PCLiTiCAL AI{D !NTORMATIVE REVIEW ,, ruc!{sel/197e The beloted leader of the Farty and of the entire Albanian people, comrade , partA otganized atnong the happy-oj- chitdren tuho participat great Neu Year eteninE lat th; Palace Brigades bg the Central, e ol the Party of Labaur of I and the Council ol Ministers ol the PSRA ber 30, 1977.

tor Janaq Pago. c0ltTEilTS:

' (Document) Ihe Pezo Conference - on event of greot historic importonce 46 ENVER HOXHA

Ihe history of the Albonion people is written with blood 2 The closs struggle w guorontee thot the Porty wi n o revolutionory Porty of t s l0 NDREqT PLASARI Mythology in modernist oesthetics 2l ATFRED Uqr From the life of the country 28

oEurocommunismn or undisguised revisionism 38 ZERI ! POPUTLIT Press review 58 THE }IISTORY OT'f,$EE ATBAruI H PEOPTE rs RttrEN t[ffi Br00D by MEFIMET SHEHU

The Member of the Potitical Bureau of the Central Committee of the pLA ond Chairmnn of the Couneil of Ministers of the PSRA, \lehmit Shehtr,. Little Albonio will certoinly build sociolism relying on its own forces, ond in consistent revolutionory struggle ogoinst imperiolism, with US imperiolism of the heod, ogoinst Soviet sociol-imperiolism ond modern revisionism of every hue ond brond, together with oll the proletorions ond genuine communists of the world, together with oll the peoples of the world

Dear comrades, Brothers and sistors, ON BEH-{I,F OF THE CEI\ITRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PABTY AND TTIE GOVERNMENT, THE PRESIDIUM OF THE PBOPLE ASSEMBLY, AND OF THE LEADER OF OUR PARTY AND PEOPLE, COMRADE ENVEE HOXHA PEESONAI,T-Y, I BRING YOU TTIE IUOs.,- FEBVENT REVOLUTIONARY GREETINGS AND WISH YOU MANY' TTIEUY HAPPY EETURNS OF THE GREAT F'ESTIVAI,S - THE 65TTI ANNIVERSAEY OF THE PROCLAMATION OF TTIE INDIPENDENCE OF THE HOMET-AND AND THE 33RD ANNIVERSARY OF THE LIBERATION OF THE COUNTRY FROM TIIE FAS-CIST OCCUPIEES, VLORA TIAS BECOME THE SYMBOL OF OUR PEOPLE'S LOVE FOR FREEDOIVI, PATRIOTISM, HEROISM, COURAGE. FIDELITY, BECAUSE THE PEOPLE OF VI,ORA HAVE ALWAYS DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES BY THE BLOOD THEY HAVE SHED FOR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE, FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE. IT IS THE VLORA OF NOVEMI}Ets 28, 19L2, WHEBE THE GEEAT AND WISE PATRIOT ISMATL QEMALI HOISTED THE NATIONAL FT,AG AND PROCLAIMED THE INDEPENDENCE OF ALBANIA AFTER 5OO YEARS OF SAVAGE SLAVERY UNDER THE BAEtsAROUS OTTOMAN DOMINATION; IT IS TIIE VLOR.A OF 1920, WHEN 'S STOUT FIGHTERS

The closs struggle THE CLASS STEUGGLE WITHIN THE PARTY OF THE WORKING CLASS IS A REFLECTION OF THE CLASS CONTRADICTIONS WHICH EXTST within the porty is direct- AND THE CLASS STRUGGLE WHICH GOES ON IN SOCIETY. ed ogoinst enemies ond THE PABTY IS THE LEADER OF THE CLASS STRUGGLE FOR THE Iroi tors; ogoinsI deviotions, DESTRUCTION OF THE OLD WORLD AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST SOCIETY. AS SUCH IT STANDS IN distorlions ond violotions THE FOREFRONT OF THE BATTLES WITTI THE CLASS ENEMY. ON ITS of porty decisions IDEOLOGY AND POLICY, ON ITSABILITYINLEADEESHIP,DEPENDS THE ond directives; oguinst FATE OF THE REVOLUTION, OF THE GREAT STBUGGLE BET. WEEN SOCIALISM AND CAPITALISM, BETWEEN THE SOCIALIST AND shortcomings, CAPITALIST EOADS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY. HENCE IT IS mistokes ond gops NATURAL THAT THE ATTACI{S AhID COUNTER-ATTACI(S OF TIIE ENEMI wotk of the leoding ABE DIRECTED AT THE PARTY IN THE FIRST PLACE. in the Apart from this, the communists The class struggle within the party orgons ond bosic are not completely free from or in- is directed against enemles and tra'!- orgonizotions vulnerable to the old concepts, cus- tors; against deviations, distortions of the purty; ogoinsl toms and habits carried by the social and violations of par:ty decisions anrl environment in which they have lived directives; against shortcomings, mis- dogmotism, opporlunism, or a1'e living, the social class or stra- takes and gaps in the work of sectorionism, ond ony tum to which they belong, either by the leading organs and basic orga- kind of olien, origin or curr'ent status, The commu- nizatlons of the party; against oppor- unti-Morxist views nists, ,like all our working people, are tunism, dogmatism, sectarianism, anri on the one hand, under the pressure any kind of alien, anti-Marxist views' of 'the btremishes of the old society, The class struggle within the par- and on the other, under the pressure ty is, in the first place, an ideologi- of the bourgeois and revisionist cal struggle for the Marxist-Leninist ideology and policy from abroad, purity of lts theory, of its general li- hence are faced with the dangers ne, and of the communists themselves. of bourgeois-revisionist degenera- But it is also a political struggle. tion. The fight against traitors and hostile The dangers that threaten the par- activity in the party ranks cannot be ty are overcome through a oorrect, confined to the ideological field alo- determined, and ceaseless class s,trug- ne, Every enemy of the Marxist-Le- gle wlthin its ranks. <

and compiete only when it is waged have capil;ulated to the pressure and ensureC through class struggle. This as a combined ldeological and politicai attacks of the class enemy, to the struggle has kept them pure as van- struggle, and is accompanied with the tidal wave of petty-bourgeois psycho- guard revolutionary fighters, has pro- appropriate organizational measures. logy, have allo-wed the enemy to pe- tecteC them from bourgeois degenera- Only through such a struggle can netrate their ranks. and eventually, tion and capitulation to the pressure the parLy ',vork out, preserve anC erren to seize the reins of leadership. of the enemies, or in the face of dif- apply a correct Marxist-Leninist line; Although younger than many other {iculties and obstacles. preserve and strengthen its pro).eta- parties, the PLA has been able to The struggle for a correct Marxist- rian unity, without any breaches, en- work out and implement a correct Leninist line, for a steel-Iike unity, for sure the proletarien qualities of thc Marxist-Leninist line at all the pe- the communist qualities of the party communlsts, realize its undivided leir- riods of its existence and to ensure n-rembers, the entire class struggle in dership in the revolution and th(r victories of vital importance to the the Party, has had as its major objec- construction of socialism. Albanian people, because, in its faith- tive to ensure its undivided leader- The main reflection of how the fu1 implementation of Marxism-Le- ship, which constitutes the key to Mar:xlst-Leninist party wages the class ninism, as was stressed at the 7ih the solution of all problems, all the struggle is its political line, embodied Congress of the PLA, *it has reso- tasks of the revolution, the construc- in its practical revolutionary activity lu+.ely upheld the line of the class tion of socialism, and the defence of and tested by the results of this acti - struggle and . consistently u.,aged it the Homeland. After it succeeds in vity. against internal and external enemies. becoming the leader of the masses in Those parties of the working class as urell as amcng the people and in the revolutionary situation, the party lvhich have been unable to work out its orvn ranks".1) can preserve and play its leading ro- and implement a correct revolutionary The steel-lihe ideological and orga- le up till the complete victory of the line, and as a consequence, have not nizational unity of the PLA, which socialist revolution only through a succeeded in placi.ng themselves st has characterized it aI1 through its persistent ideologlcal and political the head of the masses in revolutiona- existence, is linked with this correct class struggle for the implementation ry situations, in preparing them anC and resolute struggle. The enemies' of its general Marxist-Leninist line, leading them in revolution, are by plans to destroy the PLA, or to turn and its proletarian principles and no means few. Other parties, although it into a bourgeois-revisionist party, ncrms. at given mo,ments or periods they ha- have faiLeC because they have noL As was stated at the 7th Congress -,,e followed a correct course and ha- found, anC have been quite unable of the PLA, precisely such a deter- ve shown .themselves capable of lead- to create, breaches in the Party in mined and consistent struggle, waged ing the masses in revolutionary strug- general and in its Central Committe: u,ith organically linked revolutionary g1e, of ensuring them great political in particular. In the Soviet Union and Marxist-Leninist methods for its li- and social victories, have not gone other countries the revisionists split ne, for the unity and the commun- to the end of this road, have chang- their respective communist and ist qualities of its members, has ena- ed course, have departed from Marx- workers' parties, which facilitated the bl.ed our Party *1e ensure its lead- ism-Leninism and turned into bour- destructive worl< for the liquidation of ing role throughout its whole exis- geois-revisionist parties, betraving the their proletarian character. tence, to ensure the hegemony of the cause of the working class, the revo- The communist qualities of menr- r,vorking class in such a complete mo- lution, and communlsm. Such parties bers of the party have always beerr nolithic, and effective manner,'.2) 12. (s8), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

The edge of the class tulal, military and other tasks, tt-t organs and organizations of the Party, create the impression that the policy because the hostile activity has not rtruggle in the Party ie , firgt of all, directed against of the Party was not correct. In ord,er been allowed to develop, nor have the to disguise themselves, and at the sa- views and activities of traitors been and the enemt, Ihe eaemiee me time, to exptroit the great authority allowed to destroY the unity of the activity in itg ranhg of the Party for their own benefit, the Party. enemies have tried to pose as if they It is known that, by linking up As is known, enemies and traitors rvere doing everything in the name with one another, enemy elements ha- have emerged from the ranks of the of the Party. They have used all sorts ve, indeed, rnanaged to create a num- Party from time to time. TheY have tactics and wiles to develop th: ber of factional groups within the been very few in numbers, but the of cult their own personality, to win ranks of our Party. However, these danger they posed was verY great. of personal prestige so that their words hostile groups have been smashed be- This danger was linked neither with carry rn eight and to gain fore they couid take the form oJ their nurnber, nor with their support would credit and support. trends in the sense that Stalin gave in the Party and among the PeoPIe, mainiy surreptitiously, the them, as *a party within the party-, because they have enjoyed no such Working awaited favourable and come out with an anti-party oppo- support, They endangered the Party, traitors have the mornent a ..crisiso, in order to stri- sition Iine. the dictatorship of the proletariat, and of ke their might. However this Ko,gi Xoxe's group was extremely the socialist order as a whole, be- with all moment, has never come, for they dangerous. The hostile activity of this cause of the important positions and uncovered have group extended to many fields. Ne- functions they had managed to occu- have been in time, been smashed ideologically, politically vertheless, the anti-Marxist views py in the leading organs of the Par- and views that were the foundation of this acti- ty, the state, the economy and the and organizationally, Jheir and activities have been liquidated. vity did not succeed in crystallizing army. They were dangerous, also, as have shown especially as an independent line. The 11th agents of external enemies. Abetted, The enemies great cor-rcern to establish links with Plenum of the Central Committee supported and assisted by the impe- another, to gather supporters (September 1948) and the lst Congress rialists and revisionists, they intended one around themselves, to create first of the Party (November), which made to take the fortress from within, bY groups factional anl political trying to divert the PartY from its and then trends an assessment of the line opposed the line the Part1,. Marxist-Leninist course, to eliminaie lines to of over the period 1945-1948, came to aware by not its revolutionary line and leadership, They are well that only the conclusion that there were organizing themselves and one, to liquidate the dictatorship of the uniting, by two lines in the Party, but only political platform op- proletariat, to make the country de- working out a which on a whole was correct, al- pendent on one or the other bour- posed to the Marxist-Leninist line though there were a number of dis- geois-revisionist and imperialist state. of the Party can they attain their tortions in it. These distortions were To the extent they were able, the goal, and alter its course towards some erroneous anti-Marxist theses traitors have carried out hostile, dis- revisionism. But this can happen onl;' and pr.actices smuggled into the linc ruptive, underrnini,ng, anti-Party acti- in certain conditions, when the Par- and activity of the Party by the trai- vity to achieve this aim. In general, ty falls asleep, is infected by dan- tor group which represented theses however, they have not dared to gerous bourgeois diseases, becornes and practices fro;m the Yugoslav trot- oppose the line of the Party openly, sclerotic, and thus, loses its ability to skyite-revisionist ideology and policy. because they have always found fight and liquidate the enemies that In recent years, the Party unoovereC themselves faced with its monolithic emerge irom, and operate in, its own and liquidated the hostile groups ol unity which has suppressed them, ranks. Such were the conditions in F. Paqrami and T. Lubonja, of B. and with its steel-like links with the which revisionist trends took shape irl Ba11uku, P. Dume and H. Qako, and of A. people, which have terrified them. Fct many former communist and work- K611ezi, K. Theodhosi and K. Ngjela. these reasons they have tended to ers' parties, and succeeded in tran- These groups, which operated t11 work surreptitiously, have tried to dis- sforming them complet'ely into bour- close connection and collaboration tort the line of the Party in one geois-revisionist parties. with one another and in coordina- field or the other, on one question Revisionism has been unable to stri- tion with some foreign revisionist s'ta- or the other, in the field of its im- ke root and triumph in the PLA, be- tes, made up ..a maior and extre- plementation, in order to create con- cause the bourgeois-revisionist disea- mely dangerous conspiracy", as the fusion, disrupti,on, disorder, to prevent ses have been systematically combatt- 7th Congress of the Party defined the implementation of decisions and ed in a struggle which prevented them them. With the fir.st group operating directives, on political, economic, cul- from invading and overwhelming the in the field of ideology and culture, ALBANIA TODAY 1 (38), 1978 . 13 thing the second ln the armY, and the third Hence, the class struggle within the more factions. And if such a in the field of the econcmy, the ene- ranks of the Marxist-Leninist party does show uP, the PartY cannot and of mies intended to destroy the PartY, cannot be called a struggle between must not tolerate the existence periodo.3) the clictatorsl-rip of the proletariat, opposing lines, and even less can such factions, even for a short prin- and the socialist economic-social or- a *struggle of lines" be considered an Guided by this Marxist-Leninist first pla- cler, and to turn Albania into a bour- objective phenomenon. The class strug- ciptre, our Party has, in the to bar geois-rerrisionlst country. To achieve gle in the ranks of the party is, truly, an ce, waged a preventive struggle paths these dangers, to cut this objective, they had reckoned on objective phenornenon like the class all the to factions organizing an armed putsch, through strr,rggie in general, but it is not ne- off the roots and sources of and of enemies the traitors in the Army, which was cessa-rily a struggle between two op- and opposing lines, to be backed up by foreign militarY posing lines. The experience of the and enemY activities. been consis- intervention. struggle within the PLA confirms this The PLA has alwaYs course' Hence the danger was extremelY very well: this struggle has alwaYs tent in its Marxist-Leninist programmatic taslis, great. Before they were uncovered, been waged for the defence, imPle- Befor,e setting its its attitudes on the the traitors caused all the damaqe mentation and enrichment, in the heat before deciding problems of its internal they could in the sectors where they of revolutionary action, of a single fundamental policy, has considered were working, taking advantage ot Marxist-Leninist line, and has noI or foreign it has not been hastY manifestations of liberalism and bu- been a struggle between two lines' them thoroughlY, procrastinated. It has acted reaucracy, the slackening of vigilance The struggle between two roads nor has it and the greatest sense and control, the incomplcte implemen- should not be confused with the strug- with rnaturity the Albanian tation of communist principles and g1e between two lines. The struggle of responsibility towards the Albanian peo- norms, the shortcomings and errols between the socialist road and the ca- working class and well as towards the world in the work of PartY organizations pitalist road of development, which ple, as pro- proletariat and the revolution, always and state organs in the relevant sec- includes the struggle between the of Marxist-Leninist prin- tors. Neverlheless, the latest hostile letarian ideology and the'revisionist in the light its decisions, groups, Iike the forrner ones, were ideology, is an objective law, whereas ciples. After it has taken opposing politi- unhesitatingly for their uncovered and smashed before they the struggle between it has fought is a sub jective Phenome- fully convinced of the succeded in crystallizing into revi- cal lines implernentation, non, emerges and develops only line' sionist opposition trends and lines in which correctness of its revolutionary conditions, when the par- deci- the Party. As soon as they were un- in certain Vacillation and uncertainty in ty allows factional trends and anti- unprinci- covered and attacked by the Centrai sions, attitudes and slogans, Marxist lines to be created in its questions Committee they were attacked and pled changes of position on ranks. Such opposing revisionist trends crushed by the whole Party and the of internal and foreign PolicY, bY and lines usually manage to crystalli- people. AIL the communists and all making this policy subject to deve' ze when the partY of the working the working people to a man were Iopments of the moment or to simPlY class does not wage a correct, deter- decisions of the utilitarian and pragma;tic motives, aI- in solidarity u,ith the mined and consistent class struggle ways cause confusion and disorienta- Central Committee, with comrade within its ranks all the time. Enver Hoxha, and rose against the tion, create suitable soil for factions activi- traitors and their anti-Party, antj- and opposing lines, for hostile How has the PLA socia).ist, and anti-national activity. ties in the ranks of the PartY' preventing itself to This experience of the struggle su€ceeded in The PLA has not allowed against enemies and their traitorous the crystallization be carried away bY success, to beco- activity within the Party shows that, of factiona! Irendc and me swell-headed and over-confident objectively, thele is a great and con- opposing reYisionist Iineg, on account of its firm unity, its cor- tinuing danger of the creation o,f fac- and been able rect line, its sound links with the tional trends and anti-Marxist oppo- to uncover in time, and masses and great victories achieved sltion lines in the ranks of the party smash the enemies and under its leadership. To combat sel[' of the working class. At the same 'ri- enemy activity in its ranlts? satisfaction, conceit and over-confiden- me, it shows that the emergence and ce means to destroY the breeding crystallization of these trends and Ii- ..A self-respecting Marxist-Leninist ground for the petty-bourgeois and nes is not decreed by fate to be ine- party',, says comrade Enver Hoxha, revisionist maggot, so that it is una- vitable. Thcy can be stopped in their ..cannot permit the existence of two b1e to get into the PartY and thL' tracks, and unity can be preserved lines within the party; it eannot, the- dictatorship of the proletariat, to des- and strengthened. refore, allow the existence of one or troy them frosr within, 14o (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

But loss or weakening of revolu- a man around the PartY. . . to fight to resolve these contradictions in the hionary vigilance, whatever the cause, these manifestations.*5) way the contraCictions among the are ju,st as dangerous. ..The vigilance The consistentlv revolutionary and people are sclved means to fa1l inlo of the Party, its great experience, r'e- clear cut stand of the Party against idealism. into religious ind ulgence, to volutionary acumen and coolheaded- anli-party groups br,s been decisive renounce the class struggle. ness>>, says comrade Enver Hoxha in for its Marxist-Leninist line and uni- The maln thing is that in the PLA connection with the uncovering an'i ty towarC.s anti-party groups, whcn the struggle against hostile elements Iiquidation of the latest groups of trai- such groups have managed to fo:-'m and groups has alu,ays been a prin- tors and conspirators, .brought about themselves within its ranks. The dan- cipled struggle and it has never been that the full extent and danger of ger they represent has always beer,-L allou,ed to degenerate into a struggle this enemy activity was uncovered".4) properly appreciated and they have between individuals. This struggle has Revo.lutionary experience teaches us been fought and completely smashed not been waged by the Central Com- that the Party must never forget or in order to prerrent them from turning mittee a1one, but by the entire Party underrate the great dangers that into opposing trends and lines. and the whole p,eople who have a1- struggle ways had their sa5,, asisting the Par- threaten it from the intentions ancl, There is not doubt that, the activities of external and interna.l against anti-party elements, groups ty to expose and utterly smash the class enemies, from the imperialisl- and views, like the entire class strug- anti-Ma,rxist and anti-socialist activi- revisionist encirclement. Only by r:- gle within the party, is an ideological ty and views of one or other enemY group. maining constanfly vigilant, by hav- struggle in the first p1ace. Through or traitor That is why this great ing a thorough knowledge of the ene- this struggle, which has continued struggle has had such success. protected from mies and the methods, forms ancl even after the srnashing of one or The PLA has been means of their destructive work, catr the other group, their anti-Marxist the danger of disastrous splits, of the the dangers be avoided and the waYs views have been exposed and refuted, creation of hostile lines and trends, be closed to the penetration of oppos- and profound convictions have been also, by its revolutionary, determined ing revisionist trends and lines. created among the communists anti and consistent stand towards any in- The PLA has been able to smash working people about the hostile cha- terference from outside. Only such a the enemy activity, to follow a con- racter of these views which have led stand brought about the defeat of the sistenUy correct line, to preserve and the traitors into activity against the attempts of the Yugoslav revisionists constantly strengthen its unity, also, party and the socialist order. But the to turn the Koqi Xoxe grouP into an because of the principl.ed revolutiona- ideological struggie never fully achie- anti-Marxist trend on an all-Party sca- ry attitude it has always maintaineC ves its purpose if it is not accompani- le, after this group had become a towards shortcomings and mistakes. A ed with organizational and political faction at its head, and then to ensu- proletarian party is not afraid to re- measures. As comrade Enver Hoxha re that this Trotskyite-revisionis'i cognise the mistakes and shortcomings tells us ..The Party has never failed trend would liquidate the Marxist- in its line or practical activity. But to use the means of patient explana' Leninist line of the Party. The effot'ts however important it is to recognise tion and conviction towards all those which the Khrushchevite revisionists your mistakes and shortcomings, it who betrayed and embarked on the made directly and through Liri Be- is just as important to be determined anti-party and anti-peoptre road, but lishova and Koqo Tashko, to split the and to know how to fight to the end when the cup was fuIl and facts we- Central Commitee and the PartY, in to eliminate them. Mistakes, weaknes- re obvious, it thr:ew them out of its order to be able to impose their anti- ses, deviations, that are not detected ranks unhesitatingty, and those who Marxist course on it were smashed and combatted in time and with re- had conspired tl,ere handed over to the in the same way. The external ene- volr-rtionary methods, create favourable courts which even condemned sorne of mies of Marxism-Leninism have aI- soil for the activity of the enemy, them to death. The enemies wept over ways abetted and supponted the trai- become the source of revisionist thern, while the PeoPle rejoiced at tors in the ranks of our PartY, in groups, trends and platforms. <.Any having settled accounts with these order to use them to sow the seed of traxity, any misuse, any liberal- traitors,'.6) This is a profoundly re- disruption and revisionism in the Par- ism, any underestimation of mis- volutionary, Marxist-Leninist stand. ty, as was confirmed also in the case takes and shortcomings," teaches coirl- The revolution, the dictatorship of thc of the discovery and smashing of the rade Enver Hoxha, <

In each historical period, every par- committees in the Army, in order to admission of young workers anci ty organization or leading organ has ensure that this role is always sa- cooperativists, and in particular, ot encountered mistaken views and feguarded and perfected. To this yollng women, in whose revolutionary stands opposed to one or other di- end, the ?th Congress of the Party determination and abilities there has rective of the Party. demanded, in particular, that the not alwa-ys been complete confiden- Closely linked with the struggle erroneous tondency, manifested in so- ce. against violations, distortions and fall- me instances, to put the bureaus abo- The struggle has been, and on the ing short in the implementation oI ve the plenums, to overrate the role instructions of the 7th Congress, al- the line of the party is the struggle of buneaus and to underrate the role ways will be concentrated against mrt- waged against violations, distortions, of plenums, as well as to attribute nifestations that atfect the fundamen- falling short in the implementation of to the apparatus of the perty com- tal question of admissions to the Par- the Constitution of the Party, which mitLee functions that belong to the ty: quality. embotlies the Marxist-Leninist prin- elected organs, must be done away Our Party has never seen the qua- ciples and norms which regulate its with. The essence of this struggle Iity of the candidates for membership life. These two struggles merg,e into has been and is to ensure the fullest as consisting only in their worker one. There can be no party of the collective spirit in the activity of the or cooperativist status. It has Iink'r'l working class with a correct Marx- Ieading party organs. As cornrade this question with a series of othe;.' ist-Leninist line without communist Enver Hoxha put it at the ?th Con- very important questions of a class organizational principles and norms. gress, *159 collective spirit plays the character, which make the communist When the Communist Party of the decisive role in achieving the leader- a proletarian vanguard fighter, loyal Soviet Union d,eviated from the Le- ship of the Party,', because it avoids to the end to the cause of commun- ninist-Stalinist ideology and policy, at bureaucracy and arbitrarity, avoids ism, indomitable in the face of ene- the same time it also renounced the distortions and grave violations cf mies, difficulties, obstacles and sacri- revolutionary implementation of the the line of the Party, ensures the fices, an 1 determincd to implement Marxist-Leninist principles and norms best and most complete implemen- the political line of the Palty at any of the pa,rty, which were transformed tation of its decisions and directi- cost. Such questions are the ideologi- into lifeless formulas. ves. cal and political preparation of can. Therefore, the 7th Congress of the The PLA has achieved marked suc- didates for party membership; their PLA stressed again that, in order cesses in the ceaseless strengthening being outstarrding in the performance to achieve the indisputable leader- of the proletarian composition of its not only of thr,ir technical-professio- ship of the Party, faithful revolutio- membership. In the conditions of ou: nal ta-sks, but also of their political nary imptrementation of both its po- country, which embarked on the road and social tasks, in their revolutiona" litical line and its Leninist princi- of socialist development with a very ry attitude and behaviour at work, ptres ,and norms has decisive impor- backward social-economic and cultu- in society, and the family; their tance. ral-educational situation, the fact being tested through hard work, on Like the political line, the princi- that, in 1970, worker communisr s difficult fronts, in revolutionary acti- ples and norms, too, can find such ernerged as the biggest group, and vity in general, in class struggle, etc. application only through the class the rapid increase of the number of The Party has waged systematic struggle within the ranks of the women in the Party, who today ma- and incessant struggle against mani- Party. ke up more than 27 per cent of its festations that sully the purity of the The continuous strengthening of the members, are truly great victories. moral figure of communists, in order leading role of the party basic organi- The continuous increase in the num- to ensure that they always remai;t zatioq in order to apply the Marxisl- ber of cooperativist peasant corrurrun- vanguard revolutionary fighters, and Leninist teaching: .

ALBANIA TODAY (38), 1978 . 79 werful and tested weapon for the The correct waging of the class have succeeded in talling shape' The sucoessful waging of the class struggle struggle within the Party requires purging of our Party has been carried in the ranks of the Party. This wea- that the course of the correction of out routinely, in the Process of the pon serves to detect and correct short- the erring communists must be follo- implementation of the principles and comings and errors, to prevent or wed with revolutionary justice and norms of its Cons,titution. smash manifestations alien to the severity, and not with opponbunist In our Party, Purging is a revolu- ideology, line, and norms of the Party. indu,lgence, that every communist to- tionary class process that is carriecl Thus, lt also supplements the commun- rvards whom disciplinary measures are out on the basis of the internal de- isb education of the party members. taken should be put to the test, more mocracy of the Party as well as bY Criticism and seif-criticism are a than any other communist, and that drawing in the opinion of the mas- very good indicator in assessing how the party basic organizations should ses of the working PeoPle, who make the class struggle is being waged with- guide this testing directly. The clais th,e assessrnent of this or that party in the Party. Where there is correct, struggle also makes the differentia- m,ember. principled, sever-e criticism and self- tion: on the one hand, it corrects cr.iticism without fear and hesitation the majority of those who waver o.' about every communist, there the di- Iag behind their comrades, on the Dangers that threaten seases that threaten the Party can- other, it separates out the incorrigi- the Party and the fight not get established, the work of the ble. The latter are people who have against them class enemy makes no headway, and smuggled themselves into the Party, the implementation of decisions ancl who have not had, and have no't been What are the dangers that threaten directives, the vanguard role of the able to acquire, aII the qualihies of the Party, against which it has fought communists, the leadership of the par- the communist, or have lost these and is fighting ceaselessly so that it ty basrc organization and of the ple- qualities on the uphill pull. of the witl always remain a revolutionary num of the party committee a,re revolution, that is to say,, have capi- party of the working class? ensured. tulated to the pressure of the enemy The ?th Congress of the Party *The situation is in order in the party or difficulties. stressed that *the class struggle waged organizations", comrade Enver Hoxha 'Ihere is only one measure for the during the whotre existenoe of the instructs, *only when th,ere is the incorrigible: expulsion from the rankg Party, as well as recentlY, has shown thrashing out of ideas, critioism and of the Party. Great as the need of that the main danger and enomY to self-criticism from corr.ect party the Party is for transfusions of new our Party, as well as to the entire positions, when opinions are expressed and pure blood into its body so that international revolutionary communist about rvork, when proposals, sugges- it rvill alu,ays remain a Party of re- and workers' movement, has been end tions ,etc., are made, in a word when volutionary action, a proi.etarian lead- still is ri,ght opportunism, revision- Iife is seething there, not rvhen there iflg ParLy, its need to Purge itself ismol";' is'tranquillify",.lltl of all those who lose the qualities AII the enemies and traitors who When it is based on the policy of the vanguarcl proletarian fighter have emerged from the ranks of the and interests of the Party, of the is just as great, It is no accidenr Party have been rightists. In the hos- rvorking c1ass, and socialism, the olash that Lenin calls purging a law of tile rightist views and activities we of opinions is never harmful. On the the development of the revolutiona- see reflected the pressure of the in- contrary it is necessary and usefur, ry party of the rvorking class. Our ternal and external class enemy, ac- because it strengthens the militant re- Party has never alowed oPPortun- cording to concrete historical periods volutionary character of the unity, ist softness, liberalism and sentimen- and conditions. makes it easier to uncover and com- tality in the implementation of this With the f rontal class struggle bat mistakes and shortcomings, vio- 1aw. which the PartY has waged uncea- lations and distortions of the line, antl There is also anothel' very imPor- singly within and outside its ranks, it to take more correct decisions. tant feature in the practice of the has never allowed the creation ol the purging carried out in our PartY. soil in u,hich right opportunism, re- Unlrxe many other parties, with us visionism could thrive. It has com- the first Together rDith the new industrY, no mass purges have taken place. batted right opportunism, in which is being set up desPite This is connected with the fact that place, in the views and activities of the sauage imperialist-reDisi.onist Party no factional its enemies. But the Party has also training in the ranks of our btockade, sociall.st Albania is symptoms which the cadres necessarg to run it. trends and opposition lines, the fought opportunist ln thls d,irection u:omen PLaY struggle for the smashing of which have appeared in the work of our an important rolc. In Albania theg mass people. enojg al,l the same rights as the nten, would have entailled Purges, 20o (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

Liber:alism, as a malked expression working class in power, never present struggle of the revolutionaL'y party o' of opportunism, has been dealt- hard themselves separately, but always the working class. Onesidedness is in- blows. entangled with each other. The one compatible lvith Marxist-Leninist dia- The fact that liberalism has never supplem,ents the other, they are bran- Ie'ctics, which is the foundation of thc been able to strike root and become ches of the same tree. The liberal is Iine and practical activitl' of the a. diqease in our Party confirrns how also a bureaucrat, just as the bu- Party. according correct and fruitful the struggle wag- reaucrat is also a liberal, lr ed ,against it has been. to the occasion, for neith,er the one ,(* The powerful btrows of the PartY nor the other is guided by revolu- By implementing such revolutiona- have been and are aimed against tionary principle, but by the interests ry principles, methods and practices bureaucracY, too. of the moment, by personal interests. in u,aging the class struggle within The bitter exPerience of the Com- Either of them, according to the oc- its ranks, the PLA u'i1t ahvays remain munist Party of the Soviet Union pro- casion, is a servile today, a pragma- a revolutionary party of the working ves that bureaucracy is just as great tist, a compromiser, arrogant and so on, class and lead the Albanian people with a clanger to the party of the working 'Ihe Party teaches us that we should sure steps to the complete construc- class in power as liberalism. What look for right opportunism and fight tion of socialist societl' and commun- happended in that party? Gradually. it not only in manifestations of libe- 1Sm. the basic organizations and organs of ralism and bureaucracy, but also irr the party were displaced fro,rn their their offspring, such as technocratism, Ieading role as organs of collective intellectualism, conformism, servrlity, leadership. AI1 leadership was con- indifference, etc. Opportunism presents centrated in the hands of the no- itself and operates in all sorts of torious <.apparatchiki", thus it beca- forms and shapes. 'right me bureaucratic from the centre to While combatting opportun- the base. Everything was decided by ism, the PLA has not neglected and the apparatuses which rode roughshod never will neglect the struggle against over the entire party and the work- the dangers which leftism, sectarian- 7. Enoer Hoxha. RePot"t to the 7th PLA, 109 (Eng' ing class. Khrushchev and coimpany ism and anarchism, present not onlY Congress of the P. ecl.). took advantage o,f this to carry out because, if they are overlooked and 2. Enaer Llorho^ RePott to the 7th the counter-revolution, while the par- not combatted, these dangers may ha- Congress of the PLA, P. 79 (Eng' consequences just as harmful as ed.). ty and the woriring class were in nc ve 3. Enuer Horhn. Reqorts and SPee- posj.tion to prevent the traitors from right opportunism, liberalism and bu- ches, 7967-1968, PP, 39-40. power reaucracy, but also because right- 1. Enuer Horha. Closing sPeech al seizing state and restoring ca- the 7th Plenum ol the CC of the pitalism, opportunism often presents itseII in PLA, MaA 29, 1975' Central Par- On the face of it, bureaucracy pas- .Ieft" attire. ty Archixes. RePorts and SPee- <

by ALFRED Ugl

The mythologicol tendency is nol imposed upon modernist ort by noture ond the specific ortistic lows, but from outside, by the needs of the imperiolist ond revisionist bourgeoisie to mystify the reolity, to conceol ond comoufloge the vitol dromos ond conflicts, to disguise ond distort their sociol-closs soulce ond couses

IN oUR TIME, THE PRoBLEM oF THE MYTH AND ITs RELATIoNSHIP nism was founded upon the anti- TO ART IS TTIE FOCUS OF POLEMICS AND DISCUSSIONS ON AESTHETICS. scientific and reactionary theory of THE INCREASED INTEREST OF AESTHETICS IN THE PROBLEM OF THE F. Nietzsche, who considered the my- MYTH IS CLOSELY LINKED FIRST OF ALL, WITH THE FETISH-MAKING, thological fount as the source with MYTHOLOGISING ROLE WHICH THE MODEBNIST AESTHETIC TREND IS the greatest vitality in human cul- TIIOSE SOCIAL AND CLASS FACTORS PLAYING IN OUR, TIME AND WITH ture. He considered myths as the IN THE PRESENT-DAY WIIICH FOSTER AN ALIEN.ATED CONSCIOUSNESS foundation of the entire spiritual life CAPITALIST AND REVISIONIST WOBLD, WHICH GIVE RISE TO MANY of the society. Modernist aesthetics IDEOLOGICAL ILLUSIONS, WHICH IN TURN FREQUENTLY ASSUME THE FOBM OF MYTHS. was interested not only in idealizing and raising mythology to aesthetic levels, but especially in the irratio- Critique romanticism, which, in order to oppose the one-sided rationalism of classi- naI interpretation that Nietzsche gave of Mythologizing it, in warning of the end of ..huma- Aesthetics cism and illuminism, evaluated the myth as the prototype of poetical crea- nitarian civilization. and the upsurge Right from its initial steps, the tiveness, served as the starting point. of a new mythology. Nietzsche did modernist school of aesthetics was While the Illumination identified not see any source of knowledge at aware of the similarity between trends myths with. prejudices and deceP- all, no element of cognition in mythS; of the modernist aesthetic philosophy tion, the romanticists, embraced my- for him, the myth waS .the triumph and mythological thinking, and thology in their aesthetic philosophy, over cognitign", it was the crowniirg set to rvork to provide an inter- valued the power of the mythologi- of every movement that loses faith pretation of myths that would justify cal creative imagination highly and in the truth, in knowledge. He re- the different ..occult" and ..mytholo- considered myths as expressions of garded the elaboration of a ner.ir gical" variants of modernism, From the most intangible features of ..the mythology as a means to mystify the end of the 19th century and dur- soulo of peoples. In the enhancement history, as one of the new weapons ing the 20th century, the modernist of the aesthetic pr'esige of mythology of imperialism to stupify the masses aesthetic philosophy strove to formu- among the artists, the views of Wag- and put them to sleep. It was ifbt late its own theoretical platform on ner, who idealized folk mythology accidental that the Nazis remembe- myths. The ideas of the aesthetics of and linked the future and revival of red the ideas of Nietzsche and pro- art with it, played a rnajor role. claimed their reactionary doctrine as ALFRED UQI - Professor, speci,alist in 1\tarrist-Leni,nist phi,losophy. The aesthetic philosophy of moder- <.the new myth of the 20th century", 22o (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

Modernist aesthetics also borrowed their ideal 'lvishes and aims. In mvths, velopment of human society has been the reactionary ideas of the symbo- the artistic element is inseparable and will be a process of the demytho- list theory of E. Kasirery who iden- from all the other elements, there- logizing of spiritual life. Although this tified art with the myth and proclai- fore, the myth is not simply art. In process has had its own zig-zags, it med the symbolic universality of cul- myths the artistic element plays a has been and wiII be a general process ture, as well as the Freudian inter- subsidiary role. Myths are formed as of the narrowing and restriction of pretation of myths. Instead of seek- concrete imaginings of a miraculous, mythologlcal creativeness and its role ing the connections of mythology with marvellous, fantastic character. In in the spiritual culture of society. This the concrete conditions of antiquity, myths, the fantastic, imaginary ele- is an entirely natural consequence, if Freud, on the contrary, proceeded ment is combined with concrete sen- lve bear in mind the progressive from the psycopathic phenomena, the sory impressions and the concepts growth of the forces of productiori in neuroses of modern men, and tried formed. from them and religious views. the society, the development of to explain the origin of myths bY The man who creates and uses mvths, sciences, r.vhich explain and demystify this means. does not take them for reflections or aII those phenomena of nature and On the basis of these ideas, in the figures from life, but considers them life that were incomprehensible to pri- modernist aesthetics a ..mythological. as reality. Myths are not identical with mitrve man and were reflected in a rzariant was created, which is trying religion, because the latter admits the fantastic and distorted form in his to justify modernist art, while con- existence of supernatural phenomena, mythological thinking. cealing the concrete social and class of extrasensory spiritual forces from Of course, in the process of social causes that have given rise to it and the nether wor1d,- whereas mytholo- progress, the mythology of any people linking it to a .suprahistorioa,lo gical thinking considers the mytholo- does not disappear without a trace; on *pan-humano factor, with the per- gical figules and acts as an insepara- the contrary, it remains a cultural fac- petual tendency of man to involve ble part of nature, of the real world. tor which exerts an influence on the himself with the occult, with mytho- Myths are both a sort of naive, fan- spiritual life of the society. Every people logy, and to dream. There are many tastic explanation of phenomena of has had its own myths, in which the bourgeois and revisionist aesthetes, the world and also a way of regarding specific features of its life and history such as M. Bodking, R. Chase, N. them. In myths, the expression of a are reflected, in which, as it is custo- Freight, R. Garaudy, E. Fischer, and thing is inseparable from the thing exp- mary to say, -the spirito of the people, others, who try to show that my- ressed. rts aspirations, dreams, ob jectives, its thology, the creation of myths, is an In the course of its evolution, my- moral and aesthetic imagination and indispensable and permanent condi- thology first used animal figures (zoo- ideals, are expressed. tion of human life. morphism), then figures of man However the use of myths in various In fact, mythology, as myth-crea- (anthropomorphism) in order to objec- epochs, right up to the present-day, tion, is a specific phenomenon which tivize imaginings and emotions. These cannot be considered as pure mytho- corresponds to a very low level of forms of mythology prove that their logical creativeness. Nowadays, the the development of society, when creator, primitive man, was at a stage ancient myt6s do not function with man, as Lenin put it, tr,ad not yet of development when he did not se- that meaning they had when they detached himself from nature, did not parate and distinguish himself from emerged; but with another meaning. distinguish between himself and the things and the other creatures of na- Many of the myths of ancient Greece, other objects and creatures of na- ture. Mythological thinking does not like the myths of Zeus, Antaeus, He- ture, when he was still extremely distinguish man from nature, the figure racles, Sisyphus, and others are used powerless in face of the spontaneous from the thing, the subjective from the even today, in contemporary culture, destructive forces of nature. objective, the fantastic from the real. but modern man evaluates them only Aecording to Marxism, the myth is History shows that parallel with the as artistic figures, whereas the ancient a fantastic invention, elaborated by development of social life and the Greeks did not question the real exis- the collective consciousness of primi- extension of the sphere of the domina- tence of Zeus and believed that he tive tribes, which has a syncretic cha- tion of man over the world about him, feally could adrhinister punishment with racter, beeause in it are blended mythological creation became limited thunderbolts and shafts of lightning. their imaginings and their moral, and restricted. From the time of slave- Neither is it correct that a kind of artistic, religious and cognitive think- owning society, philosophical, moral, mythological activity or perhaps better ing. Mythology is the prodluct of the religious, aesthetic, and other imagi- called mythologizing and mystifying collective fantasy, which unites the nings, begin to differentiate themselves activit.y, lvhich exists in the conditions concepts about things which primitive and to gain independence from mytho- of the exploiting systems of our time, men form through their senses with logical creation. The history of the de- should be considered as equivalent to ALBANIA TODAY I (38), 1978 . 23 the ancicnt classical. mythology, and The Myth and Art lity ol man irnd equalizes it with art therefot'e, to draw the conclusion that in general. Meletinski writes that in mSrthologv is an inseparabte attribute Modernist aesthetics supports the the 20th centur-v othe myth revealecl oI the human being, as many bourgeois idea that nyths and art are equa1. itseli not only as the genetic source and revisior-rist aesthetes and mytholo- 'Ihis ideas has been circulated for a I'or the development oI the artisllc gists assert. Even in our epoch, in Long trine by the bourgeois mytholo- thought.. but also as n *perpetual Lhe capitalist and revisionist countries gists, but now the bourgeois aesthetes model and an element oI its being*. there is mvthologizing activity, myths oI our time are spreading lt as the Myth, mythology, on the one hand, ancl ar-e being created. In this sense, they most fruitlul idea for the modern arti- ar1,, artistic creativeness, on the other, speak about the -m)'ths of the 20th stic and aesthelic sciences. Man1, oi h:lve some affinlties and a number of centurr-". Horv-^ver, there is no scienti- them try to prove that understancling common features. Both of them are {ic basis at all on urhich to consicler the essence o[ the myths is the f oun- actualized a1v;ays ln concrete sensible the creation of m;,,ths ln our time equi- dation lor undelstanding art ancl arti- forms. Imaginatior-r plays an jmpot'- valent to. and identical with, the clas- stic creativeness, in order to discover tant role in artistic and ml,thological sical m.r'tho1og1, of ancjent times. their specific essencc., their perpsecti- creativeness. In myths and in artistic The ancient classical mythology has ves, and the features they will assume clealions. the concicLe sensorv imIlrcs- another content, other social roots, in the future. sions and images are inseparable fr:om and carlies out other functions, as Many present-day revisionist sta- the desires, aspirations, and ideal against the myths created in the bour- tes are displaying, special enthusiasm objectives of man. Howevel, betuzeen geois-r'evisionist world. The ancient Ior taking the mvthological theorl, art, artistic creativeness, on the one classical mvthology rvas the product oI art under their protection, even hand, and myth, mythology, on the of a lorv level of social development, decking it out in Marxist laiment. other bar-rd, there are also fundamen- wirile tlte present-dai.. myths ar.e pro- The revisionist aesthetes, E, Fischer ta1 distinctions, rvhich, if disregarded, clucts of the division oI society into and R. Garaudy, base their principal plevent understanding of tl-re speclfic antagonistic classes, the action of alie- eff orts to revise Marxist-Leninist aes- teatures of each oI these different phe- nating Iorces of the exploiting order. thetics on the mythotogical ir-rterpre- nomena of culture. The present-day m],ths are created, tation of art. They aL'e tL'1,-ing to pro- We see the distir-rctions bet\,\,een r:laborated, and spread through a ge- ve that ml,thological and artistic mythology and art in three respects, nerallv conscious, class-based ideolo- activity are allegedll. identical, the- Bellef in the realitir of figures crea- gical activity in order to manipulate refore they have declaled art to be ted by fanc1, i5 necessarily implicit in the cor-rsciousness oI the rnasses, in myth, occult art, and nlore over, mvthology, lrrhereas {or poetic, literarl' order to implant distorted concepts have equalized it with the mytholo- ancl artistic figures to function rvith al:cut life among them. in order to gical wing of modernlsm and, in ge- all their attributes. there is no need deceive them ideologicallv In the con- neral, with the ideological activity for for them to be taken for real things, clitions when science, the Ltlarxist-Le- the creation of myths in modern as equal to the things they stand for'. ninist ideology, make it possible for the bourgeois and revisionist society. In Mylh is the prodr-rct of collective pecple of our time to have correct this directior-r, they have deliberately fantas1., rvhereas in literature and cul- misused concepts of the most varied pheno- the idea of Marx that the tivated art, the individual imaginatioir Greek mythology was the mena and processes of nature ancl not only Ieaves idelible marks. M.vthological society, the bourgeois and revisionist arsenal from which Greek art drew 1:hinking assimilates, preserves and ela- the means of artistic expressions, but ideology is being used to concoct all l:orates only those elements of lndivi- also the soil on u,'hich this art flou- clual imagination confor- sorts of myths, to conceal the evils which are in rished. mity with the collective idea1. of the exploiting systerr and to fos- The Soviet revisionists, are Mytl-rology essentiallv implies the ter illusions and false concepts. Hen- too, shorving great interest in taking over miracle, the man,el; in it, the real is ce, the parallel drarvn by the bourgeois the ldeas of bourgeois mvthologists not distineuished from the flancifr-r1. and revisionist mythologists between and are using them to support the M1,tho1ogica1 figures have no indirect ti-re ancient mythology and the creatior-t mythological interpretation of art. or implied meaning. Metaphors, a1le of tl-re myths of our time is without Thus, one of the chief Soviet mvtho- gories, ai'e alien to mythological think- foundation, is antihistoric. and is Iogists, Meletinski, after defending ing. In cultiv:rted art and literature, eniployed to conceal the purely mysti- the theories of the bourgeois mvtho- on the contrarl', even when amazing Iying purpose of the ideological acti- logists, after advocating the need to aclions, or miracles, are included in vity of the reactionary social forces wed Marxism to these theories, con- them, these do not have a direct mean- in our tirne, siders mythologv ns a permanent qua- ing, but an indirect mctaphorical or 24 (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

allegorical meaning, For this reason, in the conditions of railways, loco- and there.[ore, he called Greek mytho- such figures may be encountered even motives and electric telegraph? How logy the soil of Greek art. in realist art. Lenin has emphasised can Vulcan match Roberts & Co, Jupi- Third, Marx did not identify art the need to distinguish between the ter the lightening-conductor, and Her- with mythology and asserted that my- artistic figure and thereality; according mes the Credit Mobiliser? Every my- thology does not always play a posi- to him, they are not the same thing. thology conquers, subjugates and re- tive role in art, as mythological aes- In order to justify the hideous pro- shapes the elements of nature in the thetics claims. ducts of modernism, some aesthetes of rmagination and with the irelp of the It is understandable that mythology modernism claim that in realist art imagination; consequently it disap- can play both a positive and a nega- and literature not only fantastic, but pears, together with the advent of real tive role in art, because it is connected even hideous figures, such as the domrnation over these forces of natu- with the very content and peculiari- monsters of Bosch, J. Swift's outlandish re. The premise of Greek art was ties of both myths and art. Thus, the beings, the angels or penguins of A. Greek mythology, that is, nature and mythology of ancient Egypt (in which France, Goya's phantasmagoria, and the social forms themselves, but elabo- reiigious motives were prevaleut and so on, have been created. However, rated by the people's imagination, arti- the gods w-ere not imagined in human there is nothing mythological about stically and in an unconscious man- form, but in the form of animals, these figures, no matter how fantastic ner. This is its material. But not every monsters, to which man prostrates they are, because they have been used mythology, that is, not every uncon- himself, did not stimulate the flowe- as conventional artistic means to sa- scious artistic elaboration of nature is ring and independent development of tirize the base and ugly phenomena of such material (nature here implies all art, whereas the Greek mythology (in the worId. None of the above-men- objective reality, inc).uding society). which the religious element was limi- tioned artists or writers believed in The mythology of Egypt could never ted and the gods were anthropomor- the reality of these figures. However have served as the soil or the birth- phlzed, that is, were imagined in a monstrous they might seem, these fi- place for Greek art. But, of course, a human aspect) played a positive role gures of realist art have nothing my- sort of mythology was needed. Conse- in the Greek art. thological about them, but are used quently, not such a development of The mythology of every people has to express an idea which does not society as excluded any mythological l-rad its course of evolution and has coincide directly with the content of attitude towards nature; any mytho- expressed the transformations of their the fi.gure, itself, but with its under- logizing of nature, which, consequent- social life. Many of the most ancient lying implied meaning. ly, demands from the artist a fan- myths have expressed man's fear of, The distinctions between art and tasy, independent of mythology. On and powerlessness against, the spon- mythology are difficult to define, the other hand, <.is Achilles possible taneous, destructive forces of nature. when ancient classical mythology is in the epoch of powder and shot? The myths about all sorts of demons, involved, because in antiquity, art did Or, in general, the 'Illyad' alongside monsters and dragons, r'vhich aroused not exist as a differentiated activity the printing press and especialiy the terror, horror, fear and submission in group. and was part and parcel of the syn- linotype machine? And do not the primitive man, fa1l into this rise the strength of man, cretic, spiritual culture of the soci- ba11ads, legends and muses inevitably With the of collective, and with the exten- ety, that is, it was completely inter- disappear, and together with them the of the sion of his domination over nature, woven with mythology. Later, under premises for epic PoetrY, with the class society, when tl-re man of ancient times also crea- the conditions of appearance of the Printing Press?- ted myths abounding in optimism, con- art became differentiated from the In this passage Marx Points out, other forms of spiritual culture of fidence in the invincible creative force first, that Greek art, at the Peak of differences became of man. and which expressed the the society, the its flowering had broken away fronl ever more distinct. Marx also, when dreams of man to master the secrets mythology, which served it as an arse- speaking about Greek art, does not and forces of nature. The myth about nal from which it drew various means identify it with mythology, though Daedalus and his son Icarus, about the of artistic expression. Mythology con- he stresses the affinity and connec- flying carpet, etc., expressed the play role degree tions between them. ..Greek mytholo- tinued to this to some dream of the man to fly and not to sub- gy," he wrote, ..ggnstituted not only even later, towards the arts of remain bound to the earth. There are the arsenal of Greek art, but also the sequent epochs. rnyths r,vhich conceived the world as soil for it, because is that stand point Second, Marx emphasises that in the the reign of chaos, but there are others on nature and social relations which conditions of slave-owning civilization, which saw it as the embodiment oI is the foundation of Greek fantasy, the connection of art with mythology harmony. The content of the mYth of therefore, of Greek art too, possibie was stronger than in the later epochs, Dionysus is altogether different from I

2

*T[1c fifle big l,il:,e a, canlTon>. ?his is th,e title, the painter Ksenofon Dilo has giuen hi,s oil painting d,ed,icated to the N ati on a ll,ib er atio rt W ar. T h, e p aintins depicts the i pat'tisans in the course of a clash witlt. the enernA "lr "l*1.!irr1lrril, pantc, " 26. (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY that of Apollo, likewise, the myth of mythological figures and motlves have world outlook. The efforts of the mo- Sisyphus carries another meaning from been utilized by the other artistic dernists to make this or that myth that of Proteus, that of Prome- trends, too, including realism, whereas lhe product of primitive consciousness, thetts" Therefore their role in art has the relationshlp of modernist art to the key to explain the life and pro- not been the same. It is not acci- mythology is more specific. Fit'st, un- blems of people of our times, are dental that the art of different classes and like realism, the mythological element utterly anti-historical. After the arbi- societies has used myths of differing occupies a very extensive place in the trary elaboration r,vhich the modernists content, or has interpreted them in dif- modernis[ art. Parallel with the incre- make of the ancient myths, they lose ferent ways. It is not accidental either ase of the influence of the *mytholo- their true freshness and beauty, as that modernism, too, selects precisely gica1" aesthetics of the 20th century, creations of the collective fantasy, and those myths from ancient mythology, the mythological school of modernist are turned into lifeless means to which are best suited to its reactionary art has greatly expanded. The mytho- objectivize the bourgeois or revisio- ideological content (Camus chose the Iogical r,ving of modernist literature nist philosophical, moral, aesthetic or Sisyphean myth to personify the phi- was strengthened through the works politlcal concepts of our time. losophy of absurdity), or interprets of Joyce, Kafka, Sartre, Camus, and The manipulation of mythological them in compliance lr.ith its reactio- others. Likervise, 1n modernist pain- figures and motives by nodernist nary ideological orientation (Kafka ting. mythological thinking had a great artists is carried out in another way, gave a pesimistic interpretation to the impact on the creations of the post- too. Sometimes, parallel wlth the myth of Prometheus). impressionists, primitivists, surrealists authentic original meaning of the my- Historica111,, in the course of its and on *occult- abstractionism. The thological motives that they use development, cultivated art has used reliance of the modernist art so power'- in their works, the modernists intro- and continues to use motives and fu1ly on mythology is, among other duce a second meaning, which emer- elements borrowed from mythotogy, tliings, an expression of tl-re exhaustion ges sometimes openly and sometimes horvever, depending on the peculiari- of the creative ideas, of modernist in a disguised way and engages in tres of their ideo-aesthetic platf orms, artists, who transform their works into polemics with the authentic meaning, the diffet'ent artistic trends have not a re-elaboration of the material bor- or even discredits it and, in the final made equal use of mythological ele- rowed ready-made from ancient mytho- analysis, subjr-rgates the work as a ments. In some of these trends, for Iogy, and who are trying to compen- rvhole to the modernist outlook and instance, in the cultivated art of anti- sate for their lack of individual ima- objectives. This can be observed for quity, the religious art of the Middle gination with the prestige, authority, example, in Joyce's novel *Ulysses-, in Ages, and romanticism, the mytholo- and beauty of mythological creations. Sartre's play ..Les Mouches*, and others. gical element is more extensively used Second, the modernists are mainly Some modernist artists do not use than in the aesthetic trends of il1umi- attracted by those myths which express mythological figures and motives, but rninism and realism. The various the fear, and powerlessness of man, borrorv and imitate the technique of trends within realism have not made that are charged with religious con- the creation of the myth, and try to equal use of the element borrowed fro,m tent, and which arouse negative emo- subject their artistic creativeness to mythology. The, Renaissance painting tions. The modernists are especially this technique. Thus, for instance, the frequently referred to mythological fond of those myths which abound in surrealistic method has many affini- themes, thougl-r giving them a rea- allegorical content. What they prize ties r,vith the laws and technique of listic, progressive interpretation, con- in myths is the most archaic, magical, mythological creativeness, It is akin to trary to the ir-rterpretation whlch reli- mystical and allegorical elements of the principle of automatism, spontaneity gious art gave them, whereas in the ancient m),tho1ogy; that is, they seize and the irrational character of the painting of critical realism of the on everything that coincides with products of phantasy, to the illogical 19th century the mythological element their own pessimistic, mystified, irra- combinations of imagination and a was greatly reduced. tional world outlook. sort of naturalistic illusionism, which Modernist Art Third, the modernists elaborate and is used to give credibility to the mon- and Mythology manipulate the figures and motives of strous figures of surreaiist paintings. mythology in such a manner that, Kafka, too, used the technique of the What is the relationship betr,veen very often, tl-rey alter their true ori- mythology. While speaking of an modernism and mythology? Someti- ginal meaning; they distort and make absurd, phantasmagorical world, he mes it is erroneously thought that an arbitrary interpretation of the presents it in such a manner as if it modernism assumes a mythological classical myths, subjecting them to were real, an inseparable part of character because it uses ancient my- the aims and content of their own common, everyday life. thological figures or motives. In fact, anti-scientific, pgactionary idealist Manv disciples of mythological aes- ALBANIA TODAY 1 (38), 1978 . 2T

thetic theories have tried and are sti1l course of the destruction of art as the not mean that some mythological motif trying to extol the mythicizing tech- creation of beauty. In establishing such or figure cannot be used occasionally nique presenting of the modernists, it links with mythology, modernist art in the art of socialist realism. They as the only source for the revival becomes part and parcel of all that have been used with success, by our and regeneration of modern art, as broad mythologizing ideological acti- poets and writers. Likewise, it must the only condition to save art from vity of the reactionary social forces in not be thought that in the art of socia- the coldness of consciousness and tech- our epoch, which, fearful of the fu- list realism there is no place for fhe nical-scientific rationalism, in order to ture, are intelested in concealing the use of symbols, metaphors, allegories, cultivate in it the indispensable lyrical, historical processes and the prospects personifications, animisms and other sensuous and emotional beginnings of of social development. stylised figures. However, in the art of art, give and to free scope to the crea- The mythologizing tendency is not socialist realism these means are tive force of the artistic imagination. imposed upon modernist art by nature employed in keeping with the scienti- The mythological technique cannot and the specific artistic laws, but from fic world' outlook of the artists, in har- bring anything positive to art, because, outside, by the needs of the impe- mony with the nature of the tiving in any case, it is in opposition to the rialist and revisionist bourgeoisie to material, and only when this helps specific nature of art, and the aes- mystify the reality, to conceal and to arrive at the artistic truth, to thetic laws of artistic creativeness. In camouflage the vital dramas and con- understand life more deeply, correctly, our time, the mythological technique flicts, to disguise and distort their and poetically. Owing to its very drags art backwards, restricts and social-class source and causes. nature and functions, proletarian so- power limits its of cognitlon, diverts The tendency of many modernist cialist art has no reason to be mytho- it from the discovery of the truth of artists to utilize the mythologicat tech- logising. It is a powerful weapon for life, and transforms art into a mytho- nique is also due to theig subjectivist the demystification of the ugly bour- Io,gizing, falsifying, mystifying activity. world outlook, to their inability to geois and revisionist reality, for the It is no accident that the modernists understand and interpret correctly the clarification of the most varied pheno- are so devoted to the creation of ugly and debasing bourgeois and mena of iife in the light of truth, the most unreal and irrational symbols revisionist reality, which is imposed and in order to reveal the poetry and and allegories, because by means of upon them as a chaos, as a hideous, beauty of socialist life. The art of them they hide, mystify, and distort terrifying world, to their inability to socialist realism has no need for my- the content of life and reality. The link themselves with the revolutionary thological thinking, but for the artistic world of the most hideous nightema- masses of rvorking people, with those truth; therefore it recognizes no restric- res, terrible delusions, and illogical real forces which, in the chaotic world tion on approaching and attaining this imaginings of a sick and fragmented of exploitation, have the thread of objective. psyche, is the world modernism prefers Ariadne in their hands, have the scien- The progress towards socialism, the above aII. tific Marxist-Leninist world outlook, dissemination of education dnd cultu- The adoption of the mythological and are fighting to overthrow the re, the technical and scientific pro- technique is not some fortuitous mis- bourgeois-revisionist order. gress, create the premises for the eli- take or theoretical misunderstanding Our revolutionary art of socialist mination of mythological thought. If of modernism, but is in complete con- realism follows another road of deve- this thought continues to exist and to formity with the alienating, fetish lopment. The mythological technique generate myths, continues to exert its -making, mystifying goals of this art. of modernism, which alienates the influence, this is connected with the Consistent in its logic, modernism pro- artist from realism, from revealing life interests of the old reactionary classes, claims the fetish-making conscious- with artistic truth, is alien to the the bourgeoisie and the revisionists, ness, its animism and mythological dis- art of socialist realism. The life of who fear truth. The overthrow and tortion of the world, to be a norm our socialist society, the scientific casting aside of the domination of of artistic creativeness. That is why Marxist-Leninist world outlook, the these forces by the proletarian revolu- the principle of deforming the reality, rapid development of the technical- tion and the construction of socialism whith which it opposes the realist scientific revolution, the raising of the will bring about the complete elimi- principles of artistic generalization, cultural and educational level of the nation of mythological thinking in the appeals so strongly to modernism. entire people, the realist foundations fields of artistic creativeness, and so- Modernist deformation drives art on of socialist art, and other important cial life in general. Marx proclaimed to the course of distortion and falsi- factors which operate in socialist so- the irreconcilable hostility of commu- Iication of reality, diverts it from the ciety, cannot in any way justify the nism with any alienating or alienated course of normal, natural perception use of the mythotrogizing technique of consciousness, one manifestation of of aesthetic Dhenomena- on to the modernism in art. C)f course, this does which is mythologisine thinkine. New Yeor celebrotion in Albonis

The Albani,an people uselcomed the sueets and d,rinl<,s of euerg kind. Tht:r1 Neut Year, 19'/8, 'pith joy and reuo- uorked extended liottrs in orcler to lutionarg optimism. As is th,e custom, fulJil the mang requirements of tlte this gear, too, the 7st of JanuarA rDas uorking people. Work o,nd prod,uc- turned into a great popular celebrs- tion centres, agricultural caapercltiles, tion thr oughout socialist Albania, W hile schools and cultural institutians orga- summing u'p the uictories achieued ni,ze.d colt"ectite pariies and afternoort in the course of 1977 and d,rafting th,e gatherings at ultich the s?rccesses plans for 1978, the Albanian uorking achi,euecl and, the tasks for the future people also prepared for the celebration, 'were pointecl out. In tlle restaur&nts, Seueral d,ays earlier, decorations w ent clubs and 'po,laces of culture, public up all, oDer the country. The main perties u)ere organtzed s,nd dancittg streets and squares shone ruith multi- uent on to the ear'uy hours of thc coloured li.ghts; slogans and banners 1norn1,ng. wishLng the uorking people a HapPg Whil,e happilg celebrating tlt.e New Neru Year were displaged euergwhere. Year, 1978, the Albanian u:orking peo- TIFEOFT}IE The shops usere filled roith al| sorts pl.e once again erpressed their great of goods, especiallE fooil, fresh truit, loue for the PartE of Labour of Al- EEI G} aC) -F h - -{ =e t, EEr bcL.nia and comrade Eru;er Hox.hct,, LL,n- progya,ms q,lso includetl perf ormances tler whose wise and courageous \ea- bg prof essiond,l and, amateur artistic dership the Albanian people are going grou.ps. Gifts of toAs and sweets uJere from uictorg to uictorE. At the same distributed to the children at these time theg erl2ressed their readiness to parties, m,arch consto"ntlA f oruard on, the course A large euening partg for children the Partg hqs set for the cans- uas organized on 30th of December trTlction of social,ism amd communism. at the Palace of Brigad,es in Tirana. The chil,dren, especiallg, enjoged the Fioe hundred child"ren, outstanding in Itlew Year celebrations. Speeial care their school uork, lrom all ouer the is deooted to tl'tis. The shops sold countrg, spent seueral joUful houts ttn exceptzonallg taide range of togs uith comrade EnDer Horha and the and splenclid euening parties uere or- other lead,ers of the Partg and, the ganized for the chlldren in enterprises, State. Ouerflowing with loae and, gra- agricultural cooperatifies, aarious cul- titud,e, the little ones pressed, around J oAous a,nd enthusiastic atmosphere, tu,ral and, educational institutions. The the leaders and performed songs and Comrade ENVER HOXHA Trade Union organizatiotts an(l those dances dedicated to the Party of La- and otlter Party and State leaders pioneers of the Labour Youth Ilnton of Atba- bour of Albania and its leader comra- dmong 500 outstanding all d,istricts of the countrA, nia had prepared, special, programs for de Enrer Horha who haue made life from Luho took part i,n the partA their entertainn'tent, tsesides the chil- so them. With great interest fine for organized on the Neu Year, 1978, clren's outn songs progro,n"Ls and dances, these they enjoEed the ri,ch espe- at the Palace of Brigades in Tirana. cially prepared, for them bg the ar- and nr,others and sisters and brothers' tistic groups. But you pioneers, too, who are doing During the partg, comrad,e Eruser Hotho your lesso'ns well and being eth.lcatetl made a speech of greetings to the with the he,althy morality of the Par- children. ty, have oontributed greatly to this ..Dear pioneers,tt he said. *Yout cause. This has exceptional importan- beautifut songs make us immenselY ce for the futUre of our Horneland, happy. They sing to our dear Home- because the rnore you :ire etlu'cated land, to our beloved Parrty, to our he- with a lofty spirit of patriotism, the roic peo'ple. In I'ts struggle, our Party better your behaviour, the more edu- has always hatl in mintl tlae wellbeing cated antl cultured you beoome, the and happiness oI the People, antl in rnore beautiful will be our Homeland the first place, the happiness of our antl the happier our people. The Party wonderful children and you'th. And is completetry convinced about this, be- here again tonight, at this palace of cause it sees that you Pioneers, the the people, which is Yours, too, we youth, the working class, the peasantry have gathered to celebrated the New and our peonlle's intelligentsia, are Year together. As You know, the New sparing no effort, but have set to work THE Year is celetrrated tomorrow, but we everywhere and are always builtling LIFEOF are oelebratin8 it tonight, because the beautiful and useful proieats for the C" Homelanrl, in tho first place, for the EEI pioneers are in the vanguard. This e year, the pioneers will celebrate the young people, for you Pioneers. t- -F- b Ner,v Year twice, once here with us, Thorefor,e, the Party deserves the and then with their beloved paronts, boundless lovo that the enfire Alba,nian {- and grand-parents, their brothers and poople, the working olass, the youth, peasantry, nurtu,ne for it. That =e their sistens. and the CE f, It is a grea,t pleasure to see that all is why you raise your voices so high II our people, frorn enal to end of Al- singing to tho Party. You must love bania, ar,e filletl wit;tr Sreat ioy. This the Party with your wholo spirit, becau- is a joy for each of us, beoause \tre se it is our rnother with a generous see our ltrornelantl flonrrishing every- heart, with a,n ever-fresh mind, always where, soe tho People haPPY, soe the with lofty ainos for our peoptre and youth going to schtiol. Thus, our enti- not just for our people alone. re people, with great confidence in u You have gathered here tonight to the Party, are working, builtling and oelebrate the New Year from all over rejoicing for the prosent and the even Albania, ancl this is a splentliil thing. finer future. All those yea/rs we have Just as our entire people are united gone through have brought Albania as one around the PartY, so we, to- antl the entire people many blessings night, are tike a big familY' We, the which all of you have seen for Your- representatives of tho Party, are happy selves and are enioying. All these that tonight we have hundreds of pio- blessings, dear Pioneers, have been neers about us. My comrailes antl I' pio- achieved ttranks t'o the correct lead.er- in greeting ,"ou, also greet all the ship of our heroic Party. The policy neers of Albania, gre€t all the youth of the Party is a oorrect Policy, a and the Albanian PeoPIe within the Marxist-Leninist policy, a policy which Homeland antl abroad, wherever they has as its o,nly objective the wellbeing Iive, and wish them all, on this occa- of the people, their etlucation with sion, a joyful and haIrPY New Year, love for one another, the strengthen- and may the love for our belovetl so- ing of the socialist Hom,eland and its cialist Homreland in tlaeir hearts, and defence from any danger. Everyt'hing in the heark of everY Albanian, in- that has been built in Albania has Grease. been achieveil untler the correct lea- We also greet all the Pioneers of tlership of the Pa,tty, by the PeoP;le, the worltl. as well as all or.lr commun- by your grantl-fathe,rs, your fathe,rs ist comrades who are fighting every- where in the world, for a happy life I shall not go on any longer be- cheering from, the children, uho pro- in their countries, too, because their cause we want to hear your songs mised, they u:ould carrg the usord of life is miserable. There is not and can- and see your dances. Therefore, wish- the Party to the furthermost corner not be any comparison with the happy ing all of you a joyous and happy of the Homeland and that theg uouh" lite which our people, our pioneers, New Year, let us begin this oelebra- uork, heart and soul, to put its teach- enjoy ltere, Our hea,rts are united wi h tion with songs, with happiness anel ings into practice. the hearts of all the revolutionaries and rejoicing, and let us cheer: The chi,ldren left the Palace ol Bri- pioneers of all the continents of the Long live our glorious Party! gades thorougltly happg and uith un- world, rvho hope, and are fighting to Long live orrt people! f or g ettable impr essi,ons, em,erge into the light, too, just as Mass afternoon and euening parties our people clitl, just as our youth antl Comrade Enuer Horha's words uere for the children ruere organized in the our pioneers did. receiued, uith enthusittsti,c applause and other main ci,ti,es, also,

the Latter as traitors to Marrism-Le- Yolume 25 ninisnt, the proletariat and the freedom oI the peoples, The articles ,.Kenne- of comrode Ei{YER H0XHA's Works clg's Neu DenTagogA And Old Plano, >, demonstrate usith strorlg argunlents In Ute first d,ays of the Neu Year, ciallA the Rhrushcheuite brand, aga- the d,isruptiue actiuitg of the putschist the 25th uolume of the Works of com- inst Yugoslau reuisionism and. aII world group of Khrushcheu and his follo- rade Enuer Hotha uas put into ieaction. u)ers, uho had Launched a frontal circulation in Albania. Comrade Among other things, the materials attack on the international communist Enuer Hoxha's speeches, articles, letters oI this uolume reflect the great eare n"LoDen'Lent und the Party of Labour and talks, from the period June to of the Party of Labour of Albania of Albania. December L963, uhich are publishedin lor the deuelopment of the socialisl The years that haue elapsed sinoe this tsolume, throw light upon the most countryside, for the turther consolida- then prouide complete confirmation of lundamental issues of the unceasing tion of the agricultura! cooperatiues. Itoro right the Party of Lobour oJ and uncompromising struggle that the A series of materials in this uolume Albanio toas when, o,t the proper time, PartA of Labour of Albania has waged deal uith the enl-tancement of the lead,- it maintained a clear-eut principled ut the head of the masses of usork- ing role of the PartE. Many documents stand, both ag&inst imperialism and people carrg cons- ing to foruard the underline the dutg of the communists ago,inst morlern reuisionism, which, are truction socialism defenrl people of and to and of the masses of uorking united by the same counterueuolutio- uictorious Maruism-Leninism re- to sharpen their xigilati,ce, so that the from narXl intentions, Our PdrtA, with com- negades, reuisionists anrl opportunists country and the Partg will neuer be rade Enuer Horha at i,ts heail, has of euerg hue. caught unauares by the internal and alwags stressed that the slightest ill,us- The central idea running through etternal enemies, beca,use, as comrade ion or uauering, i,n the stanil, tou:arcls the materials o! thi,s t:olume is the Eruser Horha stresses, ..Nou) our ene- US imperialism and Souiet reuisionism, resolute continuation of the struggle mies h,aue been d,otr,bled, therefore our Ls toith disastrous consequen- to raise the material and cultural le- uLgilance must be d,oubledu. fraugltt ces, leades to deuiation the prin- oel of the Albanian people, the selfless Tlzis uolume has a profound poli- lrom ciples of Marx.ism-Lertinisrn, prole- ruork of the uorking class, coopera- tical and ideological content. The con- the tarian reuolution soci,al- titsist peasantrg and people's intelli- tinuation of the principled and con- and scienti,tic gentsia, for the successful conclusion sistent struggle of the PartA of Labour ism. of the plan for the Aear 1963 arld of Albania for the defence of Maru- The documents oI uolume 25 oJ -Collected, the turther strengthening of the de- ism-Leni,nism cornes out clearlA i,n the Works of conxracle fence of the Homeland, bA aDerco,ming its pages. A series of materials erpose Enuer Horha haue a DerA powerlul euery ditficultg, persistence in the con- the predatorg plans of the imperialists contemporary sound. Theg will arm stistent struggle of the PartE against and the h.ostile r,ntentions of the modern the Albanian communists and usorking imperialism, head,ed. bg U.S. imperial- reuisioni,sts, courdgeouslA and usi,th people further, will inspire them and isrn, against modern reuisionism, espe- reuolutionarg determination, and, show arouse in them still greater energies in the struggle to carrg out all their ing people i,n the People's Socialist duties in the construction of social- Republic of Albania to cope taith and ism and the defence of the Homelanil. suceessfullg smash the imperialist-re- The conclusions and lessons to be oisionist encirclement and, blockade, dratan from the studg of thi.s uolume and to go on to neus uictories in all usill assist the communists and, the ruork- fields.

Delegotions of Morxist-leninist Communist Porties in the PSR of Albonio I.IFE OF THE EI e On the inuitation o! the Central, Departnxent of the CC of the PLA Piro + Committee recentlg, a I e oI the PLA, Bita, and other comrades. F Lt- delegation of the Communist Partg of During their stag in our countrg, Spain (M-L), headed bg RauI Marko, the Spanish guests uisited industri,al member of the Secretariat of the Cen- {= centres, agricultural cooperatiues, cul- o= tral Commi,ttee of the Partg and tural and artistic i,nstitutions in Ti,- trE -t includi,ng comrade Elenei Od,ena, n'Lern- rana and in the d,istricts of Giitokastra, II ber of the Secretariat of the Centrai Saranda, Fier and Lezha, tohere theY Committee, and other comrades of the toere acquainted lbith the successes in leadershi,p ol the Partg, ui,sited our the socialist construction anil, the ef- countrg. forts of ou,r taorking people to imple- Comrade Enuer Horha, Fi.rst Secre- ment the historic decisions of the 7th, targ of the Central Committee of Congress oJ the PLA. the PLA, met the comrades of the Before leauing the PSR of Albania' Spanish delegation and helil a cordial the head oI the delegation, Raul Marko and friend,ly conuersation uith them sent the CC o! the PLA and comrade iluring the di,nner giuen bg the Cen- Entser Horha a nxessage of greeti'ngs tral Cornnxittee of the PLA, the Pre- in tohich, anxong other things, he si,d,ium of the People's Assemblg and said: the Council of Mi,nisters of the Peo- ..Now that our deleg:ttion is near' ple's Socialist Republic of Albania, on ing the end of it,s staY in Albania' the occasi,on of the 28th and, the 29th tae utant to thank gou for all the of Nooember. care and, treatment in such a fraternal The delegation of the Communist and comradelA spiri,t lDith uhich ue Party oJ Spai,n (M-L) had. uarious meet- haue been constantlg surrounded'. i,ngs in the Central Committee of the During our uarious t:i,sits and meet- PLA and" held talks toith the Member ings with raorhers, pedsants and in- of the Political Bureau and Secretarg tellectuals we haae been able to of the Central Committee of the PLA appraise lbith profound satisfaction Rami,z Alia, Duri,ng these talks, tohich the great progress tohich People's So- were characterized by complete unitg cialist Albania had mad,e i.n all fields. of thought, problems of mutual inte- These dre great successes achi.eued rest roere discussed. Also taki,ng part under the correct leadershi,p of the in the talks usere the Member of the glorious PartA of Labour of Albania Central Commi.ttee of the PLA Ga- led ba comrade Enuer, tohi,ch not onlg fur euei., the Di,rector of the Foreign strengthen Albania, but are also a po- tDerful contribution to the struggle without uaoering and toithqut cornpro- heailed, bg the member ol the Cen- oI the peoples ol the woild, and ol mise, but roith tke courage aid deter- tral Committee af the PortY Ahmeil the true Marrist-Lenini,sts, in parti- mi,nation uhich choracterize gour Partg Sadafi, tsisited our courfity re' cular. anil gour herqtc people. cently, At these moments, u:hen the hto We lDont to efrWess, once agai,n, Comrade Ramiz Alia, Member of the superpou ers, international r eoction, re- our complete and undconditional sup- Political Bureou anil Sectetorg of the oisionism and opportunism of etsery port. Th,e uni,tg that is er,pressed bet- Centrol Committee ol the PLA, re' hue are furiouslA attacki,ng our prin- u)een our hoo parties i.s a urntg baseil ceiued the lranian del,egation, A cotdial ciples, the PLA towers like an i,m- on the princi,ples ol Maruism-Leninism d,iscussion usas held in which opinions pregnable citadel of Marr.ism-Leninism and proletarian internationdlisrn. It is on problenxs ol cornrnom interest uete agoinst uhi.ch all the manoeuores ot not a unitA ol lDords, but o rtilitant erchanged, Comrode A. Sad,afi also the enemies o! the rersolutton and com- unitg, in delence of our comrnon ideals, spoke about the hold,ing of the lst muni.sm are smashed to pieces, opposed to all kinds of reo*Lonisfi Congress of the Communi,st PartA At tlti,s juncture, in the face ot and opportunisrn, uhether they come of th,e Workers and Peosonts ol lton, those who are propagating anti-Le- from the West or the East. Also taking part in the talks uas t.he nini,st, counterretsolutionary theories, Todag, the Communist Partg ot Director of the Foreign Departnxent ot like the theory of othree worltls,>, the Spain (m-l), its Central Committee and the Central, Committee of tke PLA Pi- PLA (and together roith it the true its militants, are rnore determined than ro Bita. Marrist-Leni,nlsts of the uorld) has eoer to march foruard fearlesslg and, During its stay in Albonia, the lra- had i.ts clear and decisi,tse say, etpos- firmlu on the road of the reuolu- nian delegation uisited the regions ol ing all t,he rotteness o,nil pouerty ol tion, under the inoincible banner of Tirana, Durrds ond Kruja, ukere it this .,theory',, Marrism-Leni,nism.,, toas uarmly uelcomed, by the work- Todag, as gesterdag, the PLA hos SLmiIarIy, on the i,ru:itotion of the ing people and uas acquainted tuith rai.sed and is hold,ing high the red Central Cotnmittee of the PLA, a ile- their actit:itg to put into practice the banners ol the proletariat, the red ban- legati,on of the Commun;Lst Partg ol histonc decisions of the 7th Congress ners o! Marx,, Engels, Leni,n and Stalin, the Workers and Peasamts of lran, of the PLA.

tenti,al, fullv equippeitr uith the finest Twenty-five yeors means and apparatuses, rohich apply compler adoonced methods, haoe been of the geologicol serYice set up all ouer our country. A large arnl,U ol d,rillers, miners, geologicol in Albonio technicians and engineers kas been created. Working in close collaboration ln order to gioe a better anil timely econamic anil cul,tural d,eueloprnent, ttsith arnateur prospectors, tkeA are response to the great tasks connected thanks to the continuously increasin4 able to cope raith ond, solue the tasks utith the discooerg of reserues of mi,- rates o! prospecting for anil prouing set by the Party for prospecting for neral raus materials anil to ensure teserles of rau moterials, st ccesses ond, protsing uselul minerals. the uninterrupteil detselopment ol the wkich few other countries con riool, The geological ptospecting and, prots- mlning and processing industrg, 25 hotse been achieoed, Startin'g fro'm ing uork has gielded results upon te- Uears ago, in the year 7952, the im- almost nothing in tke sector of geo- sults. With the successes achietsed i,n portant deci,sions roere taken to set up logy, in tke space of tuo and a holl the search for oil anil natural gas, the geological seroice of the PSR oJ decades Al,bania set up its own geo- chrornium, copper, and iron-nickel ores, Albania and to train tke higher cadres logical, seroice, capable ol undertak- coal and other minerals, tke Albanian uithLn the countrg, These two d,eci- ing and sol,tsi,ng ertremely complicateil geologists, carrgi,ng out the directioes sions plaged, a oital role lor the Al- problems and tasks ol major importan- of the PLA, haoe maile a ualuable banian geological seroices, lor basing ce and of ensuring reserues ol raw contribution in the construction of so- geological, ruork on our own forces rnateriols tur the setting up and de- cialism. The mi,ning 'industry, as usel,l and for the detselopment of the peo- uelopment of our multi-branched in- as that of upgrading useful minerals ple's economltr in general, dustry. at kome haue assumed unprecedented Tuentg-fiue gears is arelatitselg short Prospecting -pr ouing erpedit;ions, geo- deuelopment on the poroerful basis ol period, But, in the sector of geology, logical research and teaching institut- the geological and i.ndustri,al reserues, tust as in the other sectors of the ions anil enterprises ol powerful po- which haue been protsen. Thanks to the d,iscouerg and, deue- the energg of the rioers which run lopment of mineral reseruei, today the through our country, and processing al,l PSR of Albania ex,tracts ooer 77 times the copper ore within the countrg; as much oil as in 7947, a time uhen from a countrA of the u;ooden plough the ltalian i,nuaders tried to erploit into a steel-producing state, uthich ory oitfi,elds to the marimum. The PSR utilizes its ou:n iron ore f or tht s purpose ; of Al,bania ranks thi,rd in the usorlcl from a poor countrg into a rich coun- for total production of chromites, fr,rst trA uhich smashes blockade after in the usorld for the prod,uction of blockade. chromite per head of population and, The 7th Congress of the PLA and, second, for the production of metallur- the 6th fiue-gear plan opened brilliant gical chromite. lt ranks anlong the pri,n- prospects for geological prospecting and, cipal countries of Europe for reserues deuelopment. On the basis of the. geo- of nickel anil iron-nickel ores. logical knouledge and, the clear pers- During these 25 gears, the Albanian pectuses about our undergrounil uealth, geologists not only oDercame the d,i,f- it has been planned to further inten- ficulties of growth, but also fought a sify geological prospecti,ng for the chi.eI stern battle against the DierDs and sa- known minerals and for new ones, !"!FE {TF TTflE botage actit:itg of internal and erter- to ertend surface and underground nal enemies. Thus, after 7960, follow- prospecting, and to carrA out rnore Et*I ffi ing the arbitrary uithdrawal ol all profound studi,es of the mineral-bear- a€ the foreign reuisionist speciali,sts, the ing potenti,al of our countrg. As com- h- b uorkers of geologg, educated uith the pared uith the past fiue-year plan, w teachLngs of the PLA and comrad,c dLlring the current fiue-gear plan, 65.6 "4 Enuer Hoxha, did not allora the worlt per cent mot'e geological drilli,ng, 23 € dE to stop, as the enemies hoped, but per cent more gallerg raork, and 26 tr on the contrary, theg stepped up the per cent more other usork uill be & work in this sector, opening up new carried out; th,e scientific leuel of the perspectioes tor minerals, known and, geological studi,es and work and their unknoun in our countrA up till that complerity ruill be raised; the compler: time. As a result, oDer o, period, of studg and eualuation of aaluable mi- little more than three d,ecad,es, our nerals will be stepped up and the Homeland, has been transformed from efectiueness of geological prospecting a cauntrA of the oil-Iamp into a conl- and rleuelopment uork uill be in- pletelg electrified countrg, erploiting creased,

ed wotks ted to the peoso ntry

At tlte end, of the last gear, in the rious periods of historg, including the Gallerg of Figuratiue Arts in Tirana battles and struggles lor freed,om and the national erhibition dedicated to independence, the contribution of the our socialist countrgside taas opened,, peasantrE during the Anti-tasci,st No,- The erhibition includes 320 of the tional-liberation War a series of the- best works of figuratiue drt, bA 200 mes about the unceasing efforts and different artists. struggtre of the peasantrg for the cons- Bg liuing cheek to jowl uith the truction of socialist societA and lor people, the Albanianpainters and sculp- the education of the nelD rnalt, in the tors haue managed to portrag impor- epoch of the Partg, tant nloments from the lif e of the The kalls oI the erhibiti,on are full Albanian peasantrg, ilealing ui,th oa- of uisitors, who are impresseil bg the DarietA of therles. In these works the and Shaban Hgsa. The latter, through the tirst agricultural cooperative tuas uisitor sees himself, his ancesto,rs, the a composition of large proportions, ma- born i,n Krutja. A neus epoch was rufferings and efforts of his forefathers nages to conDeA to us the enthusiasm opened for the peasantry and the enti- to win freedom. The artists Guri of the nxasses of peasants on that re people. The boundarA fences had. Madhi, Abdumahim Buza, Bardhgl Du- outstanding day. ln the foreground, is to be destroged,, le, Arben Basha, a,nd others, haue the armed, pedsant measuri,ng up the The painter Pendi Mele, captures based, their uorks an this sub ject, land, behind" him the people rejoicing this historic monxent in his composi- while a number of artists haue dedi- oter these nelD dags, and carrgtng tion .,Smashing the tences,r, The ta- cated, their works to the period of the banners and portra,i,ts of comrade bleau is composed around the central Anti-fascist National-Iiberation War. Enuer Horha. This canuas stands out ligure symbolising our peasant wko Zef Shoshi, i,s represented in this erhi,- f or its fine composition, its colours is destroging tke kedge. Besid,e hi,m bition usith the tableau oTalki,ng About full of light, its precise d,raughtsman- are the fi,gures of children, bg means the Land,u, which, through a compo- ship, and its ouerall optimism. of which the artist loants to portra,A siti,on achieoed, with feeling and mas- Similarlg, the pai.nter Ismail Lul,ani, the idea that the act of the central tery, portrags comrade Enuer Hoxha in hi,s cornposition, oOn theFreeLand,,', figure, that is, the destruction of hed"- in the gears of the National-libera- has set out to conueA the jog ouer eas, serDes the future, the brilliant tion War among a group of peasants, the freedom anil land, tullich the PartE perspectiDe. The tableau is present- who are listeni,ng to him full of hope brought to our peasant, In the centre ed i,n a u)arln q,nd sAmpathetic and confidence for the future. Through of the tabLeau the painter has placed, lisht. the uoice ol i,ts leader, theg hear a highland,er, a former partisan toho The painter Denish Jukniu has drau.tn the uoice of the Partg, its programme is thinking of the future as ke rolls his inspiration trom another i,mportant for the war and, the land, for that a sigarette. With the medns employerl lnoment: the electrification of tke uhole land tuhich uas the propertg of the to construct this figure (by dressing countrA. He has entitled his tableau uealthts, but uhich, after tlte Libera- him in, the uniform of the parti,san oCelebration in the Highlandso, The tion of the Homeland, u:ould belong armg) the author erpresses the idea ushole roork is jogful, a striking and to the people. The tableau employs that no one gaDe this freedom ancl lif elike composition. The Party has a rich range of colours used in such this land to the Albanian peasant, but carried the light to tlte high alpine cL ua,A as to giue a sense of freshness. he tuon them through bloodshed, and, pastures anxong the snowcapped peaks, Otl'ter artists, too, haue d,euoteiL their sacriJice under the leadershiT2 of the as it has to euerg corner of Albania: toorks to the same subject of the Anti- Communisi Party of Albania, and We see highlanders, raorkers, and, sol- fascist National,-liberation War. uill defend, them uith his rifle. His cliers u:ho are connecting the last of An important euent i,n the life of Aourlg son is holding the ri,fle, and the potaer lines and waiting for the the Albanian peasant uas the Land irt this uaA the idea is conueged, light of the Partg to conxe, Reform, through tohich the Party gaue tlnt ualour, loue for the Homeland,, The neus things uhich dag bg day the land to the tiller, th,us mdking education in tlte lofty feeling of pa- are entering into the life of the Alba- the centuries-old d,ream ol the peasant triotism ancl tlt,e Partg spirlt is handed nian peasant are reflected in a series a realitttr. This i,s the subject of the doun from generation to generation, of other uorks in this erhibition by tuot'ks by the painters Pjerin Sheldia VerE soon after the Land ReJorm, uat'ious artists.

dards of aduanced, modern therapA. Successes Scientific research wot'k has been er- tending from year to Aear, of the phormoceuticol industry Erperitnental uork and industrial processing of medical dru,gs in the Pro- Prior to tl-te liberation of the coun- The objectiue of the growth of phar- farma enterprise has gone through trg, there uas not eDen one simple maceutical produ,ction has been and, tltree phases, whiclt reflect th,e i,m- fo,ctorA producing pharmaceutical pro- is the constant increase of the supply proxed qu,alitE of the products on the ducts in Albania, whereas todag about of products to meet the needs of hu,- basis of the scienti,fic erploitation ot 900 pharmo,ceutical and, cosmetic pro- tnan and DeterinarA therapy lDith me- plants and animal orgd,ns. ln the ti,rst ducts are produced, and within these dicaments of high qualitA and. at the tuso stages, such simple f orms os three decades production has increased louest possible cost. tinctures, ex.tracts, sArups, and so on, fiue-fold,. ln each fioe-year period, about The wide range of pharmaceuti,cal uere produced and, these usere ertend- 700 new items haue been produced,, products today responds to allthe stan- ed to tnore compli,cated pharma,ceutical prod,ucts. As usell as this, seoeral acti- maceutical analgsis, usi,ng d,i.lfusion i,n oe substances, su,c,h as digitals etc., solutions on fi,lter paper anil i,n thi,n u:ere isolated in pure form, In the fi.lms. Simi.larlA, the methoils ol com- third phase, from 1966 onwarils, stuili.es puter processing of mathematical data haoe been gung on for the further hat.:e found broail, application, Along ertensi,on of proiluction lrom plants, wi,th the ord,inarg tests f or sterilitg and tke fi,rst results harse been and, patient reaction, analgses to de- achi,etsed i,n prod,uci,ng acti,oe substan- termine the mi,crobi,ological effecti,- ces in a pute state lrom medic-tnal ueness of antibiotic preparations and herbs. From medi,cinal plants and ani- to check their toxicitA and sterilitg mal, organs the Profarma enterprise haue been pertecteil, The tirst steps has prepared more than 20 tinctures haoe been taken in the purificati'on ol and ertracts, 8 spec'ttic substances and certain ckemical substances, especiallg ooer 30 special proilucts, and produc- those useil, i,n proiluetion, such as tion is increasing. alcohol, sodi,um chlorid,e, sodium hg- Pharmaeeuti.cal analgsi,s toilag are ilroride, glgcerine, etc. characterized by the usiile ertension o! Fighti,ng to i,m'plement the ilecisions physical-chemicat rnethoil. Duri,ng last of tke 7th Congress of the PLA, the IIFE OF THE year, 4,225 chemical and phtTsico-che- collectiue of the Profarma i,ndustrial mical analgses uere carrieil out, u)or- enterprise i,s uorking haril to ad,oance EII thtl of menti.on is the extensiue use begond these achieuements on the basis maile of cltromatography in tke pkar- of the rich erperience gained so tar. F-

=o CE The Conference lli 6th of the Union of the journolists of Albonio ond voluntory Gorrespondents

At the end ol last year the 6tk rence oOn tke Tasks of the Press i,n Conlerence of the Journalists ol Al- the Putting into Practiceol theTeach- bania and ooluntarg corresponilents ings of the 7tk Congress of the uas held in Tirana, Partg,,. He saicl that the calling oI The Conf erence u)as attend,eil bU the Conference of lh,e Uni,on ol the utorking people of the central organs Journalists oI Al,bania and, uoluntarg of the press, the ATA, the Radio-Te- correspond,ents is an irnportant eDent leouion, ilirectors ol the local press or- for Albanian journalism, for it wi,ll gans, collaborators ond, ooluntarg cor- giue a neu impulse to the work oI respondents trom oarious ilistricts anil the press and the Railio-telettision, armg uni,ts, working people from the usltic,k haoe a tunction ol lirst-r'ate insti,tutions of th,e cupital anil other irnportance in the political anil soci,al guests, lile of tke countrA, as pouserlul wea- Also taking pdrt uas the Member pons in the hand,s of the Partg tor the of the Politrical Bureau anil Secretarg reoolutionarg eilucation anil, mobiliza- ol the Central Committee of the PartA, tion of the toorking people. First ol Ramiz Alia. all, he stressed, tke attention has been Tke Ed,i,tor-in-c,hi,ef of the newspa- focused on the studA, unilerstaniling per , Agim Popa, and tkorough mastering of the great submitted the report to the Confe- ideas of tke Tth Congress ol the Partg and, the teachi,ngs of- conxraile and prof essional, leuel of their urit- the Actiuity of the Union of the Jour- Enlser llorha, on analysing and, er- ings and broadcasts. Agim Popa ana- nalists of Albania Since the |th Con- plaining, through o,rticles and broad,- Lyseil problems connected utith the re- f et'ence,,, casts, the directitses and tasks set by lationship bettaeen reflection of the Finallg the Conference urtanimously this Congress, on broadly rettecting posititse and criticism in the pages of elected the leading organs, the Ma- the reoolutionarA response of the mas- the press and, in Rad,io-teletsision nagement Council oJ the Union of the ses of working people to the tasks laid broadcasts, roith the establishnxent of Journalists of Albania and the Audit d,own by the Congress, anil on propa- a correct proportion betueen materials Commission. At i,ts first meeting, the gating the reuolutionarg initi,atiues LDritten from the base, directlg by Management Council, elected, the presi,- dnd rnoDements of the uorking peo- usorkers and, peasants, and those by dium of the Union of Journalists of ple, leading cad,res at the centre, uith the Albania consisti,ng of 14 nxernbers. The fulfilment of the tasks tphich problems of the usiile uariety of genres Agim Popa taas elected President of the Partg sets for the press and, the and, uith the further improuement of the Union of the Journalists of Al- Radio-teleuision in the present si,tua- the qualitE of uritten articles atud bania. tion, he continued, calls for rnore per- broadcasts. ltrom the Conference o, telegranxm sistent and more profound, uork on the Then, the General Secretarg of the of greetings ltaas sent to the Central .uarki,ng part of all those i,n journalism Union of the journalists ol Albania, Committee of the Partg of Labour of for a further rise in the ideo-political Sotir Papuli, deliuered, the report ..On AIbania.

tion of the constructi.on of the comple- te socialist societg in Albania. Anniversory of the Republic This is the reason tuhy eoerg anni- DersarA of the 1lth of Januarg is ce- lebrated usith great ioa bA the AIba- nian people, old and Aoung. Januarg 77 is a marked, day in the their democratLc rights and freedoms, This gear, too, the anniDersarq of historg of the Albanian people. 32 uas established. the Itepubli,c u)as celebrated, with Aears ago, on January 71, 1946, tke No1t, 32 Uears after that historic splendour euerywhere. Seueral ilags Founding Assemblg that emerged, from act, the Al,banian people hatse made earlier, decorations lDere put up all the December 2, 7945 elections, that great pragress on the roail to the ouer the countru. Broad mass nxeeti,ngs 7.Dere the first really lree elections in construction of socialism, The d,ictator- uere organized at work and prod"uction proclaimed Albania, the People's Re- ship of the proletariat hasbeenstreng- centres, in agricultural cooperatiues public. greatest It usas the achieuement thened and perfected, in keeping lDith and uarious insti,tuii,ons, at uhich the people, for the Albanian following the the new conditions that haue been results achieued in the course of the complete liberation the countrq of lrofii createil due to the allround, ileue- 32 Aeo,rs of the people's state pouser the inuad,ers, it 1fias the rea- lopment foreign of the country. Once the most and the tasks emerging for the future lizati,on nx&nA-Aears aspi- of the long backuard country in Europe, nota Al- lDere extensiuelg iliscussed,. At these ration of the broad n'Lasses of working bania has been transformeil into a meetings, bE erpressing their deep gra- people of Albania, the consecration bg deueloped soci,alist countrA usith ad- titude tor the PartA of Labour of Al- yteople's poraer Law of the state as a form ranced industrA and agriculture, the bania roith contrade Ewser Horha at of the dictatorship of the proletariat. liuing standaril of the n'Lasses of toorlc- 'tts head, and for the people's state po- proclamation With the of the Peo- i,ng people has been rai,sed, to a hi,gh uter ushich brought them the happy ple's Republic on January 77, 7946, leael, rahile the educational leuel has d,ags they enjoy today, the usorking the old regime of f eud,al lords and, equalled that of the most d,eueloped, people erpresseil their readiness to of the bourgeoisie uas buried once and countri,es of the uorld. In oril,er to lind forge ahead, ,tDith courage and, d,eter- tor all, the foundations of the oppres- a response to this great and allround, mination on the road to the construc- siue apparatus of the ruling classes deoelopment, and, to facilitate the fur- tion of the complete socialist societA, u)as d,emolished, and ihe regime of ther deuelopment of the lif e of the On this occasion, commemoratiue people's d,emo,cracg, as a form of the countrg, in the end of the gear 7976 meetings uere organized also in oa- clictatorship of the working class and, the People's Assemblg ailopted the Neut rio,us districts, at uhich the impor- of the masses of toorking people, Constituti,on of Albani,a, a document tance of this eoent and the prospects through tuhich, lor the first time in rahich proclaimeil it a People's So- opened for the PSRA and the Albanian their historq, the Albanian people uson cialist Republic. This is the Constitu- people, were pointed out. -EUR0C0MMUilflSh{u

OR UilDISGUISED REVISIOT{ISM

frorn cezERl t POPULLIT>

Ihe present-doy bourgeois ond revisionist society is frought with revolution, which no force in the world con stop. This revolulion is guided ond will olwoys be guided todoy ond in the fulure, until its complete lriumph throughout lhe world, only by the immorlol ideos ol Morxism-[eninism. All the opposing ideos which try to revise our greot, unerring ond evel young theory, will end up in the gorhoge heop of history together with those of the Eurocommunists which, like sll such other theories, will lond there loster thqn oll lhe others

ONE OF THE VARIANTS OF I}IODERN REVISIONISM IS THAT WHTCH IS CALLED .EUROCOMMUNISM.. ITS MOST OUTSTANDING REPRESEN- TATIVES ARE THE SPANISH, FRENCH AND ITALIAN REVISIONIST PAR- TIES. ACCORDING TO THE MEANING ITS AUTHORS GM IT, .EURO- COMMUTIISM> MEANS COMMI]NISM OF TI{E DEVELOPED CAPITALIST COUNTRIES OF WESTEEN EUROPE. IN REALITY THIS SOCALLED COM- MUNISM HAS NOT'HING IN COMMON WITH GENUINE COMMUNISM. EXpLATNTNG WHAT nnvrSromrsr por,rcY rs rN a wELLKNowN AND ALWAYS ACTUAL ARTICLE ENTITLED: *MARXISM AND REVISIO. NISM., IN 1908 LENIN WBOTE AMONG OTHER THINGS: ..To determine its conduct from case advantages of the moment sucl-r to case, to adapt itself to the events is the policy of revisionism". And of the day and to the chopping and Lenin went on to add that <, o1'g0,n of the CC of ttte PLA, d,ated, Decem- bet 4,1977. peaceful transition to socialism' Not "Krushchev and others. Here, slightly long ago, on the 13tl-r of October this camouflaged, there is also a frontal year, one of the principal represen- attack on Lenin and Stalin, because tatives of ..Eurocommunism", the Ge- it is they he is alluding to when he neral Secretary of the French revi- speaks of ..another man of Provi- sionist party, George Marchais, stated: dence,,, going so far as to Place the .What did we decide at our latest great leaders of the world proleta- (22nd) Congress? We declded to make riat on a Par with the socalled *men democracy (read: bourgeois demo- of providence>, whom the bourgeoisie cracy) and freedom in all its aspects, of France and other Western coun- a simultaneous instrument of our tries turns out according to the occa- struggle for the transformation of so- sion and circumstances. ciety and the fundamental dimension Usually, the revisionists do not ex- of the socialism we want for France". press their ideas so openly, they try In a word, the French arch-revision- to hide their betrayal of the working ist wants to reassure the bourgeoisie class of the respective countries be- that his party has renounced the key hind empty words about changing principles of Marxism-Leninism - pro- situations, democracy, freedom, etc' letarian revolution, class struggle and But the ..Eurocommunists" act some- the dictatorship of the proletariat, what differently. Thus, one of the Berlinguer in Itaty and Carrillo in three main ..EurOCOmmUnisto partieS, Spain are doing the same thing for that of Spain, came out oPenlY with the bourgeoisie of their own coun- its theses, which are the real theses tries. With their assurances that they of this variant of revisionism. It did have renounced class struggle, revo- this through its General Secretary, lution and the dictatorship of the Santiago Carrillo, who Posing as a proletariat, they reassure it, some theoretician, in a book of his entitled covertly and others overtly, that they ..Eurocommunism And The State", have renounced and rejected the entire ancl in a series of statements to the doctrine of scientific socialism. They press, the radio and television of the have rejected not only Stalin but also Western countries has tried to codify Lenin, Marx and Engels. In recent ti- the theory and Practice of Euro- mes the Italian revisionists declar- communism, ed officially that they will remove He reveals that the Eurocommu- and admirers of all reference to Marxism-Leninism, as nists are supporters they want the ideology of the party or as the the bourgeois state, which preserve intact, that they are sup- always inevitably give rise to one basis of its policy, from all the docu- to porters of the supranational state the variety of revisionism or another". ments of their party. <.Eurocotrnmunism+ capitalist countries of Western Euro- In short, is no- In disguised terms, this is also re- thing else but the emergence of a new pe are trying to create, and which vealed by Marchais in the above variant of revisionism, as predicted by will have the Ccmmon Market as mentioned statement when he says: Lenin some seventy years ago. Thus, its basis. .. We have reflected a great deal after the notorious Titoite and Khrush- In Carrillo, and in the final account, about our experienoe, about the rea- chevite variants, we are now seeing in Marchais and Berlinguer as well, lity and demands of a country like the West European variant of revi- just as in any revisionist, we have France. There is no question of sionism. We must add that there are to do not with a theoretician but replace the present day also other variants of modern revi- us seeking to with a charlatan, who Performs like sionism, but in this article we wiII privileged people with other privileged a petty provincial advocate al'lvays people, deal only with ..Eurocommunism" and bureaucracy with another ready to take up the most dishonest the <, this theoretician of the time of Marx, that it has Eurocommunists, to renounce the no- of the Paris caf6s and this great changed. According to them the other tion of the dictatorship of the pro- admirer of the bourgeois state resorts classes of society have also changed. letariat publicly, followed by Mar- to such ludicrous arguments, as, for, They are no longer the classes Marx chais and the French revisionist party. example, the decision of the French and Lenin have spoken abou.t. *The capitalist stateo, says Carrillo, Government to ..provide billions of According to this renegade who re- *is a reality. Which are its present francs as co,mpensation for the farrners presents the theses of the bourgeois characteristics? How must it be trans- and stockraisers affected by the 19?5 lumpen inteliectuals, it is not the formed? This is the problem of eve- drought, a gesture, whici-r, according proletariat alone which is the most ry revolution including the one we to him, could never have occurred progressive class of society, which intend to realize through the demo- in the past. Here Carrillo means: you fights and leads the struggle for so- cratic road of many parliamentary see how the state has changed? It is cialism, but all the classes, some more parties-- These few lines summarize no longer the state of the capitalist and others 1ess, and above all, the the essence of all the preoccupations bourgeoisie alone, as it helps the pea- intelligentsia, which he puts on a par *theoretician". of the But, sensing sants in need. In the past, too, for with the proletariat. And here Carrillo all the faisity of his position, under- political or electoral expediencies of does nothing else but copies and re- standing that this is an open, unscru- the moment, the French Government peats the notorious ultraopportunist pulous revision of Marxism-Leninism, or the other Western Ciovernments thesis of the French revisionist phi- the Spanish dwarf, against all evi- have distributed alms in cases of ca- Iosopher Garaudy. Although 30 per dence, tries to convince the others lamity, but it has never" occLrred to cent of the Spanisl-r population '"rrorks that alJ.egediy even" the giants of anyone to see in such acts a change and lives in the countryside, the pea- Marxism ..revised', have constantly in the nature of the bourgeois states. santry, which made such a great cor-r- their doctrine and one another as This is seen only by rr:negades of the tribution in blood in the Spanish Civii well! And in this connection, with- Carri11o, Marcirais and Rer.ilnguer ty- War, is not only not considered as out bothering that his quotations are pe. the ally of the proletariat, but this irrelevant and out of context, here socalled theoretician completely igno - Carrillo brings a passage from Marx, res its existence. According to Car- thele he haphazardly cites Lenin and rillo, all the classes are inter.ested in even Stalin, whom, though he calls a change in society and for this him a criminal, he tries to make his The modern revisionists, ranging to be achieved the old society must forerunner in the achievement of the from Tito to Khrushchev and others, be reformed and not overthrown. transformation of the state on the based their attack against Marxism- After laying down the extravagant parliamentary road. As proof of his Leninism on the campaign against premise that the state is no longer thesis, the ..Eurocommunist- fatrsifier Stalin, a campaign which, as our that of the time of Marx and Lenin reproduces a letter from the great Party had long since warned, was and that the classes are no longer man ot the Soviet State to the head nothing else but sn offensive against those of their time, Carrillo, toge- of the Spanish Government of the Leninism and would iead to the com- ther with the other Eurocomrnunists, People's Front, the socialist Largo Ca- plete abandonment of the doctrine arrives at the conclusioi-r that now ballero, in 1936, at the time of the of Lenin and Marx. Carrillo, howe- there is another ."vay for the prole" Spanish Civil War. But this rabid ver, openly attacks all and everything tariat to seize power anci build so- anti-Stalinist does not understand of Marxism-Leninism. This unscrupu- ciaLism. that, instead of proving his thesis, lous intriguer does not hes;tate to Marx said that class struggle inevi- this letter reveals the great correct- reject right off the entire l{arxist-Le- tably Ieads to the dictatorship of the ness of Stalin in his relations with ninist theory on classes and class proletariat and Lenin considered the other states, pulls down the whole struggle, proletarian revolution and dictatorship of the proleiariat as the fabric of calumnies of the Khrushihe- the state of tbe dictatorship of the essence of Marxist theory. The rene- vites, Titoites, Eurocommunists, Trots- proletariat, as a collection of dogmas gade Carrillo rejects this, he rejects kyites and many others on Stalin's which are inapplicable to our time. the theory of the revolution, of the alleged interference, even plots, in the Expressing and repeating all the class struggle, of the seizure cf porver other countries. dreams and fancies of bourgeois poli- through violence, he rejects the role ALBANIA TODAY (38), 1978 ) 47 oL thc party of the proletaliat and o1.lligecl to resolt to the sct'vices r.rf Whcn tor the Eurocommunists, the the leading role of the proletariat in itinerant priests. Church and the Vatican, despite their the revolution. He turns back com- Faced with such a situation, the 20 centuries-long obscurantist and pi.etely to the positions of social-de- Church plays on many boards and reactionary tradition, have changed mocracy of the twenties when the recoils from nothing. It plays with as if by magic, the remainder oI the soundest and the most revolutionary the demagogy of ..worker priests", ideological apparatus of capitalism has elements broke away from it and with the demagogy oI the tiermondist also changed, and longsince ht that, created the communist parties and (third world) current of the Church, for them. Education, for instance, adhered to the Third International. but also with the more conservative says the Spanish renegade, has assu- Carrillo goes even further, he prea- priests, as was recently the case with med a mass character and has ches that society will be changed Bishop Lefdvre, about whom a great brought about a real revolution in through the development of culture, fuss is being made. And precisely at society. According to him, this edu- turning the ideological apparatus of sr-rch a difficult time, the Catholic cation has a popular anci not an ari- the bourgeois state (the Church, the Church, this bastion of capitalist reac- stocratic character, as before. The university, etc.) to the advantage of tion and mediaeval obscurantism, is cLass essence of the school does not the people. being lent a helping hand by allies even exist for Carrillo. Here he con- The General Secretary of the Spa- it has never hoped for, the Carriilos, siders nothing else but the number nish revisionist party sets out on the Berlinguers, Garaudys and other Euro- of students. But even here, had he road to his Eurocommunist state from communists. taken into consideration only the the back streets of the Catholic The French revisionist Garaudy, one quantitative aspect of the question, Church. According to him, the Church, of the teachers in the theory of San- he rvould have been obliged to admit, the Vatican anci the Pope of Rome tlago Carrillo, taking the cue from although he cannot fail to know it, himself have changed, have evolved a document released by the bishops that in the universities of all the towards a more progressive society. of France, enthusiastically pronounced countries of Western Europe the num- Ancl this is allegedly proved by the himself in July this year for a ..re- ber of workers' sons and daughters Second Vatican CounciL lhe clerical ciprocaJ. fecunclation betu,een Christia- does not exceed even 2 per cent. hierarchy has aliegedly commenced nity and Marxism-. According to him, The school.s, and especially the uni- to have .its doubts about the possibili- there is no irreconciiability between versities, have been centres from whe- ties of capitalism. Carri11o, this pont- Christianity and Marxism, because the re progressive and revolutionary ideas ifl of Eurocommunism, as the French ..communi.st movement now has fewer have alr'vays been spread, '"vhere pro- ne\\,'spapet' *Le Monde" described him and fewer Stalinists and more and gressive ideas have always clashed in one of its latest issues, who unspa- more Santiago Carrilloso. After quot- Iiercely with the reactionary ones. t'ing1y empioys ecclesiastical termino- ing examp).es from the Spanish revi- Therefore in order to confuse and Iogy, shakes hands with the clergymen sionist party *in which Christians and paralyze the student youth, to lead who have *evolved in their dogmas,,. even priests are admitted to ail levels it away from the working class, the And atter energetically shaking hands of party leadership", Garaudy ex- bourgeoisie employs its entire ideo- rvith them, he calls on the Eurocom- claims exultantly: *Here is the future Iogical apparatus, as weII as its lackeys: munists to reject all dogmas (that is intended for a long term: a major the Trotskyites, anarchists, and espe- Marxism-Leninism) so that *they may historic change in which both Chri- cially, the revisionist parties and their become more progressitre than the stians and Marxists wili each in an huge apparatus in Ita1y, France and Church and the Vatican." equal manner bring about new di- Spain. Carrillo tries to el.evate to a It is norv a fact universally known mensions". Things cannot be said more theory and justify theoretically this and confirmed by broad inquiries pu- c1earJ.y. lackey role of the revisionists. blished in the Western ilress, that The merging of Marxisrn with Ca- Carrillo considers the farnilly as more :Lnd more believers are abandon- tholic religion, this is the aim of the another aspect of the ideological appa- ing the Churches oI Western Europe, Garaudys. This is what Berllnguer ratus of the capitalist state, which even in those areas which used to be is implementing in Ita1y, as is shown according to him, has changed and ttre bastions of religion. In France, in his letter to the bishop of Ivrea. within which a struggle is going on for exarnple, since liberation to date, And this is what Santiago Carrillo betu'een children and parents. Reject- religious practice has declined to ten and all the other Eurocommunists are ing class struggle as a dogma, Carrillo per cent of the population. The situa- trylng to put into practice. The Ca- embraces the ideas of bourgeois so- tion is the same in Belgium and tholic Church may one day make ciologists and the American pseudo- other countries. Finding it difficult to these people its saints, and it has -theoretician Marcuse on the

But the Spanish servant of the Ies, the French Government decided tariat and the peoples that it exploits, bourgeoisie goes even further, Clai- that military regions and garrisons that is, they are for the big bourgeoi- ming that the youth oppose ihe ideas would be spread aI1 over the terri- sie and the big European capitalist of their parents and their dogmas, tory of metropolitan France. This dis- monopolies. In this ..strategy" the he pretends that the youth of today,, semination of garrisons is explained Eurocommunists and the advocates of the sons and daughters of workers by the concern of the French ruling the ..theory of three .,vorlds'> have and revolutionaries, the sons and circles about a change in the situa- lined up on the same front and are daughters of those who fought anC tion not only inside France, but also fighting on the same barricade. The shed their blood against fascism in in that which is called the South of Eurocommunists and th: other revi- Spain, reject the ideas and ideals of Europe. To please the bourgeoisie and sionists, though they may have con- scientific communism as a ..dogma". prove their loyalty to it, the Italian trasting views on'this problem or Thus, according to CarrilLrr, by and French Eurocommunists have gone that, are at one in the main thing, winning over the ideological appara- so far as to justify NATO and the they unite with the bourgeoisie ancl tus of the bourgeoisie, one u,iII gra- presence of US troops and bases in imperialism in struggle against the dually move towards an ever greater Western Europe. revolution and Marxism-Leninism. democracy and a state which will With a road to socialism like this, ..A United States of Europe unrier belong to all. But what wilL he done Carrillo and all the other revisionists capitalism", said Lenin, ..is either im- with the repressive apparatus of the reject the role o[ the party, deny de- possible or reactionary',. *Of course>>, bourgeois state? Even this presents mocratic centralism. As far as the he added, <.tempararq agreements be- no difficulty for the theoretical moun- party is concerned, they have bor- tween capitalists and between states tebank. The police? In Italy it votes rowed the concept of the party of all are possible. In this sense a United for the party of Berlinguer, he says. the peopie from the Khrushchevite States of Europe is possible as an Wity snouldn't it then vote for Mar- revisionists and have turned- it into agreement, between the European ca- chais in France and for Carrilio and the concept of pluralism of parties. pitalists.,., but what for? Only for the for Dolores Ibarruri in Spaini The For the economy, they have adopted purpose of jointly suppressing socia- Eurocommunists should accept the sta- the Titoite methods of self-administra- lism in Europe,'. The Marxist-Leni- te apparatus without destroyirig it, tlon. And from the other revisionists, nists do not doubt and have never even the army, set up anci armed they have adopted the pluralism of doubteC that this is the aim of all by the bourgeoisie. The Eurocommu- cultures, the competition of philoso- the renegades from Marxism-Leni- nists should work for a democratic phical trends, religious currents. nism. .. transformation of the military men- It is impossible to follow step by step tality. But can this be achieved with within the limits of one article, all military castes created and educated the ..opinions" and < of over the centuries to be the armed the Eurocommunists which expose and hand of the bourgeois state? Carrillo prove the treachery of the modern says, yes, and as an example of this revisionists in aII its aspects. But one A11 these <.opinions" publicly adver- he brings the French Army, which must mention here the international tised by Carrillo with the shame- according to him has been ..rl.emocra- environment of the state of the Euro- lessness t5rpicai of all renegades, are tized- following the war in Algeria, communists, and how Carrillo sees not the opinions of him alone, but as is seen... from some of its rules this environment. This environment is also those of Dolores Ibarruri and from which he quotes at random. nothing else but the Atlantic envi- of the Spanish revisionist party. They Even the most conservative French ronment. Carrillo and his party are are a mosaic of the theses of all newspaper, or an agent in the pay in favour of the Common Market, those who have tried to revise the of the Deuxieme Bureau would not NATO and Spain's accession to them. great and always triumphant doctrine dare to praise the French Army in They are for the unification of the of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, such a manner. Europe of monopolies and trusts, pre- In Carrillo we see Bernstein, Kautsky, The bad luck with the pseudo-theo- senting it, Iike the partisans of the Browder, Tito, Khrushchev, Togliatti, ries of the renegades from the work- ..theory of three worlds" and the his teachers in revisionism, Berlinguer ing class is that the events give the social democrats, as the ..Europe of and Marchais, his companions on the Iie to them before the ink has dried the peoples-. A11 of them are for the ..Eurocommunist" road. In Carrillo we on the paper. Thus, at a time when socalled third international force, also see the influence of a number Carrillo was lauding to the skies the which is allegedly opposed to the two of socalled theories, such as those of democratic transformation of the superpowers, but which in reality is Sartre, Marcuse, of the present-day French Army, breaking with past ru- opposed only to the European prole- European Trotskyites and anarchists, ALBANIA TODAY 1 (38), 1978 . 43 mixed with the theorles of the chiefs proletariat anrl the peoples who are going even further than the spiritual of Western social-democracy, and espe- fighting for social and national libe- father of the Eurocommunists. He ana- ciaily rvith those of Ldon Blum who ration. lyzes their theses one by one, looks in an almost forgotten book entitled This is precisely the reason why into their logic and demands that *A 1'6chelle humaine" (On a Human the other revisionists, first and fore-, they should be carried out to the Scale), about 10 years before Khrush- most the Soviet revisionists, are wor" letter. Carlillo tells the Soviet revi- chev and 30 years before Carrillo in- ried over CarriLlo's sermons. This sioriists that the theses they put for- dicated the *peaceful road to socia- scum of the revlsionist scum, caring ward call for open rejection not only lism", a road which went also througl-r for and embalrassed by nothing, da- of Stalin, but also of Marx, Engels the White House in Washington and red to develop further and carry and Lenin, and this not onIY on the Vatican. The opinions ot the Spa- through to the end the theses of the one, but on all questiols. He saYs nish renegade are nothing else but Kl-rrushchevite revisionists, and in the that the road of the October Revo- rubbish collected from the troughs first p1ace, the fundamental thesis of mo- Iution, and together with it, the dic- oI capitalism and revisionism and dern revisionism, namely, that of the tatorship of the proletariat, the role throrvn together in the book caIled *peaceful transition to socialism-, with of the party, the hegemonic role of ..Eurocommunism and the Stateo. l,,,hich are linked the other theses, the proletariat, must be rejected. He Eurocommunism emergeC as a doc- such as that of the change of the says that the entire Marxist-Leninist trine and was codified by Carrillo at nature oI imperialism, of a world theory and treasure must be revised a time when the Spanish bourgeoisie, r,r.ithout weapons and wars, of the in every field ideoiogy, politics, that of the nine European Commu- party of the entire people and the economics. Carrillo says that peaceful nity countries and the US bourgeoisie state of the entire people. coexistence and the peaceful road to together with the NATO and Common From the very start the Party of socialism call for a status quo not Market headquarters demanded to be Labour of Albania and ccmrade Enver only in the field of international rela- reassured about the transition of porMer Hoxha sho.,ved that these theses of tions, in the preservation of military which would take place in Francoist Khrushchev's were a great bebrayal pacts, alliances, economic groupings, Spain. Terrified by the working class of 1\{arxism-Leninism, the calrse of but also a status quo within everY and the revolution, and continuing to socialism and communism. Life has country, the preservation of the bour- be haunted by the spectre of the proved and is continually proving our geois state, of its repressive organs Paris Commune after its suppression Party right. It is proving that the and ideological apparatuses, He de- more than 100 years ago, the reac- revisionists are getting bogged down mands of the Soviet revisionists, the tionaries are used to see red every- more and more deeply in the morass Titoites and others to grant full free- where. Carrillo is dispelling their of opportunism and bourgeois dege- dom to the .dissidenls>, to act so as fears. That is why the representatives neration. to allow the pluralism of parties, cul- of the bourgeoisie have been lavish The Khrushchev clique, and sub- tures, philosophical trends, etc, He in their eulogies of the Spanish *theo- sequently that of Brezhnev have tried proceeds even further. He openly tells retician", who recently went even to to manoeuvre and avold the exposure the Soviets that since they have reha- the USA, so that the American ca- of aII the cards of their betrayal, bilitated so many traitors sentenced pitalists could see and convince them- And here now is Carrillo, their colla- at Moscow trials, they must not stop selves that the Eurocommunists are borator, exposing their aims, and half way. Since they have taken one > and very useful *bu- openly showlng what the theses of step they must take the other: they sinessmen", with whom they can come the 20th Congress are. This is r-rot must rehabilitate Trotsky. Likewise he to terms. only a slap but a heavy blow at bluntly te11s the Soviets and the other But the representatives of world them as weII, because in order to revisionists that as long as they re- capitalism and imperialism are rejoic- hide tl-reir betrayal, the Khrushchevite ceive huge credits from the US impe- ing a little prematurely in their great revisionists must pass themselves off rialists ,why, then, the Spanish Euro- expectations from Carrillo. It is true as Marxist-Leninists and still look so communist state should not receive that Carrillo is one of the vilest if the;, cling to some Leninist for- such credits? He also says many other agents of wolld capitalism, but pre- mulae. Immediately after the 20th things as we1l, which expose the So- cisely as such he is utterly worthless. Congress the Italian arch-revisionist, viet revisionists badly. A11 this is too His ..theorieso '"vi11 not bring much Palmiro Togliatti, was the first to serious a thing for them, it scorches benefit to capitalism, because he ex- demand that the Soviet revisionists them iike hot iron. Therefore, they poses the pseudo-Marxism of the mo- should advance at a fast pace on began to reproach Carrillo, but limited dern revisionists, tears the mask off the road of their Congress. Under the their target of attack only to his book, them, reveals their real aims to the nelv conditions, horl'ever, Carrillo is and only to one aspect of this book, 44.7(38),1978 ALBAAIIA TODAY Without going into the essence of the visionist parties would not only break powers to control and spy on the citi- matter, or dealing with what Carrillo away from the Soviet Union and the zens in the name of ttre .defence of demands of them and the other re- socalled 'socialist family', but would law and order". visionists. the Soviet revisionists ex- become involved, as they have done, They are integrating revisionism into press only their regret that, in his in irreconcilable conflicts with one capitalism, but it is not in their inter- book, Carrillo attacks Marx, Engels anothero. est to kick up a row, to be reminderl and Lenin. The Soviet revisionists are Carrillo's writings, stands and sta- of the pollce of Rome voting for thus trying to avail themselves of the tements are worrying his comrades in them, which Iogically means thal thc opportunity offered them by the pu- Eurocommunism Marchais, Berlin- Italian revisionist par:ty collaborates - blication of the book to pose as cham- guer and their parties. While in Au- with the police. Berlinguer and Co. pions of the theory of Marx and gust this year the Western press pu- have learned the method of *combi- Lenin, which they were the first to blished extensive statements of the nations> from the bourgeoisie of their discard. Spanish renegade in defence of Euro- country and the Church. Thus. they But the Soviet revisionists are wor- communism, Santiago Carrillo was are for .

EiIYER HOXHA

THE PEZA COilFEREruCE Ail EYEilT OT GNEAT }II

On the 35th anniuersarA of the ON THE INITIATIVE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF ALBANTA, THE GATHERED IN PEZA Atbaniqn N atr,onul.-liberation Con- ALBANIAN NATIONAL-LIBERATION CONFERENCE held in Peza, the edito- ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1942. ference, TO TTIE LEADER- oJ the %ewsqsqer THE IDEA OF SUCH A MEETTNG DID NOT OCCUR rial, board LOGICAL DEDUC- uBashkimi,, requested cotnrade SHIP OF TI{E PTIRTY }'OURTUITOUSLY, BUT WAS A ACHIEVED IN THE Enuer Horha to sent tt somethtng TION. IT WAS A TRANSITION FROM A STTUA.'IION A MOts,E DEVELOPED oJ ltis own remintscences oJ thts WAR AGAINST THE ITALIAN OCCUPIERS, TO marked euent. Thts is a re,prLnt SITU,ATION WI:TH A BROADEE IIOEIZON. IDEOLOGICAT,, FOLI'EIC.AL. ORGANI- of comrade Enuer Horha's notes THE COMIIUI{IST P,ARTY, THE ORIEIYTATIONS AND TIIE TASKS IT DEFIN- suppl,iecl to the nelJJspaper ,,Bash- ZATTONAL AND MILITARY RESOLUTION, PROVIDED TFIE SOUTiCE OF STREFICTH ki,mi* tronv the Central Archr.ues ED TN ITS FIRST o{ the Partg. ANDI'TIEGUIDELTNESFORIII{EI{ATION.{L-T,ItsEEATIONWAR' ITwAsESSENTIALToFINDONE,SBEARINGCOBEECTLYINTHoSE DIFI'ICULTSITUATTONSOFBONDAGE,TESBOP,.TNTRIGUES'PHYSICAI' ANDSPTRITUAI,SUFFERINGSANIDMISEEYWIIICHI{ADOVEEWHELM- PARTY ED OUR, PEOPLE. TO THIS END, THE COMMUNISTS AT'JD TTIEIR HADToF'oLLowTHETEACHINGSoFIE|IINANDSTALINFAITHFULLY. political analyses of It shoutril by no mea.ns be thought and the correct that all the communists of the first dhc internal and external situation hours knew and unilerstootl our which the Par$y rnade at every m'eet- triumphanttlreory,Marxism-Leninism,in3ofitscellsandofitsactivist.;' carried out eve- to the same extent as the communists the political rvork it among coln- and the masses know antl unclerstand ry clay, house hy house, it today. nd the sterile, iencls' made the unity in- with the even cla of the com- ty ancl its unity munist the founding like' The Marxist ideolo- of the Evidence o{ as crystallizing' served as this is the facdions that ernerged la- a guide to action, in oriler to deYe- ter in the Party and that were purg- lop and strengthen the revolution, in ell one after the other. [Iowever, the orcler to attack the invacling enemy basis of ilre party was sound and con- and its collaborators, physically ancl tinuecl tc grow stronger, equipping pcliticatrly, to isolate them from the itself lvith the indispensable funda- people ancl win the masses to the side mental principles -that a Marxist-Le- of the Party, the side of the revolu- ninist party needed' The correct or- tion. ganization, appropriate to waging a Lenin taught us that the revolu- ruthless,legalanclillegalstruggletionisoneofthemostscriousques- STORIC IMPORTAiICE

tions for the fate of a people, there- rising, a bourgeois-tlemooratic revolu- these classes and gtrata are in strug- fore, once you enter into it there is tion, or proletarian revolution. gle against one another, have oppos- no stopping half way, but it must All these uprisings and revolutions ing political and economic interests, be carrietl through to the end. must have a programmatic platform, and that these turn into permanent The revolution develops step by .,vhich should show the masses the antagonistic conflicts. There are con step, suffers set-backs, but when ca- goals that must be attained, the rea- tinual clashes. Sometimes the conflicts refully prepared, it is crownetl with sons why one situation has to be become acute, at other times they are victory. In the revolution, the set- changed into another situation, It must supressed, but they never die out. backs also must be taken into account, be explained to them tlialectically Thus, there is the class of exploiters, but they must be overcome at all why it is necessary to go over from the beis and agas, the merchants an oI Mussolini and cannon fodtler for the realization ot pons that preceedetl the legions of his fascist Italy hatl cooled the ar- Italian plans. Of the expansionist Eome and tserlin. dour of the other two. Even before course, these Mussolini-Ciano colo- United and rallied around clear the occupation, Albania was consider- nialist plans concerning Albania were ideals and goals, lecl correctly and etl by all foreign bourgeois-capitalist on the basis of the Hit- implementetl with courage, the Peoples would opinion as a colony of Italy. The <.in- ler-Mussolini alliance for the occupa- triumph in this terrible, gigantic war dependence and sovereignty> of AIba- tion of the world. The two nazi-fas- which had befallen them' The Peo- nia was something formal. The mo- cist dictators, both the more powerful ples and the nations who were deter- narchy of Zog was a vassal of the and the weaker, were about to make to live free, woui'l triumph monarchy of Savoy. Zog himself was their fatal move in connection with minetl modern weapons of the enemy an ..ally" and minion of Mussolini, the international situations created at over the because the former who granted him some loans, al- their instigation. ancl its armies, just in their though not for the country, but for Mussolini made Ilis move against were waging a war latter the king and the hangers-on of his Albania in April 1939. He attacked own countries, whereas the musical comedy court. From this as- and occupied our country and no were waging an unjust, Pretlatory pect, fascist Italy hatl in Zog's Alba- doubt he hoped antl believed that war, in a foreign land. nia not merely a few agents, but an everything would go smoothly. But From the daY of its founding, our entire state: the government, the the opposite occurred: a fire broke Party was clear about tire general Parliament, the king and his court, out under his feet. None of all hi5 outlines of these situations and nei- the gendarmerie and the overwhelm. preliminary preparations succe€ded in ther the Party nor the People went ing majority of the Zogite parade o[ deceiving or subjugating the Albanian into the war entirely unprepared, be- officers. Therefore, fascist Italy hatl people. History had never known AI- cause from the ?th of APril of the its hanils froe antl the doors open in bania anil its people to aocept bonda- year 1939 uP to the 8th of November Albania. Amitlst this great govern- ge to foreigners. It knew only the" of the Year 1941, when the PartY %

r.#

:.::,t :I::itita+ie3.4er ., : : -,"

Comrarfe Enuer Ho:rha and the People's Ilero Mllslim Peza during t'ne dags of the Conference oJ Peetl. was founded, hatl been about two class, around which, with its revo- them that the communists would be years of passive and active resistance lutionary itleology as a guide, the ral- in the forefront of the fighting, woulcl against the invaders and the Albanian lying of the people for the war be firs6 in the firing line and tho quislings. would be realized, hacl placeil itself last to withdraw, if it was necessary With the occupation ol the coun- at the head of the people. to withdraw from a position, They try, the resistance of the people The people felt the birth of tlie would give their lives fighting to de- against the Zog regime was further Party as a powerful current which fencl the position, but they could not crystalized and assumed more advanc- stimulated their energies. Its creation be alone in the fight, they could not ed forms. The gulf between classes aroused the hopes of the people and fight and win without the people. antl strata had become even doeper. terrified the enemies. Ihe people make the revolution. Now the hostility and resistance of the Organizing ,it in profound secrecy, the In this aotivity, the question ot people to the regime of Zog was Party struck the enemy with an iron ailiances and the enlightenment of combined with the sentiment for na- fist. Its legal activity ran parallel. allies would be deoisive. The lead- tional liberation. The actions and attacks were &ccom- ing role ot the working class on the The Party and its leadersliip rclied panied with agitation and propagan- basis of our main principles and its on this in order to mobilize the will da. The enemy and the quislings no alliance with peasantry, especially poor peasants of the nation, the strength, thoughts, longer cherished illusions about the with the with no land al. aspirations and desires of the people, Albanians being ..lambs". They gather- or little land, is well known. This pivot in a fighting unity for ihe libera- ed thoir forces, increased the terror liance was the of, and the key tion of the Homeland and the people. antl demagogy, changed J[6 <, of the ..dernocratico ele- lians. They hatl been abroad for paganda and ideology of bourgeois and ments of that time, rvith the excep- 15 yea,rs a,ntl hacl becorne politically de- fascist parties. Nothing linked them tion of some dtstinguished revolutio- generate. Most of them became trusterl with the fate of the people and the nary patriots such as allies and agents of that foreign po- Homeland. That was the last thing and Luigj Gurakuqi, .Avni Bustemi, wer which fed them and paid their they worried about. fn their oplnion, Halim Xhelo, and others, The consis- wages, They poserl as anti-Zogites, but what happened to Albania depended tent revolutionary struggle of the lat- were rabitl anti-communists, Their on others, rvhile they were going to ter, the assassination of Avni by the pretentios were to take over the runn- be the oelite politicianso, who would hirelings of Zog, the outbreak of ing of the country absolutcly. They be used by that foreign power which tlre 1924 revolution, gave these nonen- were entirely divorced from the life, hatl paid their wages in emigration tities, these antipopular elements, their thoughts an forms, high salaries in the form of pen- just as they hatl been 15 years be- These same elements, who posed as sions. Thus, in order to suppress the fore (!). This, also, \,vas a danger to anti-Zogites, maintained contact with people ancl their struggle, the fascist the National-liberation War which people of the Zogite regirte abroad, occupiers workeil with the tlvo groups: developed later, when these elements rvith those who had held positions in with the hierarchy of Albanian go- created the traitor organization <.Balli that regime, maintainetl contact with vernment officials, publicized and plac- Komb6tar,', which supported the fascist big merchants, landowners and agas, eC in positions from which they exer- anrl nazi occupiers to the end, with not to conspire against the regime, cised the oppression and exploitation demagogy and arms, against the Anti- but to obtain some economic aid from of the people, and with the pseudo- fascist National Liberation Front and it and so that it could not be said patriots, pseudo-clemocrats, t}le' Zogi- its leadership, the Commulist Party that they had severed all links with tes, who had allegerlly fallen on hard of Albania, Albania. Even at the time of Fan times. Tlie latter u'ere the opoliti- These pseutlo-democrats were of the Noli's government, when these ele- cians" of the .Kursal>r cafe, of the most varied right-wing political opi- ments were participants in it or were garrnbling clubs such as the ..Savoy", nions, The opinions of these chicken- electecl as deputies, their links were anil of other notorious haunts. hearted politicians were nothing but not whith the masses of the people, The fascist spy network, which was tlisjointed ideas, which were not con- but especially with the well-to-do everywhere and recorded everything, solidated with any political education liberals of the citles and also with turned a blincl eye and a deaf ear to formed on a social basis and linked the aristocracy of the countryside, instances when one of these . cils, at the heatl of a broad anti-fas- rely on the Yatican, even for most For them fascism was an evil and cist policy and armetl actions. trifling things, regardless of the va- a blessing at the same time; an evil These elements, together with fas- rious ortlers such as Jesuits, Frans- because the diplomatic antl parlia- cism, labelled the Communist Party ciscans, etc. In Albania, as in the other the mentary game, with them as the ePi- of Albania ..a party of foreigners and countries of the Catholic world' same pyra- centre, was not going weII, but it not of Albanians>, <, other of their believers in the form of do- For them, the occupation of the make anal a thousand nations including forcing the faithful country by fascist Italy was a pass- slanders. the situation at that time to lesve their Pmtable and fixetl ing phenomenon for Albania, antl This was with this bunch of indiviiluals, a si- assets to the church. they thought that, when it departed, tuation which the Communist PartY The entire hierarchy of the Catho- . Their ideas extended rence of Peza was held, as well as in the seminary and the parish priest, even further: ..If nazi Germany re- afterwards. were people of learning, gained in places ltaly, better still, it will hlefp The Party hatl untlertaken a similar theological schools, with iron dis- us, too. On the other hand, if both study before and after the Confe- cipline, with the methods and tricks Italy antl Germany are defeated, then rence of Peza in regartl to religious of suppressing peon les' will through Britain antl the Unitetl States of Ame- beliefs in Albania, also. We analysed the fear of God, Christ antl the apost' and they turn, will rica will win, in the religious beliefs in two directions: les, The catholic must b€ in the hands make case we the law, and in that the concrete impact of religions among of the church < fascist party createtl by the oc- working class of our country was The rites had been abandoned. No cupiers. the main striking force against fas- tnarriage was performed according to However, in general, the intelligent- cism. It was the class which would the Sheriat, and everything else, such sia of our country was patriotic, anti- lead the great revolution, the steel base as the observation of Ramadan, othc fascist, against the invasion of the of the Communist Party of Albania, feast of Bajramo had become routine country, and manifested this spirit ot the class which, with its Party at the customs, which were practised only patriotism as early as the first days head, would take in hand the leader- because they *existed,'. The hoatjas of the invasion, when it burst into ship of the National-liberation War. were all ignorant, none of them was demonstrations and protests against the From its founding, the Party told the in a position to propagate the philo- traitorous regime of. Zog and agains[ working class of its decisive role, told sophy, ethics or the morality of the the Italian occupiers. Town and vil- and taught it, antl would continue to Koran, nobody understood the Koran lage teachers stood at the heail of the teach it every day, through leaflets, because it was recited by heart in resistance of their pupils and stu- legal meetings and fighting actions, a foreign tongue (Arabic). Though tlents, kept their patriotic morale that the itleology of Marx, Engels, conservative in customs, the hodjas high, antl instructetl them to resist Lenin and Stalin would lead the were not politicians and incapable fascism and the Italianization of the working class and all the Albanian of exercising influence by means of Albanian schools. All our university people in the liberation war. the Islamic thought. The broad masses intelligentsia had been through variou^r The Party demonstrated to the work- of the people were almost liberated foreign universities, where they had ing class with facts from life that from the bonds of religion, the in- been sent by the state on bursari€s, its most loyal ally in this life ancl tellectual development of the Musfim or at their own expense. Despite death struggle was the poor and mitltlle peasantry antl that this class pressive, feudal-bourgeois-fascist state con€entrateal in, the leadership of the had always been oppressed, that the power to its fountlations and for the Party. Through the various meetings beys and feudal-owners had sucked its creation of a new, most democratic of the committees, organizations, and blood, that to the lanalecl beys this state power of the People, with the cells, which continually weighed .ri, class was like the land itself, which Communist Party of Albania, the van- the work, the situation and develop- us from the they hatt robbed from the Peasants guard of the working class, which ex- ments, through reports sent antl which was used and soltl like pressecl the wiil of the people, at its zones, from the meetings of activists contacts a market commodity, Through it; head. and consultations, from the teaflets, the Party told the working Every steP forward that the PartY with various perso'ns, communists or class and the Boverty-stricken pea- took and every action that it engaged non-communists, we drew very valua- santry that dhe victory dependeil on in at these verY tlelicate moments, ble conclusions indispensatrle for issuing their allianee, untler the leadership were rational and thoroughly studieil' precise figirting instructions to the base' of the PartY of the working class, that without this The leadership of the Party tlitt not In the basic documents a td leaflets, the alliance, without this fighting unitv, undertake anything without prior study and in resolutions obiective, was the it rvas impossible to bring about the and analyses. Just as the activity of main line, the main of the' unity ot the whole people for the the communist groups was analYsed strengthening anil tempering politically, ideologioally, organi- litrreration war. and this Marxist-Leninist analysis was Party In them it The Party made it clear to these crownetl with the creation and the zationally and militariiy. that the people mulrt two classes that without war the li- fountling of the Communist Party of was stressetl against the occupiers, beration of the Homelancl could not Albania, just as various analyses were unite in the war of the People around be achieved, that the land could not maile, in which the holtling of acti- that the unity be won, that theY coultl not ensure vists' meetings and consultations were the Party in this National-litreration the key to victory' tleeir daily bread and eat it themsetrves, found indispensable, in which impor- War would be decisive, that the things most sacred to the tant decisions \Mere matle about the Thus, during all this Period, the became clear Albanians, their language, the great course of our Party, so too analyses learlership of the Party general situation in the feeling of love for the Homeland and were rnade about the holcling of the about the rneasured the strength and national unity coulcl not be safeguard- Conference of Peza. country, opponent, created clear ect, that the finest characteristics ot How did this great action result? means of the where the war must be this small but heroic nation of indomi- Despite the differing views and mis- ideas about forces must be con' table fighters, could not be preserved takes of line, the communist groups based, where our and how we must manoeu' antl cleveloped. began the war and the resistancc centratetl the ?th of vre in various situations, either fore- War against the occupiers, war, mer- against the invaders from ways and seen or unknown and unexPectetl; it ciless war, against them and the trai- April, 1939. With various stuilietl antl envisaged the possible was the call of the Communist methorls in the resistance against tors, alliances among classes and strata' Party of Albania in its leaflets every- the enemy, their members learnetl broaden their as well as among intlividuals; it ana- day. The patriotic union of the entire how to create anil lysed thoroughly and explained clearl,r .people in r,var against the enemy ancl groups, as well as how to think antl forrns; they how every means to this unity must be the traitors was the main motto of the act in various elementary propaganila used such as personal acquaintance, Party, which was repeated again and carefully observeil the and links of friendship, marriage, regio- again, day and night, in legal and tactics of the enemy, assessed the ene- nalism, patriarchalism, and up to the illegal meetings. Through this inten- my strength to the best of their manner in which to draw in the sive activity, the Party achieved great ability antt, above all, theY livetl groupings and involve them !n results and, when it salv that the si- among the people and with the people clan war, ttivicling them from the ruling tuation was ripe, it called the historic and hatl a more or less correct idea the chieftains, who had placed themselves Conference of Peza, which was held of the spiritual state of the masses, in the service of the occupiers' No- on Se'ptom,ber 16, 1942 in the village in general, and of various groups and thing, not even the sightest opportu- of Peza e Madhe, in the region of elements, in particular. nity, not even the most trifle means, Tirana. With the founding of the Party, the This great event of historic impor- organization of cells and committees, not even a wortl in its supPort, be, con- tance, which is one of the embodi- the strengthening and unification of hou,ever unimportant it misht patriots rnents of the Marxist-Leninist line of its political line, propaganda activities cerning the unity of the and the Communist Party of Albania, w:,s antl actions, all this accumulated the entire PeoPle in the war' must to have incalculable repercussions for knowledge, the knowledge of the si- escap€ the consideration of the Party' the outcome of the National-libera- tuation among the people, of the stra' We hact to be verY Patient and cool- tion War, for the unity of the peo'pre, tegy and the tactics of the ,enemy anrl headed in the talks we hatl, especially' ..megalomaniac" of for the clestruction of the oltl op- the traitors, were channellecl to' antl with the elements the categories I mentioneil above, who ceerl and take thc historic decisions, to split us, and their chief objective poserl as ..great politicians'>. In The selection of the theses and cli- is to isolate the Communist Party our talks with them we insisted, rectives, which the Central Committee of Albania from the People and the explain€d, proposed and sought their hail to present the Conferenee by war. For the enemy occupier this app,roval, but in vain; theyhatl divorc- means of a report, was irnportant. I objective is decisive. However, for the ed thernselves from the nation, from proposed to the comrades the main liberation of the xreople and the the Homelantl, they were alien to the orientations on the role of the Front Horneland, the existence of the Corn- people ancl collabotators wi.th foreign- and the councils and the decisions that munist Party of Altrania and its strug- ers. They were like those poisonous were to be fixed in a resolution, which gle at the heacl of the PeoPle, who toadstools that appear on the healthv the Conference would adopt after il are fighting and resisting, is decisive. trunk of the tree. HistorY was to had discussetl them. The occupiers antl their lackeys condemn them severely anil the peo- What were these basic and mobili- possess powerful means of propaganila ple would give them the punishment zing principles which the Party woulrl to slander the cornmunists, claiming they deserved. They were parasiter, present to the Conference, and which, that othey have sold themselves to but the new society, which was in the after adoption, were to become known foreigners", ..they are destroying the making, would purge itself of them. to the entire people? These princi- family", and so on, but this propa- This is the result of the revolutionary ples have now become historic. The gancla is falling on deaf ears, and the application of historical materialism. National-liberation War antl life fully unity, the political struggle and arrnecl At a series of meetings of the confirmed their correctness. struggle of the people will not only leadership we analysed all these data The main basic idea which was pui neutralize this vile anti-national pro- and definitely ttecidecl to call a broad forth by the CC of the Communis{ paganda but will also isolate thr; meeting, heaclett by the Comrnunisl Party of Albania at the Conference enemy and defeat it on the battle fieltl. Party of Albania, in which elements of Peza was the unity of ihe ,entire In the report tr stressed also: Ours known as fighters and Patriots and Albanlan people and their organization is a national-liberation war. It will bc nationalists of various political con- in war against the invaders. These a political war and a military war. victions, but who were anti-fascist;l' were the cardinal points which I, To achieve these two major objec- with or without religious beliefs, antl chargecl by the Central Committee, tives it is necessary to organize the representatives of an important num- elaboratetl in the main report on the National-Iiberation Front antl the par- ber of regions, were to take Part, as councils delivered at the Conference. tisan units, which will fight under well as elements of other characteris- I explained that these were tragic mn- the national flag of Scanderbeg and tics, whom we considered ought to ments for the fate of the Homeland Vlora; on their caps the partisan take part in this meeting together with and the people. Faced with the cruelty fighters will have a star, which us, On the other hand, we took into of the fascisf occupiers, the people symbolizes a new, brilliant period, account, as far as possible under the hail to unite to a man, putting aside which is being opened to our Home- circumstances, that the conference' the things which might divide us, anrl land and people through the war. which was, of course, heltl undct we must mobilize and link ourselves The National-liberation Front will severe conditions of illegality, shoulil with one another for one great cause: be olganized everywhere in our coun- be in Central Albania, ancl if possible the liberation of the Homeland, its try, in the liberated and non-)iberated in the vicinity of Tirana, in order to salvation as a forrned nation and to zones, and this organization will show the enemy oceupiers and the smash the predatory aims of enemies, consist of the national-liberation coun- traitors the political, organizational who in every age, have acted to Par- cils, which will carry out the politi- and military strength of the Commu- tition our country and deny our exis- cal ancl propaganda work, and mo- nist Party of Albania. tence as a nation, He who reallY bilize the people for the war and Peza e Maclhe, the birthplace antl wanted the people and the Homelantl resistance, will see to the material battleground of , the tlis- to be free, independent and sovereign, supplies of all kincls for the fightinq tinguished patriot and fighter, and must prove this now, at this juncture, units, and in the liberated zones, frienel, loyal to the end to the Commu- regardless of his political convictions, where the old oppressive state power nist Party of Albania, was chosen religious beliefs, or of the region fro:tr is liquitlatetl to its foundations, these as the place for the conferenoe. There, which he ca.me. fn the report I stres- councils will be and will affirm them- at the Peza e Marlhe, the fighting serl: War against the Italian fascist selves as the new people's democratic forces of DaiI Myslim, made up nf occupiers and their collaborators is state power, which will be like neither communists and patriotic peasants as the only alternative, there in no othgr the feudal-bourgeois state ailministra- well as the entire Peza region, which way; any other road leads to bondage, tion nor the okl councils of elderr, had entered the armecl struggle against to enslavement, to national and indi- either in form or in content, said the occupiers, would ensure the calm virlual disaster. The Italian enemy the leport. These would be councils necessary to enable the meeting to pro- and the quislings want to divide us, of a new content and spirii, becausc they would be composed of men of poorly, the healthY, vital forces ot The overwhelming majoritY of the the people fighters from all strata the Homelantl would not be tempered, participants in the Conference, in and religious or political beliefs, but antl would become weaker. TheY their contributions, enthusiastically who were anti-fascists antl fought the stressed that the enemy must not be approved the proposals of the Cetl- occupiers, allowed to corrupt even one woman, tral Committee of the Communist Par- The partisan units, the report saiil' one girl or boy, PoliticallY. ty of Albania, There was unanimitY will be lett by cornmunist commanders Myslim strongly supported the at the Conference, but there werc or non-party patriots, ancl at the same theses of the Party. So tlitl Baba Faja also some who approved it in silence' rePresenta- time, by political commissars, who must Martaneshi, , and others. Even Abaz KuPi, the be communists. The decisions muqt Some other comrades of the PartY tive of the Zogite trend, and some platform Peza, be taken by the commander antl the spoke on the international situatiotr others approved the of be- commissar iointly and in full harmony; and its repercussion on the internal not because they wanted it, but in the relations between them antl in situation, or stressed the participa- cause they intencled to disguise them- in the stand towards them there musf tion of the nationalists in this meeting selves in order to act as they diil, be no discrimination at all. and in the war. opposition to the Front antl the Na- had fath- It stressed the main thing, that thtt One nationalist democrat participant, tional-liberation War. We National-liberation Front is letl by who later become a Ballist, expressed omed out their sPiritual mood and when theY took the Communist PartY of Albania, the his support for the "Front>, but were not surPrised only party in the countrY, antl that owing to his narrow, tlistorted con- the first step against us. Bazi was of the the Front will have its doors open to cepts, he wanted to limit the role of linkett with the bajraktars anybotly who is willing to fight the the Conference of Peza, comParing country and collaborated with the not accept enemy, who, as an individual, must it with the Congress of Lushnja' German invaders' He tlitl consider the Front as his own orga- which was convened to oPPose the the star, the Partisan symbol, and for- nization in which he can freelY ex- Durr6s government. This person tlis- this was not a mere matter of press his thoughts and suggestions in playecl tendencies more towards a mality, because it allegedly violated nation, but favour of the National-liberation War. .tlemocratic government"to overthrow something symbolic of the question of The admission of other parties into that of Mustafa Kruia, antl he for him, this was a Prin- Al- the Front was not even mentioned ..forgot,, to stress the necessity of the ciple: what would the Post-war genuine democracJ', because such partieB- alid not exist' war against the occupier. bania be, a new' of. Zog anal of thc No class, no stratum, or Political A non-communist Youth, who Iater or the old regime bajraktars? Of cour- grouping whatever hacl emerged with became one of the exponents of the feudal lords and antl worketl a party of its own and a Programmc youth of the *Balli Komb6tar", also se, ,{traz KuPi thought zogi we were clear for the national liberation. And any spoke at the meeting. His theses, tott, for the return of Zog's rrl'an and an organization that was created after appeared to be for the war, for the about this Person' introducetl in Albania the Conference of Peza, such as the Front, but he stressed that there must agent, illegally fi- ..Balli Komb€taro, was nothing el;e not be a leading Party in the Front by the British Intelligence Service, its orders. He but a creation of the fascist occupiers and, in the course of the war, who- nancerl by it and under accepl' and other foreigners to imPede the ever wins recognition, must take the hatl received instructions to in the liberation of the Homeland. Ieadership, If communism won, there our invitation, to take Part but not Apart from the report I deliveretl' was no force which coultl stoP it; Front, to Pose as a fighter, against occupiers comrade Nako Spiru delivered a spe- ancl the same would be the case with to fire a single shot when he cial report, *The Youth in War nationalism, Striving to prevent thc and to wait for the time against the Occupiers". Likewise, participation of our youth in the war, would be ordered how to act. Oul find comrade Nexhmije Xhuglini (Hoxhat this *youth Ieadero, who abantloned aim and that of the Front was to re- discussed the miserable situation and the Homeland and took to his heels the easiest way into the Northern the patriotic-revolutionary activity of together with the invaders, said also: gions, and especially in the Mat' Kru- women and girls. These two comradet ..We are of the opinion, and insist, ja, Peshkopia zones, where the Peo- raised and argued the great impor- that the youth must be withdrawn ple were still being oppressed bY tance of the worker, peasant and from the fighting actions, because tho- Zog's men, the local commanders, the all school youth, and of women, workers, se of tender age are not in a Po- bajraktars, and their lackeys, antl peasants, and housewives in this great sition to control their acts or think- sorts of scum. war. They showed that without awak- ing". Bo'".rrhing was explained cooly The name of the Anti-fascist Na- ening and uniting them around the and with arguments, with the inten- tional-liberation Front was not great goal of the liberation, without tion that the participants in the Con- without a profound political and mi- involving them in the war and activc ference could be more than clear litary meaning. On the contrary, these resistance, everything would turn out about everything. three words summarized the idea of the union of the people. But why? ges and whole regions. On the other nal, world which rejects antl fi8hts In order to create a fighting front. hantl, they also made use of the heads progress, communism' This was the The idea and the action dominated of the Albanian reaction, the pseudo- meaning of the oBalli Kombitar>, in .the word ..front',. This word ex- patriots, and pseudo-democrats. createtl by Jachomoni and Dalmazzo, pressed the meaning of the lining up After the Conference, the enemy The heads of the Albanian reaction of'the living forces of the people or- occupiers unleashod this <.reserve" in dreamed of how tomorrow's Albania ganized in a fighting front in which open war against the Communist Par- rvould be organized and run. The courage, heroism, politics, strategy ty of Albania, against the Antifascist word ..war" ditl not exist in the no- and various tactics were necessary, National-liberation Front, against the menclature of this organization or in in which sacrifices were to be ma- partisan National-liberation War. We its content because it represented a cle, because it was a fight for life ancl harl talketl with many of the pseudo- dying world in its tleath agonY, The death against a savage enemy. But nationalist and pseutlo-democrat heads ..Balli" waged war both with propa- for what war was this Front being prior to the Conference of Peza, irt ganda as well as with arms, but created? The answer came immedia- which we invited them, too, to take against the Communist PartY of Al- tely: for the liberation of the nation. part. They were eating the bread of bania, against the National-liberation Hence, it was a national-liberation Italy, posed as <.patriots" and lay Army, against the new state Power front, which would mobilize and low ..like smouldering emberso, but of the national-liberation councils. gather in its ranks all the anti-fascist their demagogy never took us in. The Party ttitl not underrate this forces, which were going to fight for Immediately after the Resolution of war and manoeuvred to tlefeat it. It the liberation of the Homeland, Our the Conference of Peza was publish- was sure that the criminal chiefs at Homelantl would assume a new folm, ect, this <> of the Italian occu- the head and at the base, in the Bal- would have a new regime, which piers formed the > was led by Jackomoni, ninist line of the Party, triumphed through colossal obstacles. The imple- the viceroi of king Victor Emmanuel, and everything was overcome through mentation of the great principles pro- and the commander of the Italian great sacrifices; Albania was liberatetl claimerl by the Conferenoe of, Peza army in Albania, General Dalmazzo, once and for all from the occupiers shook the invaders and the quislings. The very name, ..Balli Komb6tar", and the exploiting classes. The peo- I shall not dwell at length on the explains the whole scheme of the ple, with the working class at the heroic battles and etforts, but shall feudal-bourgeois reaction of the coun- head, led by the Communist PartY speak a little about the reactions try and the intentions of the occu- of Albania, took power, reconstructecl which the holding of the Conference piers. < or linguistic character, but it fn all this struggle, in all these Albania, belief in the war and in has a profound ideological significan- historic events, the Conference of Pe- victory. Among the enemies it aroused ce. For reaction ..Ballio does not za, th.e deed of the Communist Party anger, fear, terror. For them it was a mean >, as the word < means ce and has taken its place along with tary slap in the face. Their positions <, (the predestinetl national the other great events of the National- in Albania were being tlemolished. leadership", it stands for the old and liberation War of the Albanian people. Then, they resorted to terror, killings, <, unchanging world, the imprisonment of the communists, pa- conservative world with oppressors In people, ..AIbanian 1) From Latin: euen as a corqse. triots, the they burned villa- and oppressed, the natio- lhe tert i,t means: et:en after d,eath. o Press revrew

TEIE BURDEN OF THE CR,ISIS IS WEIGHING EVER MOR,E TIEAVILY ON THE BBITISH WORKERS

*ZERI I PAPIJLLIT,, - Organ of the CC of tlTe PI'A -

The plesent situation in British ship-yards, was put rialists, has been and still Britain testifies to the shar- into service. It can carry five is the oppressor and exPloi- pening of the allround crisis ..Harrier Stowell" aircraft, ter of the proletariat inside which has long been ero'ding nine helicopters fitted with lts own country, and an ag- this country as it has the submarine detectirng devices, gressive and enslaving force whole capitalist - revisionist a considerable number of against the other freedom- world. The destructive Phe- missiles, various types of ob- loving peoples. nomena of this cr.isis are ac- servation apparatus, and other But day by day the burden ting with ever growing war equipment. As the Br.iti;h of capitalist oppression and str.ength, a thing which is press says, this type of air- exploltation is growing hea- evident in the falling Pro- crafl carrier w11.1 constitute vier on the British workers, duction and rlsing inftration, ..the nucl,eus of the British and they are becoming ever deiicits and foreign debts, in military ars,enal under recon- more conscious of the f act the constantly mounting Prices struction*. Meanwhile, again that the roots of this econo- of goods for daily consump- accor'ding to the British P,res;, mic exploitation and the Po- tion in the first place, in the four ne'w type missiles, the litlcal oppression lie in the increasing numbers of unem- total cost of which will capitalist system itself, that ployed, etc. amount to several hundled British imperialism has aI- Faced rv-ith ever gr'eatel million pounds, rvill be added rvays been a savage ene,my difficulties, the present go- to the arsenal of the Brltish of the British proletariat and vernment, headed bY Calla- armeC forces. In this man- the peoples of the world' ghan, is trying to manoeu- ner, Blitish imperialism, In the face of its ever more vre to preserve itrs Positio'ns which, according to the Bri- difflcult economic situation, 'War as best it can, in f.ace of tish Minister of ..now the British proletariat is Pu - t1-re competition bY Britain's possesses the most modet'tl ting up powerful oPPosition Common Market Partners weapons>>, is trying to streng- to the capitalist oPPression and, at the same time, to then its apparatus for oP- and exploitation. Now hun- maintain its arming at the pression within the countrY dreds of thousands of Bri- highest level, within the con- and colornial domination in tish worl

Central organ of the Democratic Front Al,bania "BASHKIMI. - of -

The struggle of the African given their powerful support nal monopolies, by resorting peoples against interference, to the just liberation strug- to various neo-colonialist dictate and plunder by world gle of these peoples. forms, they are still plunder- imperialism is growing and The peoples of Africa are ing the assets, the toil, and becoming more powerful with also waging a ceaseless strug- the blood of these peoples. each passing day. gle against the expansionist The facts show that the US For years on end the op- policy of the imperialist imperialists grab 54 per cent pressed peoples o{ Azania, powers, which are striving at of the manganese, 47 per ceni Zimbabwe and Namibia have all oosts to protect the pri- of the cobalt, 24 per cent of been waging a determined vileges they have s,ecured tl-re chromium and 22 per struggle against the racist through violence and decep- c,ent of the graphite, from regimes of Pretoria and Sa- tion to maintain their plun- what they call the ..Dark lisbury. This struggle, like the der and exploitation, and to Continento. The annuai pro- struggle of the other African secure new positions in order fits made by US monopolies peoples agains,t racist regi- to get the natural assets of i,n Africa from the invest- mes, against apartheid and this trarge continent into their ment of capital alone amount racial discrimination, against clutches. As is klrown, this to a billioin dollars. Simi- neo-coloniatrism and the all- continent has the largest re- larly, just through unequai round interference of the twc serves of diamonds, gold, trade with the Afr,ican coun- superpowers, enjoys the pow- cobalt, and phosphates, as tries, in the period from 1955 erful solidarity and support wel as important reserves to 1974 the Sovi,et socialimpe- of all the peoples of the of oil, chromium, copper, iron, rialists have got away with u,or1d. uranium, graphite, etc., which profits amounting to 2 bil- The Albanian people, as have been subjected to syste- lion 400 million do1lars. Other sincere friends of the peo- matic plunder by foreign ca- imperialist powers, such as ples of Azania, Zimbabwe pitalist monopolies. Even to- Great Britain, France, Ger- and Namibia, resolutely con- day, though the struggle of man Federal Republic, and demn the barbarous policy the peoples and the vari- others, also have important of oppression and exploita- ous rrreasures of nationaliza- economic, political and cul- tion praotised by the raoist tion adopted by many Afri- tural positions on this con- regimes in the south of Afri- can countries have narrowed tinent. ca. They have always b,een the sphere of econornic ex- Ln their efforts to break on the side of the oppressed pansion of the irnp,erialist the shackles of colonialism, African peoples and have powers and the multi-natio- to eradicate the backwartl . 60c7 (38), 1978 ALBANIA TODAY

press review ness inherited from the past Ied according to the ap- conflicts and quarrels among and to consolidate the vic- petite ot the two super- the Afnican countries, the tories achieved, the African powers, have their source, continr.led plundering of their peoples are encounter,ing the first of all, in the *divide assets, and which has b,eco- continuous intrigues of the and rule,' policy, which US me the main obstacle to the progress, democra- two imperialist siuperpowers, imperialism and Soviet so- freedom, independence which, in order to extend their ciatrimperialism constantly cy and the full pursue. political, economic and mili- In inciting division and sovereingty of the Afri- and oreating hostility arnong countries, The African tary iinterference, are resort- can peoples of this continent, the peoples are convilnced that ing to mos,t vile and dange- over-ridi,ng aim of the two the only \May to pr.eserve and methods rous in order to superpowers is to weaken the strengthen their independen- create hot-beds of tension and anti-,imperialist resistance of ce and sovereigDty, peace new conflicts. The aim of the African peopl,es, to divert and secu,rity, is by oontinuing these intr,igues is to incite the;m from the road of con- their struggle for liberation divisions among the Africarr solidation of ,national inde- and social progress, r,eiecting peoples, to break their unity, pendence and independent the diabolic interference of so that the conditions for economic development a,nd, at the superpowers, American-Soviet intervention the same tim,e, to open the The Albanian p€ople have are created. What can be way to the strengthening of always supported the just said a.bout the confliet in their interference, dictate, and cause of the A-frican coun- plund,er. too, Biafra, the events in Angola, neo-colonialist tries, and in the future The whole development of they will continue to supPort the strife in Zaire and, more events and the innumerable their struggie for freedom, in- recently, about the arrned facts them, national so- conflict coupled with depend,ence, between Ethiopia have shown the African p,eo- vereignty and social progress and Somali ? Who oaused ples that it is precisely the against the interference and them? The African peo- continued interference of the intrigues of the imperialist ptres? Of course, not. These superpowers and the other superpo'il/ers and the other conflicts, which are kind- imperialists which causes the forces of reaction. I A CONFLICT ALIEN TO THE LOFTY INTERESTS OF THE PEOPLES OF VIETNAM AND CAMBODIA "ZERI I POPULLIT- As has been reported, on have had m.any casualties. tries and two fraternal peo- the border between the sta- The ,statements by the govern- ptres, are a cause of great tes of Democratic Carnbodia ments of the two countries distress for us. We regret- and the Socialist Republic of carry contradictory views as fully see that the disagree- Vietnam, armed fightings to the causes of the con- mentrs, which may exist bet- have taken place recently fIict. ween these two countries, with the participation nu- The reports reaching us reached the point of insen- merous military units. Accor- from Vietnam and Cambo- sible and undesirable con- ding to reports, both sides dia, two neigh.bouring coun- f1lcts, armed conf,rontations, ALBANIA TODAY (38), 1978 e 67

Press review which are very apt to be proletarian internationalism, between two friendly peo- extended. Instead oI seeing the disagreements which have ples and countries to socia- to the solution oI disagree- emerged between Vietnam list Albania. But we ale con- ments with patience, in the and Cambodia can and should vinoed that the Cambodian- spirit of friendship and com- certainly be soh,ed through Vietnamese conf,lict is the mon interests, now these talks and in the spirit of doing of the enemies of the have become mor,e compli- cooperation and mutual un- Vietnamese people and the cated. derstanding. Cambodian peopl.e. It is the The wish of the Party of We hope that the sister hand of the imperialist pow- Labour, of ,the Governrnent People's China, too, which at ers, the hand of Soviet so- of our People's Socialist Re- the tirne of the war of the cialimperialism, and US im- public, and of the Albanian Indochinese peopi.es against perialism, which are vying people, is that this conflict US imperialism was their with each other for domina- and bioodshed should come to great supporter', will now me- tion in Southeast Asia, to an end as soon as possible. diaie so' that the armed have them as their own zones At the same time, the armed fightings should cease, that of influence. In order to forces, which may have vio- the conflict and disagree- achieve these diabolic, hege- Iated the national border of ments should be solved in a monic and neo-colonialist one another, shoutrd immedia- Iraternal way and without ends, they act according to tely be withdrawn in their interference from outside. the Machiavellian principle own territories. The two sides The Albanian people have divide and rule, throwing the should place the major in- been a,t one with, and have peoples into war agains,t each terests of the two p,eoptres, given their whorle-hearted sup- other. their freedom, lndependence port to, the struggle of the As friends and brothers of and sovereignty, the interests fraternal people of Vietnam, the peoples of the Socialist of the revolution, socialism who have made so many Republic of Vietnam and De- and internationalist unity, on sacrificeLs for the triumph of mocratic Cambodia, and pro- the f irst order of priori'ties. the freedom and the revo- ceeding from profound, sin- This is required by the need lution in their orvn country, cere and benevolent feelings, of the reestablishment of thus making a valuable con- we call on the two coun- calm on the border between tribution to the common cau- tries, the two peoples, to the two fraternal couirtries, se of the peoples o,f the cease a1l actions which in- the preservation of peace and world. Our people have che- fringe the lofty interests of security in the Indochinese rished the same thing, the the two nations, socialism, peninsula. same sylxpathy and love also the revolution and their free- In the situation which faces for the fraternal people of dom, and solve the disagree- these two fri,endly peoples Cambodia. They have given ments, which led to the and fellow-fighters against them the same resolute sup- armed conflict, through frien- imperialisrrr in these days, we port. Cambodia has fought d1y talks. The Party of La- urould not want to be one- with heroism and selflessness, bour of Albania and the Go- sided. At these moments, our and made innumerable sacri- vernment of the People's So- firm conviction is that, fices to u,in freedom and na- cialist Republic of Albania through common efforts and tional independence, to build have always adhered to the good-will on both sides, dirs- its new life. correct Marxist-Leninist view carding any idea of bour- Our Party, Government and that al1 the disagreements geois nationalism and chau- people are very much dis- between the socialist coun- vinism, with complete con- tr.essed at hearing that such trie!il must be solved through fidence in the feelings of tragic eveints are taking place cordial and comradely ,talks. 62o (38), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

Prcss review EMIGRATION _ GRAVE TBAGEDY FOR MILLIONS OF YOUTH IN THE BOUBGEOIS - REVISIONIST WOBLD .ZERI RLIr/ISE* Organ of the CC oJ LYUA I - the -

All the evils which pre- rvhich the local working class the exploitation of Greek im- sent-day capitalism, in the has won through its long migrant workers a1one, the grip of one of the most se- struggle. They enjoy no po- capitalist films ensuie super- rious crises in its history, litical rights, do not have profits amounting to 3.5 bi1- has loaded on the backs of the right to hold a work lion dollars. Capital exploits the masses of working peo- permit and can be laid off the immigrants not only by ple, weigh especiaJ.ly on the from work whenever it suits robbing them of their unpaid multi-million masses of the the employer. And the capi- labour, but also in indirect youth. It is precisely the talist employers take them \,vays, by constantlY raising youth who experience the har- on only for the most back- the taxes levied from them. shest capitalist oppression breaking, unqualified jobs. In West Germany a1one, and exploitation, who pay Sometimes they are paid less during the last tour years, the ..cost- of the crisis in than half the wages of a about 15 billion marks were education, and who form th'e Iocal worker. In th'e Fede- taken from immigrant fami- main detachments of the ar- ral German Republic, an im- 1ie's in the form of taxes. my of unemployed. It is migrant youth is paid two The dazzling advertisments the mass of the youth which marks per hour less than the of the < constitutes the main target 1oca1 worker. The rate at cannot conceal the miserable of the bourgeoisie in lts ef- whj.ch they are exploited is living conditions of millions forts to sow confusion, mo- inhuman, while safety mea- of immigrants, and of the ral degeneration and disrup- sures at work are simply immigrant youth in particu- tion. And for the youth of the nonexistent. I'hey hold first lar. Mostly they live in bourgeois-revisionist wor1d, place in suffering accidents shanty to-wns and decaying emigration, this ugly mons- at work and occupational slum suburbs, which lack ter of capitalism, constitutes diseases. According to figu- running water and the e1e- one of the gravest tragedies. r'es from the bourgeois press, mentary conditions of hygiene Millions of young people in West Germany 200 thous- and sanitation. It is not unusual (today they make up the bulk and immigrant wolkers fall for ten or more persons to be of the 12 million immigrants victims to accidents every crorvd.ed into a single room. in the W,est European coun- year, wher'eas in France, one The worsening of the eco- tries) have abandoned their in every three rvorkers disa- nomic crisis throughout the homeland i,n search of any bled in accidents is an im- capitalist - revisionist rvorld sort of job, just to keep body migrant. The profits of the has made the problem of and soul together. monopoly capitalists are swo- economic emigration even Today, the situation of the 11en with the blood and more acute. Emigration is emigrant youth constitutes sweat of these workers. Their the direct prodr.rct of unem- one of the gravest indict- exploitation provides th: ployment, and at the present ments of bourgeois ..civiliza- French emrployers with super- time, the army of unem- tiOno and ..humanism". BOUr- profits amounting 16-18 bil- ployed in the capitalist and geois society has deprived lion francs per year, whe- revisionist countrles has them of even those few rights reas in West Germany from grown to unprecedented pro- ALBANIA TODAY 1 (38), 1978 o 63

press feYtewo portions. According to offi- unemployment, immigrants r.r'ith nearly half a millicir cial figures, in the 24 capi- har.e been the first to be immigrant workers in West talist member countries of throu'n out on the street by Germany) are returning ic the OECD, there are now the capitalist bosses. Accord- their homelands, worn out bY about 7 million unemployed ir-rg to press figures, in West the savage exploitation, worse under 25 )'ears of age, in Germany, last year 600 off than when they lef i the United States more than thousand immigrant wor- their homes, but with no 3 million, whereas in Africa, kers were sacked, in Swit- more illusions that ther: from which large contin- zerland among the 370 thous- may be a country in the gents of immigrant,s come to and workers who were laid rvorld of capital in which Europe, there are now more off last year, 278 thousand they could live well. than 23 million unemployed rvere immigrants, in France The young immigrant wort<- young people. Just in the there are now about 100 ers are uniting ever mcre countries of the European thousand unemployed im- closely u,i;h the local work- Common Market, from the rnigrant workers. A similar ers, rejecting the efforts of beginning of the present cycle situation prevails in the the bourgeoisie which is try- of the crisis (1973), the num- other countries of Western ing to set one aga!nst the ber of unemployed has in- Europe, too. And the future other, and expr es'sing their creased by another 2 mil- holds out no promise of any determination to fight to tl-l: lion, who are mostly young improvement for the immi- end against the social order people. In these conditions grants, therefore many of which gives rise to such evils of the raprid growth of them (as has been the case as emigration.

E SAVAGE EXPLOITATION OF L.&TIN AIvIEBTCAN PEASANTS BY TIIE CAPITALIST MONOPOLIES Commentarg bg the ALBANIAN TELEGRAPHIC AGENCY

The aggregation of land in of American imp,erialism in tional and multi-national the hands of big estate ow- the countries of Latin Ame- banks is developing in the ners, the bankruptcy of the rica ls bringing increasing countryside. This is leading small agricultural holdings, ruin to this region. Peasants to increascd ploduction fex the creation of large agri- are being driven off the the foreign market and redu- cultural companies, resulting land en rnasse, into the ci- ced production for the horne in intensified exploitation of ties, thus increasing the army market. Under the influence peasants, has made their si- of the unemployed. Wit,h of the Inter-American Bank tuation even more grave. their thoroughly reactionary of Development, export pro- Latin America provid,es a policy, the banks are play- ducts harre increased, while clear exan-ple of this. The ing a major role in the the produots necessar5. to Latin American peasantry is plunder of these countries feed the population have subjected to double exploita- and the transformation of been reduced. tion - by the big landholders their economies into appenrl- This has brought about the and by foreign, especially ages of the US economy. Now conversion of the agricultural US, agricultural firms. a ne\rr type of capitalisi farm economies of the countries of The neo-colonialist policy dependent on the interna- Latin America to the pro- 64. (38), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

a Press revtew duction of a single crop, or production is to the advan- countries. Similarly, another perhaps two or three crops, tage of the big landholders, study on bananas shows that profitable to US capital. the multi-national companies, only 15 per cent of the in- These countries are being ma- and the international banks, come from this crop remains de to specialize in the pro- as well as to the metropol,is in the producing countries. duction of export crops, while on which they depend. At the same time, compe- they import a large part of Due to such a plundering tition among agricultural en- their daily foodstuff,s from policy of the American im- terprises has grown tremen- the USA. Thus, according to perialists, the general trend dously. ,A,s a result of this an American official, AID now, is for the countries of savage competition, a very (The American Development Latin America to become large number of small farms Agency), is encouraging Co- mere producers of such arti- are being ruined. This has lombia to pursue the road of cles as bananas, meat, etc., led to the concentration of ..development- which encou- and they have become short agricultural capital in a few going products rages over from wheat of, basic agricultural hands and to increased num- production production for f,ood. to the their daily bers of landless peasants, who of other crops profitable to The profits of the US im- are for'ced to go to cities to the American monopoly ex- perialists are increasing add to number of the ploiters. Such a thing gr.eatly from day to day. The bulk the unemployed. A11 these factors increases the all-round de- of the specialized agricultu- pendence of these countries ral production in the coun- ar.e steadily worsening the on the American metropolis, tries of Latin America is ap- Iiving conditions of the mas- from which they import the propriated by the capitalist ses of ',l,orking people. grain and other crops neces- investors, chiefly Americans. Confronted with this situa- sary to feed the local popu- In Mexico, for example, ac- tion, the revolt of the work- lation. For instance, Colom- cording to a study on grow- ers, peasants, and other mas- bia now imports more than ing tomatoes for export, the ses of working people of thi,s 85 per cent of the wheat it largest share of the profits region is growing each Pas- needs. This division in crop does not go to the producing sing day. r THE JUST CAUSE OF THE ARAB PEOPLES IS INVINCIBLE "ZERI I POPULLIT"

Time after time, the ene- spoken and heard about these to force them to give up mies of the Arab peoples, plans: the Rogers and Kis- their supreme national inte- with great ado, come out singer plans, the Gromyko rests, to abandon the Palesti- with the most varied plans and \/ance plans, plans by nian people and leave them and schemes allegedly desi- sheiks and missionaries of at the cross-roads, to capi- gned ..to solve" the problems the UNO. But nothing has tulate to the blackmail of preoccupying the Middle changed and could not pos- Israel, to submit themselves East and to put an end to sibly change. AII these, plans to foreign imperialist dorni- the Arab-Israeli conflict have been and are intended nation, completely and fi- which has been going on to put dolvn' tire liberation nalIy. for 31 years. Much has been struggle of tl-re Arr': p,:iples, The Arab peoples are well ALBANIA T O D AY (38), 1978 . 65

a Press revtetY acquainted with their ene- promise with Israel, to put of the world, are not to be mies and know what they aside and trample underfoot seen defending the ju,st cause are. They know that the ag- the vital interests of the Arab of the Arab peoples, or com- gressors must be exposed, peoples, especially the in- ing out in their support. isolated and fought. They terests of the Palestinian and Why? Is it because the in- know that Israel is a savage Syrian peoples. This is to be terests and territories of the and insatiable aggressor condemned and cannot be ac- Arabs, the future and the against the freedom and in- cepted either by the Arab very existence of the Palesti- dependence of the Arab peo- peoples and their true friends nians must be sacrificed for ples. Several times it has or by all those who hold the the sake of the al.liance with shed the blood of the fra- freedom and independence of the ..second world" and with ternal Arab peoples, has oc- nations dear. the United States of America? cupied their lands and has But, it is noticed that, con- Or is it perhaps that continually thneatened the,m trary to this widespread, heal- the over-riding interests of with further expansion. Every thy opinion, the <, the ..se- They have never laid down tion- of the conflict in the cond world" or the *third the arms with which they Middle East, those expres- world" ? Does it serve the are fighting for freedo.m, for sions of opposition to the im- Iiberation of the peoples or their rights and their home- perialist interference in, this national oppression, the anti- land. area from the tribunes of imperialist struggle or sup- The Albanian people, who conf,erences ? pression of it? Their silence feel very close to the Pales- Neither is there any sign of shows that this bargain does tinian people in their strug- activity from the socalled not fit into the pattern of gle, nurture a sincere affec- *third world>, in regard to the their propaganda at all, be- tion, a great respect and ad- agreement and compromise cause in this case their slo- miration for this valiant and with Israel. The partisans of gans and otheories" cannot Iong-suffering people and the *theory of three worlds,', change the nature of the have unwavering confidence who shout themselves hoarse facts. in their final victory. and labour to prove with The faets and daily inter- Numerous efforts have been quotations that they give Ii- national life show clearly that and are being made in va- beration lvars their unsparing the general policy pursued by rious quarters to come to support and are defending the imperialist superpowers terms and achieve a com- the interests of the peoples is constrr-rcted to eonform to 66o (38), 1978 ALBANIA T O D AY

reuiew their own selfish interests, become tlre focus of the imperialist super;oowers, who F'ress each proceeding from the aim savage Soviet-American rlval- corrre as friends, as well- of being first to establish ry. Now we see that Ethio- wishers, but whose real in- its own hegemony firmlY pia and Somali, two fr.eedom- tention is to cicminate them, over the peoples and conti- and peace-loving countries to 1ay the basis for the esta- nents. Each of the lmperialist and peoples, with an ancient blishment of their own hege- superpowers, both when it culture, two peoples who mony. This is rvhat is haP- has got its clau-s deep in have suff ered irnmensely at pening in Angola, Zaire, and foreign flesh, and when one the hands of the ILalian oc- elsewhere. This has been of them is just beginning to cupiers, have gone to war going on for a long tirne in put in the pegs marking a and are killing each other. the Middle East, too, with new area fol expansion, Do these peoples \,vant the the drama that is being fights to impose its policy .,var, which is causing them play'ed with the destinies of to the other countries and so much suffering and mise- the Arab peoples, in which groups of countries. ry? Not at ali. Could they the imperialist superpowers The Soviet socialimperialists solve the cunIr'adictions exis- are putling the strings, alter- are worliing at ful1-steam ting between them without nating r,,,'ith each other, to to dupe the leaderships of the need to fight and ki1l fulfil their ambitions for ex- valious countries of Africa, each other? Certainly, they pansion and exploitation. by hiding behind the mask have the possibility of solving The history of revolutio- of a ..socialist country- and these differences by finding nary and liberation wars, as posing as champions of free- the most appropriate ways. r,vell as the daily practice of dom. They sell arms to these Then ',vhy are they fighting? international life, teach us countries, and in return, ex- It is clear that others, the that the enerries must not tract from them the right to imperialist pourers and super- be given a moment's respite set up military bases for powers, are urging these peo- so that they have no time their interests of domin,ation ples to war, in order to fur- to reach agreement, to group and to extend the range of ther th'eir own predatory and their lorces and organize their imperialist expansion. hegernonic interests. themselves in their struggle At the same time another And rvhile these unfortu- against the peoples. We are imperialist power, the United nate peoples are sh'edding fully confident that aII those States of America, is manoeu- torrents of blood, and hatred who are oppressed and suf- growing, vering through its agents, beJween them is f ering at the hands of im- through credits, arms and there are imperialist and ca- perialists and reaction, all dollars, and leaving no stone pitalist powers which some- love the freedom and , who unturned in order to topple times side with one and independence of their coun- the Soviet socialimperialists. sometimes with the other, at tries, u'il1 mobilize themsel- for country, The superpowers' contest times applaud one ves more and more in order domination and hegemony and sometimes applaud the to expose the plans and in- knows no bounds, it recogni- other, r,vithout making even tentions imperialist zes no rules or morality the slightest gesture to help of the - strangling the fraud and perfidy go hand these long-suffering peoples superpowers of in hand with crime and vio- to gain peace and to have revolution and enslaving the peoples, their 1ence. the possibility of building and will raise Faliing victims to these their own lives in complete revolutionary struggle to coPe clangerous games of the super- freedom and independence. rvith and conquer the ene- powers are the peoples, The peoples must guard mies, to an even higher the various countries, which against the intrigues of the 1eve1. ,ND EX. Alba day t977

N o1(32)/1977 Ther Constitutrion of the People's Socialist Republic oI At- bania 2 'i...'::t,t,. 4ii:...:ii ,ij| A constitution that embodies the true features of scienti- fic socialism 18 ENVER HOXHA The great role an.il force of the peasantry in socialist society 28 Lenka Quko

From the life of the country ,11

Itnperialism and socialimperialism in crisis and under the revolutionary blows of the peoples 41 "ZEri i Popullit. The modern distortions in conternporary bourgeois-revision- ist music. 48 Simon Gjoni

Press reviel bs

N" 2(33)11977 In struggle and revolution the Marxist-Leninists becorne strong and indomitable (from comrade Enver Hoxha,s con- versation with comrade Pedro pomar) , The PLA has always followed one Marxist-Leninist line 9 Ndregi Plasari Principle of universal value for the revolution and the 13 Harilla Papajorgji construction of socialism Kigd Kapetani Marriage and family in the pSR of Albania 18 Ksanthipi Begeja From the life of the country 22 A docurnent which strengthens the revolutionary unity among the Marxist-Leninist communist parties 28 Militant internationalist solidarity in struggle against com- rnon enemies ao The 3rd Congress of the Cp of Germany (M-L) is held 42 The socialist International - an instrument of the impe- rialist hourgeoisie 53 Adem Mezini Press revierv 57

(Documents) Na t(34)t 1977 The line of our Party is a correct, revolution- ary line, in conformity with the teachings of Marxism-Lq- ninism 40 ENVER HOXHA ffi#%$ffi (Documents) Our intelligentsia is raised and cleveloped in the bosom of the people 45 ENVER HOXHA A ilecisive condition for the triumph of the revolution and the consJruction of socialism 2 Fiqret Shehu The literature of socialist realisrn is developing in struggle against the bourgeois and revisionist pressure 7 Ismail Kadare On the contradictions in socialist society 11 Alfred Uei From the life of the country 15 The Farty of Labour of Albania on the problems of war arcl peace 22 A. Tomorri The Zncl Congress of the Portugese Communist party (Be- constructed) 30 From Gramsci and the resistance to the present-day strug- gle for lVlarxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism 26 Press review 60 , NDEX AIbamEm Eoday t977

No 4(35)11977 Youth gives life ancl animation to the country, new blootl ; to the Party 14 ENVER HOXHA The 8th Congtoss of the Albanian Trade Unions The theory and practice of the revolution 2 20 *ZEri i Popullit* We must fight, to the la"st beat of our hearts, for the triumph of Marxism-Leninism 30 Piro Bita The economy of the PSRA is developing at rapid antl stable rates 33 Abdyl Backa F'rom the lif e of the country 40 Powerful wcapon of the world proletariat for the triumph of the revolution anil the victory of communism 46 Sotir Manushi The present economic crisis anrl the sharlrening of the general crisis of capitalism 53 Hekuran Mara Fress review 56

No 5(36)11977 The worcl and deeil of our Patty are not divorced from g the glorious past of our People' 2 ENVER HOXHA & Documents Khrushchev kneeling before Tito 40 Conversation with Chou En-Iai 47 The revisionist parties - typically bourgeois, counter-re- volutionary parties B Fiqret Shehu Socialist revolution - the o'nly road of social progress 18 Zija Xholi From the life of the countrY 22 The Seconrl Congress of the Communist Party of Spain (M-L) 28 Holtl high the inviucible banner of Marxism-Leninism 33 Fress review 57

Na 6(37)/1977 The ?th Congress of the LYUA i.,& i,i,;rii,'iiiriil:'',li;:i:i, the ii:,,,ii;.;ry q.]*i*'h$ Commemorative me'eting on the 60th anniversary of Great October Socialist Revolution 1B From the life of the country 34

Constitution of revisionist betrayal

Joint statement of the Communist Party of Germany (m-l), Comrnunist Party of Spain (m-l), Communist Party of Greece (m-l), Com'munist Partv of ltaly (m-l)' and the Portugese Communist Partv (Reconstructed) 45

Press review 56 Last year -NEW ALBANIA*, an illustrated political, social magazine completed. its 30th annioersary. lt is one ol the first magazines to appedt in Albania after the I.iberation ol the countru in a foreign Language. ln the beginning, it appeared onlq in one foreign language, and had only a timiteit circulation, rohile now it is publishef in eight languages: in the Albarttnn, French, English, Russian, Arabic, Spanish, German and ltalian, its circulation being te.ns ol times larger. Datlier. it uas requested onht in a few countries, while now it has its szbscribers in more than 60 countries Albaniatoday