- children. ty, have oontributed greatly to this ..Dear pioneers,tt he said. *Yout cause. This has exceptional importan- beautifut songs make us immenselY ce for the futUre of our Horneland, happy. They sing to our dear Home- because the rnore you :ire etlu'cated land, to our beloved Parrty, to our he- with a lofty spirit of patriotism, the roic peo'ple. In I'ts struggle, our Party better your behaviour, the more edu- has always hatl in mintl tlae wellbeing cated antl cultured you beoome, the and happiness oI the People, antl in rnore beautiful will be our Homeland the first place, the happiness of our antl the happier our people. The Party wonderful children and you'th. And is completetry convinced about this, be- here again tonight, at this palace of cause it sees that you Pioneers, the the people, which is Yours, too, we youth, the working class, the peasantry have gathered to celebrated the New and our peonlle's intelligentsia, are Year together. As You know, the New sparing no effort, but have set to work THE Year is celetrrated tomorrow, but we everywhere and are always builtling LIFEOF are oelebratin8 it tonight, because the beautiful and useful proieats for the C" Homelanrl, in tho first place, for the EEI pioneers are in the vanguard. This e year, the pioneers will celebrate the young people, for you Pioneers. t- -F- b Ner,v Year twice, once here with us, Thorefor,e, the Party deserves the and then with their beloved paronts, boundless lovo that the enfire Alba,nian {- and grand-parents, their brothers and poople, the working olass, the youth, peasantry, nurtu,ne for it. That =e their sistens. and the CE f, It is a grea,t pleasure to see that all is why you raise your voices so high II our people, frorn enal to end of Al- singing to tho Party. You must love bania, ar,e filletl wit;tr Sreat ioy. This the Party with your wholo spirit, becau- is a joy for each of us, beoause \tre se it is our rnother with a generous see our ltrornelantl flonrrishing every- heart, with a,n ever-fresh mind, always where, soe tho People haPPY, soe the with lofty ainos for our peoptre and youth going to schtiol. Thus, our enti- not just for our people alone. re people, with great confidence in u You have gathered here tonight to the Party, are working, builtling and oelebrate the New Year from all over rejoicing for the prosent and the even Albania, ancl this is a splentliil thing. finer future. All those yea/rs we have Just as our entire people are united gone through have brought Albania as one around the PartY, so we, to- antl the entire people many blessings night, are tike a big familY' We, the which all of you have seen for Your- representatives of tho Party, are happy selves and are enioying. All these that tonight we have hundreds of pio- blessings, dear Pioneers, have been neers about us. My comrailes antl I' pio- achieved ttranks t'o the correct lead.er- in greeting ,"ou, also greet all the ship of our heroic Party. The policy neers of Albania, gre€t all the youth of the Party is a oorrect Policy, a and the Albanian PeoPIe within the Marxist-Leninist policy, a policy which Homeland antl abroad, wherever they has as its o,nly objective the wellbeing Iive, and wish them all, on this occa- of the people, their etlucation with sion, a joyful and haIrPY New Year, love for one another, the strengthen- and may the love for our belovetl so- ing of the socialist Hom,eland and its cialist Homreland in tlaeir hearts, and defence from any danger. Everyt'hing in the heark of everY Albanian, in- that has been built in Albania has Grease. been achieveil untler the correct lea- We also greet all the Pioneers of tlership of the Pa,tty, by the PeoP;le, the worltl. as well as all or.lr commun- by your grantl-fathe,rs, your fathe,rs ist comrades who are fighting every- where in the world, for a happy life I shall not go on any longer be- cheering from, the children, uho pro- in their countries, too, because their cause we want to hear your songs mised, they u:ould carrg the usord of life is miserable. There is not and can- and see your dances. Therefore, wish- the Party to the furthermost corner not be any comparison with the happy ing all of you a joyous and happy of the Homeland and that theg uouh" lite which our people, our pioneers, New Year, let us begin this oelebra- uork, heart and soul, to put its teach- enjoy ltere, Our hea,rts are united wi h tion with songs, with happiness anel ings into practice. the hearts of all the revolutionaries and rejoicing, and let us cheer: The chi,ldren left the Palace ol Bri- pioneers of all the continents of the Long live our glorious Party! gades thorougltly happg and uith un- world, rvho hope, and are fighting to Long live orrt people! f or g ettable impr essi,ons, em,erge into the light, too, just as Mass afternoon and euening parties our people clitl, just as our youth antl Comrade Enuer Horha's words uere for the children ruere organized in the our pioneers did. receiued, uith enthusittsti,c applause and other main ci,ti,es, also, the Latter as traitors to Marrism-Le- Yolume 25 ninisnt, the proletariat and the freedom oI the peoples, The articles ,.Kenne- of comrode Ei{YER H0XHA's Works clg's Neu DenTagogA And Old Plano, Delegotions of Morxist-leninist Communist Porties in the PSR of Albonio I.IFE OF THE EI e On the inuitation o! the Central, Departnxent of the CC of the PLA Piro + Committee recentlg, a I e oI the PLA, Bita, and other comrades. F Lt- delegation of the Communist Partg of During their stag in our countrg, Spain (M-L), headed bg RauI Marko, the Spanish guests uisited industri,al member of the Secretariat of the Cen- {= centres, agricultural cooperatiues, cul- o= tral Commi,ttee of the Partg and tural and artistic i,nstitutions in Ti,- trE -t includi,ng comrade Elenei Od,ena, n'Lern- rana and in the d,istricts of Giitokastra, II ber of the Secretariat of the Centrai Saranda, Fier and Lezha, tohere theY Committee, and other comrades of the toere acquainted lbith the successes in leadershi,p ol the Partg, ui,sited our the socialist construction anil, the ef- countrg. forts of ou,r taorking people to imple- Comrade Enuer Horha, Fi.rst Secre- ment the historic decisions of the 7th, targ of the Central Committee of Congress oJ the PLA. the PLA, met the comrades of the Before leauing the PSR of Albania' Spanish delegation and helil a cordial the head oI the delegation, Raul Marko and friend,ly conuersation uith them sent the CC o! the PLA and comrade iluring the di,nner giuen bg the Cen- Entser Horha a nxessage of greeti'ngs tral Cornnxittee of the PLA, the Pre- in tohich, anxong other things, he si,d,ium of the People's Assemblg and said: the Council of Mi,nisters of the Peo- ..Now that our deleg:ttion is near' ple's Socialist Republic of Albania, on ing the end of it,s staY in Albania' the occasi,on of the 28th and, the 29th tae utant to thank gou for all the of Nooember. care and, treatment in such a fraternal The delegation of the Communist and comradelA spiri,t lDith uhich ue Party oJ Spai,n (M-L) had. uarious meet- haue been constantlg surrounded'. i,ngs in the Central Committee of the During our uarious t:i,sits and meet- PLA and" held talks toith the Member ings with raorhers, pedsants and in- of the Political Bureau and Secretarg tellectuals we haae been able to of the Central Committee of the PLA appraise lbith profound satisfaction Rami,z Alia, Duri,ng these talks, tohich the great progress tohich People's So- were characterized by complete unitg cialist Albania had mad,e i.n all fields. of thought, problems of mutual inte- These dre great successes achi.eued rest roere discussed. Also taki,ng part under the correct leadershi,p of the in the talks usere the Member of the glorious PartA of Labour of Albania Central Commi.ttee of the PLA Ga- led ba comrade Enuer, tohi,ch not onlg fur euei., the Di,rector of the Foreign strengthen Albania, but are also a po- tDerful contribution to the struggle without uaoering and toithqut cornpro- heailed, bg the member ol the Cen- oI the peoples ol the woild, and ol mise, but roith tke courage aid deter- tral Committee af the PortY Ahmeil the true Marrist-Lenini,sts, in parti- mi,nation uhich choracterize gour Partg Sadafi, tsisited our courfity re' cular. anil gour herqtc people. cently, At these moments, u:hen the hto We lDont to efrWess, once agai,n, Comrade Ramiz Alia, Member of the superpou ers, international r eoction, re- our complete and undconditional sup- Political Bureou anil Sectetorg of the oisionism and opportunism of etsery port. Th,e uni,tg that is er,pressed bet- Centrol Committee ol the PLA, re' hue are furiouslA attacki,ng our prin- u)een our hoo parties i.s a urntg baseil ceiued the lranian del,egation, A cotdial ciples, the PLA towers like an i,m- on the princi,ples ol Maruism-Leninism d,iscussion usas held in which opinions pregnable citadel of Marr.ism-Leninism and proletarian internationdlisrn. It is on problenxs ol cornrnom interest uete agoinst uhi.ch all the manoeuores ot not a unitA ol lDords, but o rtilitant erchanged, Comrode A. Sad,afi also the enemies o! the rersolutton and com- unitg, in delence of our comrnon ideals, spoke about the hold,ing of the lst muni.sm are smashed to pieces, opposed to all kinds of reo*Lonisfi Congress of the Communi,st PartA At tlti,s juncture, in the face ot and opportunisrn, uhether they come of th,e Workers and Peosonts ol lton, those who are propagating anti-Le- from the West or the East. Also taking part in the talks uas t.he nini,st, counterretsolutionary theories, Todag, the Communist Partg ot Director of the Foreign Departnxent ot like the theory of othree worltls,>, the Spain (m-l), its Central Committee and the Central, Committee of tke PLA Pi- PLA (and together roith it the true its militants, are rnore determined than ro Bita. Marrist-Leni,nlsts of the uorld) has eoer to march foruard fearlesslg and, During its stay in Albonia, the lra- had i.ts clear and decisi,tse say, etpos- firmlu on the road of the reuolu- nian delegation uisited the regions ol ing all t,he rotteness o,nil pouerty ol tion, under the inoincible banner of Tirana, Durrds ond Kruja, ukere it this .,theory',, Marrism-Leni,nism.,, toas uarmly uelcomed, by the work- Todag, as gesterdag, the PLA hos SLmiIarIy, on the i,ru:itotion of the ing people and uas acquainted tuith rai.sed and is hold,ing high the red Central Cotnmittee of the PLA, a ile- their actit:itg to put into practice the banners ol the proletariat, the red ban- legati,on of the Commun;Lst Partg ol histonc decisions of the 7th Congress ners o! Marx,, Engels, Leni,n and Stalin, the Workers and Peasamts of lran, of the PLA. tenti,al, fullv equippeitr uith the finest Twenty-five yeors means and apparatuses, rohich apply compler adoonced methods, haoe been of the geologicol serYice set up all ouer our country. A large arnl,U ol d,rillers, miners, geologicol in Albonio technicians and engineers kas been created. Working in close collaboration ln order to gioe a better anil timely econamic anil cul,tural d,eueloprnent, ttsith arnateur prospectors, tkeA are response to the great tasks connected thanks to the continuously increasin4 able to cope raith ond, solue the tasks utith the discooerg of reserues of mi,- rates o! prospecting for anil prouing set by the Party for prospecting for neral raus materials anil to ensure teserles of rau moterials, st ccesses ond, protsing uselul minerals. the uninterrupteil detselopment ol the wkich few other countries con riool, The geological ptospecting and, prots- mlning and processing industrg, 25 hotse been achieoed, Startin'g fro'm ing uork has gielded results upon te- Uears ago, in the year 7952, the im- almost nothing in tke sector of geo- sults. With the successes achietsed i,n portant deci,sions roere taken to set up logy, in tke space of tuo and a holl the search for oil anil natural gas, the geological seroice of the PSR oJ decades Al,bania set up its own geo- chrornium, copper, and iron-nickel ores, Albania and to train tke higher cadres logical, seroice, capable ol undertak- coal and other minerals, tke Albanian uithLn the countrg, These two d,eci- ing and sol,tsi,ng ertremely complicateil geologists, carrgi,ng out the directioes sions plaged, a oital role lor the Al- problems and tasks ol major importan- of the PLA, haoe maile a ualuable banian geological seroices, lor basing ce and of ensuring reserues ol raw contribution in the construction of so- geological, ruork on our own forces rnateriols tur the setting up and de- cialism. The mi,ning 'industry, as usel,l and for the detselopment of the peo- uelopment of our multi-branched in- as that of upgrading useful minerals ple's economltr in general, dustry. at kome haue assumed unprecedented Tuentg-fiue gears is arelatitselg short Prospecting -pr ouing erpedit;ions, geo- deuelopment on the poroerful basis ol period, But, in the sector of geology, logical research and teaching institut- the geological and i.ndustri,al reserues, tust as in the other sectors of the ions anil enterprises ol powerful po- which haue been protsen. Thanks to the d,iscouerg and, deue- the energg of the rioers which run lopment of mineral reseruei, today the through our country, and processing al,l PSR of Albania ex,tracts ooer 77 times the copper ore within the countrg; as much oil as in 7947, a time uhen from a countrA of the u;ooden plough the ltalian i,nuaders tried to erploit into a steel-producing state, uthich ory oitfi,elds to the marimum. The PSR utilizes its ou:n iron ore f or tht s purpose ; of Al,bania ranks thi,rd in the usorlcl from a poor countrg into a rich coun- for total production of chromites, fr,rst trA uhich smashes blockade after in the usorld for the prod,uction of blockade. chromite per head of population and, The 7th Congress of the PLA and, second, for the production of metallur- the 6th fiue-gear plan opened brilliant gical chromite. lt ranks anlong the pri,n- prospects for geological prospecting and, cipal countries of Europe for reserues deuelopment. On the basis of the. geo- of nickel anil iron-nickel ores. logical knouledge and, the clear pers- During these 25 gears, the Albanian pectuses about our undergrounil uealth, geologists not only oDercame the d,i,f- it has been planned to further inten- ficulties of growth, but also fought a sify geological prospecti,ng for the chi.eI stern battle against the DierDs and sa- known minerals and for new ones, !"!FE {TF TTflE botage actit:itg of internal and erter- to ertend surface and underground nal enemies. Thus, after 7960, follow- prospecting, and to carrA out rnore Et*I ffi ing the arbitrary uithdrawal ol all profound studi,es of the mineral-bear- a€ the foreign reuisionist speciali,sts, the ing potenti,al of our countrg. As com- h- b uorkers of geologg, educated uith the pared uith the past fiue-year plan, w teachLngs of the PLA and comrad,c dLlring the current fiue-gear plan, 65.6 "4 Enuer Hoxha, did not allora the worlt per cent mot'e geological drilli,ng, 23 € dE to stop, as the enemies hoped, but per cent more gallerg raork, and 26 tr on the contrary, theg stepped up the per cent more other usork uill be & work in this sector, opening up new carried out; th,e scientific leuel of the perspectioes tor minerals, known and, geological studi,es and work and their unknoun in our countrA up till that complerity ruill be raised; the compler: time. As a result, oDer o, period, of studg and eualuation of aaluable mi- little more than three d,ecad,es, our nerals will be stepped up and the Homeland, has been transformed from efectiueness of geological prospecting a cauntrA of the oil-Iamp into a conl- and rleuelopment uork uill be in- pletelg electrified countrg, erploiting creased, ed wotks ted to the peoso ntry At tlte end, of the last gear, in the rious periods of historg, including the Gallerg of Figuratiue Arts in Tirana battles and struggles lor freed,om and the national erhibition dedicated to independence, the contribution of the our socialist countrgside taas opened,, peasantrE during the Anti-tasci,st No,- The erhibition includes 320 of the tional-liberation War a series of the- best works of figuratiue drt, bA 200 mes about the unceasing efforts and different artists. struggtre of the peasantrg for the cons- Bg liuing cheek to jowl uith the truction of socialist societA and lor people, the Albanianpainters and sculp- the education of the nelD rnalt, in the tors haue managed to portrag impor- epoch of the Partg, tant nloments from the lif e of the The kalls oI the erhibiti,on are full Albanian peasantrg, ilealing ui,th oa- of uisitors, who are impresseil bg the DarietA of therles. In these works the and Shaban Hgsa. The latter, through the tirst agricultural cooperative tuas uisitor sees himself, his ancesto,rs, the a composition of large proportions, ma- born i,n Krutja. A neus epoch was rufferings and efforts of his forefathers nages to conDeA to us the enthusiasm opened for the peasantry and the enti- to win freedom. The artists Guri of the nxasses of peasants on that re people. The boundarA fences had. Madhi, Abdumahim Buza, Bardhgl Du- outstanding day. ln the foreground, is to be destroged,, le, Arben Basha, a,nd others, haue the armed, pedsant measuri,ng up the The painter Pendi Mele, captures based, their uorks an this sub ject, land, behind" him the people rejoicing this historic monxent in his composi- while a number of artists haue dedi- oter these nelD dags, and carrgtng tion .,Smashing the tences,r, The ta- cated, their works to the period of the banners and portra,i,ts of comrade bleau is composed around the central Anti-fascist National-Iiberation War. Enuer Horha. This canuas stands out ligure symbolising our peasant wko Zef Shoshi, i,s represented in this erhi,- f or its fine composition, its colours is destroging tke kedge. Besid,e hi,m bition usith the tableau oTalki,ng About full of light, its precise d,raughtsman- are the fi,gures of children, bg means the Land,u, which, through a compo- ship, and its ouerall optimism. of which the artist loants to portra,A siti,on achieoed, with feeling and mas- Similarlg, the pai.nter Ismail Lul,ani, the idea that the act of the central tery, portrags comrade Enuer Hoxha in hi,s cornposition, oOn theFreeLand,,', figure, that is, the destruction of hed"- in the gears of the National-libera- has set out to conueA the jog ouer eas, serDes the future, the brilliant tion War among a group of peasants, the freedom anil land, tullich the PartE perspectiDe. The tableau is present- who are listeni,ng to him full of hope brought to our peasant, In the centre ed i,n a u)arln q,nd sAmpathetic and confidence for the future. Through of the tabLeau the painter has placed, lisht. the uoice ol i,ts leader, theg hear a highland,er, a former partisan toho The painter Denish Jukniu has drau.tn the uoice of the Partg, its programme is thinking of the future as ke rolls his inspiration trom another i,mportant for the war and, the land, for that a sigarette. With the medns employerl lnoment: the electrification of tke uhole land tuhich uas the propertg of the to construct this figure (by dressing countrA. He has entitled his tableau uealthts, but uhich, after tlte Libera- him in, the uniform of the parti,san oCelebration in the Highlandso, The tion of the Homeland, u:ould belong armg) the author erpresses the idea ushole roork is jogful, a striking and to the people. The tableau employs that no one gaDe this freedom ancl lif elike composition. The Party has a rich range of colours used in such this land to the Albanian peasant, but carried the light to tlte high alpine cL ua,A as to giue a sense of freshness. he tuon them through bloodshed, and, pastures anxong the snowcapped peaks, Otl'ter artists, too, haue d,euoteiL their sacriJice under the leadershiT2 of the as it has to euerg corner of Albania: toorks to the same subject of the Anti- Communisi Party of Albania, and We see highlanders, raorkers, and, sol- fascist National,-liberation War. uill defend, them uith his rifle. His cliers u:ho are connecting the last of An important euent i,n the life of Aourlg son is holding the ri,fle, and the potaer lines and waiting for the the Albanian peasant uas the Land irt this uaA the idea is conueged, light of the Partg to conxe, Reform, through tohich the Party gaue tlnt ualour, loue for the Homeland,, The neus things uhich dag bg day the land to the tiller, th,us mdking education in tlte lofty feeling of pa- are entering into the life of the Alba- the centuries-old d,ream ol the peasant triotism ancl tlt,e Partg spirlt is handed nian peasant are reflected in a series a realitttr. This i,s the subject of the doun from generation to generation, of other uorks in this erhibition by tuot'ks by the painters Pjerin Sheldia VerE soon after the Land ReJorm, uat'ious artists. dards of aduanced, modern therapA. Successes Scientific research wot'k has been er- tending from year to Aear, of the phormoceuticol industry Erperitnental uork and industrial processing of medical dru,gs in the Pro- Prior to tl-te liberation of the coun- The objectiue of the growth of phar- farma enterprise has gone through trg, there uas not eDen one simple maceutical produ,ction has been and, tltree phases, whiclt reflect th,e i,m- fo,ctorA producing pharmaceutical pro- is the constant increase of the supply proxed qu,alitE of the products on the ducts in Albania, whereas todag about of products to meet the needs of hu,- basis of the scienti,fic erploitation ot 900 pharmo,ceutical and, cosmetic pro- tnan and DeterinarA therapy lDith me- plants and animal orgd,ns. ln the ti,rst ducts are produced, and within these dicaments of high qualitA and. at the tuso stages, such simple f orms os three decades production has increased louest possible cost. tinctures, ex.tracts, sArups, and so on, fiue-fold,. ln each fioe-year period, about The wide range of pharmaceuti,cal uere produced and, these usere ertend- 700 new items haue been produced,, products today responds to allthe stan- ed to tnore compli,cated pharma,ceutical prod,ucts. As usell as this, seoeral acti- maceutical analgsis, usi,ng d,i.lfusion i,n oe substances, su,c,h as digitals etc., solutions on fi,lter paper anil i,n thi,n u:ere isolated in pure form, In the fi.lms. Simi.larlA, the methoils ol com- third phase, from 1966 onwarils, stuili.es puter processing of mathematical data haoe been gung on for the further hat.:e found broail, application, Along ertensi,on of proiluction lrom plants, wi,th the ord,inarg tests f or sterilitg and tke fi,rst results harse been and, patient reaction, analgses to de- achi,etsed i,n prod,uci,ng acti,oe substan- termine the mi,crobi,ological effecti,- ces in a pute state lrom medic-tnal ueness of antibiotic preparations and herbs. From medi,cinal plants and ani- to check their toxicitA and sterilitg mal, organs the Profarma enterprise haue been pertecteil, The tirst steps has prepared more than 20 tinctures haoe been taken in the purificati'on ol and ertracts, 8 spec'ttic substances and certain ckemical substances, especiallg ooer 30 special proilucts, and produc- those useil, i,n proiluetion, such as tion is increasing. alcohol, sodi,um chlorid,e, sodium hg- Pharmaeeuti.cal analgsi,s toilag are ilroride, glgcerine, etc. characterized by the usiile ertension o! Fighti,ng to i,m'plement the ilecisions physical-chemicat rnethoil. Duri,ng last of tke 7th Congress of the PLA, the IIFE OF THE year, 4,225 chemical and phtTsico-che- collectiue of the Profarma i,ndustrial mical analgses uere carrieil out, u)or- enterprise i,s uorking haril to ad,oance EII thtl of menti.on is the extensiue use begond these achieuements on the basis maile of cltromatography in tke pkar- of the rich erperience gained so tar. F- =o CE The Conference lli 6th of the Union of the journolists of Albonio ond voluntory Gorrespondents At the end ol last year the 6tk rence oOn tke Tasks of the Press i,n Conlerence of the Journalists ol Al- the Putting into Practiceol theTeach- bania and ooluntarg corresponilents ings of the 7tk Congress of the uas held in Tirana, Partg,,. He saicl that the calling oI The Conf erence u)as attend,eil bU the Conference of lh,e Uni,on ol the utorking people of the central organs Journalists oI Al,bania and, uoluntarg of the press, the ATA, the Radio-Te- correspond,ents is an irnportant eDent leouion, ilirectors ol the local press or- for Albanian journalism, for it wi,ll gans, collaborators ond, ooluntarg cor- giue a neu impulse to the work oI respondents trom oarious ilistricts anil the press and the Railio-telettision, armg uni,ts, working people from the usltic,k haoe a tunction ol lirst-r'ate insti,tutions of th,e cupital anil other irnportance in the political anil soci,al guests, lile of tke countrA, as pouserlul wea- Also taking pdrt uas the Member pons in the hand,s of the Partg tor the of the Politrical Bureau anil Secretarg reoolutionarg eilucation anil, mobiliza- ol the Central Committee of the PartA, tion of the toorking people. First ol Ramiz Alia. all, he stressed, tke attention has been Tke Ed,i,tor-in-c,hi,ef of the newspa- focused on the studA, unilerstaniling per tion of the constructi.on of the comple- te socialist societg in Albania. Anniversory of the Republic This is the reason tuhy eoerg anni- DersarA of the 1lth of Januarg is ce- lebrated usith great ioa bA the AIba- nian people, old and Aoung. Januarg 77 is a marked, day in the their democratLc rights and freedoms, This gear, too, the anniDersarq of historg of the Albanian people. 32 uas established. the Itepubli,c u)as celebrated, with Aears ago, on January 71, 1946, tke No1t, 32 Uears after that historic splendour euerywhere. Seueral ilags Founding Assemblg that emerged, from act, the Al,banian people hatse made earlier, decorations lDere put up all the December 2, 7945 elections, that great pragress on the roail to the ouer the countru. Broad mass nxeeti,ngs 7.Dere the first really lree elections in construction of socialism, The d,ictator- uere organized at work and prod"uction proclaimed Albania, the People's Re- ship of the proletariat hasbeenstreng- centres, in agricultural cooperatiues public. greatest It usas the achieuement thened and perfected, in keeping lDith and uarious insti,tuii,ons, at uhich the people, for the Albanian following the the new conditions that haue been results achieued in the course of the complete liberation the countrq of lrofii createil due to the allround, ileue- 32 Aeo,rs of the people's state pouser the inuad,ers, it 1fias the rea- lopment foreign of the country. Once the most and the tasks emerging for the future lizati,on nx&nA-Aears aspi- of the long backuard country in Europe, nota Al- lDere extensiuelg iliscussed,. At these ration of the broad n'Lasses of working bania has been transformeil into a meetings, bE erpressing their deep gra- people of Albania, the consecration bg deueloped soci,alist countrA usith ad- titude tor the PartA of Labour of Al- yteople's poraer Law of the state as a form ranced industrA and agriculture, the bania roith contrade Ewser Horha at of the dictatorship of the proletariat. liuing standaril of the n'Lasses of toorlc- 'tts head, and for the people's state po- proclamation With the of the Peo- i,ng people has been rai,sed, to a hi,gh uter ushich brought them the happy ple's Republic on January 77, 7946, leael, rahile the educational leuel has d,ags they enjoy today, the usorking the old regime of f eud,al lords and, equalled that of the most d,eueloped, people erpresseil their readiness to of the bourgeoisie uas buried once and countri,es of the uorld. In oril,er to lind forge ahead, ,tDith courage and, d,eter- tor all, the foundations of the oppres- a response to this great and allround, mination on the road to the construc- siue apparatus of the ruling classes deoelopment, and, to facilitate the fur- tion of the complete socialist societA, u)as d,emolished, and ihe regime of ther deuelopment of the lif e of the On this occasion, commemoratiue people's d,emo,cracg, as a form of the countrg, in the end of the gear 7976 meetings uere organized also in oa- clictatorship of the working class and, the People's Assemblg ailopted the Neut rio,us districts, at uhich the impor- of the masses of toorking people, Constituti,on of Albani,a, a document tance of this eoent and the prospects through tuhich, lor the first time in rahich proclaimeil it a People's So- opened for the PSRA and the Albanian their historq, the Albanian people uson cialist Republic. This is the Constitu- people, were pointed out. -EUR0C0MMUilflSh{u OR UilDISGUISED REVISIOT{ISM frorn cezERl t POPULLIT> Ihe present-doy bourgeois ond revisionist society is frought with revolution, which no force in the world con stop. This revolulion is guided ond will olwoys be guided todoy ond in the fulure, until its complete lriumph throughout lhe world, only by the immorlol ideos ol Morxism-[eninism. All the opposing ideos which try to revise our greot, unerring ond evel young theory, will end up in the gorhoge heop of history together with those of the Eurocommunists which, like sll such other theories, will lond there loster thqn oll lhe others ONE OF THE VARIANTS OF I}IODERN REVISIONISM IS THAT WHTCH IS CALLED .EUROCOMMUNISM.. ITS MOST OUTSTANDING REPRESEN- TATIVES ARE THE SPANISH, FRENCH AND ITALIAN REVISIONIST PAR- TIES. ACCORDING TO THE MEANING ITS AUTHORS GM IT, .EURO- COMMUTIISM> MEANS COMMI]NISM OF TI{E DEVELOPED CAPITALIST COUNTRIES OF WESTEEN EUROPE. IN REALITY THIS SOCALLED COM- MUNISM HAS NOT'HING IN COMMON WITH GENUINE COMMUNISM. EXpLATNTNG WHAT nnvrSromrsr por,rcY rs rN a wELLKNowN AND ALWAYS ACTUAL ARTICLE ENTITLED: *MARXISM AND REVISIO. NISM., IN 1908 LENIN WBOTE AMONG OTHER THINGS: ..To determine its conduct from case advantages of the moment sucl-r to case, to adapt itself to the events is the policy of revisionism". And of the day and to the chopping and Lenin went on to add that < But the Spanish servant of the Ies, the French Government decided tariat and the peoples that it exploits, bourgeoisie goes even further, Clai- that military regions and garrisons that is, they are for the big bourgeoi- ming that the youth oppose ihe ideas would be spread aI1 over the terri- sie and the big European capitalist of their parents and their dogmas, tory of metropolitan France. This dis- monopolies. In this ..strategy" the he pretends that the youth of today,, semination of garrisons is explained Eurocommunists and the advocates of the sons and daughters of workers by the concern of the French ruling the ..theory of three .,vorlds'> have and revolutionaries, the sons and circles about a change in the situa- lined up on the same front and are daughters of those who fought anC tion not only inside France, but also fighting on the same barricade. The shed their blood against fascism in in that which is called the South of Eurocommunists and th: other revi- Spain, reject the ideas and ideals of Europe. To please the bourgeoisie and sionists, though they may have con- scientific communism as a ..dogma". prove their loyalty to it, the Italian trasting views on'this problem or Thus, according to CarrilLrr, by and French Eurocommunists have gone that, are at one in the main thing, winning over the ideological appara- so far as to justify NATO and the they unite with the bourgeoisie ancl tus of the bourgeoisie, one u,iII gra- presence of US troops and bases in imperialism in struggle against the dually move towards an ever greater Western Europe. revolution and Marxism-Leninism. democracy and a state which will With a road to socialism like this, ..A United States of Europe unrier belong to all. But what wilL he done Carrillo and all the other revisionists capitalism", said Lenin, ..is either im- with the repressive apparatus of the reject the role o[ the party, deny de- possible or reactionary',. *Of course>>, bourgeois state? Even this presents mocratic centralism. As far as the he added, <.tempararq agreements be- no difficulty for the theoretical moun- party is concerned, they have bor- tween capitalists and between states tebank. The police? In Italy it votes rowed the concept of the party of all are possible. In this sense a United for the party of Berlinguer, he says. the peopie from the Khrushchevite States of Europe is possible as an Wity snouldn't it then vote for Mar- revisionists and have turned- it into agreement, between the European ca- chais in France and for Carrilio and the concept of pluralism of parties. pitalists.,., but what for? Only for the for Dolores Ibarruri in Spaini The For the economy, they have adopted purpose of jointly suppressing socia- Eurocommunists should accept the sta- the Titoite methods of self-administra- lism in Europe,'. The Marxist-Leni- te apparatus without destroyirig it, tlon. And from the other revisionists, nists do not doubt and have never even the army, set up anci armed they have adopted the pluralism of doubteC that this is the aim of all by the bourgeoisie. The Eurocommu- cultures, the competition of philoso- the renegades from Marxism-Leni- nists should work for a democratic phical trends, religious currents. nism. .. transformation of the military men- It is impossible to follow step by step tality. But can this be achieved with within the limits of one article, all military castes created and educated the ..opinions" and < EiIYER HOXHA THE PEZA COilFEREruCE Ail EYEilT OT GNEAT }II On the 35th anniuersarA of the ON THE INITIATIVE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF ALBANTA, THE GATHERED IN PEZA Atbaniqn N atr,onul.-liberation Con- ALBANIAN NATIONAL-LIBERATION CONFERENCE held in Peza, the edito- ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1942. ference, TO TTIE LEADER- oJ the %ewsqsqer THE IDEA OF SUCH A MEETTNG DID NOT OCCUR rial, board LOGICAL DEDUC- uBashkimi,, requested cotnrade SHIP OF TI{E PTIRTY }'OURTUITOUSLY, BUT WAS A ACHIEVED IN THE Enuer Horha to sent tt somethtng TION. IT WAS A TRANSITION FROM A STTUA.'IION A MOts,E DEVELOPED oJ ltis own remintscences oJ thts WAR AGAINST THE ITALIAN OCCUPIERS, TO marked euent. Thts is a re,prLnt SITU,ATION WI:TH A BROADEE IIOEIZON. IDEOLOGICAT,, FOLI'EIC.AL. ORGANI- of comrade Enuer Horha's notes THE COMIIUI{IST P,ARTY, THE ORIEIYTATIONS AND TIIE TASKS IT DEFIN- suppl,iecl to the nelJJspaper ,,Bash- ZATTONAL AND MILITARY RESOLUTION, PROVIDED TFIE SOUTiCE OF STREFICTH ki,mi* tronv the Central Archr.ues ED TN ITS FIRST o{ the Partg. ANDI'TIEGUIDELTNESFORIII{EI{ATION.{L-T,ItsEEATIONWAR' ITwAsESSENTIALToFINDONE,SBEARINGCOBEECTLYINTHoSE DIFI'ICULTSITUATTONSOFBONDAGE,TESBOP,.TNTRIGUES'PHYSICAI' ANDSPTRITUAI,SUFFERINGSANIDMISEEYWIIICHI{ADOVEEWHELM- PARTY ED OUR, PEOPLE. TO THIS END, THE COMMUNISTS AT'JD TTIEIR HADToF'oLLowTHETEACHINGSoFIE|IINANDSTALINFAITHFULLY. political analyses of It shoutril by no mea.ns be thought and the correct that all the communists of the first dhc internal and external situation hours knew and unilerstootl our which the Par$y rnade at every m'eet- triumphanttlreory,Marxism-Leninism,in3ofitscellsandofitsactivist.;' carried out eve- to the same extent as the communists the political rvork it among coln- and the masses know antl unclerstand ry clay, house hy house, it today. nd the sterile, iencls' made the unity in- with the even cla of the com- ty ancl its unity munist the founding like' The Marxist ideolo- of the Evidence o{ as crystallizing' served as this is the facdions that ernerged la- a guide to action, in oriler to deYe- ter in the Party and that were purg- lop and strengthen the revolution, in ell one after the other. [Iowever, the orcler to attack the invacling enemy basis of ilre party was sound and con- and its collaborators, physically ancl tinuecl tc grow stronger, equipping pcliticatrly, to isolate them from the itself lvith the indispensable funda- people ancl win the masses to the side mental principles -that a Marxist-Le- of the Party, the side of the revolu- ninist party needed' The correct or- tion. ganization, appropriate to waging a Lenin taught us that the revolu- ruthless,legalanclillegalstruggletionisoneofthemostscriousques- STORIC IMPORTAiICE tions for the fate of a people, there- rising, a bourgeois-tlemooratic revolu- these classes and gtrata are in strug- fore, once you enter into it there is tion, or proletarian revolution. gle against one another, have oppos- no stopping half way, but it must All these uprisings and revolutions ing political and economic interests, be carrietl through to the end. must have a programmatic platform, and that these turn into permanent The revolution develops step by .,vhich should show the masses the antagonistic conflicts. There are con step, suffers set-backs, but when ca- goals that must be attained, the rea- tinual clashes. Sometimes the conflicts refully prepared, it is crownetl with sons why one situation has to be become acute, at other times they are victory. In the revolution, the set- changed into another situation, It must supressed, but they never die out. backs also must be taken into account, be explained to them tlialectically Thus, there is the class of exploiters, but they must be overcome at all why it is necessary to go over from the beis and agas, the merchants an r.# :.::,t :I::itita+ie3.4er ., : : -," Comrarfe Enuer Ho:rha and the People's Ilero Mllslim Peza during t'ne dags of the Conference oJ Peetl. was founded, hatl been about two class, around which, with its revo- them that the communists would be years of passive and active resistance lutionary itleology as a guide, the ral- in the forefront of the fighting, woulcl against the invaders and the Albanian lying of the people for the war be firs6 in the firing line and tho quislings. would be realized, hacl placeil itself last to withdraw, if it was necessary With the occupation ol the coun- at the head of the people. to withdraw from a position, They try, the resistance of the people The people felt the birth of tlie would give their lives fighting to de- against the Zog regime was further Party as a powerful current which fencl the position, but they could not crystalized and assumed more advanc- stimulated their energies. Its creation be alone in the fight, they could not ed forms. The gulf between classes aroused the hopes of the people and fight and win without the people. antl strata had become even doeper. terrified the enemies. Ihe people make the revolution. Now the hostility and resistance of the Organizing ,it in profound secrecy, the In this aotivity, the question ot people to the regime of Zog was Party struck the enemy with an iron ailiances and the enlightenment of combined with the sentiment for na- fist. Its legal activity ran parallel. allies would be deoisive. The lead- tional liberation. The actions and attacks were &ccom- ing role ot the working class on the The Party and its leadersliip rclied panied with agitation and propagan- basis of our main principles and its on this in order to mobilize the will da. The enemy and the quislings no alliance with peasantry, especially poor peasants of the nation, the strength, thoughts, longer cherished illusions about the with the with no land al. aspirations and desires of the people, Albanians being ..lambs". They gather- or little land, is well known. This pivot in a fighting unity for ihe libera- ed thoir forces, increased the terror liance was the of, and the key tion of the Homeland and the people. antl demagogy, changed J[6 < TEIE BURDEN OF THE CR,ISIS IS WEIGHING EVER MOR,E TIEAVILY ON THE BBITISH WORKERS *ZERI I PAPIJLLIT,, - Organ of the CC of tlTe PI'A - The plesent situation in British ship-yards, was put rialists, has been and still Britain testifies to the shar- into service. It can carry five is the oppressor and exPloi- pening of the allround crisis ..Harrier Stowell" aircraft, ter of the proletariat inside which has long been ero'ding nine helicopters fitted with lts own country, and an ag- this country as it has the submarine detectirng devices, gressive and enslaving force whole capitalist - revisionist a considerable number of against the other freedom- world. The destructive Phe- missiles, various types of ob- loving peoples. nomena of this cr.isis are ac- servation apparatus, and other But day by day the burden ting with ever growing war equipment. As the Br.iti;h of capitalist oppression and str.ength, a thing which is press says, this type of air- exploltation is growing hea- evident in the falling Pro- crafl carrier w11.1 constitute vier on the British workers, duction and rlsing inftration, ..the nucl,eus of the British and they are becoming ever deiicits and foreign debts, in military ars,enal under recon- more conscious of the f act the constantly mounting Prices struction*. Meanwhile, again that the roots of this econo- of goods for daily consump- accor'ding to the British P,res;, mic exploitation and the Po- tion in the first place, in the four ne'w type missiles, the litlcal oppression lie in the increasing numbers of unem- total cost of which will capitalist system itself, that ployed, etc. amount to several hundled British imperialism has aI- Faced rv-ith ever gr'eatel million pounds, rvill be added rvays been a savage ene,my difficulties, the present go- to the arsenal of the Brltish of the British proletariat and vernment, headed bY Calla- armeC forces. In this man- the peoples of the world' ghan, is trying to manoeu- ner, Blitish imperialism, In the face of its ever more vre to preserve itrs Positio'ns which, according to the Bri- difflcult economic situation, 'War as best it can, in f.ace of tish Minister of ..now the British proletariat is Pu - t1-re competition bY Britain's possesses the most modet'tl ting up powerful oPPosition Common Market Partners weapons>>, is trying to streng- to the capitalist oPPression and, at the same time, to then its apparatus for oP- and exploitation. Now hun- maintain its arming at the pression within the countrY dreds of thousands of Bri- highest level, within the con- and colornial domination in tish worl Central organ of the Democratic Front Al,bania "BASHKIMI. - of - The struggle of the African given their powerful support nal monopolies, by resorting peoples against interference, to the just liberation strug- to various neo-colonialist dictate and plunder by world gle of these peoples. forms, they are still plunder- imperialism is growing and The peoples of Africa are ing the assets, the toil, and becoming more powerful with also waging a ceaseless strug- the blood of these peoples. each passing day. gle against the expansionist The facts show that the US For years on end the op- policy of the imperialist imperialists grab 54 per cent pressed peoples o{ Azania, powers, which are striving at of the manganese, 47 per ceni Zimbabwe and Namibia have all oosts to protect the pri- of the cobalt, 24 per cent of been waging a determined vileges they have s,ecured tl-re chromium and 22 per struggle against the racist through violence and decep- c,ent of the graphite, from regimes of Pretoria and Sa- tion to maintain their plun- what they call the ..Dark lisbury. This struggle, like the der and exploitation, and to Continento. The annuai pro- struggle of the other African secure new positions in order fits made by US monopolies peoples agains,t racist regi- to get the natural assets of i,n Africa from the invest- mes, against apartheid and this trarge continent into their ment of capital alone amount racial discrimination, against clutches. As is klrown, this to a billioin dollars. Simi- neo-coloniatrism and the all- continent has the largest re- larly, just through unequai round interference of the twc serves of diamonds, gold, trade with the Afr,ican coun- superpowers, enjoys the pow- cobalt, and phosphates, as tries, in the period from 1955 erful solidarity and support wel as important reserves to 1974 the Sovi,et socialimpe- of all the peoples of the of oil, chromium, copper, iron, rialists have got away with u,or1d. uranium, graphite, etc., which profits amounting to 2 bil- The Albanian people, as have been subjected to syste- lion 400 million do1lars. Other sincere friends of the peo- matic plunder by foreign ca- imperialist powers, such as ples of Azania, Zimbabwe pitalist monopolies. Even to- Great Britain, France, Ger- and Namibia, resolutely con- day, though the struggle of man Federal Republic, and demn the barbarous policy the peoples and the vari- others, also have important of oppression and exploita- ous rrreasures of nationaliza- economic, political and cul- tion praotised by the raoist tion adopted by many Afri- tural positions on this con- regimes in the south of Afri- can countries have narrowed tinent. ca. They have always b,een the sphere of econornic ex- Ln their efforts to break on the side of the oppressed pansion of the irnp,erialist the shackles of colonialism, African peoples and have powers and the multi-natio- to eradicate the backwartl . 60c7 (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY press review ness inherited from the past Ied according to the ap- conflicts and quarrels among and to consolidate the vic- petite ot the two super- the Afnican countries, the tories achieved, the African powers, have their source, continr.led plundering of their peoples are encounter,ing the first of all, in the *divide assets, and which has b,eco- continuous intrigues of the and rule,' policy, which US me the main obstacle to the progress, democra- two imperialist siuperpowers, imperialism and Soviet so- freedom, independence which, in order to extend their ciatrimperialism constantly cy and the full pursue. political, economic and mili- In inciting division and sovereingty of the Afri- and oreating hostility arnong countries, The African tary iinterference, are resort- can peoples of this continent, the peoples are convilnced that ing to mos,t vile and dange- over-ridi,ng aim of the two the only \May to pr.eserve and methods rous in order to superpowers is to weaken the strengthen their independen- create hot-beds of tension and anti-,imperialist resistance of ce and sovereigDty, peace new conflicts. The aim of the African peopl,es, to divert and secu,rity, is by oontinuing these intr,igues is to incite the;m from the road of con- their struggle for liberation divisions among the Africarr solidation of ,national inde- and social progress, r,eiecting peoples, to break their unity, pendence and independent the diabolic interference of so that the conditions for economic development a,nd, at the superpowers, American-Soviet intervention the same tim,e, to open the The Albanian p€ople have are created. What can be way to the strengthening of always supported the just said a.bout the confliet in their interference, dictate, and cause of the A-frican coun- plund,er. too, Biafra, the events in Angola, neo-colonialist tries, and in the future The whole development of they will continue to supPort the strife in Zaire and, more events and the innumerable their struggie for freedom, in- recently, about the arrned facts them, national so- conflict coupled with depend,ence, between Ethiopia have shown the African p,eo- vereignty and social progress and Somali ? Who oaused ples that it is precisely the against the interference and them? The African peo- continued interference of the intrigues of the imperialist ptres? Of course, not. These superpowers and the other superpo'il/ers and the other conflicts, which are kind- imperialists which causes the forces of reaction. I A CONFLICT ALIEN TO THE LOFTY INTERESTS OF THE PEOPLES OF VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA "ZERI I POPULLIT- As has been reported, on have had m.any casualties. tries and two fraternal peo- the border between the sta- The ,statements by the govern- ptres, are a cause of great tes of Democratic Carnbodia ments of the two countries distress for us. We regret- and the Socialist Republic of carry contradictory views as fully see that the disagree- Vietnam, armed fightings to the causes of the con- mentrs, which may exist bet- have taken place recently fIict. ween these two countries, with the participation nu- The reports reaching us reached the point of insen- merous military units. Accor- from Vietnam and Cambo- sible and undesirable con- ding to reports, both sides dia, two neigh.bouring coun- f1lcts, armed conf,rontations, ALBANIA TODAY (38), 1978 e 67 Press review which are very apt to be proletarian internationalism, between two friendly peo- extended. Instead oI seeing the disagreements which have ples and countries to socia- to the solution oI disagree- emerged between Vietnam list Albania. But we ale con- ments with patience, in the and Cambodia can and should vinoed that the Cambodian- spirit of friendship and com- certainly be soh,ed through Vietnamese conf,lict is the mon interests, now these talks and in the spirit of doing of the enemies of the have become mor,e compli- cooperation and mutual un- Vietnamese people and the cated. derstanding. Cambodian peopl.e. It is the The wish of the Party of We hope that the sister hand of the imperialist pow- Labour, of ,the Governrnent People's China, too, which at ers, the hand of Soviet so- of our People's Socialist Re- the tirne of the war of the cialimperialism, and US im- public, and of the Albanian Indochinese peopi.es against perialism, which are vying people, is that this conflict US imperialism was their with each other for domina- and bioodshed should come to great supporter', will now me- tion in Southeast Asia, to an end as soon as possible. diaie so' that the armed have them as their own zones At the same time, the armed fightings should cease, that of influence. In order to forces, which may have vio- the conflict and disagree- achieve these diabolic, hege- Iated the national border of ments should be solved in a monic and neo-colonialist one another, shoutrd immedia- Iraternal way and without ends, they act according to tely be withdrawn in their interference from outside. the Machiavellian principle own territories. The two sides The Albanian people have divide and rule, throwing the should place the major in- been a,t one with, and have peoples into war agains,t each terests of the two p,eoptres, given their whorle-hearted sup- other. their freedom, lndependence port to, the struggle of the As friends and brothers of and sovereignty, the interests fraternal people of Vietnam, the peoples of the Socialist of the revolution, socialism who have made so many Republic of Vietnam and De- and internationalist unity, on sacrificeLs for the triumph of mocratic Cambodia, and pro- the f irst order of priori'ties. the freedom and the revo- ceeding from profound, sin- This is required by the need lution in their orvn country, cere and benevolent feelings, of the reestablishment of thus making a valuable con- we call on the two coun- calm on the border between tribution to the common cau- tries, the two peoples, to the two fraternal couirtries, se of the peoples o,f the cease a1l actions which in- the preservation of peace and world. Our people have che- fringe the lofty interests of security in the Indochinese rished the same thing, the the two nations, socialism, peninsula. same sylxpathy and love also the revolution and their free- In the situation which faces for the fraternal people of dom, and solve the disagree- these two fri,endly peoples Cambodia. They have given ments, which led to the and fellow-fighters against them the same resolute sup- armed conflict, through frien- imperialisrrr in these days, we port. Cambodia has fought d1y talks. The Party of La- urould not want to be one- with heroism and selflessness, bour of Albania and the Go- sided. At these moments, our and made innumerable sacri- vernment of the People's So- firm conviction is that, fices to u,in freedom and na- cialist Republic of Albania through common efforts and tional independence, to build have always adhered to the good-will on both sides, dirs- its new life. correct Marxist-Leninist view carding any idea of bour- Our Party, Government and that al1 the disagreements geois nationalism and chau- people are very much dis- between the socialist coun- vinism, with complete con- tr.essed at hearing that such trie!il must be solved through fidence in the feelings of tragic eveints are taking place cordial and comradely ,talks. 62o (38), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY Prcss review EMIGRATION _ GRAVE TBAGEDY FOR MILLIONS OF YOUTH IN THE BOUBGEOIS - REVISIONIST WOBLD .ZERI RLIr/ISE* Organ of the CC oJ LYUA I - the - All the evils which pre- rvhich the local working class the exploitation of Greek im- sent-day capitalism, in the has won through its long migrant workers a1one, the grip of one of the most se- struggle. They enjoy no po- capitalist films ensuie super- rious crises in its history, litical rights, do not have profits amounting to 3.5 bi1- has loaded on the backs of the right to hold a work lion dollars. Capital exploits the masses of working peo- permit and can be laid off the immigrants not only by ple, weigh especiaJ.ly on the from work whenever it suits robbing them of their unpaid multi-million masses of the the employer. And the capi- labour, but also in indirect youth. It is precisely the talist employers take them \,vays, by constantlY raising youth who experience the har- on only for the most back- the taxes levied from them. shest capitalist oppression breaking, unqualified jobs. In West Germany a1one, and exploitation, who pay Sometimes they are paid less during the last tour years, the ..cost- of the crisis in than half the wages of a about 15 billion marks were education, and who form th'e Iocal worker. In th'e Fede- taken from immigrant fami- main detachments of the ar- ral German Republic, an im- 1ie's in the form of taxes. my of unemployed. It is migrant youth is paid two The dazzling advertisments the mass of the youth which marks per hour less than the of the < press feYtewo portions. According to offi- unemployment, immigrants r.r'ith nearly half a millicir cial figures, in the 24 capi- har.e been the first to be immigrant workers in West talist member countries of throu'n out on the street by Germany) are returning ic the OECD, there are now the capitalist bosses. Accord- their homelands, worn out bY about 7 million unemployed ir-rg to press figures, in West the savage exploitation, worse under 25 )'ears of age, in Germany, last year 600 off than when they lef i the United States more than thousand immigrant wor- their homes, but with no 3 million, whereas in Africa, kers were sacked, in Swit- more illusions that ther: from which large contin- zerland among the 370 thous- may be a country in the gents of immigrant,s come to and workers who were laid rvorld of capital in which Europe, there are now more off last year, 278 thousand they could live well. than 23 million unemployed rvere immigrants, in France The young immigrant wort<- young people. Just in the there are now about 100 ers are uniting ever mcre countries of the European thousand unemployed im- closely u,i;h the local work- Common Market, from the rnigrant workers. A similar ers, rejecting the efforts of beginning of the present cycle situation prevails in the the bourgeoisie which is try- of the crisis (1973), the num- other countries of Western ing to set one aga!nst the ber of unemployed has in- Europe, too. And the future other, and expr es'sing their creased by another 2 mil- holds out no promise of any determination to fight to tl-l: lion, who are mostly young improvement for the immi- end against the social order people. In these conditions grants, therefore many of which gives rise to such evils of the raprid growth of them (as has been the case as emigration. E SAVAGE EXPLOITATION OF L.&TIN AIvIEBTCAN PEASANTS BY TIIE CAPITALIST MONOPOLIES Commentarg bg the ALBANIAN TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY The aggregation of land in of American imp,erialism in tional and multi-national the hands of big estate ow- the countries of Latin Ame- banks is developing in the ners, the bankruptcy of the rica ls bringing increasing countryside. This is leading small agricultural holdings, ruin to this region. Peasants to increascd ploduction fex the creation of large agri- are being driven off the the foreign market and redu- cultural companies, resulting land en rnasse, into the ci- ced production for the horne in intensified exploitation of ties, thus increasing the army market. Under the influence peasants, has made their si- of the unemployed. Wit,h of the Inter-American Bank tuation even more grave. their thoroughly reactionary of Development, export pro- Latin America provid,es a policy, the banks are play- ducts harre increased, while clear exan-ple of this. The ing a major role in the the produots necessar5. to Latin American peasantry is plunder of these countries feed the population have subjected to double exploita- and the transformation of been reduced. tion - by the big landholders their economies into appenrl- This has brought about the and by foreign, especially ages of the US economy. Now conversion of the agricultural US, agricultural firms. a ne\rr type of capitalisi farm economies of the countries of The neo-colonialist policy dependent on the interna- Latin America to the pro- 64. (38), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY a Press revtew duction of a single crop, or production is to the advan- countries. Similarly, another perhaps two or three crops, tage of the big landholders, study on bananas shows that profitable to US capital. the multi-national companies, only 15 per cent of the in- These countries are being ma- and the international banks, come from this crop remains de to specialize in the pro- as well as to the metropol,is in the producing countries. duction of export crops, while on which they depend. At the same time, compe- they import a large part of Due to such a plundering tition among agricultural en- their daily foodstuff,s from policy of the American im- terprises has grown tremen- the USA. Thus, according to perialists, the general trend dously. ,A,s a result of this an American official, AID now, is for the countries of savage competition, a very (The American Development Latin America to become large number of small farms Agency), is encouraging Co- mere producers of such arti- are being ruined. This has lombia to pursue the road of cles as bananas, meat, etc., led to the concentration of ..development- which encou- and they have become short agricultural capital in a few going products rages over from wheat of, basic agricultural hands and to increased num- production production for f,ood. to the their daily bers of landless peasants, who of other crops profitable to The profits of the US im- are for'ced to go to cities to the American monopoly ex- perialists are increasing add to number of the ploiters. Such a thing gr.eatly from day to day. The bulk the unemployed. A11 these factors increases the all-round de- of the specialized agricultu- pendence of these countries ral production in the coun- ar.e steadily worsening the on the American metropolis, tries of Latin America is ap- Iiving conditions of the mas- from which they import the propriated by the capitalist ses of ',l,orking people. grain and other crops neces- investors, chiefly Americans. Confronted with this situa- sary to feed the local popu- In Mexico, for example, ac- tion, the revolt of the work- lation. For instance, Colom- cording to a study on grow- ers, peasants, and other mas- bia now imports more than ing tomatoes for export, the ses of working people of thi,s 85 per cent of the wheat it largest share of the profits region is growing each Pas- needs. This division in crop does not go to the producing sing day. r THE JUST CAUSE OF THE ARAB PEOPLES IS INVINCIBLE "ZERI I POPULLIT" Time after time, the ene- spoken and heard about these to force them to give up mies of the Arab peoples, plans: the Rogers and Kis- their supreme national inte- with great ado, come out singer plans, the Gromyko rests, to abandon the Palesti- with the most varied plans and \/ance plans, plans by nian people and leave them and schemes allegedly desi- sheiks and missionaries of at the cross-roads, to capi- gned ..to solve" the problems the UNO. But nothing has tulate to the blackmail of preoccupying the Middle changed and could not pos- Israel, to submit themselves East and to put an end to sibly change. AII these, plans to foreign imperialist dorni- the Arab-Israeli conflict have been and are intended nation, completely and fi- which has been going on to put dolvn' tire liberation nalIy. for 31 years. Much has been struggle of tl-re Arr': p,:iples, The Arab peoples are well ALBANIA T O D AY (38), 1978 . 65 a Press revtetY acquainted with their ene- promise with Israel, to put of the world, are not to be mies and know what they aside and trample underfoot seen defending the ju,st cause are. They know that the ag- the vital interests of the Arab of the Arab peoples, or com- gressors must be exposed, peoples, especially the in- ing out in their support. isolated and fought. They terests of the Palestinian and Why? Is it because the in- know that Israel is a savage Syrian peoples. This is to be terests and territories of the and insatiable aggressor condemned and cannot be ac- Arabs, the future and the against the freedom and in- cepted either by the Arab very existence of the Palesti- dependence of the Arab peo- peoples and their true friends nians must be sacrificed for ples. Several times it has or by all those who hold the the sake of the al.liance with shed the blood of the fra- freedom and independence of the ..second world" and with ternal Arab peoples, has oc- nations dear. the United States of America? cupied their lands and has But, it is noticed that, con- Or is it perhaps that continually thneatened the,m trary to this widespread, heal- the over-riding interests of with further expansion. Every thy opinion, the < reuiew their own selfish interests, become tlre focus of the imperialist super;oowers, who F'ress each proceeding from the aim savage Soviet-American rlval- corrre as friends, as well- of being first to establish ry. Now we see that Ethio- wishers, but whose real in- its own hegemony firmlY pia and Somali, two fr.eedom- tention is to cicminate them, over the peoples and conti- and peace-loving countries to 1ay the basis for the esta- nents. Each of the lmperialist and peoples, with an ancient blishment of their own hege- superpowers, both when it culture, two peoples who mony. This is rvhat is haP- has got its clau-s deep in have suff ered irnmensely at pening in Angola, Zaire, and foreign flesh, and when one the hands of the ILalian oc- elsewhere. This has been of them is just beginning to cupiers, have gone to war going on for a long tirne in put in the pegs marking a and are killing each other. the Middle East, too, with new area fol expansion, Do these peoples \,vant the the drama that is being fights to impose its policy .,var, which is causing them play'ed with the destinies of to the other countries and so much suffering and mise- the Arab peoples, in which groups of countries. ry? Not at ali. Could they the imperialist superpowers The Soviet socialimperialists solve the cunIr'adictions exis- are putling the strings, alter- are worliing at ful1-steam ting between them without nating r,,,'ith each other, to to dupe the leaderships of the need to fight and ki1l fulfil their ambitions for ex- valious countries of Africa, each other? Certainly, they pansion and exploitation. by hiding behind the mask have the possibility of solving The history of revolutio- of a ..socialist country- and these differences by finding nary and liberation wars, as posing as champions of free- the most appropriate ways. r,vell as the daily practice of dom. They sell arms to these Then ',vhy are they fighting? international life, teach us countries, and in return, ex- It is clear that others, the that the enerries must not tract from them the right to imperialist pourers and super- be given a moment's respite set up military bases for powers, are urging these peo- so that they have no time their interests of domin,ation ples to war, in order to fur- to reach agreement, to group and to extend the range of ther th'eir own predatory and their lorces and organize their imperialist expansion. hegernonic interests. themselves in their struggle At the same time another And rvhile these unfortu- against the peoples. We are imperialist power, the United nate peoples are sh'edding fully confident that aII those States of America, is manoeu- torrents of blood, and hatred who are oppressed and suf- growing, vering through its agents, beJween them is f ering at the hands of im- through credits, arms and there are imperialist and ca- perialists and reaction, all dollars, and leaving no stone pitalist powers which some- love the freedom and , who unturned in order to topple times side with one and independence of their coun- the Soviet socialimperialists. sometimes with the other, at tries, u'il1 mobilize themsel- for country, The superpowers' contest times applaud one ves more and more in order domination and hegemony and sometimes applaud the to expose the plans and in- knows no bounds, it recogni- other, r,vithout making even tentions imperialist zes no rules or morality the slightest gesture to help of the - strangling the fraud and perfidy go hand these long-suffering peoples superpowers of in hand with crime and vio- to gain peace and to have revolution and enslaving the peoples, their 1ence. the possibility of building and will raise Faliing victims to these their own lives in complete revolutionary struggle to coPe clangerous games of the super- freedom and independence. rvith and conquer the ene- powers are the peoples, The peoples must guard mies, to an even higher the various countries, which against the intrigues of the 1eve1. ,ND EX. Alba day t977 N o1(32)/1977 Ther Constitutrion of the People's Socialist Republic oI At- bania 2 'i...'::t,t,. 4ii:...:ii ,ij| A constitution that embodies the true features of scienti- fic socialism 18 ENVER HOXHA The great role an.il force of the peasantry in socialist society 28 Lenka Quko From the life of the country ,11 Itnperialism and socialimperialism in crisis and under the revolutionary blows of the peoples 41 "ZEri i Popullit. The modern distortions in conternporary bourgeois-revision- ist music. 48 Simon Gjoni Press reviel bs N" 2(33)11977 In struggle and revolution the Marxist-Leninists becorne strong and indomitable (from comrade Enver Hoxha,s con- versation with comrade Pedro pomar) , The PLA has always followed one Marxist-Leninist line 9 Ndregi Plasari Principle of universal value for the revolution and the 13 Harilla Papajorgji construction of socialism Kigd Kapetani Marriage and family in the pSR of Albania 18 Ksanthipi Begeja From the life of the country 22 A docurnent which strengthens the revolutionary unity among the Marxist-Leninist communist parties 28 Militant internationalist solidarity in struggle against com- rnon enemies ao The 3rd Congress of the Cp of Germany (M-L) is held 42 The socialist International - an instrument of the impe- rialist hourgeoisie 53 Adem Mezini Press revierv 57 (Documents) Na t(34)t 1977 The line of our Party is a correct, revolution- ary line, in conformity with the teachings of Marxism-Lq- ninism 40 ENVER HOXHA ffi#%$ffi (Documents) Our intelligentsia is raised and cleveloped in the bosom of the people 45 ENVER HOXHA A ilecisive condition for the triumph of the revolution and the consJruction of socialism 2 Fiqret Shehu The literature of socialist realisrn is developing in struggle against the bourgeois and revisionist pressure 7 Ismail Kadare On the contradictions in socialist society 11 Alfred Uei From the life of the country 15 The Farty of Labour of Albania on the problems of war arcl peace 22 A. Tomorri The Zncl Congress of the Portugese Communist party (Be- constructed) 30 From Gramsci and the resistance to the present-day strug- gle for lVlarxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism 26 Press review 60 , NDEX AIbamEm Eoday t977 No 4(35)11977 Youth gives life ancl animation to the country, new blootl ; to the Party 14 ENVER HOXHA The 8th Congtoss of the Albanian Trade Unions The theory and practice of the revolution 2 20 *ZEri i Popullit* We must fight, to the la"st beat of our hearts, for the triumph of Marxism-Leninism 30 Piro Bita The economy of the PSRA is developing at rapid antl stable rates 33 Abdyl Backa F'rom the lif e of the country 40 Powerful wcapon of the world proletariat for the triumph of the revolution anil the victory of communism 46 Sotir Manushi The present economic crisis anrl the sharlrening of the general crisis of capitalism 53 Hekuran Mara Fress review 56 No 5(36)11977 The worcl and deeil of our Patty are not divorced from g the glorious past of our People' 2 ENVER HOXHA & Documents Khrushchev kneeling before Tito 40 Conversation with Chou En-Iai 47 The revisionist parties - typically bourgeois, counter-re- volutionary parties B Fiqret Shehu Socialist revolution - the o'nly road of social progress 18 Zija Xholi From the life of the countrY 22 The Seconrl Congress of the Communist Party of Spain (M-L) 28 Holtl high the inviucible banner of Marxism-Leninism 33 Fress review 57 Na 6(37)/1977 The ?th Congress of the LYUA i.,& i,i,;rii,'iiiriil:'',li;:i:i, the ii:,,,ii;.;ry q.]*i*'h$ Commemorative me'eting on the 60th anniversary of Great October Socialist Revolution 1B From the life of the country 34 Constitution of revisionist betrayal Joint statement of the Communist Party of Germany (m-l), Comrnunist Party of Spain (m-l), Communist Party of Greece (m-l), Com'munist Partv of ltaly (m-l)' and the Portugese Communist Partv (Reconstructed) 45 Press review 56 Last year -NEW ALBANIA*, an illustrated political, social magazine completed. its 30th annioersary. lt is one ol the first magazines to appedt in Albania after the I.iberation ol the countru in a foreign Language. ln the beginning, it appeared onlq in one foreign language, and had only a timiteit circulation, rohile now it is publishef in eight languages: in the Albarttnn, French, English, Russian, Arabic, Spanish, German and ltalian, its circulation being te.ns ol times larger. Datlier. it uas requested onht in a few countries, while now it has its szbscribers in more than 60 countries Albaniatoday