The Acropolis Restoration News

16 • September 2016

The Acropolis viewed from the west. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2016

Μ. Κorres - A hero founder Ch. Bouras - The Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments V. Eleftheriou - 2016, The progress of restoration works on the Acropolis Κ. Mamalougas, D. Michalopoulou - Backfilling the foundations and designing a new floor for the interior of the Erechtheion V. Eleftheriou, Ε. Karakitsou - The “Cast Laboratory” of the sculptural and relief decoration of the Acropolis monuments Μ. Katsianis, P. Kamatsos - The digital repository of ΥSΜΑ: Contribution to the preservation of the collective memory of the restoration interventions Ε. Petropoulou - News from the Acropolis A hero founder

to assist the best young architects, who, despite the existing building boom of that period and the guarantee of poten- tial professional success, preferred the not so profitable adventure of working in the monuments. Year after year the number of students was increasing and by the time relevant programmes were finally introduced into Greece about one hundred students had already ben- efitted by expanding their studies. Dur- ing the same long-lasting period the Pro- fessor was progressively cultivating the right conditions in undergraduate level by offering optional subjects equivalent with those of the best technical universi- ties of Europe. Alongside, he also played a leading role in the most important restoration works of the country, (al- ways pro bono) and as such his teaching always corresponded to real needs and conditions, supported by his vast practi- cal and construction knowledge which was also combined with a perfect legal and protocol knowledge. Finishing, we can say that Charalam- bos Bouras had a great impact on many Charalambos Bouras (1933-2016). Photo G. Triantafyllou young architects, who excelled in a pro- fession that recognises him as being the decisive factor for its strict scientific Charalambos Bouras is no longer with after his appointment as a Professor in and principles-based development in us, yet his work, whose traces can even the School of Architecture of the Uni- Greece. In other words, Charalambos be found within ourselves, embraces versity of Thessaloniki, Bouras had his Bouras was the hero founder of that ac- and surrounds us. We are surrounded renowned “Three Suggestions” ready. by his knowledge of the History of Ar- Being still quite young but of a recog- tivity that unites and makes us useful chitecture and his ideas he did not only nised academic status he had managed members of our world. A hero founder, cultivate, but also generously and ef- to present and discuss these suggestions who according to its ancient meaning fectively placed at everyone’s disposal. in the 1st Archaeological Conference was the founder of a city or generally However, although this academic field and then had them published in the of a collective institution. In that new existed even before Bouras, owing to Technical Chronicles. These suggestions scientific field, already in existence for the efforts of his predecessors, the Pro- referred to the need for a highly reliable quite some time, with the oldest of us tection and Restoration of monuments documentation and diagnosis on the now retired, after having a lot transmit- are domains that had never developed conditions of the monuments, the crea- ted to the next generation, Charalambos in our country on a national level, as un- tion and effective storage of appropriate Bouras inspired to all of us also the ap- til the time of the work of Orlandos and archives and finally the introduction of propriate ethos: companions not rivals! Travlos, only isolated personal cases had postgraduate studies in the School of Ar- Yet, as time wears on, conditions change diligently tried to work within this field. chitecture to provide students with the and our strength is questioned, and al- opportunity to have an advanced scien- The way the field of action of these pio- though Charalambos Bouras is not here tific and professional specialisation. neers evolved into an academic/profes- any longer, and he might still have had sional speciality within Greece, and At the same time, because his environ- many things to offer and derive pleasure achieved to attain a satisfying insti- ment was not entirely mature yet, he from, his numerous writings preserve tutional safeguarding and a collective initiated the implementation of these their value, while his advice, thoughts recognition, was also among Charalam- ideas by taking personal action. Having and methods seem to exert such strong bos Bouras’ achievements. The older already gained professional recognition influence that can pleasantly and ben- ones among us already know the story. and having devoted a lot of time to writ- eficially accompany our own journey. We might not know the very moment ing texts, letters and reports, he had, for Athens, 29 July 2016 such thoughts came to our teacher’s decades, managed to obtain scholarships mind, but in March 1967, only months for postgraduate studies abroad in order Manolis Korres 3 The Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments

Forty years since its formation and non- Among the principles the Committee cerning the general strategy and sched- stop operation, the Committee for the developed were the ones concerning uling of the works, in particular they Conservation of the Acropolis Monu- the transparency of the works and the have focused on the fact that some an- ments can be considered as a success- dissemination of information to the astelosis works preceded other conser- ful advisory body. This is mainly due to public. Thus, it organised six Interna- vation works. However, it is well known the responsibility its members feel for tional Meetings for the restoration of that the works of restoring monuments, the serious work they have undertaken the Acropolis monuments, distributed especially those of the classical period, and also because of its interdiscipli- many studies and reports of the com- such as the ones in the Acropolis, can- nary composition. It is all too natural pleted works, and most importantly not be scheduled in the same way as new that forty years of shared working expe- publishes an annual Newsletter where constructions because quite often, un- rience result not only in shared memo- all the members of the Service can con- expected structural damages appear de- ries of important events but also in the tribute with their writings. manding immediate repair. This results need for self-evaluation and reflection. in delays since every architectural mem- The Committee also inaugurated a thor- ber has to regain its initial strength, so The reasons behind the beginning and ough documentation of the monuments continuation of the consolidation/res- the existing timetable needs readjust- before and during the interventions, the ment. toration interventions in the classical preservation of the structural autonomy monuments of the Acropolis are well of the architectural members and the The remaining works to be implemented known. The Committee, once it set out prevention of any chiselling off of the on the Parthenon were fully presented in the principles for the interventions, ex- architectural members. All these aim at the proceedings of the 6th International tending those of the Venice Charter, or- applying the principle of “reversibility”, Meeting for the restoration of the Acrop- ganises and monitors the studies of the according to which the architectural olis monuments, in 2013. programmes, submits work proposals for members can be taken back to the condi- The Committee hopes that these works their approval to the Central Archaeo- tion they had before the intervention. logical Council and then supervises their will have been completed in the follow- execution. In 1999, in accordance to a The quality of the works in the Acropo- ing years without departing from the Presidential Decree, the Acropolis Res- lis has gained the Committee consider- principles and methods applied during toration Service was founded. Being in able prestige both in Greece and abroad. the last forty years. operation until today its Head is respon- During the 70s though, it received some Athens, 31 May 2016 sible for proposing the studies of the new negative criticism by some English and programmes to the Committee and sug- Italian publications, however, docume- Charalambos Bouras gesting the required steps that need to be nted answers were given. In Greece there Emeritus Professor of NTUA taken for their implementation. have recently been some criticisms con- ESMA President

The Acropolis viewed from Lycabettus hill, April 2016. Photo Τ. Souvlakis 2016, The progress of restoration works on the Acropolis

In 2016 we paid our last respects to 2016 was a transition period between chitectural and static study” was com- our teacher Charalambos Bouras, the NSRF 2007-2013, which was complet- pleted and submitted for approval to the President of ESMA for thirty years. The ed, and NSRF 2014-2020, expected to Central Archaeological Council thanks last time he visited the Acropolis was start at the beginning of 2017. The Ser- to the voluntary work of K. Skaris and on 19th November 2015, when together vice, downsized to its 1/3 of its staff, the civil engineer A. Vrouva. with other members of the Committee dealt mainly with the preparation of the At the same time the rearrangement of he went to inspect the progress of the new restoration programmes and the the worksite installations and equip- works as the restoration programmes rearrangement of the worksites so as to ment was examined, paying special within NSRF 2007-2015 were about to facilitate future works. An additional- attention to the transfer of the crane be completed. During that visit the ex- emergency funding from the National from the west side to the Parthenon tent of the existing problems in other Investments Programme allowed the re- cella. After the unsuccessful effort to areas of the monuments was estimated, alisation of a series of necessary works acquire a new worksite crane it was while at the same time they set the prio- on the Parthenon worksite. decided to move the crane, which since rities concerning future interventions. The Head of the Parthenon works is 2002 had been used at first in the res- Charalambos Bouras, till the end, the architect R. Christodoulopoulou, toration of the north side of the monu- served meticulously the restoration while since 1.1.2016 the scientific per- ment and then on its west; simultane- works of the Acropolis monuments. sonnel consists only of the architects ously the removal of the crane, that He examined, as he used to, and com- Dr L. Lambrinou, V. Manidaki and A. had been placed in the cella since 1983, mented on the most recent studies that Papandropoulos. Until the end of 2015 was planned. The removal was judged had been completed from the scientific and within the context of preparing necessary after its persistent and un- personnel of YSMA during 2016. He restoration studies, the following stud- predictable breakdowns that delayed was also responsible for submitting ies had been completed after having the work and obstructed the possibility them for approval by the Central Ar- been discussed and approved during the of adhering to a programme. The study, chaeological Council (KAS) after they 29th/2.8.2016 meeting of the Central concerning the transfer and placing of had been discussed and unanimously Archaeological Council: “Study for the the POTAIN crane to a new position, approved by ESMA. These were the restoration of the tympanum orthostat was prepared by R. Christodoulopoulou studies related to the restoration of the of the west pediment of the Parthenon”, and V. Manidaki with the assistance west pediment and the north wall of the by V. Manidaki and the civil engineer of the retiree mechanical engineer S. Parthenon, as well as the north Wall L. Paleologos, and “The restoration of Oikonomopoulos, and of Professor M. of the Acropolis, and which define the the Parthenon west tympanum backing Korres. The crane on its new position areas where the interventions of the wall”, by K. Skaris. In addition, last June will be placed on a travelling base on next funding programme will concen- the study “The restoration of the west rails, whose length was calculated to trate. wall of the Parthenon cella, final ar- be 36 m, so that it could accommodate all kinds of work even during the most adverse conditions of lifting loads, such as the central orthostat of the west pedi- ment (a weight of 8,5 tons for a distance of 20,5 m) and the south architrave of the east porch (a weight of 6,3 tons for a distance of 16,5 m). The crane’s base will extend to the west wall of the cella. The scheduled transfer of the cranes dictated the removal of a large number of architectural members, accumulated during the last years inside and outside the Parthenon, because they had to be within the range of the crane’s capac- ity, which was now in a new position. Therefore, 88 blocks and other architec- tural members were transferred from the south side to the north-east corner of the Parthenon, 5 coffer slabs from the open space western of the Parthenon to Parthenon, viewed from the west, April 2016. Photo T. Souvlakis the platform on its north side, and final- 5

from the worksite, such as the old pan- concerning the shaping of the final sur- tographs, the fixed drill and the drum face of the fillings and the new architec- flute cutter. These were either stored in tural members were carried out. Other the area of the lifting platform or they works that were completed within the will be given on loan to the Ephorate framework of the NSRF, concerned the of Antiquities of the Dodecanese in or- restoration of the ceiling beams of the der to be used in the restoration works west colonnade and the repositioning of of the Temple of Apollo, on the ancient the two most southern beams together Acropolis of Rhodes. The above works with the relevant inter-beam slabs. In are in progress and expected to be com- addition, another completed work was pleted in the spring of 2017. the drilling of the two restored beams of the cella’s west door lintel in order to re- Despite the decrease in the number of inforce it by titanium bars according to specialised personnel that happened the structural study of V. Papavasiliou. at the end of 2015, the transfer of ex- Because of the large length of the drill- perienced marble craftsmen from the ings the work was carried out on a spe- team working on the Propylaia to the cial bench placed east of the Propylaia worksite of the Parthenon allowed the and where the parts of the beams were continuation of the works in both areas. Professor Ch. Bouras during a visit in the transferred. Finally, additional works The works concerning the restoration of Parthenon restoration works. started concerning the carving of the the north wall of the monument’s cella Photo L. Lambrinou, 2008 flutes on the new surfaces of the third carried on by reseting blocks of the or- from the north column of the Pronaos. thostat and the first course of the wall; G. Aggelopoulos, S. Kardamis and G. De- ly three beams of the west colonnade they all followed the study of N. Togan- spiris were in charge of the worksites. from the area north of the temple were idis and K. Matala as it was modified in moved and placed inside on its south 2015 by K. Skaris. In addition to the 29 At the Propylaia, the restoration works colonnade. blocks of the orthostat and the 10 blocks on the northwest corner of the monu- In order to place the crane to its new of the first course of the wall, which ment were timely completed in line position and facilitate the scheduled were expected to be completed by the with the study of the architect K. works on the west wall it was neces- end of 2015, 6 more blocks of the orthos- Karanasos, and until the end of Febru- sary to dismantle first and transfer the tat and 11 of the first course of the wall ary 2016 the removal of the scaffold- workshops that had been placed on the were shaped and placed back to their po- ings from both the south wing and the west side of the cella. Two worksite cab- sitions, at the same time relevant works northwest corner of the monument was ins used by the people of the Restora- tion Section working on the Parthenon marble surface were transferred to the worksite area north of the monument. The materials of the metal shelter-loft will be used in the construction of a platform for placing architectural members on the north side of the monu- ment, while containers filled with an- cient and more recent clamps, which were temporary stored in the south worksite of the shelter, were transferred to the old Acropolis Museum where their documentation was completed. At the same time the areas of the work- site that extend along the south side of the Parthenon are to be rearranged in accordance with the study of L. Lam- brinou. Besides replacing the external panels that were seriously damaged, equipment that will not be needed in View of the two repositioned beams from the ceiling of the Parthenon west collonade. the future programmes was removed Photo P. Christodoulopoulou, 2016 also concluded. In charge of the work- Company– the monitoring of deforma- transfer and re-positioning on the north site was G. Despiris. tions continues, while the possibility of Wall, in the cave of Zeus area; the civil installing similar systems to other parts engineers V. Papavasiliou and F. Petsi In the area of the Brauroneion cleaning of the monument is being investigated. conducted the study for these works. works were completed, unusable materi- als were removed, and the visitors’ route On completing the works on the Pro- Setting up the scaffolding enabled us was redesigned in accordance with the pylaia the specialised personnel of the to reach the exterior side of an area of study of the architect K. Mamalougas project moved to the worksites of the the Wall where serious damage has been and the civil engineer D. Michalopou- Parthenon and the Acropolis Walls. observed and to document troublesome lou. The votive offering of Chairedemos places in order to prepare the consolida- The numbers of the Technical Office was restructured and an information tion study. During the first half of the personnel and the worksite crew for the sign about the monument of the Temple year the studies concerning the consoli- consolidation and restoration of the of Athena Nike was placed on this posi- dation of parts of the Acropolis north Acropolis Walls increased in order to tion because its main –east– façade can Wall in the areas B17 and B12-13 were realise the agreed works for the restora- be seen from there. completed. tion of the Walls. The members of staff All these works in the west area of the who were transferred to the office were The first study, by D. Michalopoulou Acropolis allowed access to the visitors besides the architect A. Chatzipapa, the and K. Mamalougas, concerns the area who can now enjoy a view of the Pro- civil engineer D. Michalopoulou, who B17 (27,500-35,000) of the north Wall, pylaia and the Temple of Athena Nike was appointed Head of this project, in the position of the northwest build- without scaffoldings which for many the architect K. Mamalougas and the ing. A substantial part of the Themis- years hid the monuments devaluing as draughtsman G. Trichakis. The civil toclean Wall boundaries are defined in the east from an Ottoman buttress, such their aesthetic value. engineer N. Ninis, who was loaned to while in the west from the restored YSMA from DIPKA, was responsible for The interruption of the works on the in the 18th century part. The ancient the work “Consolidating the rock mass- Propylaia gives us the opportunity to Wall used carved blocks of Piraeus es and the Walls”. The person in charge examine the monument in areas where aktitis stone arranged in an isodomic of the consolidation worksite was G. interventions hadn’t been implement- construction. This part of the remain- Vasdekis. ed. In particular, in the foundation of ing Wall has in its interior a height of the west wall of the north wing, where The removal of the scaffoldings from 10 courses, while its exterior part has an installation of optical fibres has the south wing of the Propylaia was only 6 courses, since later on its high- been placed –a donation of OSMOS carried out in conjunction with their est part has been restored with the use of ancient stones. In the middle of the height of the exterior sidewall the con- struction is totally destroyed and many stones have fallen from the 7th and 8th courses. What is suggested for its con- solidation is the conservation of its low- est part –up to the 6th course– and also of the highest, restored, section. For the 7th and 8th courses it is suggested to use new stone for the fillings corresponding so to the ancient structure. For the west side of the area to be restored, which is part of the most recent ottoman restora- tion, it is suggested to replace the mor- tars and grout it with appropriate and compatible materials. The second study, by D. Michalopoulou and A. Chatzipapa, concerns the area B12 (34,000 - 42,000) and B13 (0,000- 4,000), which is north of the Erech- theion on top of the row of the Pre-Par- Restoration works of the north wall first The two columns of the Parthenon pronaos thenon unfluted drums, incorporated course of the Parthenon cella. Photo R. after the completion of carving the drum there during the Themistoclean forti- Christodoulopoulou, 2016 flutes. Photo R. Christodoulopoulou, 2016 fication. The section under study has 7

interventions, the need for further in- vestigation into this matter became ap- parent, and to that end YSMA has insti- gated collaboration with the National Technical University of Athens and the Department of Stone of the Directorate of the Restoration of Ancient Monu- ments (DAAM). Together with the above studies N. Ninis and D. Michalopoulou drew out the needed specifications for assign- ing geostatic analysis research in seven sections of the Wall and the rocky slopes of the Acropolis where most of the seri- ous problems have either been detected The south wing of the Propylaia, viewed from the SW. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2016 or expected to emerge. Concerning other works, the stabilisa- tion of the rocky slope on the SW in- cline was completed, which according to the study of Dr D. Englezos included the uprooting and removal of flora and any loose parts of the rock, placing an- chors, strengthening the rock with a wall in the areas of negative gradient, and among others laying a metallic mesh for additional support. Similar works are to be carried out to stabilise the limestone rocky slope southeast from the Temple of Athena Nike, sched- uled to happen within 2017. Maintenance work was carried out on the ten accelerometers placed on the Acropolis, at the same time the Institute of Geodynamics (G.I.) of the National Observatory of Athens (EAA) examined The NW corner of the Propylaia central building as viewed from the north. the seismic recordings under the su- Photo K. Karanasos, 2016 pervision of Dr I. Kalogeras. In spring, within the framework of a research pro- survived in its full height of 15 courses. or preservation, the filling of 6 ancient gramme coordinated by the Institute This area was restored and filled in dur- blocks with new stone and the addition of Geodynamics (G.I.) of the National ing the Balanos’ restorations where the of new blocks in order to replace the Observatory of Athens (EAA) and the used materials of cement mortar and ones used by Balanos’ inapt choices. NTUA, funded by the Latsis Foundation, iron have by now been oxidized. The a number of fibber optic sensors was The materials, which are to be used in Wall presents erosion problems, widen- placed and connected with the set of the interventions on the Wall, contain ing of the horizontal stone joints and the nearest accelerometers on the south mortars already employed during the cracking. The restoration proposals aim Wall between the 7th and 8th buttress, works of 2015 on the south Wall and at the structural restoration of this sec- supervised by the Institute of Geody- whose components resulted from con- tion, the reassurance of its static toler- namics (G.I.). ability and its aesthetic enhancement ducted analyses of historic mortars by removing the most recent additions of the area; an example of these is the During the 2016 the collaboration be- and also all the oxidized iron elements stone coming from Pitsa near Corin- tween YSMA, MIE University and the and cement mortars. What is proposed thos, used for a limited number of fill- National Technical University of Ath- is the structural replacement of the an- ings. Although these components are ens (NTUA) continued to record seismic cient blocks and their systematic exteri- suitable for the proposed and future activity from the set of accelerometers During 2016 the work of recording the scattered architectural members was also organized; the supervisor here was the archaeologist Dr E. Sioumpara. The main focus of the work was not only the study for the storage and exhibition of chosen scattered architectural mem- bers at the old Acropolis Museum, but also the preparation of the work for the next programming period (enhance- ment of the Chalkotheke area, of the Ancient Temple members arranging the remaining scattered members, after transferring them to the old Acropolis Museum), and promoting stored sets (such as the study of ottoman tomb- stones in collaboration with the Uni- versity of Crete). The only remaining marble craftsman from the scattered View of the Brauroneion area after its opening to the visitors. Photo E. Petropoulou, 2017 members worksite continued work on restoring the Archaic triglyph of the inventory number 21432, (carving of that was placed on the northeast corner summer the workers crew focused on the fillings, placing of clamps and fill- of the Parthenon. In August one more evacuating the worksite cabins, trans- ing mortar in the existing mortises –in recording instrument was positioned ferring the materials and arranging collaboration with the Conservation on the south colonnade of the monu- them in their new location. Section– and the final carving of the ment. fillings). At the Propylaia, under the supervision The conservation works on the surface of the conservator A. Frantzikinaki, re- After the old Acropolis Museum was of the monuments, implemented within search was carried into the condition of agreed to be used as an archaeological the framework of NRSF, were comple- the stoa colonnade in the north wing, storeroom, and because ΥSΜΑ’s work- ted on time and continued during 2016 the overlying architraves and their sites had to be moved as their functions on the Parthenon and the Propylaia. backers. The drums of the columns had changed, the architect Dr K. Kara- Head of the department is the chemical were photographed and drawn for do- nasos put forward a proposal to place engineer Dr E. Aggelakopoulou. During cumentation reasons, while systematic the worksite offices in the east halls of the year it was decided to give priority interventions in conserving the lowest the Museum (the Karantinos expan- to recording and importing in a data- drums of the three columns started. sion). The new design, especially in the base documentation material collected Moreover, interventions were carried north hall of the east part of the mu- from all the monuments throughout the out to save and conserve areas of the seum, took into consideration the exist- last decade. This project coincided with north wing floor and the portal wall of ence of remains from the Sanctuary of the conservation works on the surface the central building where pins were Pandion, which had been removed dur- of the monuments. inserted in the niches of the architec- ing the expansion works in the middle tural members on the superstructure of of the 50s. This proposal revealed the Conservation works also took place on the monument. position and level of the highest sec- the Parthenon, after the restoration tions of the blocks that belong to the crew finished its works, especially on The deterioration state of the Wall was retaining walls of the sanctuary, and the blocks of the west side doric frieze recorded under the supervision of the found that the remaining blocks could backers and on the north wall (the 1st conservator A. Tsimereki, in addition, a be repositioned in the hall, on the exact course and orthostat), under the super- technical report was prepared to assess positions that result from the survey- vision of the conservator A. Panou. At the preservation condition of the north ing of J. Bundgaard. The proposal refers the same time the conservation works Wall stones in the areas B12-B13, the to a part of the works concerning the of the central metopes, the triglyphs chosen methodology and the conserva- re-use of the old Acropolis Museum, and their overlying and underlying tion materials. In addition, after care- programmed by the Ephorate of Antiq- members on the west part of the monu- ful planning specific areas of the Wall uities of Athens and funded by NSRF ment started; the works began from the were chosen so as to collect samples of 2014-2020; the studies are carried out 6th metope and the 6th triglyph. In the historic mortars for analysis. in collaboration with YSMA. 9

In December 2015 the work “Topograph- the Erechtheion, the temple of the Athe- and the National Documentation Cen- ic and photogrammetric surveying” was na Nike and the Brauroneion; works tre (EKT) was completed. YSMA’s de- completed under the supervision of the that were completed and presented by pository, which was created in order to rural-surveying engineer D. Mavroma- the worksites and the photographic lab. digitally organize the archive material tis. The last stage of the work that started Moreover, the above work was also en- from the Acropolis restoration works, in 2011 concerned the plans of the high- riched by the entry of new papers and is now easily accessible on the Internet est layers of the entablature in the NW studies in the library catalogue, the address: http://repository-ysma.ekt.gr. and SW corner of the Parthenon after entry of work logs, the digitalisation of Initially the public has been given ac- the repositioning of the architectural conventional documentation material cess to documentation material (3.5000 members, to a scale of 1:20 and 1:10, from previous years and its organisa- documents) from the restoration inter- and the plan of the south wing of the tion, and finally by allowing public ac- vention in the Erechtheion during the Propylaia, to a scale of 1:25. The work cess to the use of documentation mate- period 1979-1987: including texts from “Three-dimensional scanning and pro- rial and the distribution of the Service’s studies, drawings, and photographic duction of a digital model of the tem- publications. and audio-visual material. In order to ple of Athena Nike” was also finalised, make the material widely accessible it producing a complete, entire, without At the end of 2015 the work resulting was imperative to edit the terminology gaps, three-dimensional triangle model from the collaboration between YSMA thesauruses of YSMA’s Database, espe- of realistic texture, which has been cre- ated after the appropriate processing of the digital scanning and the appropriate photographs. Digital scanning and the production of three-dimensional models of specific architectural members of the Parthenon were also carried out from the rural-surveying engineer Dr E. Kalisper- akis with the use of a scanner provided by YSMA. The Documentation Office, in charge of which is the archaeologist Dr E. Lembi- daki, responsible for documenting and promoting the works, assigned the ar- chaeologist E. Karakitsou to continue the import of documents related to the restoration interventions in the Par- thenon in the Database of the Service. The Acropolis north Wall. We can see the scaffoldings (area B17) of the future intervention. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2016 Another similar project focusing on the restoration interventions in the Propy- laia is to be completed by the archaeolo- gist E. Petropoulou. The central office of YSMA Archive, after E. Tyropolis re- tired and the temporary staff left at the end of 2015, was run only by G. Alexo- poulos, responsible for the network. For this reason in the autumn of 2016 two more members of the personnel, D. Chamopoulou and P. Konstantopou- los, were transferred there. The work of the Documentation Office continued by monitoring the operation of the Da- tabase, the import and organisation in the central archive of conventional and digital documentation material (draw- ings and photographs) coming from the restoration and conservation works of The Acropolis north Wall, area B12 of the future intervention. Part of an orthophotomosaic. the Parthenon, the Propylaia, the Walls, Study for developing GIS in the Acropolis of Athens, 2009 of the issue “The Acropolis Restoration News”. The archaeologists working at the doc- umentation office of YSMA, E. Petro- pouplou and E. Karakitsou are also re- sponsible for writing the minutes of all ESMA meetings. The lack of supervisor for YSMA’s sector of Electrical Engineering Support since 1.1.2016, has posed a serious problem to the operation of the worksites. For the time being, the foremen of the work sites are supervising the works, yet the electromechanical installations of the Acropolis works ask for supervision by specialised personnel. A view of the rocky slopes at the SW area of the Acropolis, after the consolidation works. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2016 The Department of Information and Education of YSMA continued its ac- cially the terms related to ancient Greek Acropolis Museum. In the event the tivities by organizing educational semi- Architecture, the restoration and con- enriched digital catalogue of YSMA’s nars to both students and teachers. The servation interventions, as well as to the library that can be now accessed on educational programme “ Acropolis and documentation works. The repository is the address: http://ysma.openabekt.gr Anastelosis”, which 300 students from to be enriched systematically together was also presented. 14 Lyceums of Attica attended, was run with the completion and presentation for the third time on the worksites of the E. Karakitsou continued the recording of the restoration works. M. Katsianis, monuments on the 14th and 15th April of casts and copies from the cast labo- G. Alexopoulos, E. Lembidaki and P. Ka- 2016. The scientific team of this Depart- ratory. The photographer T. Souvlakis matsos, librarian of EKT, supervised the ment consists of the archaeologists E. continued the photographic documen- work. On 22nd January 2016, the digital Kaimara and A. Leonti, while we should tation of the restoration works. repository of YSMA, whose creation has mention the helpful contribution of the been strongly supported by Ch. Bouras, The archaeologist E. Petropoulou ed- ex-Head of the department, Ms C. Had- was presented during an event at the ited the Greek and English publication ziaslani.

Restoration works on the colonnade of the Propylaia north wing. Conservation works inside the west pedi- Photo P. Vlachouli, 2016 ment of the Parthenon. Photo S. Gavrielidou, 2016 11

The contribution of the Accounting De- ture of the north wing of the Propylaia. ity of the works, such as the systematic partment of YSMA, in charge of which is The Department of Scattered Architec- import of documents in the Database, P. Katsimihas, has also been significant, tural Members will catalogue selected filming of the works, organising a two- especially during the demanding pro- architectural members that would be day conference, educational activities, cess of the financial management and stored in the Old Acropolis Museum, digital and printed publications con- regulation of the community resources document and organise scattered ar- cerning the works of the restoration and that subsidise the works. In particular, chitectural members from the Ancient conservation of the Acropolis monu- through the demanding process for the Temple and the area of the Chalkotheke, ments. completion of the works under the NSRF while, in collaboration with the Conser- The approval by the Ministry of Econo- funding of 2007-2013, and also over the vation Department, large limestone ar- my and Development of the proposal is preparation of the proposal for the NSRF chitectural members will be connected. expected to give a new incentive in the 2014-2020 funding, which was submit- In parallel with the above, the follow- development of the restoration works ted by the Service on 30th September ing works will be completed: laboratory on the Acropolis monuments, which as 2016. analyses so as to determine the nature large scale technical works demand a Among other members of stuff that also of materials produced by corrosion, the numerous and specialised personnel, contributed to the works was Ch. Papani- evaluation of materials applied during and also the supply of highly expensive kolaou, responsible for the Administra- the intervention for conserving mar- materials. We remain optimistic that tion Office, and P. Karabetsou, in charge ble and limestone, the experimental despite the difficult economic condi- of the Office of Material Management. examination of the static adequacy of tions of the last years, the works will YSMA has been since 1.7.2015 part of the restoration mortars, and the me- continue unimpeded so as to be able to the YPPOA electronic Protocol. chanical properties of the restoration complete within the following years the materials and joining components, and work that our teacher, Ch. Bouras, start- th On the 30 of September 2016 the also the use of observation instruments ed and served with dedication. Emeritus Professor M. Korres was elect- in chosen areas of the monuments (the ed President of ESMA and the Emeritus network of accelerometers etc.). Finally Vassiliki Eleftheriou Professor F. Mallouhou - Tufano Deputy actions have been programmed for the Architect President. Both of them are quite ac- documentation, promotion and public- Director of the YSMA quainted with the problems the monu- ments present as they have worked for many years in their restoration. The fist action taken by ESMA under its new President was the approval of the updated proposal by YSMA concerning the programming period 2014-2020 that was submitted after the invitation for the “Protection, restoration and en- hancement of archaeological sites and major monuments, embodied in the List of World Heritage of UNESCO” by the Ministry of Economy and Develop- ment of a budget of €5.000.000. The proposal also includes the continua- tion of the works concerning the west side of the Parthenon, the north wall of its cella and the west colonnade, and the smoothing of the flutes of a column from the Pronaos. The areas that will be restored from the north part of the Acropolis Wall are B17, B12 and B13, moreover, part of the south Wall of the Acropolis in the area of the platform lift. The conservation works on the surface, besides the areas of the monu- ments that are being restored, will in- clude the colonnade and the entabla- Three-dimensional textured photographic model of the Athena Nike temple, 2015 Backfilling the foundations and designing a new floor for the interior of the Erechtheion

I. Backfilling the foundations and narthex, becomes apparent from cally –with the use of marble chips– at the surviving parts. Nowadays, what the position of the Erechtheion’s cross- A general introduction remains intact from the level of the wall, in order to mark an exceptionally Parts of the foundations inside the Ere- floor –made of earth in the side aisles important for the monument architec- chtheion were backfilled during the pe- and paved in the central nave and the tural element that is missing today. riod 2014-2015. Restructuring the area sanctuary– is only the area of the dia- inside the Erechtheion has been an is- In contrast to the rest of the monu- konikon. However, the exact level of the sue pending since 1986, the year when ment, the final level of the north aisle nave is also known because part of the the restoration works on the monument was constructed 50 cm lower than that floor had remained undamaged until it were completed. In the past, the late A. of the basilica’s floor so as to leave im- was excavated and removed. Papanikolaou, architect, scholar and portant details of the Erechtheion’s con- responsible for the restoration works at struction unconcealed. Moreover, the Location and level of backfilling the Erechtheion, and the civil engineer backfilling stopped at its western part The main purpose of the intervention D. Monokrousos, although they had put so as to leave unobstructed the classi- was to underline and bring forward forward proposals concerning this is- cal doorway towards the area, where the Christian phase of the monument. sue they were never implemented. according to the tradition there can be Consequently the level of the Christian seen on the rocks traces of the contest The aim of the intervention was to high- basilica’s floor –in the nave, the south between Athena and Poseidon. To stop light the archaeological remains of the aisle and the area of the sanctuary– was th the backfilling a short wall was con- Christian basilica of the 7 century chosen as the final level of the backfill- structed out of new porous stone, built A.D., that is, the most important –after ing. The solution offers the visitor a very in such a way that the final layer of the the classical period– historical phase of clear picture of the appearance of the backfilling covered its upper level, re- the monument and to relieve the con- monument during the specific histori- maining as such as invisible as possible. fusion the visitors felt when seeing the cal period and restores the correct re- monument’s interior. In addition, the lation between the foundation and the Finally, the area of the narthex –which new design of the place would allow super-structure, that is to say, between was later converted into a cistern– was groups of visitors to enter. the visible and non-visible parts of the not backfilled. Such an intervention It is worth mentioning from the begin- building. This level facilitates as well would ignore and hide important evi- ning that the final decision concerning the visitor to easily access the interior dence of the monument’s history. For the extent of the intervention in the of the monument. In particular in the this area there have been made provi- Erechtheion’s interior was determined south aisle the final level of the back- sions for constructing a new floor (see by balancing the following three main filling was differentiated chromati- bellow). factors: • To establish which historical period the intervention wants to highlight – in this particular case the one of the Christian basilica. • To protect the rock and the founda- tions. • To determine the areas of the monu- ment considered acceptable to be con- cealed. What remains from the Christian basil- ica are mainly the foundations and the stylobate of the colonnade and the icon- ostasis. The foundation is constructed with porous stone originating from the classical foundation of the eastern porch, while the underpinning is made of amorphous stones and fragmented marbles using mortar to bind them to- gether. The design of the basilica and its division in nave, side aisles, sanctuary The interior of the Erechtheion from E before the intervention. Photo K. Mamalougas, 2013 13

Choosing the backfilling method Backfilling was used in the nave, the Rainwater in the interior of the Erech- side aisles and the sanctuary and it was theion penetrates into the surface lay- supported with the use of geosynthet- ers and then flows deeper, following ics. The construction of the work was thus the process of infiltration. This carried out in accordance with the ap- process is facilitated not only by the proved study and proved to be really existing limestone layers, which can effective during the heavy rainfall of be characterised as a permeable karst 2015. formation in respect to their hydro- lithological permeability, but also by The soil filters were laid on four layers the presence of fine-grained material of different particle size. Because of the that fills the gaps of the limestone and behaviour of the layers (filters) of the is known to have middle permeabil- drainage system, and concerning the ity qualities which –in contrast to the water flow –which to a large extent de- limestone layers– traps the water and pends on the distribution and the size reduces the permeability coefficient. of the particles of each material, and Bearing in mind the lithological com- therefore on the size of the pores and position and permeability of the back- the gaps– the filters have been designed ground (factors that affect the quan- in such a way that the water flow pro- tity of infiltration), the low height of gressively slows down from the under- The cistern inside the Erechtheion. the backfilling (0.75 – 1.30 m) and the lying layers and the infiltrated quan- Photo K. Mamalougas, 2015 sufficient width used in structuring tity of the water cannot stagnate in the the foundation walls (b=0.55 m), it was existing geomaterial. of the volume of the geomaterial giv- found that the simple backfilling with ing it large load bearing capacity and coarse grained material, of a high per- For the backfilling natural materials shearing resistance. Moreover, with the meability soil, which facilitates the in- were used, offering full grain size dis- use of those granular materials and the filtration of surface water, was the most tribution that plays an important role construction of the appropriate drain- suitable method for backfilling part of in the compaction of every coating and age coatings (filters), problems of later- the foundations (a surface of 100 m2). as a result in the stability and density al pressures that might be caused when the water of the soil pores freezes can be successfully addressed. The first three layers –from the bottom upwards– are made out of quartz granu- lar materials, which cannot be agglom- erated as they don’t have any filling ca- pacity, while the final (levelling) layer is made up of small river pebbles. River pebbles were preferred to quartz mate- rial because the dust produced from the friction of the latter causes damage to the stones and can be of a significant threat to people’s health. Between the third and the final coating a separating, needle punched, non-wo- ven geotextile was placed. For the pro- tection of the porous stone made foun- dation walls the geotextile was placed at a distance of 15-20 cm from them, while the gap in the middle was filled Proposal for the backfilling of the Erechtheion’s foundation. with the graded geomaterial of the cor- Photorealistic imaging: K. Mamalougas, 2014 responding coating. Top view of the Erechtheion with the new interventions. Drawing: K. Mamalougas. Background drawing: A. Papanikolaou

The stages of the works were in detail as it to the surrounding space, both in rainwater into the interior of the Erech- follows: terms of texture and colour. theion was not the best option; yet, the • The lowest layer (20-25 cm), placed in better solution to gather and direct it Following this specific methodology in contact with the ground, was made elsewhere could not be implemented be- the construction of the backfilling en- out of quartz sand (particle size 63- cause there is not any passage towards sures: 1000 μm). a lower level area. Any other solution • The protection of the porous stone would request to intergrade and use • The core of the filter was constructed material of the foundation walls since electromechanical equipment (pumps) in full particle size distribution, in a neutral physicochemical environ- and simply transfer the problem to an- two layers (1000-2000 μm the lowest ment is created. other position in the perimeter of the and 2000-4000 μm the highest). • The complete reversibility of the in- Erechtheion. • The final levelling layer, made out of tervention. small river pebbles (4000-8000 μm), • Zero strain, from soil forces, on the Additional works was thoroughly washed and sieved. sides of the foundation walls. Backfilling in the interior of the Ere- The choice of the final material de- chtheion was accompanied by a series pended on the effort to subtly adapt It should be mentioned that infiltrating of other works that did not only aim at 15 promoting the image of the monument, ΙΙ. Designing a new floor the area mentioned in an inscription but also at reassuring the future pos- as “Prostomieon”. Under its floor, in an A general introduction sibility to access and study parts of the unknown area nowadays, there was The resulting condition of the interior the “Erechthian Sea”, a well of salt wa- backfilled foundations. of the Erechtheion after the successive ter, which according to tradition was excavations and interventions made its Before starting the backfilling works created when Poseidon struck the rock visiting rather difficult. Although the the scattered fragments from the inside with his trident. The access from the completed backfilling allows groups of the monument were recorded and re- “Prostomieon” to the well was through of visitors to move around the largest moved. In addition, three-dimensional the “Prostomion”, an opening probably part of the monument, it still does not scanning, additional surveying and located at the Southwest corner of the solve the problem of allowing access to photographing of the area to be back- area. it. From the four doorways of the clas- filled were carried out. sical monument, the three ones open to The floor of the “Prostomieon” was laid with marble slabs, 14 cm thick. A frag- Then the older –constructed with scat- its western side, where today there is no floor, whereas its eastern doorway is to- ment of one of them was recognized tered material– provisional support of day much higher from the created level. by G. P. Stevens and is today placed on the stylobate of the basilica temple was its position with metal supports. The replaced. For this reason pillar-shaped Making it possible to enter the Ere- area also comprised a marble bench, of support made out of new porous stone chtheion again from the north porch 45 cm height, stretching along the west- would have given not only a solution to and integrated in the backfilling so as ern wall, and steps towards the Caryati- the issue of how to access the interior of not to be visible, was constructed. des porch on its south end. the monument, but it would have also On the north foundation wall two archi- contributed to bringing the original During the Roman conversion of the traves from the Erechtheion, which –in function and layout of the monument building the width of the area was re- a later second use– had become part of to light. These were the reasons that led duced by 32.5 cm because of the west- the column stylobate of the Christian Professor M. Korres to suggest the con- ern transverse internal wall’s displace- basilica, were placed back in order to struction of a floor above the medieval ment. Later on, during the Byzantine facilitate the recognition of the Byzan- cistern, and the authors of this paper to era, the area served as the narthex of tine period of the monument. Moreover, undertake the structural study of such the Christian basilica. construction. on the south porous stone stylobate a Finally, at a later date –unknown whe- fragment of specific green marble (ver- This area in the interior of the Erech- ther it was during the Middle Ages or de antico), which probably comes from theion functioned during the classical the Ottoman rule– the character of the the basilica colonnades, was indica- period as the vestibule for its western area changes, as the cistern takes the tively placed. chamber and can be identified with form it has today, covered with a semi-

Cross section of the Erechtheion interior with the successive layers of the backfilling. Drawing: K. Mamalougas Finally, the decision to choose to high- crosses the area in two parts –in the light elements of a specific time period width it had during the classical pe- –in this case the one referring to the riod– at a ratio of 2:3. Drawing from level of the classical and Byzantine this observation it is logical as well as floor– should not prevent the future consistent to the architecture of the researcher from studying either the cis- monument, to divide the width of the tern built on a more recent date or the area into five equal parts. older foundations. On the evidence given by the above, Bearing in mind all the above, a study the basic slab size suggested is 1.014 x on the construction of a new marble 0.855 m. This size differentiates in the floor laid on a metal grating which perimeter of the floor, so as to cover all seats, with the help of columns, on the the area and creates a circumferential rocky bottom of the cistern, was sub- seal joint between the new and the old mitted. It should be noted though, that construction. In the eastern edge, in the main intention of the aforesaid particular, the width of the slabs is re- solution was to serve pure functional duced to only 44 cm so as to show the needs and in no case does it constitute decrease of the area’s width during the Roman modification. Photorealistic imaging of the proposed floor a suggestion to restore the classical floor of the monument, especially when from north porch. K. Mamalougas, 2014 Moreover, the proposed solution re- there are many doubts concerning its quires an opening in the southwest cor- exact original form. ner of the floor in order to indicate the position –possible on this spot– of the cylindrical dome, and having its marble Design principles “Prostomion” during the classical pe- floor destroyed. Although, as it was mentioned above, riod of the monument. This opening has the submitted solution does not suggest been widened to provide the necessary Theoretical context that the classical floor of the monu- space for the construction of a metal Every intervention in a classical monu- ment should be restored, an effort was ladder leading towards the area of the ment, especially of the significance of made to consider the saved architec- cistern. the Erechtheion, constitutes many times tural elements and come up with a new a subtle balance between contradictory construction that could be compatible For the construction of the new floor it factors and principles. In this present with the original design and structure has been suggested to employ marble case, in order to satisfy functional needs, of the Erechtheion. slabs of equal thickness with the ones and also to draw attention to the way the of the ancient construction (14 cm). De- A very important matter concerning monument’s interior was designed dur- spite using for the new floor identical the harmonious integration of the new ing both the classical and the Byzantine material with that of the ancient one, construction in the scale and structure the whole of the modern construction periods, contradicts the principle of safe- of the monument is the need to define (use of metal elements – the existence guarding its authenticity, as it refers to how the floor slab joints would be ar- of a circumferential seal joint) will be a large-scale contemporary intervention. rayed. For this reason the following enough differentiated to help the de- data had to be deployed: The next pair of contradictory principles, manding visitor understand the modi- • The distance between the –recovered reflected on the design of the suggested fications. As for the completion of the and placed back on its position– floor solution and the choice of materials, is missing part of the recovered ancient slab fragment from the threshold of fragment of the floor, and for the con- the one concerning the differentiation the north porch. The above fragment struction of the two slabs that are adja- of the new construction from the rest of preserves on its north side traces of the monument. The principle of offering cent to the base of the cistern dome, the anathyrosis, whose distance –and use of artificial stone has been recom- the observer the possibility of distin- therefore the length of the missing mended. guishing between the new intervention slab– from the threshold of the north and the surviving original part should be porch is 1.014 m. In the case of the Erechtheion, the use applied up to the extent that it does not • The common axis of the symmetry of modern and highly distinguishable alter the character of the monument as of the north porch and the doorway materials for the construction of the a whole. towards the porch of the Caryatids new floor, despite being a suitable prac- 17

tice in other kind of monuments, is not • the morphology of the available space and secondary beams’ upper flange advised, because we believe that it is and which in turn form a single level on not acceptable to strongly juxtapose • the dimensions of the marble floor which the marble slabs are seated. The contrasting materials and ways of con- slabs, which also define the grid of the exact form and the dimensioning of the struction in order to clearly confirm metal grating. metal elements together with the foun- the date of the intervention. After taking into account the param- dation of the construction on the rock Metal construction eters above and the characteristics of will be the object of a relevant future The new marble floor above the medi- the area, a support metal construction structural study. eval cistern of the Erechtheion, dimen- was designed with the use of a space sions: 9.45 x 3.84, will lay on a metal frame that has protruding parts (cantile- construction made out of a grating and vers) on its three sides (north, west and Κοstas Mamalougas supporting columns seated on the rocky south), and is seated on the east side on Architect base of the cistern bottom. The material the porous stone structure of the west- Dionysia Michalopoulou selected was stainless steel 316L. ern cross wall. The structure system em- Civil Engineer, Head ploys cantilevers because it is not possi- The parameters within which the de- Technical Office for the Restoration signing of this supporting construc- ble to place supporting vertical elements tion was completed depended on ar- in the perimeter of the new construction of the Acropolis Wall chitectural demands, the formation of due to the rocky outcrops on the bottom the structural load carrier, and also on of the cistern and the protrusions of the Αcknowledgments limitations such as the constrains set foundation stones. On completing the above paper we would by the previously existing conditions of like to mention that the work would have The structural model of the construc- the area. tion forms a grid of columns joined never been completed without the valu- able and constructive comments of the These parameters are related to: with double symmetric beams, creat- • The function of the basement area, ing frames in both directions (x, y). late Professor Ch. Bouras. We would also that is, whether it is possible to access The grid of the grating was designed like to express our sincere thanks and ap- it in order to study and research the in such a way so that the joints of preciation to the Professor M. Korres for architectural members of the monu- the floor slabs above would be in the his profound contribution to developing ment’s foundations, middle of the width of the primary suitable final solutions for this study.

The interior of the Erechtheion from E after the intervention. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2016 The interior of the Erechtheion from W af- ter the intervention. Photo K. Mamalougas The “Cast Laboratory” of the sculptural and relief decoration of the Acropolis monuments

The “Cast Laboratory”, where cast the supervision of the renowned sculp- for more systematic dismantling and re- technicians experienced in producing tor and museum artist S. Triandis (A. moval plans; these culminated in Lord copies of ancient sculptures work, was Papanikolaou, The Restoration of the Elgin’s action to remove the marbles. established among the Sections of the Erechtheion, Athens 2013). Acropolis Restoration Service in ac- The establishment of the Greek state sig- cordance with the Presidential Decree The use of plaster casts in order to con- nalled the beginning of making every 97/99 con-cerning the operation of the struct fine art copies has had a long tra- possible effort to gather the widely dis- Service. The laboratory inextricably dition whose roots can be traced back in persed marbles of the Acropolis. While linked with the Centre for the Acropolis ancient Egypt. Literary sources and ar- Greece still negotiates the satisfaction Studies, is housed in the basement of the chaeological findings confirm the use of its demand for the return of the Par- Weiler building, on Makrigianni Street of casts in Ancient Greece and Rome; thenon marbles, the British Museum (Evi Touloupa The Makrigianni land - moreover, since the Renaissance col- in 1846, reacting to the request of the the Weiler building - the New Acropolis lections of plaster casts from the Greek Archaeological Society of Athens and to and Roman Antiquity have been used to Museum, Anthemion, issue 25, 2014, in the letter signed by Pittakis and Raga- Greek). Except for the main laboratory, train artists. Plaster copies were and are vis, sent to Athens a series of casts from where the sculpture moulds (plaster still used as visual aids to teach Archae- the “Elgin Marbles” (A. Mantis, Disjecta ology because sculpture cannot be suit- or elastic moulds), and cast copies are mebra. The looting and dispersing of the ably studied only from photographs, let made, there are also the two main halls Acropolis antiquities, Anthemion, is- alone in older periods where the use of of the basement and the corridors that sue 4, 1997, in Greek). The collection of photographs in publications was re- are both specifically designed for their these casts whose storage has changed ally limited. Known cast collections storage. The collection is further en- many times became the core of the col- of works from the Greek and Roman riched with moulds and copies made in lection of the Centre for the Acropolis Antiquity can be found at museums in different time periods, the oldest ones Studies, which was founded in 1987 Berlin, London, Copenhagen, Basel, Vi- dating back to 1846. Nowadays there and housed in the Weiler building af- enna, Rome and in many others. can be found more than 1500 copies ter the proposal of the Ephor Emerita and moulds mainly of plaster on the The collection of the British Museum of the Acropolis E. Touloupa and the shelves of the laboratory. (I. Jenkins, Acquisition and Supply of late Minister of Culture M. Mercouri. Casts of the Parthenon Sculptures by the In the following years, under the su- In the middle of the 70s when the degra- British Museum, 1835-1939, BSA 85, pervision of A. Mantis, Ephor Emeritus dation on the surfaces of the Athenian 1990), and the one found in Basel have of Antiquities, and in parallel with the monuments was worsening because a lot of importance for the Acropolis. At massive work of creating inventories, of air pollution, the main focus of the the same time the Acropolis Museum in indexes and catalogues of the movable ensuing discussion was on the meas- addition to including a complete series findings that had come from the area ures needed to be taken in order to of copies, many of which are exhibited of the Acropolis and were scattered in protect the reliefs and sculptures that next to the original works, has system- and outside of the country, the enrich- had remained in their original posi- atically started digital scanning and ment of the cast collection continued. tion, among which the Caryatids of the the creation of three-dimensional mod- Erechtheion’s south porch required the A substantial part of the collection is els of the Parthenon sculptures and re- most urgent intervention. The decision directly linked to the restoration works liefs. of the Central Archaeological Council carried out in the monuments since in 1976 to move the sculptures inside Making casts from the Parthenon reliefs 1975. In addition to the making of casts, the museum so as to protect and replace started at the beginning of the 19th cen- copies had to be produced replacing them, on their exact positions, with tury when ancient Greek art prevailed progressively the original works of the copies, made it necessary to study and in the European intellectual circles and monuments. This, contrary to cast mak- implement a specialized programme, the acquisition of ancient antiquities ing, was a task that necessitated its re- which despite constructing casts (pro- was seen as an essential step in order examination from the beginning. The duction of moulds and plaster copies) to create appropriate and relevant col- main focus of that examination lies on included works such as the construc- lections. However, all this was used as the composition of the cast material that tion of elastic casts, casting mortar of an excuse to allow for looting the sculp- was going to be used for the making of special composition, treating the sur- tures and reliefs decorating the monu- the copies and the required reinforcing. faces etc. It has to be noted that during ments. The permit given for making From the copies of the sculptures com- that period and in the cast laboratory casts was used as a permit for disman- ing from the west pediment of the Par- the Caryatids copies were made under tling original reliefs and paved the way thenon, which were made of polyester 19

in 1976 (sent by the British Museum) to architectural members of the NE corner mortar has a fixed composition, multi- the most recent made copies of the same (supervisor civil engineer K. Zambas), ple trials before every final application sculptures, together with the metopes of in 1990, the sculptures of the pediment are needed in order to achieve the best the west side corners of the Parthenon, and the metopes of the Parthenon’s east- colouring and the aesthetic adaptation the composition has been altered many ern side (K. Zambas), in 2003, the west- of the copies to the adjacent original ar- times. The main differences in the com- ern frieze of the Parthenon (E. Toumba- chitectural members. positions concerned the quantity of the kari), in 2008, the metopes of the north aggregates in the mixture and the rein- side of the Parthenon and the frieze of We can indicatively mention that the forcement (stainless steel), which were the Temple of Athena Nike (E. Toumba- most recent construction of the copies gradually increased (E.E. Toumbakari, kari), and finally in 2013, the sculptures of the seven metopes and the two pedi- Design of cast stone for the production of the pediment and the metopes of the mental sculptures of the western side of of the copies of the W. and S. frieze and corners on the west side of the Parthe- the Parthenon took 18 months. Drawing the N. colonnade of the Parthenon and non (D. Michalopoulou, A. Vrouva). from elements that were revealed after the frieze of Athena Nike Temple in Ch. the original blocks had been disman- Bouras- V. Eleftheriou, Interventions on This process is quite time-consuming tled, the construction started from the the Acropolis Monuments 2000-2012, both in the stage of making the casts stage of completing already existing Completed Projects, digital edition, Ath- and during the period the copies need to moulds. During 2012, the small team of ens 2013). The following copies were “mature”, as they should stay inside the the four cast technicians of the Service made in this chronological order: in water tank for quite some time. Moreo- tested, repaired and enhanced the ex- 1984, that of the Caryatids and of the ver, it was found that even when the isting casts and then made moulds out

Up left: Preparing in the laboratory the plaster cast of the Cecrops and his daughter Pandrosos’ sculpture complex. Up right: Coating the cast with silicon in order to produce the elastic mould. Down left: The cast copy during the removal of the elastic cast and the plaster mould. Down right: The copy while being transferred to the water tank. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2013 of silicone. In February 2013, the final imperative that attention and respect sent by the Louvre Museum in 2000. composition of the materials was de- should be paid in order to be preserved We should add that the copies of the ar- cided after having conducted repeated and receive the suitable protection. chitectural members of the NE corner trials. The casting took place in the mid- These are single copies of the sculp- of the Erechtheion, which the British dle of April and a month later the cop- tural decoration of the Parthenon that Museum made available to ESMA for ies were placed in the water tanks from retain details of the initial surface be- the amount of 6.900.000 drachmas in which they were removed at the begin- fore their being degraded over time, 1984, belong to a different category. (M. ning of July of the same year. In the and their exposure to human inter- Ioannidou, The architectural members monument they were placed in 2014-15. vention. Someone can recognise in the of the Acropolis Monuments in the Brit- ish Museum and their replacement in the The Centre for the Acropolis Studies older copies details that are not saved modern restoration, Anthemion, issue comprised a cast repository that sup- anymore in the original and in any of 26, 2015, in Greek). plied the New Acropolis Museum exhi- the museum exhibits. What demands special attention, besides the 1846 cop- bition with a large number of exhibits Cast technicians have contributed a lot supplementing the original displays ies of the British Museum, are the plas- with their skilled work seen in the thor- and contributing as such to a compre- ter moulds set on a wooden skeleton of ough preservation of the oldest plaster hensive presentation of the sculptural the Parthenon metopes coming from moulds that had wooden skeletons and decoration of the monuments, offering the collection of the National Archaeo- came from the sculptural decoration of thus the visitor the possibility to get to logical Museum and which are the first the Parthenon. They were moved from know sections that are shown in muse- copies made on the monument in 1900. the National Archaeological Museum ums of other countries. Every new frag- to an area in the Weiler building, but as The distinctiveness and importance of ment that can be identified expands the they had been kept outdoors for a long the copies and the moulds does not only existing knowledge of the monument time their wooden skeletons had started depend on their age. Latest productions and helps not only the researchers but warping. Before their final storage their are also important, among them the also the visitors of the museum to build skeletons had firstly to be repaired and plaster copies of the Caryatids, com- a comprehensive view of the exhibits as then, in order to safeguard the initial ing from the first elastic moulds that S. the copy is adapted to the original and surface of those very old moulds, a copy Triantis made from the original statues completes it. was made, from which a new plaster or during the 70s, the elastic moulds of the elastic mould was produced, this time The importance of this area lies on the Gigantomachy metopes from the east- though it was made on a metal skeleton. fact that the gathered and stored copies ern side of the Parthenon made in 1988- and moulds, either fragments in their 1989, and finally the cast of the sixth Thus what is reassured, even if the orig- majority or intact parts of the sculptural stone of the eastern frieze which was inal mould is destroyed, is the produc- decoration of the Acropolis monuments, have come from various museums and collections such as the Acropolis Muse- um, the British Museum, the Museum of the Ancient Agora of Athens, the Na- tional Archaeological Museum, and the Museums of Padua, Palermo, Verona and Copenhagen. In addition, there are copies that haven’t been used in the ex- hibitions of the new Acropolis Museum and originate from an old exhibition of the Parthenon sculptures in the Centre for the Acropolis Studies. The collec- tion continues to grow even today with new copies that result from contempo- rary restoration interventions main- ly in the Acropolis monuments.

These copies and the ones sent from the British Museum in the middle of the 19th century are unique, thus it is General view of the casts’ storage area in the Weiler building 21

The copy of the Cecrops and his daughter Pandrosos’ sculpture complex in the yard of the Weiler building before transferring it to the Acropolis. Photo V. Eleftheriou, 2013 tion of a copy very similar to the origi- in operation many changes have been nal. The specific area is important not imposed by the application of techno- only because these stored copies and logical innovations, such as the use of moulds are unique, but also because metal instead of wood for the construc- The copy of the Cecrops and his daughter it operates as a source of finding casts tion of the skeleton and the enhance- Pandrosos’ sculpture complex while being that grant anyone the opportunity to ment of polymers for the making of elas- placed on the monument. study the sculptural decoration of the tic moulds. Yet, efforts should be made Photo E. Tavouktsi, 2015 Parthenon and the other monuments to continue its operation as it is there to tion has been imported into an Access of the Acropolis. It is worth mentioning preserve an arduous and time-consum- Database and has been correlated with the aesthetic and archaeological impor- ing process, as every handcraft work is, information collected from handwrit- tance of both the casts that stood the test that tends to be replaced with the use ten index cards since 1991, etc. A copy of time and newer ones that are made to of applications based on new technolo- and its mould on the display cases can cover the needs of works related to the gies (V. Manidaki, The replacement of thus be easily accessed on the shelves; restoration of the monuments. Another the sculptured architectural members in addition, any relevant information factor that should not be ignored is the on the Acropolis monuments. Casts, cop- regarding the displays and referring to educational value of the copies as they ies and authentic members, ETEPAM the origins, description and relevant represent and combine the modern art 20.11.2010). and craftsmanship of casting copies to- bibliography is also made accessible. gether with the artistic value of classi- At the same time, this important collec- We hope that the completion of the in- cal sculpture. tion of copies-casts from the reliefs and ventory will contribute to the shaping sculptural decoration of the Acropolis The completion of the works at the cor- of the appropriate proposals that in the monuments should be managed and ners of the west side of the Parthenon future will bring forth this valuable promoted in such a way as to allow ac- coincides with the end of making copies material. cess to all visitors. Nowadays though, with the use of casting material since as it is common practice, only indi- the last original reliefs that remain on vidual researchers are granted admis- the monument are not expected to be re- sion. Within this context an effort has moved (eight metopes in the west side); Vassiliki Eleftheriou recently started to re-evaluate the ma- in addition, no copies are planned to be Architect replaced. terial stored in the basement of the Wei- Director of the ΥSΜΑ ler building. The largest part of the cop- Elena Karakitsou During the period of approximately for- ies and moulds has been recorded and Archeologist ty years the “Cast Laboratory” has been photographed. The collected informa- Documentation Office The digital repository of YSMA: Contribution to the preservation of the collective memory of the restoration interventions

Introduction The development of a publicly avail- able digital repository for the restora- tion works of the Acropolis of Athens supplements and extends the existing documentation processes, which origi- nate from the systematic recording of the restoration and conservation works and successively include the archiv- ing of the produced documents, their progressive digitization and their in- tegration within the Database of the Documentation Office of the Acropolis Restoration Service (YSMA).

At the same time, it constitutes a novel example for the dissemination of the raw documentation material from an established and multifaceted restora- tion intervention programme to an iconic world heritage site. The project Selected documents from the collection of the Erechtheion restoration project was a collaboration between YSMA and the National Documentation Centre towards the implementation of Open the same time it documents a histori- (EKT) in the framework of the “Digital Access practices. The benefits of such cally specific process and preserves the Convergence” Operational Programme. policies are many: they incubate inno- thought-processes of the actual partici- It provided the opportunity to further vation, support the production of new pants in the restoration works, as well develop an ongoing collaboration that as the collective memory for an impor- has delivered several digital platforms, knowledge, strengthen scholarly com- tant cultural project that covers the en- including the web application “The munication and ultimately encourage tire post-1974 political era in Greece. Parthenon Frieze” (http://www.parthe- transparency in knowledge production nonfrieze.gr/) and the Acropolis edu- practices through fostering wider pub- In this context, the development of the cational resources repository (http:// lic participation. repository constitutes a strategic tech- repository.acropolis-education.gr). EKT, as the national body responsible nological milestone for the Committee for the collection, documentation and for the Conservation of the Acropolis Repositories and open access distribution of scientific information Monuments (ESMA), for it ensures the In the last few years it has progressively in Greece develops and provides digiti- sustainability and distribution of the become apparent within the areas of archival material. A key component zation and open access repository ser- Science and Culture that in order for of the repository service is the storage vices that aim to aggregate and distrib- the generated Knowledge to have an of back-up copies of the digital collec- ute scientific and cultural content from impact on society, it must be freely ac- tions of YSMA in the infrastructure of third parties. The significance of the ar- cessible by everyone. The Open Access the EKT National Information System chive of YSMA falls within both catego- movement established new practices which can be made available to the sci- ries. The documentation material of the that were gradually adopted by univer- entific community and the public un- restoration interventions in the Acrop- sities, research institutes and publish- der the appropriate terms of use. olis monuments follows in practice the ing houses and were incorporated into guidelines of article 16 of the Venice state policies regarding the open dis- Project outline Charter (1964) for the systematic doc- semination of publicly funded data, as EKT repository services are standard- umentation of the restoration works well as into the development strategies ized and provide automated develop- and complies with the principle of re- of the European Union. ment tools (wizards) that allow collabo- versibility of the interventions; that rating institutions (content providers) The development of digital reposito- is, the possibility, in the light of new to specify the characteristics of their ries, where the scientific production knowledge, to bring the ancient mo- digital repository and customize it of an organization is accumulated and numents back to their original state according to their needs. In real life, openly disseminated, is one of the steps before any restoration intervention. At however, digital content from diverse 23

framework for digital resource descrip- YSMA DB fi elds ΕΚΤ fi elds tion and it is used in EKT repositories Content type: Ονομασία πεδίου- Field name - as it allows for interoperability with Dublin Core Element Photographs ελληνικά English various platforms, national and inter- national aggregators. Record code Προσδιοριστής Identififier dc.identififi er Despite the thorough documentation of Creation date Χρονολογία Date dc.date every record in the database of YSMA, it Entry number Προσδιοριστής Identififier dc.identififi er was necessary to further normalize and Description Τίτλος Title dc.title enrich the set of records that would be Source Πηγή Source dc.source deposited in the repository. The mate- Association Σχετίζεται με Relation dc.relation rial was processed directly in the Data- base of YSMA, so that the final version External Archive Προέλευση Provenance dc.provenance of every record would be maintained in Author Δημιουργός Creator dc.creator the source information system. We con- Contributor Συντελεστής Contributor dc.contributor centrated on the examination of every Distribution form Άδεια χρήσης License dc.rights.license record to detect potential documenta- Position in Archive Ταξιθετικός αριθμός Call Number ekt.subject.classNumber tion omissions, the refinement of the Comment Σημειώσεις Notes ekt.note title to make each document more com- prehensible by non-expert audience Field standardization in the database and the repository and the addition of information in sec- ondary fields to enrich the metadata of each document (e.g. image orientation, organizations present to a lesser or published in the CD that accompanied background drawing source etc.). This greater extent the need to develop a the printed volume of the project report work was based to a great extent on pri- custom approach to application design (A. Papanikolaou, 2012) and contained mary information sources, such as the and data mapping. The majority of the brief information about each resource. relevant studies and the final report on archival records held by YSMA have This published material comprised the the restoration of the Erechtheion. been digitized and are systematically essential corpus for the project, which entered by specialized archaeologists was enriched with additional photo- The homogenization of the Database in the Database of the Documentation graphs and drawings, as well as differ- records brought forth the significance Office, the principal tool for the digital ent document types, such as unpub- of controlled vocabularies and contrib- management of the Acropolis restora- lished studies and audiovisual material uted towards the further normalization tion documentation content. The pri- from recent digitization activities car- of the architectural and restoration marily concern for the development of ried out by YSMA. terms used in the description of the the repository was to ensure that the works. Using established thesauri de- The dissemination of cultural content appropriate methodology and relevant veloped by international organizations, on the Web requires the explicit, con- tools were used, so as to select specific such as the Art & Architecture Thesau- sistent and inclusive description of a set data sets from the Database, (e.g. all rus of the Getty Research Institute and of documents, so as to be intelligible by documentation that refers to the year the Subject Headings of the Library of non-expert audience and ensure proper 1987), perform quality checks for con- Congress, together with dictionaries of resource discovery following an online tent accuracy, export the content from archaeological and architectural terms, search query. In order to approach the the Database along with the associated such as the Dictionary of Ancient Archi- international community as well, fur- digital files and finally ingest into the tectural terms by Anastasios Orlandos ther effort must be directed towards EKT infrastructures. and Ioannis Travlos or the Dictionnaire the integration of additional languages méthodique de l’architecture grecque et It was decided that the initial case- in the description of the resource. To ad- romaine by René Ginouvès and Roland study would be the restoration works dress these issues emphasis was placed Martin, we managed to clarify and dis- of the Erechtheion, completed in 1987. on the standardization of the metadata tinguish the fine meaning of related The collection includes cohesive doc- that describe each resource through terms, and thus their correct usage, as umentation that was digitized and mapping the YSMA Database metadata well as to identify and establish their nearly in its entirety entered in the Da- fields to the Dublin Core international translation into English, so as to allow tabase of YSMA. Part of the material, metadata standard. Dublin Core is a automatic translation of every metada- mainly photographs and drawings, was widely used and universally accepted ta field containing fixed values. Όρος Εναλλακτικές SKOS-GR SKOS-ENG Ορισμός Defi nition Πηγή ΒΔ ΥΣΜΑ ονομασίες To οριζόντιο μέλος που τοπο- The horizontal structural θετείται πάνω από το κενό μίας element that spans an ΑΝΩΦΛΙΟΝ ανώφλιο lintel θύρας και φέρει το βάρος του opening in a wall carrying AAT: 300003161 τμήματος του τοίχου επάνω από the superimposed weight αυτό. of the wall. Το προεξέχον αρχιτεκτονικό στοι- χείο που στέφει τις άκρες ενός The projecting, upper most AAT: 300001788 & ΓΕΙΣΟ γείσο cornice οικοδομήματος και ιδιαίτερα το feature of classical entab- Ορλάνδος-Τραυ- ανώτατο τμήμα του θριγκού των latures. λός 1986 ναών. The lowest of the three Το χαμηλότερο από τα τρία κύρια main parts of an entab- μέρη του θριγκού, έχει την μορφή lature that rests on the οριζόντιας δοκού, στηρίζεται abacus of a column, com- ΕΠΙΣΤΥΛΙΟ επιστύλιο architrave epistyle στους άβακες των κιόνων ή AAT: 300001780 prising a horizontal beam των πεσσών και σχηματίζει ένα that spans the columns είδος ανωφλίου που καλύπτει το or piers in the manner of μεταξύ τους διάστημα. a lintel. The middle section of Το μεσαίο τμήμα του θριγκού που a classical entablature, ΖΩΦΟΡΟΣ ζωφόρος frieze βρίσκεται πάνω από το επιστύλιο ΑΑΤ: 300001816 above the architrave and και κάτω από το γείσο. below the cornice. Αρχιτεκτονικό στοιχείο που A pier that is produced by rectangular προκύπτει από την πάχυνση των ΠΑΡΑΣΤΑΣ παραστάδα anta the thickening of walls at AAT: 300001635 pillar τοίχων στο σημείο που τέμνονται their termination. οι απολήξεις τους. A square or rectangular Τετράγωνος ή ορθογώνιος AAT: 300000953 & ΠΕΣΣΟΣ πεσσός pier pillar, monolithic or built in στύλος. AAT: 300264605 courses. Processing and normalization of the controlled vocabulary terms (ΑΑΤ: Art and Architecture Thesaurus)

The data editing process was demand- in order to enrich the available content. copyright and licensing for all resourc- ing, as for every record we had to: We then exported the specified dataset es. Taking into account the relevant • evaluate its coherence regarding its in a spreadsheet format (Excel file) and copyright legislation, the archaeologi- description, examined it thoroughly with respect to cal act (Law 3028/2002) and the op- • cross-check with the actual document their consistency with the Dublin Core erational context of ESMA and YSMA, to identify the subject, metadata schema implemented in the a workflow was gradually formulated • correct unforeseen inconsistencies in repository. In this phase, record titles for the clearing of rights of the docu- relation with the available sources, were translated in English, for the Eng- ments held in the archive of YSMA. The lish content interface of the repository. • add information where necessary, content that decisively belongs to YSMA Record titles were isolated in a separate • choose appropriate terms from the and ESMA was attributed with the Fair list and translated into English using controlled vocabularies, Use License, which is a flexible license the finalized controlled vocabularies of • edit the title using shared expressions included in the Creative Commons legal the Database. Finally, the processed ta- and sentence structure, so as to reflect code, that ensures the free and unhin- bles containing the total record sets and dered distribution of the material to the the relation of the recorded object their corresponding files were delivered with the type of the undertaken work users, while safeguarding the intellec- to EKT to complete the ingestion into tual property rights of the creators. and the stage of the intervention. the repository. Approximately 4000 documents from the Erechtheion res- Through this process we prepared a Repository functionality toration interventions are included in set of 4014 records that describe 3416 Content curation work-flows, were sup- the repository and they represent about photographs, 532 drawings, 53 textual 70% of the entire raw documentation plemented by activities towards the de- documents and 13 film extracts related files available in the archive of YSMA. sign of the application interface and the to the restoration interventions. Several implementation of supported function- documents were digitized and regis- In collaboration with the legal depart- alities. Using the automated interface tered in the Database for the first time ment of EKT, we looked into issues of configuration wizard we gave our spec- 25

ifications for navigation, search and Benefits for YSMA and the public • as a contemporary cultural resource result sorting services, inserted several The launch of the repository offers op- in all educational levels or in lifelong introductory supplementary texts and portunities for furthering the engage- learning courses, and completed the communication and vis- ment of the public with the Athenian • as source and inspiration material for ual design of the platform. The reposi- Acropolis as a living monument, an ac- the creative industries. tory application went live and is now tive cultural and historical site. For the The translation of all collection meta- accessible at http://repository-ysma. first time web users can search for the data in English opens up access to the ekt.gr/. traces and the damages time has left on Acropolis monuments and the works the Acropolis buildings, study the con- of YSMA to an international audience, The content is organized in collections structional details of ancient architec- while the compliance with documenta- (e.g. Restoration programmes) and sub- ture, observe the technical parameters tion standards ensures interoperability collections for every restoration pro- of contemporary restoration interven- with national and international digital ject (e.g. the Restoration of Erechtheion tions, appreciate the current cultural content aggregators, such as SearchCul- 1979-1987). Users can access the reposi- and symbolic status of the monuments, ture and Europeana. tory and navigate using selected brows- and contemplate on their new adven- ing gateways from the main page, visu- tures following the accounts and the re- In operational terms, the process of de- alized with tag clouds (where the size ports of the principal restoration team veloping the repository resulted in the of each word corresponds to the fre- members. targeted upgrade of the Database of the quency of its appearance in the entire Documentation Office, so as to support record set) or simple lists for document In this respect, the content of the repos- the process of editing and exporting se- types (e.g. photographs), creators (e.g. itory could be utilized: lected sets of records to the repository. • A. Papanikolaou), creation date (e.g. as a scientific body of evidence in Moreover, the staff of YSMA acquired the necessary expertise for organising, 1985), monument parts (e.g. the north research programmes and technical works for the restoration and conser- processing and migrating the material porch) or architectural elements (e.g. vation of ancient monuments, held in the archives, while vocabular- architrave).

Advanced search functions allow searching for specific terms in a com- bination of fields. Search results are re- turned in a list containing the thumb- nails of the respective digital files. Results can be further narrowed by adding more filters and sorted in alpha- betical or chronological order. Selecting a result from the list, the user is direct- ed to the resource page with its meta- data and its digital file. When a field takes a value from one of the controlled vocabularies used (e.g. column capital), it is a highlighted link that directs us- ers to other records with the same value in this field. Every resource is given a persistent digital identifier (e.g. http:// hdl.handle.net/11638/10904) and can be cited as a bibliographic reference, which can be directly exported from the resource page using a variety of citation styles (e.g. Harvard citation style).

Last but not least, the repository offers advanced access rights to the staff of YSMA to add, edit or delete individual records and manage the platform on- line. Edited record in the database system of YSMA Left: Search in the repository for documents using the term «dismantling» and filtering of the results by creator name. On the right column, results appear grouped by date, by monument division and by document type, to facilitate record navigation. Right: The resource page in the repository. ies of archaeological and architectural repository. These have been digitized as * The people who contributed to the devel- terms were compiled and validated. part of a pilot digitization program, to opment of the repository, apart from the The experience gained contributed sig- supplement the documentation mate- writers of this article, have been: nificantly to a better understanding of rial of the restoration program between On the side of YSMA: Dr E. Lembidaki, ar- the current requirements for the docu- the years 1979-1987. The scheduled chaeologist, Head of the Documentation mentation of restoration activities and final reports of the completed restora- Office (project supervision), G. Alexopou- led to the further enhancement of pri- tion programs will make provisions for los, Information Engineer (content selec- mary documentation processes, both the concurrent raw documentation pro- tion, technical management) and Dr C. on the worksites and in the offices. In cessing and integration with the reposi- Koutsadelis (architectural thesauri edit- this context, a documentation workflow tory. In all respects, YSMA, encourages ing). has been formulated that takes into ac- the reuse of the content made publicly On the side of EKT: D. Hardouveli and E. count, apart from the stage of recording available by all interested parties, on Angelidi (project supervision), K. Bartzi, and archiving, other important issues, the use terms stated in the repository A. Papanoti, N. Vasilogamvrakis and E. such as intellectual property rights and with a view to its preservation and Lagoudi (processual design for content management or long-term preservation further utilization. documentation, organization and migra- and dissemination of digital content. tion, support and curation), K. Stamatis, M. Megalooikonomou, M.-A. Simos, Th. Future activities Melachroinidis, G. Voulgarakis (software development, platform installation, long- The joint effort by YSMA and EKT re- Markos Katsianis vealed a great collaboration dynamic term data preservation, digitization), D. Archaeologist, PhD Pelekanou (graphic design), P. Tsiavos and between the two organizations and set Documentation Office, ΥSΜΑ the basis for its further development A. Trachaliou (legal advice on use licens- and orientation into new fields of ac- Paraskevas Kamatsos es), M. Androutsopoulou and A. Belouli tivities. The addition of documentation Librarian (Strategic Development & Coordination material into the repository from fur- ΕΚΤ Office). ther monuments of the Acropolis is now a feasible goal, as the necessary infra- structure is there and the content mi- gration process has been tested. In the near future, extended extracts from the hand written diaries of the Erechtheion restoration will be imported into the 27 News from the Acropolis

Last year was marked by the loss of Pro- fessor Charalambos Bouras, the man whose idea and inspiration has been the extensive restoration programme of the Athens Acropolis, and who, from his position as the President of ESMA, coordinated, led and considerably in- fluenced the character of the works. His demise filled the Acropolis community with grief and made all of us participat- ing in the restoration works aware of his absence. The following text –written before the sad event– shows his continu- ous, hard working and at the same time discreet presence during all the activi- ties relevant with the Acropolis works.

Educational activities The Information and Education De- partment of YSMA realized during the Students of the 1st Lyceum attending the educational programme “Acropolis and 2nd half of 2015 and the 1st half of 2016 Anastelosis” at the Parthenon worksite. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2016 various educational activities aimed at teachers, students, families and the general public. In particular, 2160 primary and sec- ondary school pupils attended at the Acropolis Museum educational pro- grammes concerning the Parthenon sculptures, the ancient temples and the Olympian gods. In addition, on the 14th and 15th April, 2016 the two-day educational programme “Acropolis and Anastelosis” was implemented for the third time on the Acropolis. Within this programme 280 pupils of the 1st Greek Lyceum, coming from 14 schools of Attica, had the chance, with the help of the Service’s specialized personnel, to get acquainted with the important and up to date technical work that is be- ing carried out on the Acropolis. More- over, in September 2015, the Depart- ment participated in the celebration Students of the 1st Lyceum carving marble during the educational programme “Acropolis of the “European Heritage Days” that and Anastelosis” at the Propylaia worksite. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2016 during the years 2015-2016 focused on the duality of “Violence and Tolerance”, of the same European celebration and and 12 were invited to the Acropolis a topical and timeless subject. The spe- the Ministry’s gradual implementation Museum to participate in Christmas cialized educational programme “Cul- of activities focusing on the duality educational workshops on the subject tural Conflicts and Convergences at of “Persecution and Asylum”, another of “Temples and other buildings made the Acropolis Monuments” offered the educational programme for second- out of Lego bricks inspired from the 3rd grade Secondary pupils the oppor- ary pupils was realized in September Acropolis”. Our young friends had the tunity to know the monuments’ adven- 2016. The emphasis of the programme chance to demonstrate their imagina- tures through the ages by tracing and was the historical event of the Cylonian tion skills and create their own build- interpreting them according to the con- Affair, a story that greatly affected the ings with the use of white Lego bricks. ditions of every era, elements of both life of ancient Athens for many years. Their inspiration was the temples, col- violence and tolerance. In the context Finally, 120 children aged between 7 umns and capitals of the Acropolis. Furthermore, 7400 pupils in 155 schools of Greece used the museum kits of the Department. Concerning the educational material for families cre- ated by the Department in collabora- tion with the Acropolis Museum it has been estimated that family backpacks were used by 3270 families, while 1400 more families toured around the Muse- um with the help of trail leaflets avail- able free of charge. Resulting from the temporary exhibition on Samothrace anew trail leaflet entitled “A journey in the Mysteries of Samothrace” was pub- lished in Greek for 8 years old children. Training seminars were also given ei- ther inside school premises or in the Museum area to 600 teachers regarding the best use of the various educational material of YSMA (printed material, From the presentation of YSMA’s digital repository and publications at the Acropolis museum-kits, lesson plans and digital Museum. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2016 applications). Finally, a digital game was designed for the Samsung interactive board entitled: “Playing with the Olympian gods at the Acropolis Museum”, catering for Pri- mary school children and accompany- ing the educational programmes that are realized in collaboration with the museum.

Presentation of the digital repository and YSMA publications The Documentation Office in collabo- ration with the National Documenta- tion Centre (EKT) completed during the previous period the project of cre- ating the YSMA digital repository. The completion of this work allowed YSMA to upload on the Internet and make available to the scientific community and the general public information and documents concerning ESMA’s restora- Event at the amphitheatre of the Ministry of Culture celebrating the inclusion of mar- tion intervention in the Erechtheion ble craftsmanship in the list of the intangible cultural heritage, chaired by the Minister of Culture and Sports, A. Baltas. From the left S. Photopoulou (Director of DNPAAPK), (see relevant article in this issue). This M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, A. Baltas, S. Orfanos (Mayor of Tinos) and V. Eleftheriou. activity marks the inauguration of dis- Photo D. Kollaros, 2016 seminating on the Internet material concerning works on the Acropolis. The Then the president of ESMA, Professor and YSMA’s restoration archives and project was presented in the Acropolis Ch. Bouras, talked about the pioneering their future prospects of development, nd Museum amphitheatre on 22 Janu- contribution of ESMA not only in docu- in particular as they emerge after their ary 2016 where the General Secretary menting the restorations, but also in its collaboration with the National Docu- of the Ministry of Culture and Sports, M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki delivering the dedication to preserving the transpar- mentation Centre (EKT). The director commencement address mentioned the ency of the interventions. Afterwards, of EKT, E. Sahini, talked about the ser- importance of using innovative digital the director of YSMA, V. Eleftheriou vices EKT provides and made a thor- tools for spreading cultural creations. concentrated on the subject of ESMA ough presentation of the work done dur- 29

ing the last years and resulted from the between the Directorate of Modern Cul- tions (2010 and 2013 respectively). The collaboration between the two bodies tural Heritage and Intangible Cultural films, shown in the past at the Acropolis (YSMA and EKT). Finally she presented Heritage (DNPAAPK) of YPPOA and the Museum, were accepted by the jury of the new digital implementations avail- Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foun- the AGON International Meeting of Ar- able on the Internet, that is the digital dation (PIOP). YSMA appreciated the chaeological films to enter the competi- repository of YSMA and the enriched event largely because the Acropolis res- tion and screening. This constitutes an YSMA library catalogue. The presenta- toration works are closely related to the important distinction as out of the 200 tion finished with the talk of Professor traditional art of marble craftsmanship films submitted from 41 countries, only F. Mallouhou-Tufano, who had been the and thus when the director of YSMA, V. 75 were accepted. The festival will take Head of the Documentation Office for Eleftheriou addressed an audience at an place from October 17th to October 23rd many years and who introduced the re- nd event organized by YPPOA on 22 April at the Greek Film Archive. The event cent publications of YSMA: The Study 2016 at the Ministry’s amphitheatre gives the opportunity to show the films of the Parthenon restoration (volumes she explicitly mentioned the “Contribu- 8 and 9), The Study of the Propylaia to an international audience expanding tion of men and women marble workers as such the discussion concerning the restoration (volume 3), the Proceedings to the restoration of the Acropolis mon- th necessity and quality of restorations. of the 6 International Meeting for the uments” by praising their long lasting restoration of the Acropolis monuments contribution to the preservation and and the Acropolis Restoration News, ed- Visits enhancement of the cultural wealth of th ited by the Documentation Office. She On November 4 , 2015 the European our country. In a similar event that took Commissioner for Economic and Finan- also presented the printed educational place on the island of Tinos, on 28th of material: “Educational activities about cial Affairs, Taxation and Customs, P. July 2016, at the 1st Sculpture Sympo- the Acropolis”, “Exploration map of the Moscovici, accompanied by the Minis- sium at the Tinos Museum of Marble Acropolis for children”, and“10 ques- ter of Economy, Development and Tour- Crafts, organized by PIOP, a film pro- tions about the restoration of the Acrop- ism, G. Stathakis, the Minister of Cul- duced by YSMA showing aspects of the olis monuments”, which were edited by ture and Sports, A. Baltas, and the Head restoration works was shown. the Information and Education Depart- of the EU Representation in Greece, ment. Closing the day the participants Participation in the AGON festival Panos Karvounis visited the Acropolis received copies of YSMA publications. ESMA and YSMA, in an effort to sen- works. ESMA’s President, Ch. Bouras, sitise and inform the public about the the Director of YSMA, V. Eleftheriou, Showing a film in honour of C. Bouras the Head of EFAA Dr E. Banou and the th Acropolis works, decided to make films On 19 of February 2016 the citi- about the restorations. The film “The Emeritus Professor of NTUA M. Korres, zens’ movement “Diazoma” organized Erechtheion, its history and restora- informed P. Moscovici about the pro- an event in honour of Charalambos tion”, directed by D. Patrikios, and C. gress of the works. During the visit, they Bouras. During the event that took place Arvanitakis’ film “The restoration of all had the chance to observe works of at the cinema Opera Odeon the film the Acropolis monuments” are exam- resetting architectural members at the “Charalambos Bouras, the Man, the Sci- ples of the most recent YSMA produc- Parthenon and the Propylaia. entist, the Teacher” by Ch. Tsokas was shown, a dramatized, scientific docu- mentary produced by “Diazoma” and based on the life of the prominent sci- entist. His friends and students, mem- bers of the scientific community and his partners attended the event, expressing their gratitude towards their tireless teacher and scholar known for his un- paralleled scientific work.

Tinos marble craftsmanship During the 10th meeting of the Conven- tion for the Safeguarding of the Intan- gible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO, in Namibia on 5th December 2015, it was decided to include Tinian marble craftsmanship in the representative list of intangible cultural heritage of Hu- manity. The submission of the dossier Marble craftsmen of YPPOA during the event for the inclusion of Tinian marble craftsman- was the outcome of the collaboration ship in the list of the intangible cultural heritage. Photo D. Kollaros, 2016 audience in English. Dr E. Sioumbara took part at the same symposium. Between 13th and 14th June 2016, V. Eleftheriou and Dr K. Karanasos par- ticipated as presenters in a workshop or- ganized for the third consecutive year by the School of Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Bari, where they talked about matters concern- ing the restoration of the monuments of the Athens and Lindos Acropolis. Moreover, last year V. Eleftheriou and D. Mavromati, published in English and Chinese on the bilingual publica- tion Chinese Journal of Heritage Ar- chitecture the paper: “The Acropolis of Athens: restoration and application of advanced technologies of geometric documentation”. V. Eleftheriou, director of YSMA, showing the Acropolis works to the European Commis- sioner, P. Moscovici. Photo T. Souvlakis, 2015 The Head of the Parthenon restoration works, R. Christodoulopoulou, partici- pated in the 4th Pan-Hellenic restora- Many educational Institutions from the Head of the Department of Documen- tion conference of ETEPAM (Society Greece and abroad expressed a strong tation, Dr E. Lembidaki, she presented a for the Promotion of Research and Sci- interest in visiting the Acropolis work paper on “Digital applications of manag- entific Restoration of Monuments), or- sites. Last year students from the Uni- ing cultural content in the restoration ganized in Thessaloniki from 26th to versities of Notre Dame, Accademia works of the Acropolis”. V. Eleftheriou, 28th of November 2015, on the subject of th Adrianea, Georgia Institute of Technol- on 19 April 2016, also addressed an “Restoration options at the beginning of ogy, as well as graduates of the Ecole de audience at the School of Architecture the 20th and 21st centuries: the columns’ Chaillot, visited the works. The scien- of the Technical University of Crete on restoration at the Parthenon Opisthona- tific and technical personnel of YSMA the subject of “Restoring restored monu- os”. More members from the scientific guided students and their accompany- ments: the cases of the monuments on personnel of the Parthenon restoration ing professors around the works where the Athens and Lindos Acropolis”. A day participated in the same Conference: they had the chance to have a closer later, on 20th of April 2016, she partici- V. Manidaki presented a paper on the look at the restoration sites and so fully pated with a talk in one-day Conference subject of “Restoration dilemmas: re- understand the principles and process- organized by EYTOP (Special Service composing a lion’s head from the Par- es applied to the works on the Acropolis of Culture and Tourism of the Ministry thenon”, while K. Skaris participated rock. YSMA would also like to express of Culture and Sports) at the Acropolis with the paper “Questioning theoretical its gratitude to the institutions who in Museum, entitled “The transition from matters concerning the restoration of return for the tour made donations to ESPA 2007-2013 to ESPA 2014-2020: the north wall of the Parthenon cella”. “The Friends of the Acropolis”. review of activities, accomplishments, All presentations were in Greek. problems and planning of the new pro- Lectures – publications The architects K. Karanasos and V. Ma- gramme”. Her speech focused on the The members of the scientific personnel nidaki delivered two more interesting “Preservation and restoration of the of YSMA, complying with the objectives lectures. K. Karanasos discussed the Acropolis monuments within the con- of disseminating and publishing infor- intervention in the NW corner and the text of ESPA 2007-2015”. V. Eleftheriou mation, prepared various papers and western façade of the Propylaia at the also took part in the Greek-German sym- publications on the restorations. Italian Archaeological School of Athens posium “Identitäres Bauen: Die Athener and within the context of the 9th Mas- V. Eleftheriou, the director of YSMA, Akropolis und die Stadt (Erecting build- ters of Museography, Architecture and except of her participation in the above ings with identity: The Athens Acropolis Archaeology of Accademia Adrianea mentioned events she took part in the and the city), at the University of Kon- (1st February 2016). V. Manidaki pre- Pan-Hellenic Conference on digitalising stanz, between 13th and 14th May 2016. sented a paper in the framework of the Cultural Heritage, organized by the Uni- Her paper was on “The restoration of the series of seminars examining in depth versity of Thessaly (Volos, from 24th to Acropolis monuments, recent works and the History of Architecture organized 26th of September 2015). Together with future programmes”; she addressed her by NTUA entitled “The structural com- 31

position of the west pediment of the Committee for the Conservation of the monuments: F. Mallouhou-Tufano, R. Parthenon”, (24th March 2016). Acropolis Monuments (from 2002 until Christodoulopoulou, V. Lambrinouda- today, and as a Deputy President since kis, V. Eleftheriou and P. Themelis. The The Acropolis works were presented to the NTUA students of the graduate pro- the beginning of 2016). It was natural volume was presented in an emotional- then that in this volume the people who ly charged atmosphere at the Acropolis gramme DPMS “Monument Protection nd (line B)” on 13th June 2016. R. Christo- contributed papers were mainly many Museum on 22 June 2016. doulopoulou, participated in this event of his colleagues and students working Epilogue with the paper “The Parthenon resto- on the Acropolis. Except of his teacher, Concluding we would like to say a few ration programmes”, Dr E. Aggelako- Professor Ch. Bouras, who wrote the words about the colleagues who left the poulou, the Head of the Department of article “Manolis Korres on the Parthe- Service during the last few months. S. Surface Conservation with the papers non”, the following people participated Tyropolis, administrative clerk, having “Examining and optimizing restora- in the volume (in order of appearance tion materials for the anti-seismic pro- in the book): E. Touloupa (“About Mano- contributed for years to the Acropolis tection of monuments combined with lis”), M. Ioannidou (“The restoration works and particularly to Documen- the criteria and methods of designing works on the Acropolis monuments by tation Office, took his retirement last and redesigning the monuments” and the CCAM: Theoretical reflections, ap- June. We should also mention the em- “Preservation interventions in the Par- proaches and applications in the spirit ployees whose temporary contracts thenon and the Acropolis monuments”. of the Venice Charter”), L. Lambrinou ended at the end of 2015. Fifty-six em- Dr E. Lembidaki talked about “Manag- (“The interior formation of the orthos- ployees of various professional special- ing the documentation material of the tates of the cella of the Parthenon”), V. ties and proficiencies worked in the restoration interventions in the Acropo- Manidaki (“Puzzling out the western restoration of the monuments with con- th lis monuments”. Two days later, on 15 pediment of the Parthenon: twisted sistency and enthusiasm for more than June 2016, the graduate students visited clamps and the structural system of the four years, giving as such a new impe- the Acropolis and were guided around tympanon wall”), E. Papakonstandinou tus to the restoration work. Their group the works by members of the scientific (“The cleaning of the Acropolis monu- departure from the works created a dif- and technical personnel of YSMA. ments and sculptures and the revealing ficult to fill gap in the daily life of the Finally, Dr E. Sioumbara, Head of the of Egyptian blue”), T. Tanoulas (“The restoration worksites. Scattered Members Project, presented architraves at the west end of the south in German the paper “The monumental- wing of the Propylaia”). From the rest Evi Petropoulou ization of Acropolis in the 6th century of the Acropolis’ people the following Archaeologist BC” at the Greek-German symposium participated with articles about other Documentation Office “Identitäres Bauen: Die Athener Ak- ropolis und die Stadt” (see above). She also had the article “Tooth chisel: the traces and importance for the topogra- phy of the archaic Acropolis” published in German in the volume of collected essays edited by U. Wulf-Rheidt entitled “Werkspuren. Materialverarbeitung und handwerkliches Wissen im anti- ken Bauwesen” (“Tool traces. The treat- ment of materials and the knowledge of manual work in ancient construction”), DiskAB 12.

Volume in honour of M. Korres Special reference should be made to the recently published volume “Architect”, (editions Melissa), in honour of the NTUA Emeritus Professor M. Korres. It is well known that M. Korres had his name inextricably linked to the Acrop- olis works, which he had been closely attending for over 30 years either as the Head of the Parthenon restora- Students of Accademia Adrianea at the temple of Athena Nike during their visit in the tion (1983-1999), or as a member of the Acropolis works News Letter of the Acropolis Restoration Service of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports

Editor: Acropolis Restoration Service

Editing: Ε. Petropoulou

English Translation: A.M. Hadjistephanou

Layout: M. Kabaniari

Published by:

Charalambos Bouras during the works of the 3rd International Meeting for the www.et.gr restoration of the Acropolis monuments, 31st March – 2nd April 1989. From the left: Ch. Bouras, E. Touloupa, M. Mercouri, M. Andronikos and G. Dontas.

The Acropolis Restoration Service 10, Polygnotou Street, GR- 10555 Athens Τel.: 210 32 43 427 Τel./Fax: 210 3251 620 e-mail: [email protected] www.ysma.gr

Charalambos Bouras during ESMA’s visit on the Acropolis works, 19th November 2015. From the left: Ch. Bouras, V. Labrinoudakis, R. Christodoulopoulou, V. Regopoulou- ©ΥSΜΑ, 2017 Kaselouri, L. Aggelakopoulou and F. Mallouchou-Tufano. ISSN 1790-2665