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The Question of 'Race' in the Pre-Colonial Southern Sahara
The Question of ‘Race’ in the Pre-colonial Southern Sahara BRUCE S. HALL One of the principle issues that divide people in the southern margins of the Sahara Desert is the issue of ‘race.’ Each of the countries that share this region, from Mauritania to Sudan, has experienced civil violence with racial overtones since achieving independence from colonial rule in the 1950s and 1960s. Today’s crisis in Western Sudan is only the latest example. However, very little academic attention has been paid to the issue of ‘race’ in the region, in large part because southern Saharan racial discourses do not correspond directly to the idea of ‘race’ in the West. For the outsider, local racial distinctions are often difficult to discern because somatic difference is not the only, and certainly not the most important, basis for racial identities. In this article, I focus on the development of pre-colonial ideas about ‘race’ in the Hodh, Azawad, and Niger Bend, which today are in Northern Mali and Western Mauritania. The article examines the evolving relationship between North and West Africans along this Sahelian borderland using the writings of Arab travellers, local chroniclers, as well as several specific documents that address the issue of the legitimacy of enslavement of different West African groups. Using primarily the Arabic writings of the Kunta, a politically ascendant Arab group in the area, the paper explores the extent to which discourses of ‘race’ served growing nomadic power. My argument is that during the nineteenth century, honorable lineages and genealogies came to play an increasingly important role as ideological buttresses to struggles for power amongst nomadic groups and in legitimising domination over sedentary communities. -
Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850
The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850 The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Benjamin, Jody A. 2016. The Texture of Change: Cloth, Commerce and History in Western Africa 1700-1850. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493374 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 A dissertation presented by Jody A. Benjamin to The Department of African and African American Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of African and African American Studies Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May 2016 © 2016 Jody A. Benjamin All rights reserved. Dissertation Adviser: Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong Jody A. Benjamin The Texture of Change: Cloth Commerce and History in West Africa, 1700-1850 Abstract This study re-examines historical change in western Africa during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries through the lens of cotton textiles; that is by focusing on the production, exchange and consumption of cotton cloth, including the evolution of clothing practices, through which the region interacted with other parts of the world. It advances a recent scholarly emphasis to re-assert the centrality of African societies to the history of the early modern trade diasporas that shaped developments around the Atlantic Ocean. -
If Our Men Won't Fight, We Will"
“If our men won’t ourmen won’t “If This study is a gender based confl ict analysis of the armed con- fl ict in northern Mali. It consists of interviews with people in Mali, at both the national and local level. The overwhelming result is that its respondents are in unanimous agreement that the root fi causes of the violent confl ict in Mali are marginalization, discrimi- ght, wewill” nation and an absent government. A fact that has been exploited by the violent Islamists, through their provision of services such as health care and employment. Islamist groups have also gained support from local populations in situations of pervasive vio- lence, including sexual and gender-based violence, and they have offered to restore security in exchange for local support. Marginality serves as a place of resistance for many groups, also northern women since many of them have grievances that are linked to their limited access to public services and human rights. For these women, marginality is a site of resistance that moti- vates them to mobilise men to take up arms against an unwilling government. “If our men won’t fi ght, we will” A Gendered Analysis of the Armed Confl ict in Northern Mali Helené Lackenbauer, Magdalena Tham Lindell and Gabriella Ingerstad FOI-R--4121--SE ISSN1650-1942 November 2015 www.foi.se Helené Lackenbauer, Magdalena Tham Lindell and Gabriella Ingerstad "If our men won't fight, we will" A Gendered Analysis of the Armed Conflict in Northern Mali Bild/Cover: (Helené Lackenbauer) Titel ”If our men won’t fight, we will” Title “Om våra män inte vill strida gör vi det” Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--4121—SE Månad/Month November Utgivningsår/Year 2015 Antal sidor/Pages 77 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Utrikes- & Försvarsdepartementen Forskningsområde 8. -
Islam and Political Contestation in the Sahel: Protests, Riots, and Jihadist Insurgencies in Mauritania, Niger, and Mali
ISLAM AND POLITICAL CONTESTATION IN THE SAHEL: PROTESTS, RIOTS, AND JIHADIST INSURGENCIES IN MAURITANIA, NIGER, AND MALI By IBRAHIM YAHAYA IBRAHIM A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 1 © 2018 Ibrahim Yahaya Ibrahim 2 To my Mom, Oumou Halilou and my Dad, Yahaya Ibrahim 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people contributed to this research either directly or indirectly. My deepest gratitude goes to my parents, who invested in my education from young age and supported me every step of the way. I also benefited from a warm social and intellectual environment at Madrasatu Sabiloul Houda in Zinder. My sincere appreciation to its founder, Cheikh Chouaibou Abdullah Saleh, who has shown me a quasi-parental level of support. I could not have attended the University of Florida’s Graduate School without the help and generous mentorship of Leonardo A. Villalòn. It has been the greatest honor of my life to be his student. Leonardo A. Villalòn has advised me, assisted me, inspired me, and encouraged me throughout my doctoral journey in ways that words could hardly describe. Certainly, this dissertation could not have been written without his guidance. I will be forever grateful for his immense generosity, kindness, and unyielding support. Over the last six years, I have been fortunate enough to be part of the Sahel Research Group and to regularly attend the Sahel Seminar meetings. I have enjoyed the collegial and stimulating intellectual atmosphere in these settings. This dissertation would not have looked the same without the valuable insights that I gleaned from various conversations that I had with friends and colleagues at the University of Florida. -
The Senegalese Speech Community
1 Studies in the Linguistic Sciences Volume 29, Number 1 (Spring 1999) A SOCIOLINGUISTIC PROFILE OF THE SENEGALESE SPEECH COMMUNITY Fallou Ngom University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [email protected] The object of this study is to provide a linguistic profile of the Senegalese speech community and of the speakers' attitudes toward the various languages spoken in that country. After giving the geo- graphical location of Senegal and a brief historical account of the im- pact of the French colonial linguistic policies in the country (which partly explains the present sociolinguistic situation in Senegal), the linguistic characteristics of the Senegalese speech community are de- scribed and the attitudes of speakers towards their own and other languages are discussed. 1. Geographical location: The country and the people th th Senegal is located in West Africa between the 1 and the 17 parallels west and th th 12 and the 16 parallels north (see the map in Figure 1). The country spreads 400 kilometers from north to south, and 600 kilometers from east to west, covering a surface of about 200,000 square kilometers. It borders Mauritania in the north. Mali in the east, Guinea-Conakry in the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau in the south. The Republic of the Gambia is wedged into the south of Senegal, dividing the latter into two parts. In the west, Senegal borders the Atlantic Ocean with about 500 kilometers of coastline (Dialo 1983:4). The country is divided into 10 administrative counties: Rufisque, where Dakar (the national capital) is located, Thies, Kaolack, Diourbel, Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor, Tambacounda, Louga, Fatick, and Kolda. -
Kayes and the Hassaniyya Speakers of Mali
KAYES AND THE HASSANIYYA SPEAKERS OF MALI Kayes and the Hassaniyya Speakers of Mali © Center for the Study of Global Christianity, 2020 Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary Cover: Bafoulabé, Kayes Region, Mali | Wikimedia Commons: Jacques Taberlet (CC BY 3.0) Unless otherwise noted, data is sourced from the World Christian Database and the fol- lowing citation should be used: Todd M. Johnson and Gina A. Zurlo, eds., World Christian Database (Leiden/Boston: Brill, accessed December 2019). ABOUT THE CSGC The Center for the Study of Global Christianity is an academic research center that mon- itors worldwide demographic trends in Christianity, including outreach and mission. We provide a comprehensive collection of information on the past, present, and future of Christianity in every country of the world. Our data and publications help churches, mission agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to be more strategic, thoughtful, and sensitive to local contexts. Please visit our website at www.globalchristianity.org. DATA AND TERMS This dossier includes many technical terms related to the presentation of statistics. A complete methodology document is found here: https://www.gordonconwell.edu/ center-for-global-christianity/research/dossiers. We use a social scientific method for measuring religion around the world; namely, self-identification. If a person calls herself a Christian, then she is a Christian. We measure Christians primarily by denominational affiliation in every country of the world and these data are housed in the World Christian Database. Ethnolinguistic people groups are distinct homogeneous ethnic or racial groups within a single country, speaking its own language (one single mother tongue). These dossiers measure gospel access (also known as “evangelization”) by a number of variables, including but not limited to, evangelistic outreach, church planting, personal witnessing, sharing on social media, etc. -
Ending Slavery
Ending Slavery Urs Peter Ruf Ending Slavery. Hierarchy, Dependency and Gender in Central Mauritania This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Ruf, Urs Peter: Ending slavery : hierarchy, dependency and gender in Central Mauritania / Urs Peter Ruf. – Bielefeld : transcript Verlag, 1999 Zugl.: Bielefeld, Univ., Diss., 1998 ISBN 3–933127–49–1 © 1999 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Typeset by: digitron GmbH, Bielefeld Cover Layout: orange|rot, Bielefeld Printed by: Digital Print, Witten ISBN 3–933127–49–1 5 Contents Preface . 9 Acknowledgements . 15 Note on Transliteration . 17 Introduction . 19 Chapter 1 Approaching Slavery in Bı¯z.a¯n Society . 27 Theorising Slavery . 27 Slavery and Social Hierarchy in Bı¯z.a¯n Society . 36 A Methodology of Rural Slave System Studies . 44 Chapter 2 Changing Configurations of Hierarchy and Dependency . 49 Methodological Considerations . 50 Contrasting Life Stories . 56 Exploring the Change . 78 Chapter 3 Slave Women . 93 Tent Slaves and Female Slave Affection . 93 Slave-Master Milk Kinship . 94 Concubinage . 99 Status and Split Origin . 105 Chapter 4 The Demography of Western Saharan Slavery . 113 Africa and the Slave Trades . 113 Numbering Su¯da¯n . 126 Sex, Gender and Servile Demography . 136 6 Chapter 5 Gender and Status in the Topography of Work . 139 Gendered Labour . 139 Domains of Work . 150 Gender, Status and the Locus of Work . 170 Chapter 6 The Historical Dynamics of Bı¯z.a¯n Economy . 177 Gum and Guinée . 177 The Colonial Challenge to Pastoral Economy . 184 Wage Labour and Migration . 190 Chapter 7 Small Dams, Large Dams: Bı¯z.a¯n Land Tenure and Social Stratification . -
The Gambia All Schools Tree Nursery Competition
The Gambia All Schools Tree Nursery Competition: Promoting Conservation in The Gambia Through Grassroots Environmental Education By Francisca E. Paulete A REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2006 This report, “The Gambia All Schools Tree Nursery Competition: Promoting Conservation Through Grassroots Environmental Education,” is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science Signatures: Advisor _______________________________________ Dr. Blair D. Orr Dean _________________________________________ Dr. Margaret R. Gale Date _________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………………… ii LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………..... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………... iv ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………….. vi LIST OF ACRONYMS USED ......…………………………………………………............ viii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….. 1 CHAPTER 2 – BACKGROUND OF THE GAMBIA …………………………………..…….. 4 General Description ………………………………………………………...... 4 Climate & Topography ……………………………………………………..... 6 History of The Gambia ………………………………………………………. 7 Colonial Control & Slavery ………………………………………………..… 10 Government & Political Conditions ……………………………………….… 12 Economy & Resources ……………………………………………………...... 14 The People ……………………………………………………………………. 15 Environmental Status ….…………………………………………………….. -
The History of Islam in Africa
The HistoM1 ofls1am il1 Africa edited by Nehemia Levtzion & Randall L. Pouwels Ohio University Press Athens James Currey Oxford David Philip Cape Town INTRODUCTION Patterl1S DflslamizatiDl1 al1~ Varieties DfReligiDus €xl'eriel1ce amDl1g Muslims Df Africa Nehemia Le"nion ano Ranoa{{ L POWVel' 5J.:'IM1 rC.:'lchc~ Afric.:'l through two gateways, from the east and the north. From 1both directions the carriers of Islam navigated across vast empty spaces, the wa ters of the Indian Ocean, and the desert sands of the Sahara. Both ocean and desert, which so often are considered barriers, could be crossed with appropriate means of transportation and navigational skills, and they were, in fact, excellent transmitters of religious and cultural influences. Densely populated lands, on the other hand, functioned as fiiters, their numerous layers slowing down the infiltra tion of religious and cultural influences. From Egypt, Islamic influence extended in three directions, through the Red Sea to the eastern coastal areas, up the Nile valley to the Sudan, and across the west ern desert to the Maghrib. In the eleventh century, Arab nomads drove southward from Egypt to the Sudan and westward across North Africa. These nomads con tributed to the Islamization and Arabization of the Sudan and North Africa. At the same time, Muslim seamen from Egypt and Arabia established commercial centers along the Red Sea and Africa's east coast. By the twelfth century, the last indigenous Christians disappeared from North Africa, and by the fifteenth century the Christian Coptic population of Egypt itself was reduced to a minority of some 15 percent. -
The Muslim Maroons and the Bucra Massa in Jamaica
AS-SALAAMU-ALAIKUM: THE MUSLIM MAROONS AND THE BUCRA MASSA IN JAMAICA ©Sultana Afroz Introduction As eight centuries of glorious Muslim rule folded in Andalusia Spain in 1492, Islam unfolded itself in the West Indian islands with the Andalusian Muslim mariners who piloted Columbus discovery entourage through the rough waters of the Atlantic into the Caribbean. Schooled in Atlantic navigation to discover and to dominate the sea routes for centuries, the mission for the Muslim mariners was to find the eternal peace of Islam as they left al-Andalus/Muslim Spain in a state of ‘empty husks’ and a land synonym for intellectual and moral desolation in the hands of Christendom Spain. The Islamic faith made its advent into Jamaica in1494 as these Muslim mariners on their second voyage with Columbus set their feet on the peaceful West Indian island adorned with wooded mountains, waterfalls, sandy beaches and blue seas. The seed of Islam sown by the Mu’minun (the Believers of the Islamic faith) from al-Andalus gradually propagated through the enslaved African Muslims from West Africa brought to serve the plantation system in Jamaica. Their struggle or resistance (jihad) against the slave system often in the form of flight or run away (hijra) from the plantations led many of them to form their own community (ummah), known as Maroon communities, a feature then common in the New World plantation economy.i Isolationism and lack of Islamic learning made Islam oblivion in the Maroon societies, while the enslaved African Muslims on the plantations saw their faith being eclipsed and subdued by the slave institution, the metropolitan powers and the various Christian churches with their draconian laws. -
Historical Dictionary of the Gambia
HDGambiaOFFLITH.qxd 8/7/08 11:32 AM Page 1 AFRICA HISTORY HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF AFRICA, NO. 109 HUGHES & FOURTH EDITION PERFECT The Gambia achieved independence from Great Britain on 18 February 1965. Despite its small size and population, it was able to establish itself as a func- tioning parliamentary democracy, a status it retained for nearly 30 years. The Gambia thus avoided the common fate of other African countries, which soon fell under authoritarian single-party rule or experienced military coups. In addi- tion, its enviable political stability, together with modest economic success, enabled it to avoid remaining under British domination or being absorbed by its larger French-speaking neighbor, Senegal. It was also able to defeat an attempted coup d’état in July 1981, but, ironically, when other African states were returning to democratic government, Gambian democracy finally suc- Historical Dictionary of Dictionary Historical cumbed to a military coup on 22 July 1994. Since then, the democracy has not been restored, nor has the military successor government been able to meet the country’s economic and social needs. THE This fourth edition of Historical Dictionary of The Gambia—through its chronology, introductory essay, appendixes, map, bibliography, and hundreds FOURTH EDITION FOURTH of cross-referenced dictionary entries on important people, places, events, institutions, and significant political, economic, social, and cultural aspects— GAMBIA provides an important reference on this burgeoning African country. ARNOLD HUGHES is professor emeritus of African politics and former direc- tor of the Centre of West African Studies at the University of Birmingham, England. He is a leading authority on the political history of The Gambia, vis- iting the country more than 20 times since 1972 and authoring several books and numerous articles on Gambian politics. -
Origins of the Islamic Scholarly Tradition in Sub-Saharan Africa
3 Origins of the Islamic Scholarly Tradition in Sub-Saharan Africa The growth of literacy in Arabic and acjami in sub-Saharan Africa is closely linked to the expansion of Islam and the trans-Saharan trade, which was the main vector of Islamic expansion. Islam began to penetrate West Africa in the ninth century. But it was around the eleventh century that the elites of many urban chiefdoms and empires in West African Sahel became Islamized through contact with North African and Saharan traders (Hunwick 1997:5; Triaud 1998:10 and 6, Hiskett 1985:19-42). The growth of the trans-Saharan trade and the expansion of Islam brought about a transformation of the West African societies that were subjected to their influence. The process was reinforced by a new form of state that developed in West Africa from the eighth to the sixteenth centuries. It was described by Bathily (1994:44-51) as the military-merchant state. In contrast to stateless societies (Horton 1985:911 et seq., 113 et seq.) which were based on agriculture and, to a lesser extent, on livestock, and the traditional African state based on agricultural, pastoral and agro-pastoral activities, the political economy of the military-merchant state was based mainly on the tertiary sector (Bathily 1994:44) and its expansion was a critical period in the growth of literacy in Arabic. The military-merchant state was dominated by three types of elite: military, commercial and religious, each of which carried out a vital function for its development. The military aristocracy, often originating from the political elite of the old traditional states, specialized in weaponry and was responsible for security.