Sri Balaji Reservoir

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & MANAGEMENT REPORT

Submitted to: Consultants : H.no. 2-2-647/235/A/2 TGP Division, Srinivasnagar Colony Water Resource Department, Bagh Amberpet Hyderabad- 500013 Government of AndhraPradesh

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir CONTENTS CHAPTER I ...... 4 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF WORK ...... 4 1.1 Background ...... 4 1.2 Project Description ...... 4 1.3 Objective ...... 5 1.4 Study area ...... 5 1.5 Present Proposal & Components ...... 7 1.6 Scope Of The EIA Study ...... 7 1.7 Stages In An EIA Study ...... 8 1.8 Project Cost ...... 8 1.9 Project Justification ...... 9 1.10 Status of the Regulatory Clearances ...... 9 10.9.1 Clearance under process ...... 9 CHAPTER II ...... 10 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 10 2.1 Project Description ...... 10 2.2 Alternative Studies ...... 12 2.3 Salient Features ...... 12 2.4 Land Requirement ...... 13 2.5 Project Cost & Benefits ...... 13 CHAPTER III ...... 14 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA ...... 14 3.1 Overview ...... 14 3.2 Study Area ...... 14 3.3 Baseline Data Generation ...... 16 3.4 Project Area ...... 17 3.5 Regional Setting ...... 17 3.6 Connectivity ...... 18 3.7 Physical Characteristics ...... 18 3.8 Geology of the Dam Site: ...... 18 3.9 Hydrogeology ...... 18 3.10 Topography ...... 19 3.11 Climate ...... 19 3.12 Rainfall ...... 20 3.13 Hydrology ...... 20 3.14 Physical Environment ...... 22 3.14.1 Soil Quality Assessment ...... 22 3.14.2 Air Quality Assessment ...... 23 1

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 3.14.3 Water Quality Assessment ...... 24 3.15 Biological Environment ...... 26 3.15.1 Flora and Fauna – Seshachalam RF ...... 26 3.15.2 Flora and Fauna – Project area ...... 27 CHAPTER IV ...... 31 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 31 4.1 Introduction ...... 31 4.2 Regulatory Framework- Environment ...... 31 4.3 Government Law and Policies ...... 33 4.4 Permissions required ...... 35 4.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures ...... 35 4.6 Ambient Air Quality ...... 35 4.7 Ambient Noise Level ...... 36 4.8 Water Environment ...... 36 4.9 Biological Environment ...... 37 4.10 Impact environmental sensitive areas: ...... 37 4.11 Evaluation Impacts ...... 38 CHAPTER V ...... 43 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 43 5.1 Environmental Management Plan ...... 43 5.2 Safety during Construction ...... 48 CHAPTER-VI ...... 50 COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION ...... 50 6.1 Introduction: ...... 50 6.2 Approach ...... 51 6.3 Seedling Requirements ...... 51 6.4 Nursery Development ...... 51 6.5 Casualty Replacement ...... 51 CHAPTER-VII ...... 52 DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 52 7.1 Disaster Management Plan ...... 52 7.2 Regulation of Dam ...... 52 7.3 Flood Classification and Gauge Observation ...... 53 7.4 Flood Message & Flood Warning ...... 54 7.5 Reserve Stock...... 54 7.6 Emergency Response Organization ...... 54 7.7 The Emergency Response System ...... 54 7.8 Emergency Control Center ...... 54 7.10 Emergency Warning and Control System...... 55 2

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 7.11 Health and Medical Response System ...... 55 CHAPTER VIII ...... 56 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 56 8.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan ...... 56 8.2 Block Cost Estimates ...... 59 Annexure -1 ...... 60 Annexure-2 ...... 61 Annexure-3 ...... 62 Annexure-4 ...... 63 Annexure-5 ...... 64

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF WORK

1.1 Background

The scheme of Sri Balaji Reservoir is proposed near Karakambadi (V) to provide 1.00 TMC for drinking water to Tirupati and 2.0 TMC for supplimentation to Mallemadugu Reservoir. Partial submergence area of the Reservoir falls in the Reserve forest Zone of Karkambadi Reserve forest located near Renigunta Mandal of Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh as such forest alienation is required for the proposed scheme. In this regard preparation of Environment Impact Assessment report was entrusted to M/s N.S.S Assoicates by Water Resource Department, Govt. of AndhraPradesh. The said EIA report includes the data on various field studies undertaken by the accredited experts including baseline environmental data collection from the study area during the site visit , in line with the ToRs, anticipated impacts (identified, predicted & evaluated) on different components of the environment, delineating specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP).

1.2 Project Description

Sri Balaji Reservoir near Karakambadi (V), Renigunta (M) across Avacharikona (Local hilly stream) having Catchment area of 92.00 Sq Km with Gross Capacity of 3.082 TMC out of which 1.00 TMC is intended for drinking water needs of Tirupati and 2.0 TMC of water for supplimentation to Mallemadugu reservoir. About 519.30Ac of Private land and 477.75Ha of Reserve forest land (out of forest alienation of 740.855Ha proposed under Sri Balaji Reservoir, Mallemadugu Reservoir and Kailasagiri Canal) comes under submersion.

The GNSS main canal takes off from foreshore of Gandikota Reservoir with starting Bed Level of 202.90 m and bed fall of 1 in 9400 and after traversing a length of 334 Km, it terminates into Nagari River in Chittor District with an end bed level of +170.002 m. The canal in its traverse, feeds the off line Reservoirs and no direct ayacut is proposed under GNSS main canal. Thus, starting and end points of the canal are confined and, any attempt to change the bed fall and contour canal direction will affect the feeding of offline Reservoirs and thus contemplated ayacut under them.

The alignment of main canal partially extended in Mamandoor and Karkambadi Reserve forests in chittoor district. As there is no option to take the alignment of GNSS 4

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir canal in non-forest area, two alternatives have been studied in the forest area only, and economically and technically feasible alternative was approved by the Expert Committee. Administrative approval was accorded for Rs. 2189.26 crores by government of Andhra Pradesh for Phase –II works of GNSS vide G.O. Ms.No.185 I &CAD ( Maj.Irr.VI) Dept.,dt 15-10-2005. Revised administrative approval was accorded by the Government for Rs. 2525.91 crores vide G.o. Ms No. 50, Dated 25-03-2008.

1.3 Objective

The Main objective of the assignment includes Collection of baseline information on various components of the environment. Baseline information of the study area will be collected from the available literature/review of records/studies, along with carrying out of Necessary Preliminary Surveys, Investigations, collection of samples and analysis of the Sample as per Standards. Assessment of impacts on the environment due to proposed Project activities. Determining the magnitude of environmental impacts and formulation of mitigation measures for consideration and incorporation during planning/design, construction and operational phases of the project implementation. Preparation of environmental management plans including a program for monitoring environmental impacts, implementation schedule and responsibilities

1.4 Study area

The Study area Includes Karakambadi & its surrounding area including Karkambadi Reserve forest area located in Renigunta Mandal of Chittoor district in Andhra Pradesh, India. Project area boundary is marked in the Figure I-I

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Figure I-I Project area

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 1.5 Present Proposal & Components

The present supply of drinking water to Tirupati is not addressing the required demand.The existing sources are not able to cater to the required Demand of the City, due to the seasonal variations, the rainfall is not up to the mark and there is no perennial river in Chittoor District. Also, Chittoor District is a religious and historical place, therefore lakhs of pilgrims are visiting the place from the various parts of the country and world and it is an additional burden to the District. After bifurcation of the AP state, many Industries, Universities etc are being established in and around Tirupati town. Hence, strengthening the need and necessity of alternate source to meet the Current and Future requirements of watersupply to Tirumala and Tirupati town is very much essential.

Sri Balaji Reservoir is a proposed Reservoir with capacity 3.00 TMC out of which, 1.00 TMC is intended for drinking water supply to Tirupati-Tirumala and 2.00 TMC is intended for Irrigation purpose to supplement Mallimadugu Reservoir. The Mallimadugu Reservoir is an existing one with a capacity of 0.176 TMC and now proposed to enhance to 2.65 TMC by raising the bund thereby increasing the ayacut of 51050 acres in drought prone area of Chittoor District in addition to stabilization of existing ayacut of 3950Ac.

1.6 Scope Of The EIA Study

The brief scope of EIA study includes: • Assessment of the existing status of physio-chemical, ecological and socio – economic aspects of the environment. • Identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due to activities envisaged during construction and operation phases of the proposed irrigation project. • Prediction of significant impacts on major environmental components using appropriate mathematical/simulation models. • Delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to minimize adverse impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed project. • Formulation of Environmental Quality Monitoring Programmes for implementation during construction and operation phases. • Estimation of cost for implementation of Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Programme.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 1.7 Stages In An EIA Study

The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study, which are described in the following paragraphs.

Description of Environment: Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The baseline status was assessed as a part of EIA study for the proposed Sri Balaji Reservoir project involved both filed work and review of data collected from various secondary sources.

Prediction of Impacts: is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of the proposed Sri Balaji Reservoir Project. An attempt was made to forecast future environmental condition to the extent possible. However, for intangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been made so that planners and decision- makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.

Environmental Management Plan: The approach for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. The steps suggested as a part of EMP include modification of plans, engineering design, construction schedules and techniques, as well as operation and management practices. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of various management measures has also been estimated as a part of the present study.

Environmental Monitoring Programme: An environmental monitoring programme for monitoring of critical parameters during project construction and operation phases has been prepared as a part of the EIA study to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality. The monitoring programme also helps in suggestion of remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during construction and operation phases. The exercise will also generate data for future use and serve as a reference for assessment of impacts of hydropower projects in similar settings.

1.8 Project Cost

The total cost of the project is Rs. 159.55 Crores (the cost has been evolved based on the Standard Schedule of Rates of I & CAD Department, Govt of Andhra Pradesh.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 1.9 Project Justification

Sri Balaji Reservoir is proposed with a capacity of 3.00 TMC. 1.00 TMC for drinking water for Tirupati-Tirumala and 2.00 TMC for Irrigation purpose to feed Mallimadugu Reservoir. The Mallimadugu Reservoir is an existing one with a capacity of 0.176 TMC has been proposed to enhance to 2.65 TMC by raising the bund thereby increasing the ayacut of 51050 acres in addition to stabilization of existing ayacut of 3950Ac. in drought prone area of Chittoor District. Sri Balaji Reservoir is proposed to serve the needs of both drinking and irrigation. As no other alternative suitable proposal is possible in the non-forest area, the present location in forest area is inevitable for Canals and Reservoirs.

1.10 Status of the Regulatory Clearances

The status of the regulatory clearances in respect of establishing / construction and operating the proposed project is depicted in the Table given below:

S. No. Statutory Clearances Date Status

Revised administrartive 1. approval for GNSS project 25.03.2008 GO.Ms.No.50 include all the phases Funding assurance for compensatory afforestation from Water Resource 2. 27.12.2017 Obtained department Superintending Engineer TGP & GNSS Project to Forest department

Undertaking to pay net present value for forest land from 3. 27.12.2017 Obtained Superintending Engineer TGP & GNSS Project

Table I-I status of the regulatory clearances

10.9.1 Clearance under process

The Water Resource Dpartment, Government of Andhra Pradesh has applied for forest department clearance for the land falling in the Reserve Forest area of Karkambadi Rserve forest located near Renigunta Mandal of Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER II

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Description

There is no direct ayacut under Sri Balaji Reservoir. The project serves as a buffer storage to Mallelamadugu reservoir (2 TMC), and drinking water purposes (1 TMC) to Tirupati town and enroute villages. Existing ayacut under Mallemadugu Reservoir is 3950 acres. Once the Sri Balaji Reservoir and Mallemadugu Reservoir are completed, can cater to the irrigation needs of 55,000 acres of land.

With the 2 TMC buffer storage at Sri Balaji Reservoir, the following mandals will be benefited: Renigunta mandal, Yerpedu Mandal, Kalahasthi Mandal, KVB Puram, Pichatur Mandal, Nagalapuram Mandal, Vadamalpet Mandal, Nindra Mandal and Vijayapuram Mandal. Main water sources to the reservoir are, 1. Avacharikona (a natural stream) and 2. GNSS (Galerinagari Sujala Sravanthi) of Krishna River.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Figure II-I Site plan of Project are

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

2.2 Alternative Studies

As there is no option to take the alignment of GNSS canal in non-forest area, two alternatives have been studied in the forest area only, and economically and technically feasible alternative of locating the Reservoir in the Karkambadi Reserve forest located near Renigunta Mandal of Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh is approved by the Expert Committee .

2.3 Salient Features

The detailed survey of the submergence was carried out earlier and capacity of the reservoir has been worked out as per standard proc edures. The total gross storage capacity of Reservoir is 3.082 TMC , with the live storage capacity of 3.0 TMC. 2.00 TMC of water allocation has been proposed for supplementation to Mallemadugu and 1.0 TMC of water for Drinking Water supply to Tirupati

1 Name of the Reservoir Sri Balaji Reservoir

2 Latitude 13 0 41' 08" Location Longitude 79 0 29' 35" 3 Catchment area 92.00 Sq KM 4 Water spread area at FRL 6230000 M 2 (6.23 Sq. KM) 5 Gross Storage capacity 3.082 TMC 6 Live storage capacity 3.00 TMC 7 Maximum Flood Discharge 552 Cumecs 8 M.D.D.L. +150.00 M 9 F.R.L +174.100 M 10 M.W.L +176.200 M 11 T.B.L +178.100 M 12 Length of the earthen bund 3.335 Km Maximum Height of earth 13 37.84 M Bund 14 Length of the spill way 36 M (Ogee Type Spillway) Supplimentation to Mallemadugu 2.00 TMC 15 Ayacut in Acres Drinking Water supply to Tirupati 1.00 TMC 16 No.of gates with sizes 3 Nos of Size 10.0MX 5.60M Radial Gates +150.150 M (Proposed) @2.650 KM 17 Sill Level of the O.T.Sluice +150.150 M (Proposed) @2.880 KM Table II-I Salient features of the Reservoir

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 2.4 Land Requirement

The total land requirement for the project (Phase-II) is 477.748 hectares. Total land under submergence is 460.0 Ha under foreshore area and 17.548 Ha under Bund portion, Spill Way & O.T Sluices.

S.no. Details Area (Ha) 1 Forest Land Under Submergence 460.000 2 Forest Land for Bund Portion 17.548 Total 477.548 Table II-II land requirement for Reservoir

2.5 Project Cost & Benefits

The project cost is Rs. 159.55 Crores based on prevailing schedule of rates of Government of Andhrapradesh. i. Drinking water: Drinking water of 1 TMC is proposed to meet the drinking watersupply needs of Tirupati town and enroute villages which will directly benefit the People living in Tirupati town and enroute villages. ii. Irrigation: Th aim is to provide economically viable and socially acceptable irrigation practice for the command area. Irrigation is important to the health of the agricultural industry. Improving the viability of individual farming and increasing the efficiency and economic stability of the command area villages and also contributing to the economic and social objectives of the Andhra pradesh State are the expected outcomes of the proposed scheme. Some of the important project benefits are given below: • Agricultural linkages will be considerably improved. • The project improves total farm output and hence raises farm income. • Project improves yields through reduced crop loss due to erratic, unreliable or insufficient rainfall. • Extensive agricultural production supplies raw materials to the nearby small Scale industries thereby increasing the economy in the region. • Increased benefits from flood control, soil erosion, etc • Altogether, population of 91600 belonging to command area will be benefitted directly under the scheme. • Employment opportunities for 60 members, 5 technical staff and 55 construction labourers. Further, indirectly labour opportunities will be substantially improved since irrigation facility is made available. • It improves fodder crops and in turn dairy farming in the command area. • Agro forestry shall be taken up in command area and it improves the ecosystem services. 13

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER III

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA

3.1 Overview

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) includes the study of various components of environment viz., Physical (soil, air, noise and water), Biological (flora and fauna) and socioeconomics of the people under purview of the project. Integration of these parameters gives an overall assessment of positive and negative impacts due to construction of a dam and reservoir project. For overall prediction of impacts, the study area considered was 10 km radius covering all consequential project components viz., dam, canals etc. for conducting the study of all stated attributes in respect of catchment area.

3.2 Study Area

The study area includes of the following:- i. Catchment Area ii. Submergence Area iii. Within 10 km. radius of the project area and sites of appurtenant works of main project components ( i.e . dam and canals)

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Sri Balaji Reservoir Catchment Area

Figure III-I Catchment Area

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

3.3 Baseline Data Generation

Land cover area of the study area is detailed out in the fig III-I below.

Figure III-II Landcover area of the study area

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

3.4 Project Area

Sri Balaji Reservoir is propsed near Karakambadi (V), Renigunta (M) across Avacharikona (Local hilly stream) having Catchment area of 92.00 Sq Km with Gross Capacity of 3.082 TMC and about 477.748 Hectares of Reserve forest land will be submerged. Karakambadi is a Village in Renigunta Mandal in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State, India. It belongs to Rayalaseema region. The nearby factories to the Sri Balaji Reservoir are M/s.Amarraja Batteries Ltd and Saint Gobain India Pvt Limited in Karambadi Village. Other physical features nearer to the project are Tirupati-Kadapa State Highway 31, Kadapa – Tirupati Railway line.

3.5 Regional Setting

The project is located near Karakambadi (V), Renigunta (M). It is located 89 Km towards East from District head quarters of Chittoor and 13 Km from Renigunta which is well connected with road.

Figure III-III Location map

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 3.6 Connectivity

Tirupati is the Nearest Town to Karakambadi. Tirupati is 17 km from Karakambadi. Road connectivity is there from Tirupati to Karakambadi. Yerpedu Rail-way Station, Rachagunnari Rail-way station are the very nearby railway stations to Karakambadi.

3.7 Physical Characteristics

Physical map illustrates the natural geographic features of an area, such as the mountains and valleys. The area in general is composed of Kadapa super group of rocks, represented by Nagari quartzites and Pullampet shales. The area has been geologically mapped by Geologists from GSI, Hyderabad, Nagaraja Rao. B.K and Ramamohan.C. The stratigraphic sequence as worked out by them is given below:

• Recent to sub Recent : Alluvium

• Pullampet formations : Shale with Dolomite intercalations • Nagari Quartzite : Quartzite Shale with quartzite

Intercalations of Quartzite

3.8 Geology of the Dam Site:

In and around the Dam site, the area is occupied by gently dipping Pullampet shales. Along the dam alignment from Ch.Km.0.000 to Ch.Km.0.425 and from Km.2.575 to Km.3.335 sporadic outcrops of dark grey and light greenish to reddish brown shales respectively are seen. The area in between Ch.Km.0.425 and Ch.Km.2.550 is essentially covered with brown silty soils and from Ch.Km.2.550 to Km.2.575Km the area is occupied by mainly sub rounded to rounded quartzite boulders. The trend of the formation varies from N-S to N40°W – S40°E with a dip of 10° - 20° towards east to N50°E. The formation is traversed by two sets of vertical joints in NNW-SSE and ENE- WSW directions in addition to the bedding joint .

3.9 Hydrogeology

More than 90% of the district is underlain by crystalline formations and the remaining area by semi-consolidated formations. The degree and depth of weathering varies from place to place in crystalline formations and hence the potentiality of shallow aquifers also varies. Ground water occurs under unconfined conditions in weathered portion and semi- confined to confined condition occurs in fractures, joints at deeper depths. Ground water in weathered formations is developed by dug wells. For irrigation purposes, the dug wells are circular or rectangular in shape with 30 to 60 m 2. The domestic wells are mostly circular in shape and smaller in size. The depth of the wells is upto 10 M. The average discharge of energized wells ranges from 18 to 30 m3 /day. However, during monsoon 18

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir period, the discharge varies from 80 to 200 m 3 /day and during summer 10 to 50 m 3 /day. The Nagari Quartzites are mostly confined to uplands and hilly areas, which are covered by forest. These formations are massive and compact and possess meagre ground water potential. The ground water development is very less and there is no much habitation in these formations. The alluvium is confined to mostly riverbanks and stream courses with varying width and depth. Ground water development in this formation is mostly by filter points and dug wells. The well yields vary from 3 to 10 lbs. with drawdown of 2 to 6 m. They can sustain pumping for 6 to 8 hours/day with fast recovery of water levels.

3.10 Topography

Chittoor District can be divided into two natural divisions - the mountainous plateau on the West and the plains on the East. No perennial river flows through, but however Swarnamukhi, Arani, Bahuda, Pincha, Ponnaiare having seasonal flow is tapped for irrigation. The District forms a part of the Mysore plateau. The western and south western parts comprising Kuppam, Palamaneru, Punganur, Thamballapalle and Madanapalle areas have an altitude between 600 m and 900 m above msl. The altitude of central region comprising Bangarupalem, Chittoor, Piler, Vayalpad, Chandragiri areas has 300 m to 600 m above msl. The eastern/southern parts covering parts of Puttur, Karvetinagar, Satyavedu, Tottambedu and Srikalahasthi areas have an altitude of less than 300 m above msl. This indicates that the elevation in the District is highly variable and having steep slopes

3.11 Climate

Climatically the area lies under semi-arid climate. According to Koeppens classification, it comes under 'AW' type of climate denoting a distinct dry season in winter and marked seasonal rhythm of rainfall. Monsoon rains occur during the short period of 3-4 months in a year. It imports humidity to the atmosphere, moisture to the soil. The temperatures over the district gradually increase fiom January until they reach highest in the April with the onset of south-west monsoon in the middle of June, the temperatures slowly decreases until they touch the lowest in January. However the western parts of the District enjoy low temperatures than eastern parts. Maximum temperature in the western parts of the District is around 36°C to 38°C and in eastern parts it touches 46°C. Minimum ternperature in western parts is around 12°C to 14°C and in eastern parts it is 16°C to 18°C. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures at Arogyavaram (31.l°C, 19.9°C) are comparatively lower than at Tirupathi (33.4°C, 21.5 °C).

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 3.12 Rainfall

The average annual rainfall of the district is 976 mm, which ranges from 1 mm rainfall in March to 166.4 mm in October. October is the wettest months of the year. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 466.5 mm in southwest monsoon (June-September), 392.2 mm in northeast monsoon (Oct-Dec), 15.1 mm rainfall in winter (Jan-Feb) and 94.3 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 46.9% in southwest monsoon, 40.8 % in northeast monsoon, 1.7 percentage in winter and 10.6 % in summer. The rainfall details for last five years recorded is detailed in the table below :

Year JaN Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2013 3 44.6 20.7 40.5 38.6 76.4 80.4 116.8 174.2 181.5 73.9 5.4

2014 0.5 1 11.9 2.5 64.7 72.8 56.7 112.6 72.3 125.1 55.3 25

2015 0.9 0 19.1 89.6 63.4 90.6 46.2 132.1 124.4 159.9 596.5 96.2

2016 2.9 0 2.9 0.4 106.7 137.4 153.5 22.3 46.1 32.7 11.6 147.5

2017 15.5 0 26.9 9 55.4 92.3 85 207.9 226.7 289.4 99.5 31.4 Source: IMD

Table III-I Rainfall details for last five years

3.13 Hydrology

There are no major rivers in the District. Most of the rivers are ephemeral in nature carrying large quantities of water immediately after precipitation. The drainage is generally subarticulate to sub-parallel following straight courses.

Main water sources to the reservoir are, 1. Avacharikona (a natural stream) and 2. GNSS (Galerinagari Sujala Sravanthi) from Krishna River

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Figure III-IV Chittor District Drainage map

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

3.14 Physical Environment

3.14.1 Soil Quality Assessment

Soil samples from various locations in catchment area and study area were collected. The sample locations have been selected to represent the area characteristics based on geology, land use and floristic pattern. The samples have been collected from three locations for soil quality in project area. The location of the soil samples is presented as shown in Figure 3.5.

Figure III-V Soil Sampling Locations

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

S.No Parameter Unit SBR-S-1 SBR-S-2 SBR-S-3 1 TEXTURE Red Loamy Red Loamy Red Loamy

Sand % 22 24 22 Silt % 38 39 38 Clay % 40 37 40 2 Soil Type silty clay silty clay silty clay

Salinity mhos/cm 0.32 0.35 0.31 3 Colour Red Red Red

4 Electrical conductivity ds/m 0.32 0.32 0.32 5 pH 7.78 7.76 7.72

6 Bulk density gram/cc 1.27 1.26 1.27 7 Porosity % v/v 62 62 62 Sodium Absorption 8 % 0.22 0.22 0.22 Ratio 9 Infiltration capacity mm/h 14 13 14 10 Nitrogen as N mg/Kg 82 82 80 11 Potassium as K mg/Kg 58 55 56 12 Phosphorus as P mg/Kg 40 42 39 14 Chloride mg/l 88 84 79 15 Organic carbon % 0.51 0.51 0.49 16 Permeability Cm/Hr 1.3 1.4 1.3 Water holding 17 % 39 41 40 capacity

Table III-II Soil Quality Assessment

3.14.2 Air Quality Assessment

The results of ambient air quality reveal that, PM10 was in the range between 39 –

µ 3 3 75 g/m and SO 2 and NO x are in the range between 4 – 6.3 µg/m and 9 – 116

µg/m 3 respectively, NH3 and CO are in the range between 6 – 25.1 µg/m 3 and 0.3 –

1.1 µg/m 3 respectively which are well within the NAAQ standards and found to be good and satisfactory. The Air Quality sampling locations near by the project area are given in the table below. The air quality monitoring results are interpreted as below:

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Status of Ambient Air Quality in Tirumala Near Alipiri, Tirupati, Chittoor District RSPM SO NO NH3 CO Sl.No Year (PM10) 2 X µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 mg/m3 µg/m3 1 2011 36 4 9 - - 2 2012 37 4 9 - - 3 2013 52 4 9 21 - 4 2014 62 4.4 11.6 23 0.9 5 2015 62 4.7 11 25.5 0.6 6 2016 59 6 12.3 23.9 0.3 Standards (Annual 60 50 40 100 2 Averages) 2017 i) January 58 5.4 12 22.3 0.3 ii) February 65 5.3 11.3 23 0.4 iii) March 66 5.7 12 27.1 0.4 iv) April 68 5.7 12.3 24.2 0.4

V) May 70 5.5 12.1 24.5 0.6

Standards (24 hours 100 80 80 400 4 Averages)

Air Quality parameters as monitored at the site near to Karakambadi on 25 th April 2018 by NSS Associates team.The Results are detailedout in table below.

Air Quality Parameters

Sl.No Year RSPM SO 2 NO X NH3 CO (PM10) µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 mg/ µg/m3 m3 Year 2018 i) 25.04.2018 62 5.2 10 22.1 0.3 Standards (24 hours 100 80 80 400 4 Averages)

3.14.3 Water Quality Assessment

Surface Water Quality Surface water samples were collected to assess the water quality. Surface water samples were taken from major tanks/ponds.

As reflected from the below results, pH of the collected surface water samples was recorded as 7.93 shows slightly alkaline nature. As far as electrical conductivity is concerned, it was recorded 464μmho/cm. While Total Dissolved Solids were recorded 292 mg/l. Total and calcium hardness of ground water was also recorded as 100 mg/l and 20-24 mg/l respectively. Fluoride and nitrate which are the two important 24

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir parameters as far as ground water quality is concerned were also recorded within the permissible limit of IS 10500. Other Parameters like Chloride Cl, Sodium Na,

Potassium K, SulphateSO 4, Nitrate NO 3, Silica SiO 2, Iron Fe, Magnesium Mg were all found within the permissible limit.

Table 3.3: Surface water Quality Analysis

Results Units of S.No Parameters measurement Sample 3 ( River / Pond ) 1 pH @ 25 o c 7.93 2 Electrical Conductivity @ 25 o c (µmho/cm) 464 3 TDS (mg/l) 292 4 Turbidity ( NTU ) 10.42 5 Color ( Hazen) 30

6 Total Hardness as CaCo 3 (mg/l) 100 7 Alkalinity-Phenolphthalein (mg/l) Nil 8 Alkalinity-Methyl orange (mg/l) 60 9 Calcium as Ca (mg/l) 24 10 Magnesium as Mg (mg/l) 9.6

11 Non carbonate Hardness (mg/l) 40

12 Chloride as Cl (mg/l) 85

13 Sodium as Na (mg/l) 56.8

14 Potassium AS K (mg/l) 2.5

15 Sulphate as SO 4 (mg/l) 42.0

16 Nitrate as NO 3 (mg/l) 4.84.8

17 Silica as SiO 2 (mg/l) 3.2 18 Iron as Fe (mg/l) 0.10 19 Fluoride (mg/l) 0.30 Ground Water Quality: Two ground water samples were collected to assess the water quality. The ground water samples were drawn from hand pumps and open wells of villages being used for domestic needs. Surface water samples were taken from major tanks/ponds.

As reflected from the below results, pH of the collected ground water samples was recorded in the range of 6.55 – 6.56 shows slightly acidic nature. As far as electrical conductivity is concerned, it was recorded in between 462 – 490 μmho/cm while Total Dissolved Solids were recorded in the range of 286-2980 mg/l. Total and calcium hardness of ground water was also recorded as 100 mg/l and 20-24 mg/l respectively. Fluoride and nitrate which are the two important parameters as far as ground water quality is concerned were also recorded within the permissible limit of IS 25

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

10500. Other Parameters like Chloride Cl, Sodium Na, Potassium K , SulphateSO 4

Nitrate NO 3, Silica SiO 2,Iron Fe ,Magnesium Mg were all found within the permissible limit

Table 3.2 Groundwater Quality Analysis

Results Units of S.No Parameters measurement Sample 1 Sample 2 ( bore Well ) (Hand pump ) 1 pH @ 25 o c 6.55 6.56 o 2 Electrical Conductivity @ 25 (µmho/cm) 462 490 c 3 TDS (mg/l) 286 298 4 Turbidity ( NTU ) 1.20 2.55 5 Color ( Hazen) <01 <01

6 Total Hardness as CaCo 3 (mg/l) 100 100 7 Alkalinity-Phenolphthalein (mg/l) Nil Nil 8 Alkalinity-Methyl orange (mg/l) 50 70 9 Calcium as Ca (mg/l) 24 20 10 Magnesium as Mg (mg/l) 9.6 12 11 Non carbonate Hardness (mg/l) 50 30 12 Chloride as Cl (mg/l) 85 80 13 Sodium as Na (mg/l) 56.3 62.6 14 Potassium AS K (mg/l) 2.5 2.7

15 Sulphate as SO 4 (mg/l) 50.1 51.1

16 Nitrate as NO 3 (mg/l) 5.0 5.0

17 Silica as SiO 2 (mg/l) 3.9 3.7 18 Iron as Fe (mg/l) 0.10 0.12 19 Fluoride (mg/l) 0.40 0.38

3.15 Biological Environment

3.15.1 Flora and Fauna – Seshachalam RF

The study area falls in Seshachalam Reserve Forest. Taking into consideration the rich biodiversity found in the Reserve Forest area, which falls on the southern part of the Decan Plateau, covering an area of 4,755.99 sq km in the Districts of Chittoor and Kadapa.

According to a study, it has been estimated that over 1,700 species belonging to 178 families of vascular plants exist in the region.

Even though the presence of the Leopard is commonly felt in the region, the presence of other predators including Hyena, Wild Dog, Golden Jackal, Indian Fox, Jungle Cat, Sloth Bear are also felt. 26

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir The forest flora of Chittoor comprises dry South Indian deciduous mixed forests, southern cutch thorn forests and tropical evergreen dry forests. The fauna of the District includes panthers, wild boar, porcupines, hyaenas, wolves, jackals and a lot more. A large variety of birds are also found in the District of Chittoor like the large grey shrikes, mynas, vultures, eagles, kites, owls, partridges, green pigeons, peacocks and many more adding to the variety of the avian culture of Chittoor.

Land under forest produces some good quality timber, precious Sandalwood and Red Sanders. The flora in the study area include Pterocarpus santalinus, Dendracalamus strictus, Diospyros chroloroxylon, Bambusa arundinacea, Terminatia chebula, Bauhinia racemosa, Dalbergia paniculata, Zizyplus xylopyrus, Albizia amara, Pterospermum xylocarpum, Wrightia tinctoria, Albizia amara, Holarrhena pubescens, Telminalia bellesica, Zizyphus xylopyrus, Strychnos potatorum, Buchanania lanzan, Barringtonia racemosa, Madhuca longifolia, Strychnos nux-vomica.

3.15.2 Flora and Fauna – Project area

As the project area (Karamkadi Reserve Forest) is closer to the human habitation not much of flora and fauna are found. Some of the species found in the region include the Spotted Deer, Mouse Deer, Four-Horned Antelope, Indian Giant Squirrel, Small Indian Civet etc.

Among reptiles, the Gliding Lizard, which primarily inhabits evergreen biotopes in the Westren Ghats and the Golden Gecko Calodactylodes Aureus, besides a total species of 63 butterflies belonging to five families were also found in the region.

The Forest Department too has adopted several conservation strategies for the protection of the rare and endemic species in the region, which include habitat improvement works.

Fauna

S.No. Local Name Zoological Name 1 Konda gorre Oreamnos americanus 2 Adavi kollu Gallus Gallus 3 Peacock Pavo cristatus 4 Langoors Semnopithecus 5 Wild dogs Lycaon pictus 6 Rabbits Oryctolagus cuniculus 7 Snakes Serpentes 8 Panthers Panthera pardus 9 Spotted deer Axis axis 10 Sloth bear Melursus ursinus 27

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 11 Elephant Elephas maximus 12 Indian parrots Psittacula eupatria 13 Wild boars Sus scrofa 14 Indian Python Python molurus

Small Blue Kingfisher Indian Peafowl Purple swamphen (Alcedo Attis) (Pavo Cristatus) (Porphyrio Porphyrio)

The common tree components of these forests are Chloroxylon swietenia, Cochlospermum religiosum, Anogeissus latifolia, Careya arborea, Lannea coromandelica, Gmelina arborea, Terminalia coriacea, Hardwickia binata, Dalbergia lanceolaria, Strychnos potatorum, Cleistanthus collinus, Madhuca longifolia, Cassia fistula etc. The common grassesmet with area ristida setacea, Apluda mutica, Vetiveria zizanioides etc. The common climbers are Mucuna hirsuta, Ampelocissus tomentosa, Cryptolepis buchanani, Cissus vitiginea, Pueraria tuberosa, Capparis zeylanica etc. Pterocarpus santalinus is a pride of Eastern Ghats, thriving on the hill slopes and plateau of forests. Shrubs include Maytenus emarginata, Cassia auriculata. Grasses include Themeda triandra, Chrysopogon aciculatus

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Flora

S.No. Local Name Botanical Name

1 Vulinda Diospyros chroloroxylon

2 Karakkaya Terminatia chabula

3 Aare Bauhinia racemosa

4 Pachari Dalbergia paniculata

5 Gotti Zizyplus xylopyrus

6 Tada Pterospermum xylocarpum

7 Reppala Wrightia tinctoria

8 Chillamushti Stychnos potatorum

9 Sara Buchnania lanzan

10 Red sanders Pterocarpus santalinus

11 Bongu Veduru Bambusa arundinacea

12 Chitti Veduru Dendracalamus strictus

13 Mushti Chettu Strychnos nux-vomica

14 Penu veduru Chola atroviolacea

15 Billu chettu Chloroxylon swietenia

16 Thappi chettu Sterculia urens

17 Janaga chettu Prosopis Cinerasia

18 Sigara chettu Albizia amara

19 Konda chiguru Cassia fistula

20 Pala chettu Holarrhena Pubescens

21 Thandra chettu Terminalia bellerica

22 Yepu chettu Madhuca Longifolia

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER IV

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

4.1 Introduction

A detailed assessment has been taken up to identify the adverse impacts due to the proposed Reservoir. As enlisted below there are certain direct and indirect impacts on the various environmental attributes due to the proposed project on the surrounding environment.

The impact of proposed activities under construction and operational phase of the project have been analyzed which may have some temporary or negligible impacts on various components of the environment. The assessment results confirm that negative impacts are negligible or very temporary as compared to the benefits of the project

To safe-guard the Environment and Ensure minimal Impact on the surrounding Environment both during the construction and operational phases ‘an Environmental Management Plan and a Monitoring Plan’ have been prepared for suggestive measures / mitigative measures for the impacts identified.

4.2 Regulatory Framework- Environment

The environmental laws applicable to this project are both pollution and natural resource related. Key Mandatory environmental laws are: • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972,GoI • Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and Andhra Pradesh Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Rules, 1974 as Ammended upto 1988,GoI • The Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, GoI • Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980,GoI • Environment (Protection) Act, 1986,GoI • Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1990,GoI • National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on environment and Development, 1992,GoI • Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution 1992 ,GoI • National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995,GoI • The Andhra Pradesh Forest (Amendment ) Act, 2016

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Key Environmental legislations pertaining to Environmental Impact Assessment

Operational

Name of Scope and Agencies/ Key Areas Legislations Objective Key Player

To provide for the prevention and Water (Prevention and Control sewage Central and State control of water Control of Pollution) and industrial Pollution Control pollution and Act, 1974, 1988 effluent discharges Boards enhancing the quality of water To provide for the Air (Prevention and prevention and Controls emission Central and State Control of Pollution) Act, control of air of air pollutants Pollution Control Board 1981, 1987 pollution Regulates access To consolidate to natural acquisition of resources, state common property has a monopoly such as forest, halt State Forest (Conservation) right over land, India’s rapid Government and Act, 1980. categories forests, deforestation and Central Government restriction on de- resulting reservation and environmental using forest for degradation non forest purpose Create Protected Areas (National Wildlife Wildlife (Protection) To protect wildlife parks, Wildlife Advisory Boards, Act, 1972 sanctuaries), of CentralZoo Authorities wildlife which are protected Central government nodal To provide for An umbrella agency, MoEFCC Environment the protection and legislation, (change (Protection)Act, 1986 Improvement of supplements everywhere) can environment pollution laws delegate to state departments of environment National Policy on Resettlement and Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan Central and State Social issues Rehabilitation, for/of project Governments 2007& 2013 affected people

To protect ancient Conservation of Ancient Monuments and monuments of Cultural and Archaeological Archaeological sites & national historical remains Survey of India Remains Act, 1958 heritage/importance found in India

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Prevent smuggling of Prevention of The Andhra Pradesh Forest forest produce, Central and State Sandalwood (Amendment) Act, 2016 particularly red Governments smuggling sanders, and poaching of wildlife ensuring integration National Conservation Dealing with various of environmental Central government , Strategy and Policy problems of considerations in the Ministry of Statement on environment environment and development Environment & Forest and Development, 1992 development activities of the various sectors

prevent pollution at integrate source, encourage, Policy Statement for environmental Central government , develop and apply Abatement of Pollution considerations into Ministry of the best available 1992 decision-making at Environment & Forest practicable technical all levels solutions. EIA Notification 1994, and further amendments in Project Development, Environment Impact Environmental 14th Sep 2006 State and Central Assessment Protection and amendment 1st Dec Government 2009

4.3 Government Law and Policies

Key environmental rules and regulations applicable for projects are: Legislations • Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981 and Andhra Pradesh Air (Prevention of Control of Pollution) Rules 1983 • Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 • Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 • Municipal Solid waste (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 • Bio Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998

National Policies

There are certain national policies to address various issues relating to the exploitation of natural resources and other environmental issues and the policy is given in Table 4.1 .

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Table 4.1: National policies related to natural resources and environmental issues pertaining to Environmental Impact Assessment

S. No. National Policies Objective

1. National Environment Policy, 2006 Sustainable development

Conservation and management of water 2. National Water Policy, 2012 resources

Policy Statement on National policy on the pollution 3. Abatement of Pollution, 1992 control and prevention.

National Conservation Strategy Strategy for development taking 4. and Policy Statement on environmental concerns into account in Environment and Development, our development process. 1992 Conservation and management offorests, 5. National Forest Policy, 1988 wildlife sanctuaries etc.

National Resettlement All social issues relating to land 6. and Rehabilitation acquisition resettlement and rehabilitation Policy (NRRP), 2007 & 2013. Wildlife Conservation Strategy, For the conservation management of 7. 2002 issues relating to wildlife.

Addresses the need of conserving the nation’s biodiversity and emphasizes National Wildlife Action Plan, requirements of evolving prescriptions for 8. 2002- 2016) management of multiple use areas which provide for wildlife habitat and forest products.

National Guidelines

The relevant environmental national guidelines are given in Table 4.2 . Table 4.2: National guidelines pertaining to Environmental Impact Assessment

S. No. Guidelines Objective To help project proponent and MoEF& CC Draft EIA manual for 1. consultants for EIA report River Valley Projects, 2010 preparation. Guidelines for the collection of Net Present Value (NPV) for the recovery / collection of Net For the forest land acquired under 2. Present value of the forest land Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 being diverted for non- forestry purpose, 2003.

To help EAC members and Standard ToR for river 3. consultant to determine the specific valley and irrigation projects ToR for the river valley projects.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

4.4 Permissions required

Permission is to be obtained from the respective Regional Deputy / Joint Commissioner, Forest department, GoAP for cutting of trees.

4.5 Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures

Due to the activities of the project, there will be potential impacts on the environment of varying magnitude. Most of the impacts are likely to occur during the construction phase of the project. The following sections reveal the impacts due to the project on the physical, biological and social environment. Impacts have been assessed based on the information collected from the screening and feasibility study reports, field surveys and additional secondary data collected as part of the study. The majority of the impacts are confined only during the construction stage.

4.6 Ambient Air Quality

The construction of the project is expected to last approximately in 12 months. The initial site clearing will be followed by site preparation activities

Sources of air pollution

Pollution due to fuel combustion in equipments: The operation of construction equipments requires combustion fuel. Normally, diesel is used for such equipments. The major pollutant which gets emitted as a result of combustion of diesel is CO and HC. Dust pollution: The operation of the trucks carrying construction materials to the site, batching plants during the construction phase is likely to generate fugitive emissions, which can move even up to 100 m in predominant wind direction. Emissions due to usage of firewood for cooking at labor camps. Due to operation of DG sets and excavation, laborers are prone to health problems. The following mitigation measures will be followed to control potential emissions of fugitive dust during construction of the project: Unpaved roads and disturbed areas in the project construction site are watered as frequently as necessary to prevent fugitive dust plumes. The frequency of watering are reduced or eliminated during periods of precipitation. Construction equipment vehicle tires inspected and washed as necessary to be cleaned free of dirt prior to entering paved roadways. Vehicles used to transport solid bulk material on public roadways and having the potential to cause visible emissions provided with a cover, or the materials

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

sufficiently wetted and loaded onto the trucks in a manner to provide at least one foot of freeboard. Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine aggregates covered by tarpaulin sheets to reduce spills on roads and to reduce fugitive emissions.

4.7 Ambient Noise Level

During construction phase, various sources of noise pollution arise due to operation of machineries like concrete plant, cranes, batch plants, material lifting operations, communication noise, including DG sets etc., Other source of noise pollution includes movement of vehicles for unloading of construction materials, fabrication, handling of equipments. Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 – 95 dB (A). • PPEs such as, ear plugs and ear muffs will be provided to the workers. • Periodic maintenance and servicing of construction equipments/ vehicles. • Acoustic enclosures will be provided for DG sets • Construction activities shall be restricted only to day time and there should not be any construction during evening and night hours to avoid the psychological effects on surrounding population and biota.

4.8 Water Environment

The quality of water resources both surface and ground water may also deteriorate if solid waste management practices are not adopted in the labour camps of the project during peak construction phase. Improper treatment of sewage from labor camps leads to infiltration into the subsurface soil and finally affects the ground water of the region. This will create unaesthetic conditions in the site, attracts mosquitoes/flies, thereby chances of deteriorating the health of the workers in unhygienic conditions. Improper disposal of construction debris, used oil, diesel for DG sets, etc will result in ground water contamination and in turn affecting drainage of the area. The mitigation measures include; The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in the Septic Tank and Soak Pits designed and constructed as per IS 2470 Part-I & Part-II. There will be no open discharge of sewage from labour camps and the labour camps will be provided with sufficient bathrooms and toilets. Periodical health check-ups for labors will be done. Construction debris will be reused at site, used oil generated from the DG sets will be stored separately and handed over to APPCB authorized recyclers.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

During construction of intake canal, the river course and the point of contact of intake canal will be provided with sand bags

4.9 Biological Environment

A total of 477.748 Ha of forest land is required for construction of Reservoir. No rare, threatened, endangered plant or animal species are found in the region. During construction of Reservoir and canals, felling of trees are envisaged. The trees on the bunds of agricultural plantations and in Government lands will be removed with prior approval. Details of trees proposed for felling for construction of canals will only be ascertained prior to the construction. Land for alternative reforestation, i.e., Compensative Afforestation is proposed by Water Resource Department.

During construction phase, the project will have short term negative impact on flora and fauna of the region. However, no negative impacts are anticipated during operation phase of the project.

4.10 Impact environmental sensitive areas:

Cultural heritage site:

There is no cultural heritage site present near the influence area of the proposed Project.

Protected area:

The proposed Reservoir & canal alignment doesn’t fall within any protected area.

Wetland:

There is no presence of wetlands near to the proposed project.

Mangrove:

There is no presence of Mangrove near to the proposed project.

Estuarine:

There is no form of estuarine near to the proposed project.

Buffer zone of protected area:

The proposed Reservoir & canal alignments areas don’t come near any buffer zone of protected area.

Special area of protecting biodiversity:

The proposed Reservoir & canal alignment doesn’t fall within any special area for protecting biodiversity.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

4.11 Evaluation Impacts

Matrix method was used to identify interactions between various project activities and environmental parameters and components. Later, a weightage of 1-10 shall be given to the impacts based on the significance of the impacts. The impacts are quantified „with‟ and „without‟ EMP. The criteria adopted for weightage are given below; Table IV-I Criteria for evaluation of impacts Sl.No Criteria Score 1 Minor impact 1-2 2 Medium impact 3-4 3 Significant impact 5-8 4 Major impact 9-10

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Table 4.3 Evaluation of Impacts Nature of Impacts

Environmental Sl.No Attributes Project Activities Direct Direct Positive Positive Indirect Indirect With EMP EMP With Negative Negative Reversible Reversible Long Term Long Term Short Irreversible Magnitude Magnitude Without EMP Without

A. Construction Phase 1.Impacts on Land Environment

Construction of Reservoir

and canal network M 1 Land Vehicular movement M

Change in Construction of reservoir 2 Topography and canal network M - -

Construction site, temporary Loss of offices, workers camps, M Productive stockyards 3 Soil Construction of Haul roads L

Site Clearance L Compaction of 4 Soil Movement of vehicles L

Machinery and operation of

the Diesel Generator Sets M 5 Contamination of Soil labor camps M 2. Impacts on Water Environment

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Sewage from labor camp M 1 Eutrophication Muck disposal M

Construction of reservoir

and canal network M

Change in Diversion of river water H River Decomposition of

2 Water sediments and deposition of M Quality organic matter

Washing of equipments L

Muck disposal M Change in surface and 3 ground water Sewage from labor camp H quality 3. Impacts on Air Environment Construction equipments, Increase in operation of DG sets, M dust 1 concentration Excavation H Vehicular movement H Fugitive Emissions from Loading and dislodging Use M 2 various of sand, fine aggregates sources Batching plant M

Vehicular movement M

Increase in Operation of DG sets M

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

3 SO 2, PM, NO x Fuel Combustion in

equipments and Vehicles M Burning of fuels

from construction M workers Impact on

4 Human Health Emission of Dust particles M 4. Impact on Noise Environment Movement of vehicles M Increase Noise 1 Operation of D.G sets L Level Movement of vehicles

carrying raw materials M 5. Impact on Biological Environment Pressure on Immigration of labor 1 existing population L natural resources Transportation of Reduced M Photosynthetic construction materials 2 activity, Wilting of plants Site Clearance M

Increase in turbidity of

Impacts on water due to Washing of Fishes and M 3. machineries Aquatic Ecosystem Sewage from labor camp H

6. Impact on Socio-economic Environment Land Affecting livelihood 1 acquisition H

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Due to water/air borne Impact on diseases, traffic 2 Human Health H movement B. Operation Phase Impacts on Application of natural

Land fertilizers and 1 H Environment pesticides Impact on Application of fertilizers water and pesticides M environment

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER V

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 Environmental Management Plan

Based on the evaluation of baseline data and predicted impacts, suitable management plans are prepared in order to ameliorate the negative impacts in the sphere of land, water, air, noise, biological and socio-economic environments. Under this environmental management plan necessary mitigation measures along with a broad cost (indicative) and institutional mechanism for mitigating the impacts has been listed below. The implementation of all the management measures suggested should commence concurrent to project execution, so that all the environmental concerns going to arise may be resolved before the project is commissioned. Responsible Responsible S.no. Environmental Issue Mitigation Measures agencies agencies Execution Monitoring PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE - Relocation / realignment if convenient, to avoid felling of trees. - Required permission from the nodal agency like Forest Tree Cutting (Throughout Department to be obtained by the contractor, if required. the Project area) Water Resource Contractor 1 Dept. - Disposal of the trees to be done in a safe manner, in consultation with SE / EE.

- Plantation of a new tree in at least equal number as no. of trees fell

- All vehicles, equipment and machinery to be procured for Construction Vehicles, construction to comply with the relevant local norms. Equipment and Machinery Water Resource 2 Contractor Dept. - Any discharge standards promulgated under PCB will be

strictly adhered to.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

- Noise limits for construction equipments not to exceed 75 dB (A), measured at one meter from the edge of the equipment in free area. - Contractor will make all efforts to use excess earth Disposal of excavation generated due to excavation. However, if additional soil is debris and surplus earth, if required for filling it will be done by excavation from borrow Water Resource 3 any. areas. Contractor to identify area for disposal of surplus Contractor Dept. earth and borrow area for filling and will obtain approval of Executive Engineer before commencement of work.

- Location of disposal site will be finalized prior to Location of disposal site commencement of the excavation on any section of the Water Resource 4 Contractor project location. Executive Engineer is to approve the Dept. disposal site. CONSTRUCTION STAGE - The site control plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of arrangements. Public would be informed through signboards. Planning for Traffic -The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/ detour is always Diversions and maintained in running condition to avoid concerned disruption. inconvenience to The contractor will also inform of changes. neighborhood Wa ter Resource 6 Contractor - The contractor will take all necessary measures for the safety Dept. of traffic as well as passage during construction work. However, as the scales of activities are low, highly significant inputs may not occur. -The contractor will ensure that all signs, barricades, pavement markings are provided. -All vehicles delivering construction materials to the site are to Transporting Construction be covered to avoid spillage of materials thus preventing Materials and Haul Road pollution of environment. Contractor Water Resource 7 Management -Contractor is to arrange for regular water sprinkling at least Dept. twice a day (i.e., morning, and evening) for dust suppression of the construction sites and unpaved site roads.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

-The unloading of materials at construction sites close to settlements is to be restricted to daytime only.

-Contractor will arrange adequate supply and storage of water for the whole construction period at his own costs and without Construction Water unbalancing water supply. Water Resource 8 Contractor Dept. -The contractor will take all precaution to minimize the wastage of water in the construction process. -Contractor will ensure that all vehicles, equipment and machinery used for construction are regularly maintained and Emission from Construction Contractor Water Resource 15 Vehicles, Equipment and confirm that pollution emission levels comply with the relevant Dept. Machineries requirements of APPCB. The Executive Engineer will be required to inspect regularly to ensure the compliance.

The Contractor will conform the following: -All plants and equipment used in construction shall strictly conform to any PCB noise standards. Noise Pollution: Noise from -All vehicles and equipment used in construction will be fitted Contractor Water Resource 16 Vehicles, Plants and with exhaust silencers and comply with prevailing standards. Dept. Equipments -Servicing of all construction vehicles and machinery will be done regularly and during routine servicing operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be checked and if found defective will be replaced.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Contractor will provide: -Protective footwear, and gloves to all workers employed for the work on mixing, cement, lime mortars, concrete etc. -Welder’s protective eye-shields to workers who are engaged in welding works -Earplugs to workers exposed to loud noise, and workers Personal Safety Measures Contractor Water Re source 17 working in crushing, compaction, or concrete mixing operation. for Labour Dept. -The contractor will strictly follow the statutory child labour act. -The contractor will also ensure that no paint containing lead or lead products is used except in the form of paste or readymade paint. -Contractor will provide facemasks for use to the workers when paint is applied in the form of spray.

-The contractor will comply with all the precautions as required for the safety of the workmen as per the "Construction Workers (regulation of employment and conditions of service) Act 1 996" as far as those are applicable to this contract. -The contractor will make sure that during the construction work:

Precautionary / Safety -All relevant provisions of local laws of the land will be adhered Water Resource 18 Measures during to. Contractor Dept. Construction -Adequate safety measures for workers during handling of materials at site will be taken up. -The contractor will comply with good practices regarding safe scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway etc. -no material will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

-The contractor will comply the relevant electrical safety legislations. -The Contractor will take adequate precautions to prevent danger from electrical equipment. - all necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the Risk from Electrical Water Resource 19 public . Contractor Equipment Dept. - all machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant state codes, will be free from patent defect, will be kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly maintained as per IS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Executive Engineer.

The contractor will arrange for - A readily available first aid kit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances as per local Water Resource 20 First Aid guidelines at every workplace Contractor Dept. - Suitable transport to take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital.

-The contractor will provide, erect and maintain informatory/ Informatory Signs and safety signs, hoardings written in at least Telegu and English Water Resource 21 Contractor Hoardings wherever required or as suggested by the Executive Engineer. Dept.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 5.2 Safety during Construction

With large scale increase in construction activity of river valley projects, the number of major accidents during construction stage may increase. Further, increased construction activity has also created construction related hazards for persons working on the projects. The degree of safety achieved in project constructions has a direct bearing on the amount of effort expanded to avoid accidents by those who control the conditions and practices on the project. In order to avoid accidents it should be the overall responsibility of the project authorities to provide measures for the safety of all persons working on the projects. The standards laid down for the safety aspects should be taken during construction work. Construction activities at the site of a river valley project need to take care of safety aspect for all the activities in general and for following critical activities in particular: • Storage, handling, transportation, and operation of explosives required for blasting and tunnelling activities • Underground construction work including tunneling, excavation, and other related activities • Construction at heights • Fire safety aspects • Cross drainage construction work • Storage, handling, detection, and safety measures for gases, chemicals and flammable liquids • Movement of vehicles on construction site All persons need to be made aware of the dangerous conditions and risks Involved in their activities. They should be trained to take necessary precautions for their own safety as well as that of others working at site. This should typically involve following the Safe Operating Procedure (SOP) wherever applicable, use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as helmets, gloves, gum boots, safety harness, etc., remain active and alert without any influence of alcohol or other intoxicating substances during working hours. The safety requirement generally vary according to the type of structure, type of construction methodology, type of strata encountered and number of men and type of machinery deployed at site, therefore, it is important to develop site specific construction safety procedures. Such SOPs need to be incorporated in letter and spirit and all the staff involved need to be sensitized to the importance of safety and trained. A full time safety manager, will be appointed by the project developer with duties of monitoring and audit delegated to other staff members on safety aspects. Apart from procuring the appropriate and adequate number of PPEs it is also important to maintain sufficient number of first aid boxes and some volunteer strained in giving first aid treatment. Further, the outsiders coming to site such as drivers, helpers, etc. also need to be made aware of safety requirement of their activity. This can be achieved by putting posters carrying safety instructions for the benefit of all and giving verbal instructions at the entry point also.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Table 7-6: List of BIS standards related to safety aspects during various stages of construction, installation, erection of different components and appurtenance of river valley projects, including inspection, observation.

S.No Code Number Title

Safety code for construction, operation and 1 IS 10386 (Part 1):1983 maintenance of river valley projects: Part 1 General aspects

Safety code for construction, operation and 2 IS 10386 (Part 2):1982 maintenance of river valley projects: Part 2 Amenities, protective clothing and equipment

Safety code for construction, operation and 3 IS 10386 (Part3):1992 maintenance of river valley projects Part 3 Plant & machinery

Safety code for construction, operation and 4 IS 10386 (Part 4):1992 maintenance of river valley projects Part 4 Handling, transportation and storage of explosives

Safety code for construction, operation and 5 IS 10386 (Part 5):1992 maintenance of river valley

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir CHAPTER-VI

COMPENSATORY AFFORESTATION

6.1 Introduction:

Compensatory afforestation (CA) is a way to make up for forest land that was diverted for non-forest use. In principle, compensatory afforestation means planting of trees on another piece of land equivalent in area to the original forest land diverted for non-forest purposes e.g. creation of reservoir in present case. It is mandated under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 that compensatory afforestation is done over equivalent area of non-forestland. Equivalent non-forest land identified for the purpose would subsequently be transferred to the ownership of the State Forest Department and declared as Protected Forests so that the plantation raised can be maintained permanently.Where non-forest lands are not available, compensatory afforestation may be carried out over degraded forest land. Trees and other vegetation cover have important role in the ecosystem of area. The submergence area will add to the loss of vegetation of the forest area. Thus to compensate the loss of vegetation, afforestation is very essential for recreation of lost natural resources in the area.

The CA plan will increase vegetation coverage; will also help to check soil erosion, asylum to various avian species, Offset the carbon sink due to loss in vegetation cover by the project, and also caters to the demand of timber, fuel wood and fodder in the long run. The plan envisages afforestation on the degraded forest land by plantation of native plant species. Soil binding species as well as broad leaved species meant mainly for fodder and fuel wood utilities are proposed to be planted The compensatory afforestation (CA) scheme would be implemented through corcerned division of Forest Department, AndhraPradesh. The forest land stretches into Karakambati Reserve Forest.Land for alternative reforestation, i.e., Compensative Afforestation is proposed by Water Resource Department in coordination with the Revenue Department, which is a total of 765.66 hectares for Sri Balaji Reservoir, Mallemadugu Reservoir and Kailasagiri Canal. The land area is spawning in the following mandals. Kalicherla (V), Peddamandyal Mandal, Chittoor District 186.58 hectares Chittiboinapalli (V), Gurramkonda Mandal 117.02 hectares Cherlapalli (V), Gurramkonda Mandal 270.228 hectares Bandirevupalli (V), Peddamandyam Mandal 170.51 hectares Reddypalli (V), Nimmanapalli Mandal 21.32 hectares Total 765.66 hectares Table VI-I Reforestation areas List

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

6.2 Approach

The compensatory afforestation scheme will be implemented after identification of degraded forest land after consultation with forest department. The area will be surveyed and basic data will be collected for micro-planning and carrying out forest management activities

6.3 Seedling Requirements

During first year of the scheme implementation, seedling will be obtained from the existing nurseries of forest department and in due course of time some new nurseries may be developed near compensatory afforestation areas to meet the requirement of plant seedlings for afforestation.

6.4 Nursery Development

For compensatory afforestation on 765.66 ha of land 5,35,962 seedlings would be required on the basis of plantation of 700 seedlings/ha. Seedlings shall be developed for identified species for compensatory afforestation scheme. Nursery development works should be started in the first year so that they are able to suffice the needs of plants from second year onwards. The nursery should be near the plantation areas and should have proper irrigation facilities. It is also suggested that the possibility of utilizing the existing nursery under the forest department may be taken up for raising plants under this scheme.

6.5 Casualty Replacement

In case of longer spells of drought, sites with adverse natural conditions, some mortality of Plants are bound to occur, requiring replacement of dead plants. Considering mortality rates at 10% after first year plantation, casualty replacement should be done as actually required. For casualty replacement in second year after plantation, an additional 10 % of total seedlings i.e. 53596 seedlings will also be raised in nursery.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER-VII

DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Disaster Management Plan

The emergency planning for disaster scenario inter alia includes provisions like setting up of alarms and warming system, establishing communication system besides aspects concerning human behaviors, procedure to be adopted, roles and responsibilities. The plan is intended to serve as a reference document or blue book consisting of salient information indicating the action to be taken in the emergency situation. Before such a plan can be chalked out, it is imperative to identify the vulnerable zones through maps, the nature of damage potential and the socio-economics data and structures likely to be affected. Based on the characteristic of each hazard zone, the needed response could be delineated in the plan. Thus the plan is aimed to provide for: -

••• Timely warning and alert.

••• Assess the damage potential.

••• Delineate emergency action and procedures.

••• Delineate emergency organization.

••• Delineate procedures for mitigation and control of incident.

••• Define roles and responsibilities.

••• Delineate access routes and safe locations.

••• Providing public information.

7.2 Regulation of Dam

An effective regulation of dam and intake structure is imperative to feed reservoir properly with requisite discharge and to pass surplus discharge down the dam keeping in view the general safety of dam and appurtenant works, and simultaneously ensuring non-aggradations of silt or shoal formation upstream of dam. Based on past experience and inferences made out for model studies, an operation maintenance manual shall be evolved covering all aspects of regulation of dam during normal and fair weather. Staff for operation and regulation and their roles and responsibilities, observation of important gauges and silt content in intake structure piezometre pressure related to operation of dam, daily flood and maintenance o f record. The instruction manual shall also contain operation and maintenance instructions for the radial gates and hoisting arrangement.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

7.3 Flood Classification and Gauge Observation

Flood discharge passing downstream of dam shall be classified as emergency level depending upon the discharge to be passed as per the data available at G&D Site. The flood period during monsoon generally is reckoned from June with the onset of Monsoon and ends with withdrawal of South West monsoon by the end of September. Before the onset of monsoon all hydro mechanical equipments, electrical gadgets, captive powerplant and public announcement and communication system should be kept in perfect readiness. The degree of alertness has to enhance during high stage of river manifested with sharp increase in discharge. Though there cannot be very sharp edge demarcation between different level of emergency yet the following flood conditions have been contemplated in the preventive measures suggested against each as given in table:

S.No. Status of Emergency Water Level Preventive Measures

Below FRL i.e. 174.100 Utmost vigil observed in 1 Normal Flood or flood discharge regulation of spillway gates.

1. All gates fully operational 2. All the officials should Rises above FRL attend dam site, local 2. Level-1 Emergency 174.100 m but below officials informed and MWL 176.200 m warning system be kept on alert.

Communication and public Above MWL El 176.200 m announcement system 3. Level-2 Emergency and discharge keeps on should be put into operation rising and flood warning issued to people.

1. All staff from dam site, power house alerted to Top of Dam i.e. El move to safer places. 4. Level-3 Emergency 178.100 m 2. Possibility of d a m failure should b e flashed to district administration.

District administration and Rising above El 178.100 project authorities be 5. Disaster m and the breach intimated and only life appears in any form saving measures should be resorted to.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir 7.4 Flood Message & Flood Warning

During flood season, the following flood message shall be sent by the dam In-charge to the wireless station at Renigunta.

Flood Message / Top Priority / Crash

Low / Medium / High Flood of ------cumecs passing at dam at------hours. On------Tendency Rising/falling downstream dam water level------metre. An alarm signal (electric hooter) will be sounded whenever high flood or any other emergency occurs. All the operation and maintenance staff, who may be off duty at that time, shall immediately assemble at the dam.

7.5 Reserve Stock

For meeting emergent situation reserve stock materials qunatities shall always remain at disposal at location as per the standard regulations and Guidelines.

7.6 Emergency Response Organization The executive Engineer under whose administrative domain, the divisions entrusted with work of operation and regulation of dam come shall be the Chief Emergency Coordinator (CEC) who will be the overall in charge of planning, execution and coordination of all activities related to the Contingent Plan. The CEC shall be assisted by an Emergency Planning Group (EPG), which emergency Coordinator through EPQ shall coordinate with District Collector on the disaster situation and solicit necessary help from district authorities/police department. For carrying out front line activities like mobilizing man and material, pooling of resources and rushing to the emergency zone and take stock of the hazard an Emergency Action Group (EAG) comprising of the Assistant Engineer/Junior Engineer of the division under whose jurisdiction the disaster occurs shall also be constituted.

7.7 The Emergency Response System

The Emergency Response System involves mechanism to generate speedy response action in terms of warming, communication, medical aid etc.

Following response system are devised for meeting the contingent plan under the project. 7.8 Emergency Control Center

The Emergency control room at dam, from where the regulation of dam and canals shall be carried out, shall be the focal point in case of an emergency as it is from this point disaster to head works can be immediately affected. The center shall be well equipped with well designed communication system comprising of- 1. Wireless/Radio equipment

2. Land line telephone/mobile

3. Telephone directory of Emergency Response teams

4. List of base medical facilities hospitals and rehabilitation center.

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir It shall be the duty of the officer-in-charge of Control Center to receive and transmit information about disaster and seek direction from the Chief Emergency Coordinator and intimate the Emergency Action Group and the EPG once the hazard is declared.

7.9 Communication System

For successfully enforcing a disaster management plan an efficient and reliable communication system (wireless/landline telephone) is needed besides transport equipment in adequate number. From such station the first hand report of hazard can be transmitted to emergency control room besides dissemination of information to the EAG & EPG.

7.10 Emergency Warning and Control System

Based on the report of emergency alert, the emergency is to be notified. The worst hazard zone is the Head Works where any breach/failure can easily be sensed and the first response received immediately. The Electric Hooter/Siren located at emergency control room shall be sounded wherever an emergency occurs. If the nature of hazard is such that public is least affected, no warning shall be disseminated to the public otherwise in the process of notification, the concerned District Collector is informed and public of hazard zone put to alert by appropriate warning system such as sirens/alarms/broadcasting etc.

7.11 Health and Medical Response System

Health personnel have a vital role to play in the case of catastrophic event, and thus they are part and parcel of health emergency plan. There are sufficient number of PHC and dispensaries well interspersed in the area. Thus immediate treatment to the victim can be timely and promptly provided.

COST ESTIMATE

The budget for different activities required to be carried out for mitigation and prevention of dam break, hazard is shown in Table 7.1.

Table 7-1: Cost Estimate under DMP

Cost (Rs. in S. No Particular lac)

1 Installation of alert system in control room 5.00 2 Setting up of communication system between dam and 8.00 u/s and d/s of project 3 Public information system 3.00 4. Training and miscellaneous 2.00 Total 18.0

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

CHAPTER VIII

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

8.1 Environmental Monitoring Plan

The broad mitigation measures need to be addressed for the construction phase and operation phase are presented below. As a part of the Management Plan monitoring of the extent of impacts on the proposed project during the construction phase is suggested

Table no 8.1 : CONSTRUCTION PHASE Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution Measure Construction noise near sensitive areas. Noise level in dB Water Resource Dept. Plan showing sensitive areas Once a month Construction Noise Noise levels should confirm in co-ordination with such as hospitals/schools (Randomly selected) to CPCB/APPCB standards APPCB near the project area should be prepared

Flooding area Inspect for flooding and Once at each stage: Flooding & Erosion Erosion control; Water Resource Dept. erosion control measures as Before construction and Protection Cleared off area and specified in EMP during construction protected area

Measure the air quality around the Sources and surrounding area. SPM, SO2, NOx in ambient Once a month (24 hours Water Resource Dept. Check the emissions from air. Check the machinery Air quality Monitoring on a in co-ordination with construction equipment and emissions against CPCB randomly selected day) APPCB other machinery standards Inspect dust suppression Measures

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Check the effluent Physical and Chemical characteristics from the Parameters, project site. Colour, temperature, TS, Water Resource Dept. Collect water samples form Do, BOD, MPN) in co-ordination with Once a month Water Quality down streamside of the Compare with CPCB/ APPCB has to undertake disposal point. APPCB standards and quality checking) Follow standards sampling water quality (pre- procedures construction period)

Construction waste and Quantity of waste disposed Water Resource Dept. other non-biodegradable Inspect disposal system Disposal site as specified in Once in four Weeks waste EMP

Check collection, storage and Waste characteristics Water Resource Dept. Bio-degradable waste disposal system. Quantity of waste Once in four Weeks in co-ordination with Leaching at the disposal site Disposal system APPCB

Inspect project area if proper Disturbance to other care is taken to mitigate or Inspect site according to Water Resource Dept. Once a month services reduce the disturbance as EMP/Contract specified in EMP/Contract

Table no-8.2: Operation Phase

Monitoring Item Monitoring details Monitoring Indicator Frequency Responsible Institution Monitor SS, DO, BOD faecal

Monitor water quality before coliform, and Water Resource Dept. Change in water quality and after discharge within Turbidity of receiving Once a month in co-ordination with of receiving body 1000m of U/S and D/S waterbody APPCB Monitor Fisheries production

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

SPM, SO2, NOx in ambient Monitor the air quality Water Resource Dept. air. Check the machinery Air quality around the Project site Once a month in co-ordination with emissions against CPCB APPCB standards Monitor the Noise quality Noise level in dB Water Resource Dept. Once a month Noise quality around the Project site Noise levels should confirm in co-ordination with (Randomly selected) to CPCB/APPCB standards APPCB Silt accumulation rate Twice in year before Water Resource Dept. Increase in sediment Monitor regular operational Physical and Chemical (before and after in co-ordination with load in the water body and maintenance of system Characteristics of water. monsoon) APPCB Thrice in year before, Flooding due to improper Monitor flooding as Water Resource Dept. Area effected by Flooding after and during drainage facilities mentioned in EMP monsoon

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

8.2 Block Cost Estimates

The budgetary estimates for Environmental Management during the construction and operation phase operation phase are presented in the table below. The budgetary estimates provided in the respective tables are on annual basis. The budgetary estimates provided in the table below are on general basis and are not route specific.

Table: Budgetary Estimates for Environmental Management

Cost Estimation for Tree Plantation & Environmental Phase -I S.No. Item of Cost Rate (Rs.) Cost in Rs. Remarks A Construction Phase Lead and lift for Included in main 2 excavated silts up to - Estimate dumping area Sprinkling of water on the Included in main 3 exposed site and dust - Estimate supression etc Supply and Provision of 4 sanitation for construction Lump sum 600000 workers etc 6 Cost of turfing Lump sum 200000 Construction Phase B monitoring 2 stations @ Ambient air quality Rs.7500/-per 1 540000 monitoring day,once in a month for 3 years 2 stations @ Rs.3500/-per day, 252000 2 Noise monitoring once in a month for 3 years 2 stations @ Rs.7000/-per day, 3 Water Quality monitoring 756000 once in a month for 3 years Other Components as 4 Lumpsum 500000 suggested in the EMP 5 Solid Waste Management Lumpsum 150000 C Operation Phase Environmental Monitoring 1 1548000 for three years 2 Disasater Mangement 1800000 Total 6346000 Contingencies etc. @ 2 %of Total 126920 Grand Total 64,72,920*

*The above estimate does not include the Cost of Compensatary afforestation

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Annexure -1 Water Quality Standards (as per CPCB)

Class of Designated-Best-Use Criteria water

• Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less Drinking Water Source • pH between 6.5 and 8.5 without conventional A treatment but after • Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more disinfection • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 2mg/l or less

• Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or Outdoor bathing (Organised) B more • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less

• Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH between 6 Drinking water source after to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or conventional treatment and C more disinfection • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less

• pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more Propagation of Wild life and D Fisheries • Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less

• pH betwwn 6.0 to 8.5 • Electrical Conductivity at 25C micro Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, mhos/cm Max.2250 E Controlled Waste disposal • Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 • Boron Max. 2mg/l

Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Annexure-2 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS) Pollutants Time- Concentration in ambient air Method of weighted measurement Industrial Ecologically average areas, Sensitive areas( Residential, notified by rural & other central areas Government) SulphurDioxide Annual * 50 20 - Improved West 3 (SO 2) µg/m and Geake Method 24 hours** 80 80 - Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Nitrogen Di Annual * 40 30 - Modified Jacob & Oxide Hochheiser (Na- 3 (NO 2) µg/m 24 hours** 80 80 Arsenite) Method - Chemiluminescence Particulate Annual * 60 60 - Gravimetric Matter (Size -TOEM less than 24 hours** 100 100 -Beta attenuation 10µm) or PM10 µg/m 3 Particulate Annual * 40 40 - Gravimetric Matter (Size -TOEM less than 24 hours** 60 60 -Beta attenuation 2.5µm) or PM2.5 µg/m 3 8 hours* 100 100 -UV photometric Ozone(O3 ) - 1 hour ** 180 180 µg/m^3 Chemiluminescence -Chemical method Lead (Pb) Annual * 0.50 0.50 - ASS/ICP Method µg/m 3 after sampling using EPM 2000 or 24 hours** 1.0 1.0 equivalent Filter paper. - ED-XRF using Teflon filter. Ammonia(NH3) Annual * 100 100 - µg/m 3 Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 400 400 -Indophenols blue method Carbon 8 hours** 02 02 - Non Dispersive Monoxide (CO) 1 hour** 04 04 Infra Red (NDIR) mg/m 3 Spectroscopy

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Annexure-3

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN RESPECT OF NOISE Area Code Category of Area Limits in dB (A) Leq Day Time Night Times (A) Industrial area 75 70 (B) Commercial area 65 55 (C) Residential area 55 45 (D) Silence Zone 50 40 Note : 1. Day time is reckoned in between 6.00 AM and 10.00 PM 2. Night time is reckoned in between 10.00 PM and 6.00 AM 3. Silence zone is defined as areas up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The Silence zones are to be declared by the Competent Authority.

Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. 4. Mixed categories of areas should be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the Competent Authority and the corresponding standards shall apply. Source : http://dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/noisestd.htm

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Annexure-4

Table: Noise Levels from Various Construction Equipment

EIA Report – Sri Balaji Reservoir

Annexure-5

IRRIGATION STANDARDS

Parameter Water character Category Electrical Conductivity <250 Excellent 250-750 Good 750-2000 Permissible 2000-3000 Unsuitable % Na <20 Excellent 20-40 Good 40-60 Permissible 60-80 Doubtful >80 Unsuitable SAR <10 Excellent (Sodium Absorption 10-18 Good Ratio) 18-26 Fair >26 Poor RSC <1.25 Safe (Residual Sodium 1.25-2.5 Marginal Carbonate) >2.5 Unsuitable