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DXpXc#N%?%Gi`eZ`gc\j`e;\j`^e%E\nPfib1MXeEfjkiXe[I\`e_fc[#(0.0% E\cjfe#>\fi^\%?fnkfJ\\%9fjkfe#DXjj%1C`kkc\9ifne:f%#(0..% Ç%Fe;\j`^e%E\nPfib1N_`ke\pGlYc`ZXk`fej#(0.0% G`c\#Af_e=%;\j`^e1Gligfj\#=fid#Xe[D\Xe`e^%8d_\ijk1Le`m\ij`kpf]DXjjXZ_lj\kkjGi\jj#(0.0% Gfkk\i#EfidXe%N_Xk`jX;\j`^e\i1K_`e^j#GcXZ\j#D\jjX^\j%I\X[`e^#fi[fe=iXj\i#(0.0% ;fZq`#>pfi^p%K_\Gfn\if]C`d`kj%9flc[\i#:fc%1J_XdY_XcXGlYc`ZXk`fej#(0/(% CXncfi#IfY\ik%JXZi\[>\fd\kip%Cfe[fe1K_Xd\j?l[jfe#(0/)% ;`\j\[i\`Xlj^\q\`Z_e\k\e9€e[\Y\_Xe[\ce[`\9\q`\_le^\eqn`jZ_\e;\j`^e#9`fcf^`\le[ >\fd\ki`\% JZ_c`\c`Z__XY\`Z_efZ_qn\`9•Z_\i^\]le[\e#[`\j`Z_d`k[\i9\q`\_le^qn`jZ_\eBlcklile[ ;\j`^e#;\j`^ele[>\j\ccjZ_X]kY\jZ_€]k`^\e%9\`[\j`e[`dFi`^`eXcjZ_n`\i`^qlc\j\ele[c`\^\e e`Z_k`e\e^c`jZ_\i|Y\ij\kqle^mfi% B\cc\i#>fifjcXm%;`qXae%QX^i\Y1Ma\je`b#(0.,% J\cc\#>\ik%@[\fcf^`\le[Lkfg`\[\j;\j`^e1qli>\j\ccjZ_X]kc`Z_\eK_\fi`\[\i@e[ljki`\cc\e =fid^\Yle^%Bce1;lDfek#(0.*%

343  Jkilbkli#EXklile[;\j`^e

8c\oXe[\i#:_i`jkfg_\i%K_\C`eq:X]„&;XjC`eq:X]„%N`\eÆE\nPfib1CZb\i&Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kp Gi\jj#(0/(% Ç%Efk\jfek_\Jpek_\j`jf]=fid%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1?XimXi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0-+% Ç%½Jpjk\dj>\e\iXk`e^Jpjk\dj¾%@eJpjk\dXk%@ecXe[Jk\\c:f%#(0-.% Ç%8K`d\c\jjNXpf]9l`c[`e^%E\nPfib1Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0.0% Ç%@j_`bXnX#JXiX2J`cm\ijk\`e#DliiXp%8GXkk\ieCXe^lX^\%E\nPfib1Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0..% ;\lkjZ_\8lj^XY\1<`e\Dljk\i$JgiXZ_\%N`\e1CZb\i#(00,% 8c\oXe[\i#I%DZE\`cc%8e`dXcD\Z_Xe`Zj%J`[^n`ZbAXZbjfe#(0-/% 8iZ_`k\ZkliXcI\j\XiZ_CXYfiXkfip%JkilZkliXcGfk\ek`Xcf]=fXdGcXjk`Zj]fi?flj`e^`eLe[\i[\m\cfg\[ 8i\Xj%8ee8iYfi#D`Z_%#(0--% 9X\i#Jk\m\%;fd\:ffbYffb%:fiiXc\j#E%D%1CXdX=fle[Xk`fe#(0-0% 9X^\i#9\ik\c%EXkli\Xj;\j`^e\i%=i\[\i`ZbJXie\#(0.(% ½9`fe`b%¾Jfe[\i_\]kmfeLiXe`X%C\`gq`^#8l^ljk#(0-0% 9cXb\#G\k\i%=fid=fccfnj=`XjZf%9fjkfe#DXjj%18kcXek`Z#C`kkc\#9ifne#(0..% 9ffkq`e#;%2Dl¹\p#?%:% ?^% %9`fd\Z_Xe`Zj%E\nPfib1Gc\eldGi\jj#(0-0% 9fii\^f#Af_e%JgXZ\>i`[JkilZkli\j%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0-/% 9fpj#:%M%JfXg$9lYYc\j%Cfe[fe1?\`e\dXee<[lZXk`feXc9ffbj#(0-'% 9iXe[#Jk\nXik ?^% %K_\N_fc\pfi^p%K_\Gfn\if]C`d`kj1Gifgfik`feXc?Xidfe`\j`eEXkli\#8ikXe[8iZ_`k\Zkli\%9flc[\i# :fc%1J_XdY_XcXGlYc`ZXk`fej#(0/(% =Xk_p#?XjjXe%8iZ_`k\Zkli\]fik_\Gffi%:_`ZX^f1Le`m\ij`kpf]:_`ZX^fGi\jj#(0.*% >Xe`Z_#Ifc]%Bfejkilbk`fe#;\j`^e#8\jk_\k`b%\iXi[`e#ClZ`\e%9`fe`Zj%Cfe[fe1N\`[\e]\c[E`Zfcjfe#(0-/% >i`ccf#GXlcAXZhl\j%N_Xk@j;\j`^e6:_`ZX^f1GXlcK_\fYXc[#(0-)% ?\ik\c#?\`ei`Z_%JkilZkli\#=fidXe[Dfm\d\ek19`fcf^pXe[ifn`e^%Cfe[fe1?\`e\dXee<[lZXk`feXc9ffbj# (0-(% ?lekc\p#?%<%K_\;`m`e\Gifgfik`fe%E\nPfib1;fm\i#(0.'% A\eep#?Xej%:pdXk`Zj1K_\JkilZkli\Xe[;peXd`Zjf]NXm\jXe[M`YiXk`fej%9Xj\c1 9Xj`c`ljGi\jj\#(0-.% BXi\#Dfic\p29\ieXi[#<%<% ?^% %9`fcf^`ZXcGifkfkpg\jXe[DXedX[\Jpjk\dj%E\nPfib1Gc\eld Gi\jj#(0-)% BXkXmfcfj#N`cc`Xd%Fi^Xe`Zj%?`cm\ijld1;\Afe^:f%#(0-(% B\cc\i#>fifjcXm%;`qXae%QX^i\Y1Ma\je`b#(0.,% Ç%\fd\kip%E\nPfib1:ifjjifX[#(0/)% E\^ifgfek\#E`Z_fcXj%K_\8iZ_`k\Zkli\DXZ_`e\%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0.'% Fc`m\i#GXlc%J_\ck\iXe[JfZ`\kp%Cfe[fe19Xii`\A\eb`ej#(0.'% Ç%J_\ck\i`e8]i`ZX%E\nPfib1GiX\^\i#(0.(% Ç%J_\ck\i#J`^eXe[JpdYfc%E\nPfib1K_\Fm\icffbGi\jj#(0..%

344 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Fkkf#=i\` ?^% %Ge\ldXk`ZJkilZkli\j#9[%(mfeK\ej`c\JkilZkli\j%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1 D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0-.% Ç%:XYc\j#E\kjXe[D\dYiXe\j#9[%)mfeK\ej`c\JkilZkli\j%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0-0% GXncfnjb`#8e[iq\a%=iX^d\ekpGiXZEXlbfnf$9X[XnZqpZ_%BiXbXl#(0--% G\XiZ\#G\k\i%JkilZkli\`eEXkli\`jXJkiXk\^p]fi;\j`^e%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0./% Ç%G\XiZ\#JljXe%\f[\j`Zj%;\kif`k1Le`m\ij`kpf];\kif`kGi\jj#(0-/% I`kk\iYlj_#G_`c`g:%K_\8ikf]Fi^Xe`Z=fidj%NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%1Jd`k_jfe`XeGi\jj#(0-/% JZ_`cc`e^\i#Afj\g_%K_\DXk_\dXk`ZXc9Xj`jf]k_\8ikj%E\nPfib1G_`cfjfg_`ZXcC`YiXip#(0+/% JZ_n\eb#K_\f[fi%J\ej`k`m\:_Xfj1K_\:i\Xk`fef]=cfn`e^=fidj`eNXk\iXe[8`i% Il[fc]Jk\`e\iGi\jj#(0-,% J\cc\#>\ik%@[\fcf^`\le[Lkfg`\[\j;\j`^e%Bce1;lDfek#(0.*% J`eefkk#<[dle[N%K_\GifYc\df]Fi^Xe`Z=fid%E\n?Xm\e#:fee%1PXc\Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0-*% K_fdgjfe#J`i;Ë8iZpN\eknfik_%Fe>ifnk_Xe[=fid )9[\% %:XdYi`[^\1:XdYi`[^\Le`m\ij`kp Gi\jj#(0,)% Klie\i#Af_e=%:%?flj`e^YpG\fgc\1KfnXi[j8lkfefdp`e9l`c[`e^

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8im`cc#IfY\ik%DXeXe[f`cXeZq#(0--% :lik`j#I`Z_Xi[2?f^Xe#fccXeZq#(0.'% ;\9\cc#>Xii\kk ?^% %K_\iXn$?`cc#(0/(% Ç%DXe#D\[`Z`e\#Xe[`\[`fe#J`\^]i`\[%D\Z_Xe`qXk`feKXb\j:fddXe[%E\nPfib1Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0+/% Ç%JgXZ\#K`d\Xe[8iZ_`k\Zkli\%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1?XimXi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0+0% Ç%K_\9\^`ee`e^jf]8iZ_`k\Zkli\%9[%)%Gi`eZ\kfe#E%A%19fcc`e^\eJ\i`\j#Gi`eZ\kfeLe`m\ij`kp Gi\jj#(0-+% Ç%K_\

345 BIBLIOGRAFIE Bfln\e_f\e#Af_e8%K_\9\\i:XeYpk_\?`^_nXp%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0-(% Ç%?Xc]XKilk_`j9\kk\ik_XeEfe\%:_`ZX^f1Le`m\ij`kpf]:_`ZX^fGi\jj#(0/)% Ç%DX[\`e8d\i`ZX%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0+/% Bl_ej#N`cc`Xd%X`X18E\nCffbXkC`]\fe\e\%8d\i`ZXk_\IXg\[1K_\% ?^% %ifle[Lg%E\nPfib1?XiZflik#9iXZ\#(0,-% Ç%Jk`ZbjXe[Jkfe\j%E\nPfib1;fm\i#(0,,% GX[[fZb#N`cc`Xd2GX[[fZb#GXlc%=Xd`e\(0.,9fjkfe#DXjj%1C`kkc\#9ifne#(0-.% GXcdjk`\ieX#?Xej%Gcle[i`e^#Jm[ck#=fi^`]ke`e^%Fi\Yif1IXY„eJa^i\e#(0-0% IXdf#J`dfe%:li\]fi:_Xfj%E\nPfib1;Xm`[DZBXp#(0-0% I`\efn#IfY\ik2KiX`e#C\feX%Dfd\ek`ek_\Jle%E\nPfib19XccXek`e\#(0.'% J_\gXi[#GXlc%DXe`ek_\CXe[jZXg\%E\nPfib1Befg]#(0-.% Ç%DZB`ec\p#;Xe`\c%K_\JlYm\ij`m\JZ`\eZ\1fi[feIXkkiXp%K_\9`fcf^`ZXcK`d\9fdY%Cfe[fe1GXek_\i#(0-0% Kf[[#Af_e2Kf[[#EXeZp%Kfdfiifn`jfliG\idXe\ek8[[i\jj%E\nPfib1?Xig\iIfn#(0.0% Le`k\[EXk`fej%:_\d`ZXcXe[9XZk\i`fcf^`ZXc 9`fcf^`ZXc N\XgfejXe[k_\<³\Zkjf]K_\`iGfjj`Yc\Lj\% E\nPfib19XccXek`e\#(0.'% N_`k\j`[\#K_fdXj%;\]fc`Xk`fe%E\nPfib19XccXek`e\#(0.'%

346 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD  ;\j`^ele[Qlble]k

8ccXYp#D`Z_X\c%@em\ek`e^Kfdfiifn%Cfe[fe18YXZlj9ffbj#(0..% 8cc\e#<[nXi[%Jkfe\J_\ck\ij%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0-0% :Xc[\i#E`^\c%K_\Xd\%Cfe[fe1GXek_\i#(0-/% Ç  ?^% %K_\Nfic[`e(0/+%)9[\%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0-,% :_Xj\#JklXik%K_\DfjkGifYXYc\Nfic[%E\nPfib1?Xig\iIfn#(0-/% :cXib\#8ik_li:%GifÔc\jf]k_\=lkli\%Cfe[fe1>fccXeZq#(0-)% :fc\#;Xe[i`[^\D%9\pfe[Kfdfiifn%DX[`jfe#N`jZ%18d_\ijkGi\jj#(0-,% :ffb#G\k\i%f[%:XiYfe[Xc\#@cc%1Jflk_\ie@cc`ef`jLe`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0-*% Ç%Fg\iXk`e^DXelXc]fiJgXZ\j_`g\fi^\9iXq`cc\i#(0-0% DXi\b#BlikN%P\jk\idfiifn%E\nPfib1Befg]#(0-(% DXibj#IfY\ikN%K_\;pdXo`feNfic[f]9lZbd`ejk\i=lcc\i%E\nPfib1I\`e_fc[#(0-'% Dfi^Xe#:_i`j%=lkli\DXe6Cfe[fe1;Xm`[:_Xic\j#(0/'% Gi\_f[X#IfY\ikN%;\j`^e`e^k_\=lkli\%E\nPfib1:_`ckfe#(0-.% I`Y\`if#;XiZp%K_\:`m`c`qXk`feXcGifZ\jj%NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%1Jd`k_jfe`XeGi\jj#(0-/% JZ_\cc#AfeXk_fe%K_\=Xk\f]k_\

347 BIBLIOGRAFIE  8^^i\jj`fe#K\ii`kfi`Xc`k€k#9`fcf^`jZ_\Jpjk\d\le[;\j`^e

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348 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD =f^^#N`cc`Xd%K_\C`m`e^8ikjf]E`^\i`X%Cfe[fe1Jkl[`fM`jkX#(0.(% =fi[#<%9%Dfk_j%Cfe[fe1:fcc`ej#(0,,% =fo#IfY`e%XYlj#A\Xe%8lJX_XiX18ikj\kJpdYfc\j%E\lZ_k\c1CX9XZfee` i\#(0,/% >iXp#AXd\j%?fn8e`dXcjDfm\%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0,0% >i\p#NXck\iN%K_\C`m`e^9iX`e%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0-(% ?Xcc#<[nXi[K%9\pfe[:lckli\%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0.-% Ç%K_\;XeZ\f]C`]\%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0.-% Ç%K_\?`[[\e;`d\ej`fe%Cfe[fe19f[c\p?\X[#(0-0% Ç%K_\J`c\ekCXe^lX^\%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0,0% ?`cc#Gfccp%IliXc?XljX%:XdYi`[^\1:XdYi`[^\Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0.)% @e^c\#:cp[\%=ifdM`ccX^\kfJkXk\`eKXeqXe`X%@k_XZX1:fie\ccLe`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0.*% Bf\e`^#C`cc`%Jkl[`\j`e8e`dXc9\_Xm`fi%E\nPfib18gfccf<[`k`fej#(0-.% Bf\jkc\i#8ik_li%9i`Zbjkf9XY\c%E\nPfib1IXe[fd?flj\#(0/'% Ç%K_\:Xj\f]k_\D`[n`]\KfX[%E\nPfib1IXe[fd?flj\#(0.(% Ç%K_\>_fjk`ek_\DXZ_`e\%Cfe[fe1?lkZ_`ejfe#(0-.% Ç%@ej`^_kXe[Flkcffb%E\nPfib1DXZd`ccXe#(0+0% Ç%AXelj18Jldd`e^Lg%E\nPfib1IXe[fd?flj\#(0.)% Ç%BXc\`[fjZfg\%Cfe[fe1?lkZ_`ejfe#(0,0% Ç%K_\Iffkjf]:f`eZ`[\eZ\%E\nPfib1IXe[fd?flj\#(0.)% Ç%K_\Jc\\gnXcb\ij%Cfe[fe1?lkZ_`ejfe#(0,0% Bf_i#C\fgfc[%K_\9i\Xb[fnef]EXk`fej%E\nPfib1<%G%;lkkfe#(0./% Ç%;\m\cfgd\ekN`k_flk8`[%E\nPfib1JZ_fZb\e9ffbj#(0.0% Ç%K_\Fm\i[\m\cfg\[EXk`fej%E\nPfib1JZ_fZb\e9ffbj#(0.0% C„m`$JkiXljj#:cXl[\%K_\IXnXe[k_\:ffb\[%9[%(mfe@ekif[lZk`fekfXJZ`\eZ\f]Dpk_fcf^p% Cfe[fe1AfeXk_Xe:Xg\#(0.'% Ç%=ifd?fe\pkf8j_\j%9[%)mfe@ekif[lZk`fekfXJZ`\eZ\f]Dpk_fcf^p%E\nPfib1 ?Xig\iIfn#(0.*% Ç%K_\Fi`^`ef]KXYc\DXee\ij%9[%*mfe@ekif[lZk`fekfXJZ`\eZ\f]Dpk_fcf^p%E\nPfib1 ?Xig\iIfn#(0./% Ç%K_\EXb\[DXe%9[%+mfe@ekif[lZk`fekfXJZ`\eZ\f]Dpk_fcf^p%E\nPfib1?Xig\iIfn#(0/(% Ç%Ki`jk\jkifg`hl\j%GXi`j1Gcfe#(0,,% Ç%K_\NXpf]k_\DXjbj%J\Xkkc\1Le`m\ij`kpf]NXj_`e^kfeGi\jj#(0/)% C\M`e\#IfY\ik8%:lckli\#9\_Xm`fli#Xe[G\ijfeXc`kp%Cfe[fe1?lkZ_`ejfe#(0.*% C`\e_Xi[k#>f[]i\p%;`m`e`kpXe[l\ek_\iE\jb\#(0-,% Ç%;\iMf^\cÕl^%G]lcc`e^\e1>l\ek_\iE\jb\#(0-,% Ç%i\pcX^>ffj\%E\nPfib1?XiZflik9iXZ\AfmXefm`Z_#(0./% DXiX`j#

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350 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Ç%?ldXejZXc\+&,&-%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0/(% Ç%?ldXejZXc\.&/&0%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0/(% >c\^^#>fi[feC%K_\;\j`^ef];\j`^e%:XdYi`[^\1:XdYi`[^\Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0-0% >fjj#:_Xic\jDXpf ?^% %>iXpËj8eXkfdp% ).%8lÕ% G_`cX[\cg_`X#G\e%1C\X=\Y`^\i#(0,0% Afe\j#A%:_i`jkfg_\i2K_ifec\p#;%>%:fe]\i\eZ\fe;\j`^eD\k_f[j%E\nPfib1G\idX^feGi\jj#(0-*% DZ:fid`Zb#iXn$?`cc#(0,.% EX[\i#IXcg_%LejX]\XkXepJg\\[%E\nPfib1>ifjjdXe#(0-,% JZ_if\[\i#=iXeZ`j%8eXkfdp]fi@ek\i`fi;\j`^e\ij% )%8lÕ% E\nPfib1N_`ke\pGlYc`ZXk`fej#(0+/% JkXii#DXik`eB\ee\k_%Gif[lZk;\j`^eXe[;\Z`j`feK_\fip%E\nPfib1Gi\ek`Z\$?Xcc#(0-*% L%J%EXmp ?^% %?Xe[Yffbf]?ldXel`[\]fi

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356 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD DXiZlj\#?\iY\ik%;XjXi[\e%:XdYi`[^\#DXjjXZ_lj\kkj1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0.+% Ç%=fidXe[Gligfj\%9fjkfe#DXjj%1?fl^_kfeD`¹`e:f%#(0/)% Jk%Xcc`dXi[#(0,*% =c`^_kkf8iiXj%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0-.% Ç%=i`\[\ef[\iBi`\^6;•jj\c[fi]1BXicIXlZ_#(0,.% Ç%>\Y\k\[\i<`ejXdb\`k%;•jj\c[fi]1BXicIXlZ_#(0,-% C\kki\jX@ËXd`\`em\ek„\%GXi`j1Gcfe#(0,*% C\kki\jXjXd\i\%GXi`j1>Xcc`dXi[#(0,,% Ç%C\kki\j[\a\le\jj\%GXi`j1>X`cc`dXi[#(0,*% K_\C`kkc\Gi`eZ\%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0.'% E`^_k=c`^_k%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0*0% 8J\ej\f]C`]\%E\nPfib1=lebNX^eXccj#(0-,% N`e[#JXe[Xe[JkXij%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0.(% K_\N`j[fdf]k_\JXe[j%E\nPfib1?XiZflik#9iXZ\#(0,)% J\imXe$JZ_i\`Y\i#A\XeAXZhl\j%K_\8d\i`ZXe:_Xcc\e^\%Cfe[fe1?Xd`j_?Xd`ckfe#(0-/% Ç%K_\Nfic[:_Xcc\e^\%E\nPfib1J`dfeJZ_ljk\i#(0/(% J_X_e#9\e%K_\J_Xg\f]:fek\ek%:XdYi`[^\#DXjjXZ_lj\kkj1?XimXi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0,.% Jfc\i`#GXfcf%8iZfcf^p1K_\:`kp`ek_\@dX^\f]DXe%:XdYi`[^\#DXjjXZ_lj\kkj1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0.'% JfekX^#JljXe%FeG_fkf^iXg_p%E\nPfib1=XiiXi#JkiXljXe[>`iflo#(0..% Jlcc`mXe#Cfl`j?%K_\8lkfY`f^iXg_pf]Xe@[\X%:_`ZX^f1G\k\iJd`k_#(0)+% Ç%B`e[\i^Xik\e:_Xkj%:_`ZX^f1JZXiXY=iXk\ie`kp#(0*+% K_fi\Xl#?\eip;Xm`[%NXc[\eXe[f^_#M`eZ\ek%K_\:fdgc\k\C\kk\ijf]M`eZ\ekMXe>f^_`eK_i\\Mfcld\j%Cfe[fe1 K_Xd\j?l[jfe#(0,/% N\`jj#G\k\i%Efk`q\eqldBlckli\cc\eC\Y\e`e[\i;\dfbiXk`jZ_\eI\glYc`bM`\kEXd% =iXeb]lik1Jl_ibXdgM\icX^#(0-/% N`ccj#G_`c`g%=i\\XjX9`i[%Cfe[fe1Af_eDliiXp#(0.*% Fe9\`e^X9`i[%Cfe[fe1;Xm`[:_Xic\j#(0..% N_\i\Ef9`i[j=cp%Cfe[fe1E\ne\j#(0-(% Ni`^_k#=iXebCcfp[%8lkfY`f^iXg_p%E\nPfib1;l\c#JcfXe\G\XiZ\#(0+*% Ç%K_\;`jXgg\Xi`e^:`kp%E\nPfib1N`cc`Xd=Xihl_XiGXpjfe#(0*)% K_\C`m`e^:`kp%E\nPfib1?fi`qfe#(0,/% K_\E\n=ifek`\i19ifX[XZi\:`kp%Jgi`e^i\\e#N`jZfej`e1KXc`\j`e=\ccfnj_`gGlYc`ZXk`fe#9[%(#Ei%(# FbkfY\i#(0+'% 8K\jkXd\ek%E\nPfib1?fi`qfe#(0,.% N_\e;\dfZiXZp9l`c[j%:_`ZX^f1Le`m\ij`kpf]:_`ZX^fGi\jj#(0+,% Ni`^_k#Fc^`mXeeXCcfp[%K_\J_`e`e^9ifn%E\nPfib1?fi`qfe#(0,/% P\mklj_\ebf#P\m^\ep%:fcc\Zk\[Gf\dj%Cfe[fe1:Xc[\i9fpXij#(0-0% Ç%8Gi\ZfZ`flj8lkfY`f^iXg_p%E\nPfib1;lkkfe#(0-*%

357 BIBLIOGRAFIE  Qld?`ek\i^ile[[\j;\j`^e

8ie_\`d#Il[fc]%8ikXe[M`jlXcG\iZ\gk`fe%Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0-.% =`cdXj8ik%Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0-.% KfnXi[8GjpZ_fcf^pf]8ik%Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0-.% 9Xp\i#?\iY\ik#Xe[>ifg`lj#NXck\i%9Xl_Xlj(0(0Æ(0)/%9fjkfe#DXjj%19iXe]fi[#(0,)% 9\i\ejfe#9\ieXi[%8\jk_\k`ZjXe[?`jkfip%E\nPfib1GXek_\fe9ffbj#(0+/% 9`\[\idXe#:_Xic\j%8ikXjk_\%K_\8iZ_`k\Zkli\f]=XekXjp%E\nPfib1GiX\^\i#(0-)% ;Xeq#Cfl`j%;peXd`Z;`jjfeXeZ\`eEXkli\Xe[k_\8ikj%E\nPfib1Cfe^dXej>i\\e#(0,)% Ç%@k`jJk`cck_\Dfie`e^%E\nPfib1Dfiifn#(0+*% Ç%G\ijfeXcI\mfclk`feXe[G`ZXjjf%E\nPfib1Cfe^dXej>i\\e#(0+(% Ç%K_\GjpZ_fcf^`jkCffbjXk8ik%E\nPfib1Cfe^dXej>i\\e#(0*.% Ç%QXiXk_ljkiXAi%E\nPfib19i\ekXef#(0*+% ;fiÕ\j#>`ccf%B`kjZ_18e8ek_fcf^pf]9X[KXjk\%Cfe[fe1Jkl[`fM`jkX#(0.'% <_i\eqn\`^#8ekfe%K_\?`[[\eFi[\if]8ik%Cfe[fe1GXcX[`e#(0.'% =\c[dXe#<[dle[9% ?^% %8ik`e8d\i`ZXe?`^_\i@ejk`klk`fej%NXj_`e^kfe#;%:%1K_\EXk`feXc8ik <[lZXk`fe8jjfZ`Xk`fe#(0.'% =i`\[dXee#?\iY\ik%K_\JpdYfc`Z>fc[ÔeZ_1@kj?`jkfipXe[J`^e`ÔZXeZ\`eXdfn#>\fi^\%Fe\#Knf#K_i\\¿@eÔe`kp% •Y\iXiY%8lÕ% E\nPfib1M`b`e^#(0-(% >\ijke\i#BXic%BXck\Blejk69Xj\c#Jn`kq\icXe[18ik_liE`^^c`#(0,.% >`cjfe#fdYi`Z_#<%?%8ikXe[@cclj`fe%Fo]fi[1G_X`[fe#(0-)% Ç%@[\XcjXe[@[fcj%E\nPfib1<%G%;lkkfe#(0.0% Ç%K_\@dX^\Xe[k_\iXm\j#IfY\ik%K_\N_`k\>f[[\jj%Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0,)% ?Xkk\i\i#CXni\eZ\A%K_\8ik`jk`eJfZ`\kp%GifYc\djXe[Ki\Xkd\ekf]k_\:i\Xk`m\G\ijfeXc`kp%E\n Pfib1>ifm\Gi\jj#(0-,% ?Xlj\i#8iefc[%K_\JfZ`Xc?`jkfipf]8ik%+9[\%Cfe[fe1Iflkc\[^\B\^XeGXlc#(0,(% ?`eq#9\ik_fc[%8ik`ek_\K_`i[I\`Z_%E\nPfib1GXek_\fe#(0.0% ?f^Y\e#CXeZ\cfk%=ifd:Xm\GX`ek`e^kf:fd`ZJki`g%E\nPfib1:_Xek`Zc\\iGi\jj#(0+0% Ç%?fe$%Gfeklj%K_\DXZ_`e\XjJ\\eXkk_\

358 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Ç%Df[lcfi)%Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0,/% C\k_XYp#N%I%8iZ_`k\Zkli\#EXkli\Xe[DX^`Z%E\nPfib1>\fi^\9iXq`cc\i#(0,-% DXciXlo#8e[i„%K_\D\kXdfig_fj`jf]k_\>f[j%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0-'% Ç%K_\Mf`Z\jf]J`c\eZ\%E\nPfib1;flYc\[Xp#(0,)% DXi`kX`e#AXZhl\j%:i\Xk`m\@ekl`k`fe`e8ikXe[Gf\kip%Gi`eZ\kfe#E%A%19fcc`e^\eJ\i`\j#Gi`eZ\kfe Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0,*% D`[[c\kfe#D`Z_X\c%>iflgGiXZk`Z\`e;\j`^e%Cfe[fe18iZ_`k\ZkliXcGi\jj#(0-/% Df_fcp$EX^p#J`Ypc%EXk`m\>\e`lj`e8efepdflj8iZ_`k\Zkli\%E\nPfib1?fi`qfe#(0,.% E\ldXee#i\XkDfk_\i%8e8eXcpj`jf]k_\8iZ_\kpg\%Cfe[fe1Iflkc\[^\ B\^XeGXlc#(0,,% E\lkiX#I`Z_Xi[%Jlim`mXck_ifl^_;\j`^e%E\nPfib1Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0,+% E`\cj\e#McX[`d`i%K_\:`e\dXXj>iXg_`Z8ik%E\nPfib1?`ccNXe^#(0,0% FbXc\p#B\ee\k_G%DX``k_\Kffc$dXb\i%Cfe[fe19i`k`j_Dlj\ld#(0-*% Fq\e]Xek#8d\[\\%=fle[Xk`fejf]Df[\ie8ik%E\nPfib1;fm\i#(0,)% GXef]jbp#fk_`Z8iZ_`k\Zkli\Xe[JZ_fcXjk`Z`jd%CXkifY\#G\ee%18iZ_XYY\pGi\jj#(0,(% Ç%D\Xe`e^`ek_\M`jlXc8ikj%D`[[c\j\o1G\e^l`e#(0.'% IXgfgfik#8dfj%?flj\#=fidXe[:lckli\%iXjjIffkjf]8ik%E\nPfib1N`kk\eYfie#(0,,% Ç%@ZfeXe[@[\X6Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0,,% Ç%K_\G_`cfjfg_pf]Df[\ie8ik%Cfe[fe1=XY\i#(0-,% Ifj\eY\i^#?Xifc[%K_\KiX[`k`fef]k_\E\n%Cfe[fe1GXcX[`e#(0.'% JX_c`ej#DXij_Xcc%Jkfe\8^\fkk]i`\[%N`jj\ejZ_X]k#@e[ljki`\le[Blejk%DX`eq1=cfi`XeBlg]\iY\i^#(0--% J`e^\i#:_Xic\j ?^% %8?`jkfipf]K\Z_efcf^p%,9[\%#E\nPfib1Fo]fi[Le`m\ij`kpGi\jj#(0,+Æ(0,/% JeX`k_#N`cc`Xd%K_\@ii\jgfej`Yc\8ikj%E\nPfib18k_\e\ld#(0-+% K_fdgjfe#<%G%N`cc`XdDfii`j1IfdXek`ZkfI\mfclk`feXip%E\nPfib1GXek_\fe#(0..% MfeE\ldXee%>Xd\K_\fip%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0,*% N`cc\kk#Af_e%8ikGfc`k`Zj`ek_\N\`dXiG\i`f[%E\nPfib1GXek_\fe#(0./% N`e^c\i#?XejD%K_\9Xl_Xlj%:XdYi`[^\#DXjj%1D%@%K%Gi\jj#(0-0% Pfle^Ycff[#>\e\%K_\

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360 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD  @e[ljki`\$le[Gif[lbk[\j`^e

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363 J`\_\XlZ_`ek\^i`\ik\j =Xcc`e^nXk\i#))#).( Ç#½QljXkq¾$#)+, =Xbkfi\e#\`[\k`jZ_\#)* ;\j`^e[\Ôe`k`fe#(0Æ+' =8FGif[lZk`feP\XiYffb (0.. #).0 Æ\k_`b#*(/ =\_cjZ_c€^\#(/+j`\_\XlZ_M\ijX^\e Æ]fijZ_le^#.-Æ.0#0(#(')#(',#**0Æ*+' =\iiXi`$?Xi[fp#()- Æcjle^#)-)Æ)..#)') =\ik`^b\`k#\ic\iek\#)/+ ÆgifYc\d#.'Æ/'#(+.#(,-#(./#(//Æ(/0#)''#*', =`YfeXZZ`$I\`_\#)( ÆjXddcle^#-+ =`c`gfnjb`#>\fi^\#(0, ÆjkiXk\^`\e#*'*%J`\_\XlZ_DXib\k`e^jkiXk\^`\e =`ee\^XeËjNXb\#)) Æk\Xd#(+'Æ(++#(//Æ(/0#)(*#*')#*'0Æ*('# =fi[#?\eip#(,- *)(Æ*))#**+Æ**0 =fid#^lk\#()) Ælek\ii`Z_k#(/*Æ/+#)/,Æ*)(#**)Æ*+) =fidDX^Xq`e#(+* ;\j`^eDX^Xq`e#,) ½=fidj8iiXe^\[8ZZfi[`e^kfk_\CXnjf] ;\j`^e]fi?ldXeJZXc\#*/#0)#).( :_XeZ\¾#-' ;\j`^e\iDX^Xq`e#(,) =fkf^iXÔ\#,-Æ,. ;\j`^e`e^]fiG\fgc\#+)#((0 =iXeb#IfY\ik#.+ ½;\j`^ej`eZ\(0+,¾#-+ =i\`q\`k#(((Æ,)#*+' ;\jb\p#;feXc[#+, =i•_jk•Zbd`kDXi`\#-( ;`³i`\ek#E`\cj#()' =lcc\i#I`Z_Xi[9lZbd`ejk\i#0.#)((#)(-#)(/# ;fYc`e#AXp#()- )//#*))#*)0#**- ;f\jYli^#K_\fmXe#,+ =lebk`fe#((Æ+'#)+(#)0'Æ)0*#*',#*)+Æ*), ;i\p]ljj#?\eip#+)#+,#((0Æ()'# =lebk`feXc`jdlj#)/0 ;i`kk\N\ck#//Æ0-#(+-Æ(+0#))+Æ))/#)*,Æ)+(# =lebk`fejbfdgc\o#((Æ+'#+-#/-#).-#)0*#*)+ ),)Æ),- =•ijgi\Z_\i#((0#(), ½;ifg:`kp¾#). =lkli`jkQ\`kjZ_i`]k#((*#((, ;lZ_Xdg#DXiZ\c#,.#-' ½;pdXo`fe?flj\¾#)(- >Xej#:Xic#(0' >Xkk`#G`\if#()- <[lZXk`feXe[Xl[`#8ekfe`f#,+ <`e]XZ__\`k#(/#)'#+' >\YiXlZ_#).Æ)0#,, <`e_\`k#)0'Æ)0+ >\e\iXc`jk#)/-#)0(Æ0.#*)* <`ei`Z_kle^#kiXejgfikXYc\#()) >\f[€j`\#)(( \iXi[`e#ClZ`\e#(0' \i€k\#Y`fd\[`q`e`jZ_\#)+)Æ+*#*(+Æ*(/ \jZ_dXZb#^lk\i#,*#()0#(//#))/#)+.#).-#*(/ Xd\#)/- >\j\ccjZ_X]k#)*#*(Æ**#)0-#*(/Æ*)+ \jkXck#*,Æ*- `\ieXZ_E\l\dÓ#-( cXjg\ic\ejg`\c#,,#,0 c\`kjbXc\e#(.*Æ(/) cfYXcM`ccX^\¾#)(* fi[fe#N`cc`XdA%A%#(.+ i\eefl^_#?fiXk`f#)) i\eq]€cc\¾#)( i\j_Xdj>\j\kq[\j;\j`^e¾#*( ifg`lj#NXck\i#++ l\ie`ZX¾#))

364 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD ?Xii`jfe#GXlc#+0 Bc\`e#Pm\j#,0 ?XljdXe#;Xm`[#(*-Æ(*. Befcc@ek\ieXk`feXc#()( ?\ddle^\e#(-'Æ(-)%J`\_\XlZ_9cfZbX[\e Bf\jkc\i#8ik_li# ?\ee\jj\p#AXd\j#((/#(*0Æ(+'#)*-#)/( Bfddle`bXk`fe#)*#).Æ)/#*.#(+.#)(*# ?\ik\c#?\`ei`Z_#(0' ))+Æ))/#).,#**) ?\jj\#?\idXee#,, Bfe[`k`fe`\ile^#** ?`[[\e;`d\ej`fe#(//#*)) Bfe]fid`k€k#(,-Æ(,. ?`\j`e^\i#:Xk_\ipe#)+- Bfe]ifekXk`fe\e#*)(Æ)* ?`jkfipf]@e[ljki`Xc;\j`^e#(+)Æ(+* Bfejk]XZbjbfcXe JkfZb_fcd #(+*#)*-Æ)*/ ?fZ_jZ_lc\]•i>\jkXckle^ Lcd #))/ Bfejld#Xl³€cc`^\i#).. ?f^Xe#GXlc#(+. Bfejld\ek\e#j`\_\M\iYiXlZ_\i ½?fij\¾#)+Æ), ÆY\k\`c`^le^#0*#())Æ()* ?lYYXi[#%Gfeklj#// Bfig`aXXbbf#G\bbX#(*)Æ(** ?ldXeJZXc\#()' bi\Xk`m\iGifq\jj#j`\_\Bi\Xk`m`k€k ?lkjZ_e\Zb\i#8iefc[#(,. Bi\Xk`m`k€k#(,*Æ(,- ?loc\p#Alc`Xe#).+ Bi\Z_#;Xm`[#*)- ½Bi\lqg\`cle^¾#(-' @:F>I8;8 ;lYc`e #j`\_\@ek\ieXk`feXc BlY\cbX#?XiXc[#()' :fe^i\jjf]>iXg_`Z8ik`jkjXe[;\j`^e\ij Blckli#**Æ*, @:J@;&Bpfkf?fefij8nXi[(0/'&/(#0) Blcm`b$J`ckXmlfi`#9XiYif#))(Æ)))#*(+ @[\ek`k€k#)*#*)/ Blejk#,*Æ-, `e[`^\e#)00%J`\_\XlZ_cfbXc Blejk^\n\iY\jZ_lc\ N`\e #++ @e[ljki`Xc;\j`^e#0)#(0' Blejk_Xe[n\ib#,*Æ-,#('0#))/#**/ @e[ljki`\[\j`^e#+,Æ,, bpdd\epbj\k#.0#**. ÆM\i\`e`^le^\e#+* @e[ljki`\cc\I\mfclk`fe#+* CXehl`jk#JfcYi`k#(+' @e]fi[\j`^eDX^Xq`e#()( CXlki\Xdfek#:fdk\[\#,0 @e^\e`\li\#),0 CXm\cc\#I`kX#),/ @ee\eXiZ_`k\bkli#)0)#)0/ C\:fiYlj`\i#))#,+ @eefmXk`fe#*0#-)#(,*Æ(/, C\Xj\e#('. @ej`^_kXe[Flkcffb#(,,#(.- C\Y\ejhlXc`k€k#).* `ek\iXbk`m#)/,Æ)/0#*(- C\_igcXe#++#(/)Æ(/,#)/(Æ)/,#)0/Æ*''#*+' @ek\i`fijDX^Xq`e#(), C\feXi[#>\fi^\9%#)/, @ek\ieXk`feXc:fe^i\jjf]>iXg_`Z8ik`jkjXe[ C`Z_k\ejk\`e#Ifp#-' ;\j`^e\ij#*)) C`]\DX^Xq`e#('+ @ek\ieXk`feXc\iIXk]•imfiXljjZ_Xl\e[\j C`e[e\i#IfY\ik#/* ld]Xjj\e[\j;\j`^e#**- Cf\np#IXpdfe[#+,#,'#((- @ek\im\ek`fe#))/ cfbXc#).#0)Æ0-#)0)#)0.Æ)00#*+( @ekl`k`fe#)'#)*#(-0 Cfm\[Fe\#))) @ii\jgfej`Yc\8ikj#)(. ClZ`\$Jd`k_#<[nXi[#(+) Clkk^\j#DXim`e#(0(Æ(0) AXgXe\j\KflZ_=fiPfli?fd\#** aXgXe`jZ_\Blckli#*)Æ** DXZ;feXc[#;n`^_k#,0 Af_ejfe#G_`cc`g#)0' dXZ_`e\}_XY`k\i#)) AfpZ\#AXd\j#)) DXZ_`e\8ik#()0 DXZ_`e\XjJ\\eXkk_\

365 INDEX DXe`glcXk`fe#+-Æ+.#(,- Fe\?le[i\[>i\XkGif[lZk;\j`^ej#((,#()- DXib\k`e^jkiXk\^`\e#((' Fg\eLe`m\ij`kp#**/ DXjZ_`e\#+*Æ-,#,.Æ-)#/'Æ0'#()0#(+-#(/0# Fgg\e_\`d#D\i\k#,+Æ,, (0(Æ(0+#)+,#).0 Fi[ele^jjpjk\d#jpdd\ki`jZ_\j#)( DXjZ_`e\ejk•id\ig_`cfjfg_`\#+*#),( Fi^Xe`Z;\j`^e#()0 DXjj\egif[lbk`fe#+,#((/Æ()'#(,-#(.)# FjYfie\#8c\oXe[\i#(.* )(-Æ)(.#)*( Æn\iYle^#*+Æ*,#(,- GX[[fZb#N`cc`Xd#).- DXjkXY#+0#.)Æ.+#/)#))/Æ)*'#).(Æ).+# GXgXe\b#A\ee`JXkl#()* ).0Æ)/'#**-Æ**/ GXgXe\b#E`Zfc\kk\#(.( DXk\i`Xc`\e#)+Æ*'#*/#(',#()) GXie\j#J`[e\p#(.* DXk\i`Xc`jdlj#)/+%J`\_\XlZ_9\j`kq GXikli`#=\c`o#(0' DXli`Z\#Af_e#)-( G_`cX[\cg_`XDlj\ldf]8ik#-+ DZB`eefe#>\fi^\#-( G_pcf^\efq`[#+(Æ,) DZCl_Xe#DXij_Xcc#)(* G`ZXjjf#GXYcf#)) D\Z_Xe`j`\ile^#j`\_\DXjZ_`e\ GfccfZb#AXZbjfe#-( D\Z_Xe`o@ccljkiXk\[DX^Xq`e#(0' GiXZk`Z\f]:i\Xk`m`kp#(.+ D\e[`e`#8c\jjXe[if#)/0 Gi€q`j`fe#*0Æ+' D\ejZ_\en•i[\#).*#)..#)0- Gi\jZi`gk`fe]fiI\Y\cc`fe#/* D\iqYXl#,. Gi`eZ\j#>\fi^\#(.+ D\k_f[\#)+Æ). GifYc\d#i\Xc\j#.* D\k_f[`b#(,+#(.*Æ(/, GifYc\d`[\ek`Ôq`\ile^#*'+ Df_fcp$EX^p#C}jqc#)/+ Æcjle^#*'+Æ*'0#*(-Æ*(/ Dfe[i`Xe#G`\k#,+#,/#*)( Æjk\ccle^#Xcc^\d\`e\#*'+Æ*'0#*(-Æ*(/ Dfefcf^#`ee\i\i#(./Æ/' Gif[lZkjK_XkK_`ebDX^Xq`e#)*+ Dfeif\#DXi`cpe#-' Gif[lbk\#^\YiXlZ_k\#('0 DfiXc#-.Æ0- Gifcjj#N`c_\cd#(,'Æ(,( dfig_fcf^`jZ_\8eXcpj\#(.+Æ., gjpZ_fcf^`jZ_\8jg\bk\#(,.Æ(.) Dfii`j#N`cc`Xd#+* Gli[l\Le`m\ij`kp#(+(#)+(#*(-Æ*(0 Dlj\ldf]Df[\ie8ik E\nPfib #)+#,-# ,/#-+#()0 HlXc`k€k#/(#0/Æ('(#('0#(*(#(**#))*# Dljk\i#), )*)Æ)*,#**+ DlkXk`fe#++#),'Æ),(#)0) Dpk_fj#,*Æ-,#)*(Æ*+ IXljZ_\eY\i^#IfY\ik#-' I\Y\cc`fe#(,+Æ(/- EX[\i#IXcg_#,'#,(#00 I\ZpZc`e^#()#.(#0,#()(Æ()*#**,%J`\_\XlZ_ EXkli#)'Æ)(#*(Æ**#(/0Æ(0'#(0,Æ)(+#),' n`\[\im\in\ikYXi E\ee\i#^\d\`ejXd\i#*,#*/#..#)(+ I\[\djb\#IXcg_#(0) e\l#,,#-(#(/)#(/+Æ/, I\`_\e]fc^\#ql]€cc`^\#)( E\m\iC\Xm\N\cc

366 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD JZl[[\i#K_Xp\i#),0 |Y\iY\mcb\ile^#)(+ J\\^\ij#>\fi^\#))- |Y\ibfdg\ejXk`fe#,/ J\c\bk`fe#)( |Y\ic\Y\e#)*#/(#)+,#)..Æ)./#)//#*(0Æ*+) J\ee#IfY\ik#(*.#)+)Æ)+* Ldj\kqle^#).+Æ).,#*'0 J\jXdjkiX\#(*( Ldm\ik\`cle^#+0#*'0%J`\_\XlZ_GfcXi`jXk`fe J_X[fnj`ek_\Jle#(,/ Ldn\ck#**Æ*,#*)-Æ*)0#*+)Æ*+* J_Xg`e^8d\i`ZXËjGif[lZkj#+, Ldn\ck^\jkXckle^ Jklkk^Xik #()( J_f\¹\i#;fl^cXj#(+, Ldn\ck^\jkXckle^#)(*Æ(+ J`Z_kn\`j\#-.Æ0- Æm\ijZ_dlkqle^#*/Æ+'#.-Æ..#(',Æ('-# J`c\eZ\#-) )+0Æ)/) JeX`k_#N`cc`Xd#(//#)(. LeXY_€e^`^b\`k 8lkfefd`\ #(,/ Jfc\i`#GXfcf#), Leql]i`\[\e_\`k#((/ JfkXdXX#Pia#(+(#*(+Æ*(- JfkkjXjj#

KXee`e^#;fifk_\X#,0 NX_ie\_dle^#)*#(,-#(,0#(-'#(--#(/*# K\X^l\#NXck\i;fin`e#+, )0+#*'/%J`\_\XlZ_J`Z_kn\`j\ K\Xc#Af_e#)(( NXccXeZ\#;fe#+, k\Z_efcf^`jZ_\½JZ_e\ccjZ_•jj\¾#),+ NXck\i#N%>i\p#(0( K\^^Xik#=i\[\i`Zb>%#*)( NXi_fc#8e[p#-' K\c\j`j#*(Æ** NXie\i#N`cc`Xd#(,( K\cc\i#<[nXi[#)(. NXkjfele[:i`Zb#)' K\iiX`e#le\ijZ_cfjj\e#)*,#)/' NXl^_#

367 INDEX N`cc#>\fi^\=%#-*Æ-+ Ni`^_k#=iXebCcfp[#))#++#)+-#).(Æ).*#**0 Ni`^_k#Iljj\cc#+, N•ejZ_\#*'#))'#).-#**( Npc`\#G_`c`g#)/

PX^`#Bfa`#** PXdXjXb`#D`efil#j`\_\:_XdgdXePXdXjXb`

Q`\cj\kqle^#,,#*))#*)/ Q`g]#>\fi^\B%#(// Qfd\#>\fd\ki`\#). Ql]Xcc#-'Æ-) Ql]Xccjgi`eq`g#j`\_\ql]€cc`^\I\`_\e]fc^\ Ql]i`\[\e_\`k#+'#-/#/( QljXdd\eXiY\`k#+0#/*#**0

368 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD ;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[ 8ljnX_c`ek\ieXk`feXc\i8lj^XY\e

369 Albert Bonniers Förlag Stockholm, 1970

370 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Pantheon Books New York, 1971

371 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN S. 371 Gyldendal Kopenhagen, 1972

372 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Thames and Hudson London, 1972

373 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN S. 373 Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung München, 1972

374 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Bantam Books New York, 1973

375 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN Kirjayhtymä Helsinki, 1973

376 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Edicija Vidici Split, 1973

377 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN Arnoldo Mondadori Editore Mailand, 1973

378 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Mercure de France Paris, 1974

379 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN Shobun-sha Publisher Tokio, 1974

380 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Hermann Blume Editions Madrid, 1977

381 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN Paladin New York / London, 1977

382 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Academy Chicago Publishers Chicago, 1985 und 1992

383 INTERNATIONALE AUSGABEN Thames and Hudson London, 1985 und 1997

384 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD  ;\j`^eXcj>\jkXckle^^\j\ccjZ_X]kc`Z_\iQlble]k

  >\iXc[9Xjk  I\bkfiLe`m\ij`k€k]•iXe^\nXe[k\Blejk

N€_i\e[9`fcf^`\#D\[`q`ele[EXklin`jj\ejZ_X]k\e_\lk\Xelkfg`jZ_ jZ_\`e\e[\eG_XekXj`\e\`e\je\l\eD\ejZ_\e`e\`e\ijZ_e\ee\l\e N\ckXiY\`k\ele[[XY\`³\ekc`Z_b\`kjY\nljjk[\e9\^i`³Ò;\j`^eÓ`eM\i$ Y`e[le^\en`\>\e\k`Z;\j`^e#8ik`ÔZ`Xc@ek\cc`^\eZ\;\j`^e#9iX`e;\j`^e f[\i^Xi?ldXe;\j`^em\in\e[\e#n`i[[`\8iY\`kmfe;\j`^e\i@ee\e `e[\i³\ekc`Z_\eNX_ie\_dle^ [fik#nf\j•Y\i_Xlgk\`e\³\ekc`Z_\ NX_ie\_dle^mfe;\j`^e^`Yk gi`d€iXjjfq``\ikd`k[\dJ\bkfi[\j Clolip;\j`^e#[\i>\jkXckle^mfeiX»e`\ik\eGl[\i[fj\ef[\i€_ec`Z_ le\ekY\_ic`Z_\eGif[lbk\e[\jk€^c`Z_\e9\[Xi]j]•i\`e\m\ijZ_n`e[\e[ bc\`e\9\mcb\ile^jjZ_`Z_k%  M`bkfiGXgXe\bjk\cck\jfnf_cXcjC\_i\iXcjXlZ_Xcj;\j`^e\i`e Y\nle[\iejn\ik\iBfej\hl\eq`dd\in`\[\i[`\BXi[`eXc]iX^\1Nfi`e c`\^k[\i9\`kiX^[\j;\j`^ejle[[\i;\j`^e\i@ee\e`dN\kkY\n\iY[\i @[\\e]•i[`\Qlble]klej\i\i>\j\ccjZ_X]k6  <`e[i`e^c`Z_le[gi€q`j\\i`ee\ikGXgXe\b_Xike€Zb`^[XiXe#[Xjj \jY\`;\j`^ele[Y\`[\i8ljY`c[le^mfe;\j`^e\i@ee\ee`Z_kelild[`\ >\jkXckle^mfeGif[lbk\e^\_k#jfe[\ie\`^\ekc`Z_ldK_\d\en`\>\jle[$ _\`k#

385 Y`j_\lk\lem\i€e[\ik^•ck`^\i=fid_€cklejGXgXe\b[\eJg`\^\c[\i M\iXeknfikle^mfi2le[d`k½lej¾d\`e\`Z_`ejY\jfe[\i\XlZ_[`\qX_c$ i\`Z_\e;\j`^e$8ljY`c[le^jjk€kk\e#le[lek\i[`\j\en`\[\ild^Xeq Y\jfe[\ij[`\½;\j`^e$Le`m\ij`k€k\e¾%;\ee^\iX[\[`\;\j`^e$Le`m\ij`$ k€k\ej`e[\j[fZ_#[`\_\lk\d\_i[\eea\cXe^]i`jk`^\cfYXc`j`\ile^Yi\Z_\e%  8Y\i\j`jkjZ_fem`\c^\nfee\e#n\ee;\j`^ee`Z_kYcfXcj€jk_\$ k`q`jk`jZ_\8kk`k•[\f[\iXcjN`ikjZ_X]kj]Xbkfim\ijkXe[\en`i[#jfe[\ie Xcjn\j\ekc`Z_\iK\`c[\i>\jkXckle^mfe^\j\ccjZ_X]kc`Z_\iQlble]k%\jkXckle^j_\iXlj]fi[\ile^\e]•i[Xj n`ibc`Z_\C\Y\e#n\i]•_ckj`Z_qljk€e[`^le[m\iXeknfikc`Z_#½;\j`^e]•i [`\i\Xc\N\ck¾qlY\ki\`Y\e6Le[[XjY\ki`³ke`Z_keli[`\^\jkXck\i`jZ_\ K_\dXk`j`\ile^YlZ_jk€Yc`Z_•Y\ic\Y\ejn`Z_k`^\i8jg\bk\[\i^if\e 9\mcb\ile^jdXjj\e`e[\e\jle[_\`k#\^\enXikle[[`\Qlble]k[\j½n`ibc`Z_\eC\Y\ej¾`e [\en`ikjZ_X]kc`Z__fZ_\ekn`Zb\ck\e@e[ljki`\^\j\ccjZ_X]k\e1  N`\bfddle`q`\i\ele[`ek\iX^`\i\en`i`eqle\_d\e[mfeD`^iX$ k`feY\jk`ddk\e>\j\ccjZ_X]k\e6N`\^\jkXck\ej`Z_Nf_e\e#DfY`c`k€k le[jfq`Xc\@ek\iXbk`fe`e[\ei`\j`^\eliYXe\eBfe^cfd\iXk\e#[`\jZ_fe a\kqkmfe,'Gifq\ek[\iN\ckY\mcb\ile^Y\j`\[\ckn\i[\e6N`\c\Y\en`i `d8ck\i6N`\m\iYi`e^\en`ilej\i\=i\`q\`k6  NXjY\[\lk\ele[n\cZ_\N`ible^\e_XY\ee\l\=fid\emfe Bfddle`bXk`fele[DfY`c`k€k`eliYXe\e>\j\ccjZ_X]k\e6N`\n\i[\en`i lejj\cYjkle[lej\i\Ldn\cknX_ie\_d\ele[m\i€e[\ie6N\cZ_\@ejkil$ d\ek\#Gif[lbk\#Gifq\jj\j`e[[X]•i\i]fi[\ic`Z_6NXjj`e[[`\J\_ej•Z_k\# ve^jk\le[9\]i`\[`^le^\e#[`\lejY\jZ_€]k`^\e#le[n`\dXZ_kdXej`\

386 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD fg\iXk`feXc`j`\iYXi6;Xjj`e[[`\^if\e=iX^\e#[`\lej[`\Qlble]k jk\cc\en`i[%  ;`\?\iXlj]fi[\ile^\e[\iLiYXe`j`\ile^jk\e[\eq\i]fi[\ie[`\ \j\ccjZ_X]k\e%?`\iXl] [`\lej`Z_kYXi\?Xe[[\jDXibk\jqlm\ikiXl\e#n€i\eX`m%  DlkqliBfeq\ekiXk`feXl][`\j\K_\d\ele[Dlkqli`ek\i[`jq`$ gc`e€i\eQljXdd\eXiY\`k`jk^\]fi[\ik%  ;`\Le`m\ij`k€k]•iXe^\nXe[k\BlejkN`\en`i[j`Z_[`\j\i?\iXlj$ ]fi[\ile^d\_iefZ_XcjjZ_feY`j_\ijk\cc\e%;`\?\iXlj^XY\[`\j\j^ile[$ c\^\e[\eN\ibjmfeM`ZkfiGXgXe\b`jke`Z_kd\_ile[e`Z_kn\e`^\iXcj \`e³\ekc`Z_\jQ\`Z_\e[\j<`eki\k\ej]•iGXgXe\bj;\j`^eg_`cfjfg_`\#\`e Q\`Z_\e#[XjXe[\iLe`m\ij`k€k]•iXe^\nXe[k\BlejkN`\ed`k[\iY\mfi$ jk\_\e[\e

387 DESIGN ALS GESTALTUNG GESELLSCHAFTLICHER ZUKUNFT  |Y\i[`\j\E\lXlj^XY\

  DXik`eX=`e\[\ile[K_fdXj>\`jc\i

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389 ÜBER DIESE NEUAUSGABE le[M\i€e[\ile^\eXljbfcf^`jZ_\i#bfefd`jZ_\ile[jfq`Xc\iJ`Z_k q\`kc`Z_XeqlgXjj\e%;`\j\8[Xgk`feY\c€jjk[\elijgi•e^c`Z_\eK\ok[\e$ efZ_`e^if\eK\`c\e`dFi`^`eXc%5=•i\`e\Xlj]•_ic`Z_\i\Bfek\oklXc`j`\$ ile^\i^\Y\ej`Z_jfd`kd\_i\i\8eb\iglebk\le[_`jkfi`jZ_\?`ek\i^i•e$ [\%@e[`\j\i8lj^XY\n`i[`d=fc^\e[\e[`\8lj\`eXe[\ij\kqle^•Y\i[\e Jk\cc\en\ik[\j9lZ_\jXlj[\j`^e^\jZ_`Z_kc`Z_\iG\ijg\bk`m\le[_\lk`^\i J`Z_k\`e\i>\^\e•Y\ijk\ccle^[\ilek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_\eM\ij`fe\emfi^\qf^\e%  @dQl^\[\ib•iqc`Z_Y\^fee\e\e=fijZ_le^\eqlM`ZkfiGXgXe\bj C\Y\ele[N\ib#[`\[`\\fi^`X ljX #d`kj`Z_YiXZ_k\#Y\jZ_c`\\en`i#[`\Y\^fee\e\ |Y\ij\kqle^d`k=cfi`XeGld_jc]\ik`^qljk\cc\e%EXZ_Y\`eX_\q\_eAX_i\e ½Il_\gXlj\¾jk\_\eXec€jjc`Z_[\jEXZ_cXjjXebXl]j[liZ_[`\Le`m\ij`k€k ]•iXe^\nXe[k\BlejkN`\e#\id^c`Z_k[liZ_[Xj{jk\ii\`Z_`jZ_\9le[\j$ d`e`jk\i`ld]•iN`jj\ejZ_X]kle[=fijZ_le^#[`\9\n\^^i•e[\]•i[`\j\ E\lXlÕX^\qle€Z_jkXl\i=iX^\%;Xi•Y\i_`eXljY`\k\kj`Z_)''/#`d ('%Kf[\jaX_iM`ZkfiGXgXe\bj#^\d\`ejXdd`k[\i\e\iXk`fe;\j`^ejZ_X³\e[\i\`e\\ijk\ 9\^\^ele^d`kM`ZkfiGXgXe\b#[\iQ\`kj\`e\jC\Y\ejY\ilÕ`Z_le[gi`mXk BfekXbk\qlj\`e\d>\YlikjcXe[{jk\ii\`Z_gÕ\^k\%  <`e_\i^\_\e[d`k[\iY\i\`kj<`e^Xe^j\in€_ek\e#j\`k[\e(00'\i AX_i\eqle\_d\e[\e9\jZ_€]k`^le^d`kjfq`Xc\ele[bfcf^`jZ_\e8ec`\^\e `d;\j`^e#_€lÔ^jlYjld`\iklek\i[\dJZ_cX^nfikÒJljkX`eXYc\;\j`^eÓ# \i]€_ikGXgXe\bjbfekifm\ij`\cc[`jblk`\ik\JZ_i`]kqlj\_\e[j8e\ib\eele^# lde`Z_kqljX^\e\`e\8ik8Yjfclk`feÆXlZ_`d[\lkjZ_jgiXZ_`^\eIXld% 8cc\i[`e^jÔe[\kj`Z_Y`jXl]n\e`^\8ljeX_d\eb\`e\[`i\bk\8lj\`eXe[\i$ j\kqle^d`kj\`e\dN\ib#m`\cd\_i[`\ek^\iX[\;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[ XcjM\_`b\c#ld[XiXl]Xl]qlYXl\e%@ek\ieXk`feXc`jkj\`eGcXkqXcjMfii\`k\i `e[\i>\jZ_`Z_k\[\jbi`k`jZ_\e;\j`^ejY\i\`kjleldjki`kk\e%8  ;Xj_`eql^\]•^k\EXZ_nfik#Xl]YXl\e[Xl]\`e\d>\jgi€Z_qn`jZ_\e =cfi`XeGld_jcle[lej#^\_kGXgXe\bjMfijZ_c€^\eqld;\j`^e]•i\`e\ i\Xc\N\ckeXZ_le[j\kqk[Xj9lZ_m`\iq`^AX_i\eXZ_j\`e\i

390 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Mfi[\eb\iXbkl\cc\i#bi`k`jZ_\iK\e[\eq\e`d;\j`^e\`e^\^Xe^\ejfn`\ j\`eQl^Xe^qli=fid^\Yle^le[vjk_\k`b`e9\ql^Xl];\j`^e]fik_\ I\XcNfic[Y\jgifZ_\e%

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391 ÜBER DIESE NEUAUSGABE 1 Dieser Ausdruck nimmt u.a. Bezug auf Richard Buckminster Fuller Anleitungen für das Raumschiff Erde, Berlin: Rowohlt Verlag, 1973. (Im Original als Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth, Southern Illinois University Press, 1969 erschienen.) Fuller lieferte auch das Vorwort zur englischen Erstausgabe von Design for the Real World, New York: Pantheon Books, 1971. 2 Gui Bonsiepe «Bombast aus Pappe. Gui Bonsiepe zu Papaneks «Umwelt des Überlebens», form 61, 1972. In diesem Artikel greift Bonsiepe, der selbst in Chile arbeitete, vor allem Papaneks Vorschläge für Entwicklungsländer an. 3 In einem Rückblick auf Designtendenzen der 1970er Jahre in West- deutschland hebt der ehemalige Direktor des IDZ Berlin François Burkhardt Papaneks Arbeit als maßgeblich beeinflussend auf die Haltung innerhalb der kritischen Szene hervor. François Burkhardt, «Tendencies of German Design Theories in the Past Fifteen Years», Design Issues, Nr. 2/3, Autumn, 1986. 4 Erstmals wurde diese Arbeit auf Einladung des Grazer Kunstvereins 1996 in Graz gezeigt und in weiterer Folge auf Einladung der Generali Foundation in Wien ausgestellt. Dokumentiert ist Pumhösls Beitrag im Ausstellungskatalog Designs für die wirkliche Welt, Sabine Breitenwieser (Hrsg.), Wien: Generali Foundation, 2002. 5 Einen guten Vergleich bietet die Buchrezension von Frank Jackson im Journal of Design History, Nr. 6/4, 1993, Seite 307–310. 6 Siehe Kurzbiografie im Anhang; 7 Aktuelle Beispiele für eine knappe Erwähnung finden sich zum Beispiel in Tulga Beyerle und Karin Hirschberger (Hrsg.), Designlandschaft Österreich: 1900– 2005, Basel (u.a.): Birkhäuser, 2006, und Gregor Eichinger (Hrsg.), Design now. Austria: An enlarged approach to the purposes and applications of contemporary design, 2. Ausgabe, Wien: Eichinger oder Knechtl, 2006. Da Papaneks Arbeit in der Tradition der amerikanischen Moderne bis zur Entdeckung des Nachlasses im Jahr 2007 in Österreich unbekannt war und die Tatsache, bei Frank Lloyd Wright und an der Cooper Union in New York studiert zu haben, nicht reichte, um in Matthias Boeckl (Hrsg.), Visionäre und Vertriebene. Österreichische Spuren in der modernen amerikanischen Architektur. Berlin: Ernst und Sohn, 1995 aufgenommen zu werden, findet Papanek in dieses Sammelwerk keinen Eingang. 8 Siehe dazu zum Beispiel Pauline Madge, «Design, Ecology, Technology: A Historiographical Review» in Journal of Design History, Nr. 6/3, 1993, Seite 149–168. Nigel Whiteley (Hrsg.), Design for Society, London: Reaktion Books, 1993, Victor Margolin (Hrsg.), The Politics of the Aritficial. Essays on Design and Design Studies, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002 und Stuart Walker, Sustainability by Design: Explorations in Theory and Practice, London: Earthscan 2006.

392 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD  M`ZkfiGXgXe\bn`\[\i^\c\j\e1  8ej`Z_k\eqld;\j`^e]•i[`\i\Xc\N\ck

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394 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD d] ;\eefZ_\ek_€ck[\iqn\`k\K\`c#½N`\\jj\`ebeek\¾#[\if_e\ [\e\ijk\eXlZ_Y\jk\_\ebeek\#\`e\ld]Xe^i\`Z_\JXddcle^Xe8ec\`kle$ ^\ele[Cjle^jmfijZ_c€^\eqli>\jkXckle^[\i½i\Xc\eN\ck¾%@e[`\j\e ]fc^\e[\ej\Z_jBXg`k\cejg`\^\ckj`Z__Xlgkj€Z_c`Z_GXgXe\bjg\ijec`Z_\ 9\il]j$le[C\_ik€k`^b\`kn`[\i#XY\iXlZ_^\j\ccjZ_X]kc`Z_\=fi[\ile^\e eXZ_d\_ijfq`Xc\ile[bfcf^`jZ_\iM\iXeknfikle^`e@e[ljki`\le[N`ik$ jZ_X]k%Mfic`\Y\e[\i\ijkXib\e[\eXck\ieXk`m\ele[½^i•e\e¾Jq\e\n`\\`e\ Gi€]\i\eq]•i[XjEXk•ic`Z_\le[CfbXc\Ôe[\e`e[`\j\dK\`cqljXdd\e d`k|Y\ic\^le^\eqli;\dfbiXk`j`\ile^mfeGif[lbk`fejm\i_€cke`jj\e% ;XjY\ki`³kXlZ_Bfeq\gk\qliD`kY\jk`ddle^le[D`k^\jkXckle^[\i;`e^\ [\jXcck€^c`Z_\eC\Y\ej#[`\GXgXe\b`ej\`e\eg€[X^f^`jZ_\e

]g ?`\i`elek\ijZ_\`[\kj`Z_GXgXe\bXlZ_mfej\`e\e\lifg€`jZ_\e Q\`k^\efjj\e#\knX>\ikJ\cc\f[\iKfd}jDXc[feX[f%;`\\lifg€`jZ_\ ;\j`^ebi`k`bnXi\Y\ejf\`e\Bi`k`bXeBfejldle[@e[ljki`\gif[lbk`feÆ d`kXe[\i\egfc`k`jZ_\ele[XbX[\d`jZ_\eJZ_n\iglebk\eÆle[j`\nXi m`\cjk€ib\i`[\fcf^`jZ_^\gi€^k%Jf`jk#\knXY\`>\ikJ\cc\#\`e^Xe^jmfe ½Gif[lbk\ele[Xik`Ôq`\cc\iLdn\ck¾Xcj½m`jl\ccnX_ie\_dYXi\e=fid\e¾ a\e\i½^\j\ccjZ_X]kc`Z_\eFi[ele^¾[`\I\[\#½[`\j`Z_j\`k[\i`e[ljki`\cc\e I\mfclk`fe\ek]Xck\kle[Xcj?\iijZ_X]kjjkilbklieX_\qlkfkXcfi^Xe`j`\ik _Xk¾#nXjXcj8Yc\_ele^bXg`kXc`jk`jZ_\i{bfefd`\m\ijkXe[\en\i[\ebXee% 8Y\iXlZ_[\i\e9•Z_\infcck\emfe\`e\iYi\`k\i\e{³\ekc`Z_b\`knX_i^\$ efdd\en\i[\e#[Xj\ekjgiXZ_[\dQ\`k^\`jk%  \j\ccjZ_X]kjbi`k`b%\jkXckle^jY\^i`³[\iDf[\ie\d`ke\l\e@e_Xck\ele[ Qn\`]\ceqlbfe]ifek`\i\e#XY\iql^c\`Z_XlZ_[\i8YjZ_`\[mfeGcXele^j$ iXk`feXc`jdljle[JkXe[Xi[`j`\ile^%GXgXe\bjZ_i`\Y[`\j\j9lZ_ql\`e\i Q\`k#`e[\i`e@kXc`\ele[\jkXckle^gc\`k\^`e^%

d] ;`\8ek`$f[\iIX[`ZXc$;\j`^e^ilgg`\ile^\e#n`\qld9\`jg`\c[`\ >ilgg\ldGXfcf;\^Xe\ccf`e@kXc`\e#i\Õ\bk`\i\e\`e\Yi\`k\Blcklibi`k`b# `e[\i\eIX_d\eXlZ_[\i>cXlY\Xe[`\M\ijgi\Z_\e[\jjk\k`^\ek\Z_ef$ cf^`jZ_\e=fikjZ_i`kkjbliqq\`k`^XeBiX]km\icfi%8iY\`k\en`\[`\j\[i•Zb\e

395 VICTOR PAPANEK WIEDERGELESEN c\kqkc`Z_XlZ_\`e?fZ__Xck\e[\jBfcc\bk`m\ele[J`eec`Z_\eXlj#]\`\ie [`\N`\[\i\ek[\Zble^mfe8cck€^c`Z_\d#aXjf^Xi`e\`e\i8ik8Yjfclk`fe [\jFieXd\ekXc\e%@eN\jk$;\lkjZ_cXe[Ôe[\en`i[`\jXYD`kk\[\i(0.'\i AX_i\Y\`[\i>ilgg\[\j$`e#[`\GXgXe\b`dc\kqk\eBXg`k\cXcjgfj`k`m\j 9\`jg`\c]•i\`e\e½Xck\ieXk`m\eJk`c¾Xe]•_ik%8lZ_lek\i[\e\_\dXc`^\e Lcd\ieÔe[\ej`Z_\`e`^\½9\b\_ik\¾#[`\`e`_i\eJZ_i`]k\e8ej€kq\]•i\`e\ LdY\j`eele^\eknXi]\e#ld½[`\k\Z_efbiXk`jZ_\DXZ_ke`\[\iqljZ_cX$ ^\e¾#n`\\jXl][\d9lZ_i•Zb\emfeDXc[feX[fjLdn\ckle[I\mfck\mfe (0.(jfb€dg]\i`jZ__\`k%GXgXe\b#[\iXljLJ$Xd\i`bXe`jZ_\iG\ijg\bk`m\# d`k\lifg€`jZ_\eNliq\ce#mfiXcc\d[`\Dlck`jXe^i\`]kle[j`Z_\`e\i \^Xc`k€i\ele[`ebclj`m\e>\jkXckle^j_Xckle^m\ijZ_i\`Yk#\ijZ_\`ekd`i`e [`\j\dQljXdd\e_Xe^Xcjcf^`jZ_\>\jkXck\iÔ^li%;Xi•Y\i_`eXljj\kqk GXgXe\bj\cYjkj\`e9lZ_`e\`e\eldn\ckgfc`k`jZ_\eQljXdd\e_Xe^#`e[\d \i\je\Y\eGlYc`bXk`fe\en`\IXZ_\c:XijfejYX_eYi\Z_\e[\j9lZ_J`c\ek Jgi`e^ (0-) \`ei\`_k#[Xjleki\eeYXid`k[\d8l]bfdd\e[\iLdn\ck$ jZ_lkqY\n\^le^`e[\eljXm\iYle[\e`jk%

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k^ @dd\i_`e\ibc€ik[`\j\i>cXlY\j\`e\XYc\_e\e[\?Xckle^[\d GXk\ekle[:fgpi`^_k^\^\e•Y\i%J\cYjkm\i³\ekc`Z_k\\ic`\Y\i@[\\ele[ \jZ_€]k\dXZ_\eile[ld[XjGXk\ek`\i\e#Xe[\dmfiXcc\dJkXXk# @e[ljki`\le[[`\8en€ck\m\i[`\e\e%Le[qldXe[\i\ej`\_k\i[Xi`e[`\ 8lj^i\eqle^\`e\j>ifk\`cj[\iN\ckY\mcb\ile^#[`\Xen`Z_k`^\e\j\ccjZ_X]k%@e[`\j\dJ`ee\^`ckGXgXe\bj`Z_\iXlZ_XcjN\^$ Y\i\`k\i[\jFg\e$JfliZ\$>\[Xeb\ej`d;\j`^e%

396 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD d] AX#le[[XjY\q`\_kXlZ_[`\=iX^\[\jDXjkXYjd`k\`e%@dMfinfik qliqn\`k\e8lj^XY\j\kqkGXgXe\bj\`e\8iY\`k`e9\q`\_le^ql=i`kq JZ_ldXZ_\ijJdXcc`jY\Xlk`]lc%

]g M`bkfiGXgXe\bm\ibig\ik`e[`\j\i_`jkfi`jZ_\eM\inXe[kjZ_X]kj$ Y\q`\_le^[\eGiX^dXk`b\i#\ib•dd\ikj`Z_ld[Xj#nXj[\eb$le[dXZ_$ YXi\ijZ_\`ek%MfeXl\eY\kiXZ_k\k\i^`Yk[Xj\`e9`c[[\jj\e#nXjqla\e\i Q\`k\`e\[\ebYXi\;`d\ej`feXeeX_d1MfdJk\cc\en\ik#[\e9`fe`b`e [`\j\d9lZ_\`ee`ddk#•Y\i:XiJ_Xi`e^le[[`\Y\jfe[\ijXejZ_Xlc`Z_\e Jkl[`\em\i\`e]XZ_k\iBfddle`bXk`fejk\Z_efcf^`\Ôe[\kj`Z_\`e\^Xeq\ I\`_\j\_i\`eÕljji\`Z_\iBfeq\gk\%

k^ J\`eGiX^dXk`jdlj`eXcc\e<_i\e#\i\ijZ_\`ek[fZ_`em`\c\e;`e^\e \Y\ejfXcj@[\Xc`jk#[\i\`e\i=Xjq`eXk`fe]•i[\e\`^\e\e9\il]jkXe[Xl]$ j`kqk%@e^\n`jj\iN\`j\\`e\iLJ$Xd\i`bXe`jZ_\eKiX[`k`fem\i_X]k\k#[`\ [\e9\il][\j;\j`^e\ijj\`k[\e(0+'\iAX_i\ele[jg€k\jk\ejd`kIXpdfe[ Cf\npj\fi^\E\cjfeY`j_\i b\`e\M\iY`e[le^\eeXZ_^\n`\j\en\i[\ebfeek\e%JX_\ej`\[fZ_Xcc\[`\ Ifcc\[\j;\j`^e\ijd`k\`e\d\in\`k\ik\e8l]^XY\ejg\bkilda\ej\`kj[\i i\`e\e=fid^\Yle^%8lZ_Xe[\i\>\d\`ejXdb\`k\ebeek\e[XiXl]_`e$ n\`j\e#n`\[Xj8ec\^\e\k_efcf^`jZ_\iJXddcle^\ele[9`c[[Xk\eYXeb\e% ;XjC\ie\emfeXe[\i\eBlckli\ele[i\^`feXc\e9\jfe[\i_\`k\eXcj 8ei\^le^]•i[\e\`^\e\e

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397 VICTOR PAPANEK WIEDERGELESEN Blckli\iq\l^e`jj\le[K\Z_e`b\e`jkXlj_\lk`^\iJ`Z_kqnXim\ijk€e[c`Z_# `e`_i\d

d] M`\cc\`Z_kXlZ_\`eI\q\gk`fejgifYc\d68lj;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[ n`i[_€lÔ^GXgXe\bj<`e^Xe^jjkXk\d\ek½8ccd\eXi\[\j`^e\ij¾q`k`\ik% 8lj[\dQljXdd\e_Xe^^\i`jj\e]•_ik[Xj`eM\iY`e[le^d`k[\i9\^\`jk\$ ile^]•i[XjIliXc\le[KiX[`k`fe\cc\d`klek\iqlD`jjm\ijk€e[e`jj\e%;\i JXkqXlj[\d\ijk\eBXg`k\cc\`k\k[`\Y\i\`kj\in€_ek\8lj\`eXe[\ij\kqle^ qldK_\dX½NXj`jk;\j`^e6¾\`ele[q`\cke`Z_kXl][`\8YjZ_X³le^[\j 9\il]jkXe[j[\j@e[ljki`Xc;\j`^e\ijXY%8cc\i[`e^jn`i[[`\j\ij\_ibi`k`jZ_ `e=iX^\^\jk\cck%@dQljXdd\e_Xe^d`k[\ibcXjj`jZ_\e;\j`^e^\jZ_`Z_kj$ jZ_i\`Yle^#[`\`dJ`ee\[\iDf[\ie\\`e9`c[[\jgif]\jj`fe\cc\e#jg\q`X$ c`j`\ik\ele[c\kqkc`Z_aXXlZ_Y\^eX[\k\e=fid^\Y\ij_fZ__€ck#n€_i\e[ Xcc\eXe[\i\emfe[`\j\i\obclj`m\eK€k`^b\`kXlj^\jZ_cfjj\ej`e[#`jk[`\ jZ_n`\i`^\Gfj`k`feGXgXe\bj`e;\j`^ebi\`j\ee`Z_kn\`k\im\inle[\ic`Z_% ;`\j\jK_\dX`jkj`Z_\ieXZ_n`\mfiXbkl\cc%

k^ >\n`jj#[`\M\ib•iqle^Xl][\bfek\oklXc`j`\ik\Jk\_j€kq\n`\\knX Cfl`jJlcc`mXej½]fid]fccfnj]leZk`fe¾_Xk[\d\`^\ekc`Z_\eJ`ee[\i8lj$ jX^\ej\ck\e>lk\j^\kXele[]•_ikqli=\_c`ek\igi\kXk`fe`_i\i8lkfi\e% Ldjfd\_ijZ_\`ek\jefkn\e[`^#;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[`ej\`e\i >\jXdk_\`kqlc\j\e#ldj`Z_\`eld]Xjj\e[\j9`c[qldXZ_\e#le[j`Z_ e`Z_kd`k\`eq\ce\eJZ_c•jj\cj€kq\eqlY\^e•^\e%Jfn`i[GXgXe\bj8iY\`k mfi\`c`^XlZ_^\ie\Xl]½I\ZpZc`e^¾f[\i½;i`kk\$N\ck$;\j`^e¾m\ib•iqk le[[`\M`\cjZ_`Z_k`^b\`kj\`e\jN\ibjXl\i8Z_k^\cXjj\e%

d] ;`\j\M`\cjZ_`Z_k`^b\`ki•_ikXlZ_[X_\i#[Xjj[`\Y\`[\e9lZ_k\`c\ Xl]\`eq\ce\e8ik`b\cef[\iMfiki€^\eYXj`\i\e#[`\qn`jZ_\e(0-*le[(0.' \ekjkXe[\ej`e[%@e[`\j\eQ\`kiXld]€cckl%X%GXgXe\bjC\_ik€k`^b\`kXe[\i Gli[l\Le`m\ij`kp#[`\m`\c\=XccY\`jg`\c\le[\`e\e>ifk\`c[\i9\Y`c[\$ ile^[\jqn\`k\eK\`cjXljdXZ_k#j\`e\K€k`^b\`kXcj;\j`^ebfejlc\ek]•i[`\ le\jZf#[`\e`Z_kqlc\kqk[Xjm`\cY\jgifZ_\e\K`e$:XeIX[`f_\imfiYiXZ_$ k\#jfn`\j\`e\=\iej\_j_fn;\j`^e;`d\ej`fejXl]ne\[$km#\`e\dcfbXc\e J\e[\i`e9l³Xcf#E\nPfib%8l³Xcc\e[`jk[`\M\ijZ_i€eble^[\iK\okk\`c\# [`\mfiXcc\d[liZ_JZ_`c[\ile^\eg\ijec`Z_\iXkkle^[\j9lZ_\jle[[`\8iY\`kjn\`j\[`\j\j8lkfij6

398 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD k^ N`\n`in`jj\e#nXi\ib\`ekpg`jZ_\iJZ_i\`Y\i#\_\i\`e½;`bkXkfi¾# [\i`e8jjfq`Xk`fejb\kk\e[\eK\ok`e[`\JZ_i\`YdXjZ_`e\[`bk`\ik\%J\`e Y\\`e[ilZb\e[\ji\[e\i`jZ_\jKXc\eknli[\Y`j_\imfeXcc\eY\]iX^k\eQ\`k$ q\l^\eY\kfek%?XicXee\IfY\ikj#GXgXe\bjm`\ik\=iXl#k`ggk\;\j`^e]fi k_\I\XcNfic[%J`\_Xc]`_d[Xjql]fidlc`\i\e#nXj\ijX^\enfcck\#n`\\i \j`d\ijk\eMfinfikY\q\`Z_e\k%@_i9\`kiX^Xe[\i\^\e•Y\iÆXlj^\efd$ d\ej\`e\jZ_n\[`jZ_\e=i\le[\mfe[\iGXe$JZXe[`eXm`XeJkl[\ek;\j`^e 8jjfZ`Xk`fe#[`\`_eY\i\`kj]i•_\iqlKXcbjle[C\Zkli\j\`ecl[\ele[[\e C`ebqldM\icX^`eJkfZb_fcd\`e]€[\ck\e%Jg€k\i•Y\ieX_dE`Zfc\kk\# GXgXe\bjKfZ_k\iXljqn\`k\i<_\#[`\Ifcc\[\iJZ_i\`YXjj`jk\eq#jfqlc\kqk Y\`K_\>i\\e@dg\iXk`m\%

d] ;Xj;`bk`\i\e#n`\;l\jY\jZ_i\`Yjk#`jk^lkmfijk\ccYXi#jZ_c`\c`Z_ jZ_`dg]k\jj`Z_d•e[c`Z_c\`Z_k\iXcjjZ_i`]kc`Z_%;Xi•Y\i_`eXlj\ekjgi`Z_k [\ic\^\i\Jk`cXlZ_[\d>\`jk[\iQ\`k#Xcj8Yc\_ele^\`e\iJq\e\$

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399 VICTOR PAPANEK WIEDERGELESEN k^ D`Z_\i`ee\ik[Xj9lZ_Xe[\eX^^i\jj`m\eNfikn`kq\`e\jKfd Nfc]\#[\jj\e#n\eeXlZ_jg€k\i\ijZ_`\e\e\j#=ifd9Xl_Xljkffli?flj\ (0/( n`im`\cc\`Z_kefZ_`eGXgXe\bj9`Yc`fk_\bÔe[\en\i[\e%;\i bfclde\e_X]k\le[\oki\djlYa\bk`m\9c`ZbXl][`\;`e^\jZ_\`ek\`e\i Xd\i`bXe`jZ_\eC\j\ijZ_X]km`\cc\`Z_km\ikiXlk\iXcjlej`e

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404 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD ]g 8l][\iLdjZ_cX^`ee\ej\`k\`e[\`e\iXck\eKXjZ_\eYlZ_Xlj^XY\ jk\_k[\iJXkq1½=fidp]Xk_\i`ecXnn_fZflc[_Xm\ni`kk\ek_`jYffbcfe^ X^f fecpY\kk\i %¾

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k^ GXgXe\bjC\`jkle^Xcj;\j`^e\iXeql\ib\ee\e#_\`kj\`e\;\Ôe`k`fe mfe;\j`^e#[\d;\j`^egifq\jjle[[\iIfcc\[\j;\j`^e\ijqlXbq\gk`\i\e# qld`e[\jkXY\ij\`e\9\kiXZ_kle^jn\`j\\`eqle\_d\e#[`\mfiXcc\de`Z_k [Xj\[Xe$ b\#[Xe`Z_k^c\`Z_DXk\i`\m\i^\l[\kn`i[#ldLeXlj^\^fi\e\j`e[`\N\ck qlj\kq\e%

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407 VICTOR PAPANEK WIEDERGELESEN jfq`Xc`j`\iknfi[\enXi%N\eedXeY\`jg`\cjn\`j\[`\8lkfi@ee\e\ekn•i]\ Y\kiXZ_k\k#Xcjf[`\DY\cmfe;\j`^e\i@ee\e#[`\GXgXe\b`eEfdX[`Z =lie`kli\XcjgiXbk`jZ_\8ck\ieXk`m\eXe]•_ik#j`\_kdXe\`e\eB\ee\iXd N\ib#a\dXe[\e#[\ij`Z_j\_i`ek\ej`md`k=fid^\Yle^Xlj\`eXe[\i^\$ j\kqk_Xk%

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d] ;Xj_\`k#[Xjj[`\=fid]iX^\[\iGifq\jj]iX^\lek\ic`\^k#XlZ_ lek\i^Xeqjg\q`\cc\eblckli\cc\eMfiq\`Z_\e%E\_d\en`i[Xjnf_cY\bXee$ k\jk\GXgXe\b$Gif[lbk#[XjK`e$:XeIX[`f#\`eIX[`f\dg]€e^\i#[\i`d N\j\ekc`Z_\eXlj\`e\iXck\e>\ki€eb\[fj\#NXZ_j#\`e\d;fZ_kle[\knXj \jkXckle^`eLcd\`e^\cX[\e%;fiknli[\ [XjIX[`fqnXiXcj^lk\iXl_€kk\\i\jcXZb`\$ i\ejfcc\e#jX^k\ej`\%8Y^\j\_\e[Xmfe#[Xjj`_e[Xjj`Z_\iqldCXZ_\e ^\YiXZ_k_Xk#Xi^ld\ek`\ik\i#[Xjj[Xj]•i`_e]XcjZ_^\n\j\en€i\#n\`c\i j`Z_e`Z_kY\i\Z_k`^k]•_ck\#KXlj\e[\emfe@e[fe\j`\iej\`e\e>\jZ_dXZb Xl]ql[i•Zb\e%N\eedXen`cc#bXeedXe[Xi`eXlZ_\`e\eM\ijlZ_j\_\e# j`Z_[\iBi`k`b[\jBlckli`dg\i`Xc`jdljql\ekq`\_\e#[`\[fd`eXek\Gfj`$ k`fe[\jn\`\e#n\jkc`Z_\eDXee\jnli[\aX\Y\e>\^\ejkXe[bi`k`jZ_\i Blckli[`jbljj`fe%

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408 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD Yqn%[\e€jk_\k`jZ_\eGi€]\i\eq\ej\`e\i9\elkq\i@ee\e%?`\ic`\^\e]•i d`Z_GXiXcc\c`k€k\eqlAfj\]=iXeble[[\iN`\e\iJZ_lc\Xl][\i?Xe[# [`\aX[`\>\jkXckle^j[f^d\e[\iDf[\ie\cfbXc`ek\igi\k`\ik\ele[d`k$ lek\ijf^XiB`kjZ_qlc`\\eÆ`ej\`e\dY\mfidle[\e[\eJZ_i\`Yjk`c \i`ee\ikGXgXe\bXcc\i[`e^j\_\iXe8[fc]Cffj%J\`e\<`eY\kkle^`e[`\ jk\ii\`Z_`jZ_\;\j`^e^\jZ_`Z_k\n`i[_`\ij`Z_\iefZ_ql`ek\i\jjXek\e I•ZbjZ_c•jj\e]•_i\e%N`\[\dXlZ_j\`#GXgXe\b_Xk[\e_\lk`^\eNlejZ_ eXZ_`e[`m`[l\cc\e>\jkXckle^jd^c`Z_b\`k\e`d`e[ljki`\cc\e=\ik`^le^j$ gifq\jjY\i\`kjd`k^\[XZ_k%

d] AX#n`\dXeXe[\ed`kJkf³\e#DljZ_\cele[G\ic\e[\bfi`\ik\e MXi`Xek\e[\jK`e$:XeIX[`fjXlj@e[fe\j`\e`dBXg`k\c/j\_\ebXee# Y`i^k[`\j\D\k_f[\XlZ_\`e\e^if\eI\`q%;`\j\9\`jg`\c\\i`ee\ieXlZ_ \`en\e`^XeDfY`ck\c\]fe\#[`\mfe`_i\e9\j`kq\i@ee\ec`\Y\mfccY\bc\Yk le[m\iq`\ikn\i[\e%8e[\i\ij\`kjY\[`e^k\jjZ_fe\`e\^\n`jj\{bfefd`\ [\i<`e]XZ__\`k#n\ee[`\kiX[`k`fe\cc\eBi`k\i`\ejfq`Xcle[bfcf^`jZ_ dfk`m`\ik\i>\jkXckle^jkliY\]fc^kn\i[\e%QljXdd\e^\]XjjkÔe[\ej`Z_ jfcZ_\qld9\`jg`\c`eJZ_ldXZ_\ij\`eÕljji\`Z_\dJdXcc`jY\Xlk`]lc%;fik n\i[\ee\Y\e[\d<`ejXkqcfbXc\iIf_jkf³\k\Z_e`jZ_\?`c]jd`kk\c#[`\d`k ^\i`e^\dÔeXeq`\cc\e8l]nXe[le[d^c`Z_jke`\[i`^\d

]g ;XjK`e$:XeIX[`f`jkXlj_\lk`^\iJ`Z_kY\jk`ddk\`e\;\j`^e`bfe\# \`eFYa\bk#[Xjj\`kj\`e\i

k^ NfiXl]n`ia\kqkefZ_^Xie`Z_k\`e^\^Xe^\ej`e[#`jkGXgXe\bj JXdd\cc\`[\ejZ_X]k]•i8ik\]Xbk\i\^`feXckpg`jZ_\eLijgile^j#[`\\i `dd\in`\[\i#XlZ__`\i`d9lZ_#Xcjg\i]\bk^\jkXck\k\9\`jg`\c\_\iXeq`\_k% ;XjC\Y\ele[C\ie\emfe`e[`^\e\eMcb\ienXi]•i`_en\j\ekc`Z_\i =le[ljle[\`e\@ejg`iXk`fejhl\cc\eX_\c`\^\e[\iGifYc\dcjle^\e#[`\ [`\`e[ljki`Xc`j`\ik\Q`m`c`jXk`feY\i\`kj^ifk\`cjqli8ljifkkle^YiXZ_k\%

409 VICTOR PAPANEK WIEDERGELESEN ]g ;`\E€_\qn`jZ_\eJXdd\cele[>\jkXck\enXi\`e\[\in`Z_k`^jk\e Bfejk\ccXk`fe\e`e[\i;\j`^egiXo`j[\j)'%AX_i_le[\ikj%;XjJXdd\ceXcj €jk_\k`jZ_\GiXo`j#[XjQljXdd\ejk\cc\e\`^\e\iKpgfcf^`\ele[8iZ_`m\ `jkXlj_\lk`^\iJ`Z_k]Xjk\`eD\ibdXc\`e\jdf[\ie\e;\j`^em\ijk€e[e`j$ j\j%

d] AX#[Xj`jk•Y\iiXjZ_\e[#[\eejfn\`kn`i[XjY`ja\kqkjX^\ebee\e# ld]XjjkGXgXe\bj8iZ_`m\`e\ld]Xe^i\`Z_\JXddcle^XeFYa\bk\eXlj lek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_jk\eBlcklibi\`j\e%;`\8eXcpj\[`\j\iN\ibq\l^\le[8ik\$ ]Xbk\le[[\i\eBfek\ok\Ôe[\ej`Z_qldK\`c`ej\`e\dglYc`q`jk`jZ_\e N\ible[nXi\enf_cXlZ_n\j\ekc`Z_\i9\jkXe[k\`cj\`e\iMfiki€^\%EfZ_ [\lkc`Z_\iXcj`e;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[bfddk[\iJk\cc\en\ik[`\j\i 8lj\`eXe[\ij\kqle^`eK_\>i\\e@dg\iXk`m\ (00, _\iXlj%

k^ 8lZ_`ej\`e\d=i•_n\ibXcj;\j`^e\iXiY\`k\k\id`kI•Zbj`Z_kXl] cfbXc\?Xe[n\ibjk\Z_e`b\ef[\ic€jjk8ik\]Xbk\#q%9%`e[\i@ee\eiXld^\$ jkXckle^#\`eÕ`\\e%@ej\`e\dEXZ_cXjjj`e[n`iXl]\`e\J\i`\mfeDY\c$ le[@ek\i`\li\ekn•i]\e^\jkf\e#[`\d`k`e[`Xe`jZ_\e>\jkXckle^j\c\d\e$ k\ele[Gif[lbk`fejd\k_f[\ejg`\c\e%M\idlkc`Z_ld(0,'le[qldK\`c]•i \`e\ebXc`]fie`jZ_\e8l]kiX^^\Y\i\ekjkXe[\e#nli[\j`\#jfn\`kn`in`jj\e# a\[fZ_e`\i\Xc`j`\ik%<`eq`^[\iJkl_c#[\ij`Z_Xcj8YY`c[le^`dBXg`k\c(( n`\[\iÔe[\k#nli[\eXZ_[`\j\e

d] E\Y\e[\dBefn$_fn$KiXej]\imfeD\ejZ_\e#[`\efZ_\e^`e M\iY`e[le^d`k[\iEXklic\Y\e#nXi[XjC\ie\emfe[\iEXklij\cYjk\`e\ n`Z_k`^\Hl\cc\]•i[\e

410 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD k\eld^\j\kqknli[\e%@e[\d`e[`\j\dQljXdd\e_Xe^[`\Efkn\e[`^$ b\`kmfe[\i

k^ 8YjZ_c`\\e[n•i[\d`Z_`ek\i\jj`\i\e#n\j_XcYGXgXe\b^\iX[\ a\kqkn`\[\i\ek[\Zbkn`i[#f[\i\jXejZ_\`e\e[8ecXjj^`Yk#j`Z_d`kj\`e\d C\Y\ele[N\ibe€_\iXlj\`eXe[\iqlj\kq\e6;`\@e[ljki`Xc;\j`^e\ij JfZ`\kpf]8d\i`ZX#[`\`_e`e[\e(0.'\iAX_i\eXlj^\jZ_cfjj\ele[Xcj E\jkY\jZ_dlkq\iY\q\`Z_e\k_Xk#k`klc`\ik`_ee\l\i[`e^jXcj½^l`[`e^c`^_k¾ Xl]`_i\iN\Yj`k\%9\`[\i`ek\ieXk`feXc\eKX^le^;\j`^eI\j\XiZ_#JkiXk\^p J\kk`e^kf=XZ\k_\=lkli\Xe[\i=i\`\eLe`m\ij`k€k`e9fq\e`d=i•_aX_i )''.]•_ik\;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[[`\C`jk\[\iGlYc`bXk`fej\dg]\_cle$ ^\eXe%;Xj]iXeqj`jZ_\;\j`^edX^Xq`e8q`dlkjn`[d\k\[`\j\eD€iq\`e\ ^Xeq\8lj^XY\[\dK_\d\ebfdgc\oJljkX`eXY`c`kple[[\eC\`kXik`b\c M`ZkfiGXgXe\bjG`fe`\iXiY\`k%8lZ_`e{jk\ii\`Z_\i`ee\ik\mfibliq\d\`e ^Xeqj\`k`^\i8ik`b\c`e[\iIlYi`b½Q\`Z_\e[\iQ\`k¾`e[\iKX^\jq\`kle^ ;`\Gi\jj\Xe[\emfiq\_eAX_i\em\ijkfiY\e\e;\j`^e\ile[;\eb\i%

d] @d;\j`^eY\i\`Z_\i]€_ik;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[#le[jfd`k M`ZkfiGXgXe\b#aX]XjkXlkfdXk`jZ_j\`e\8bklXc`j`\ile^#n\`c[`\^if\e GifYc\d^\Y`\k\#[`\\iXejgi`Z_k#_\lk\gi€j\ek\ij`e[[\eea\#mfiXcc\d d\[`Xc%DXeZ_\GifYc\d]\c[\ij`e[[\Zble^j^c\`Z_#eli[`\JZ_cX^nik\i# lek\i[\e\ej`\XY^\_Xe[\ckn\i[\e#_XY\ej`Z_m\i€e[\ik#n`\\knXmfe Ldn\ckm\ijZ_dlkqle^qlBc`dXnXe[\c#n\`c[`\8ljn`ible^\eXe[\ij nX_i^\efdd\en\i[\e%GXgXe\bj8iY\`kn`i[`e[`\j\dQljXdd\e_Xe^ n`\\`eC\`kdfk`mXe^\]•_ik%;Xj`jkm`\cc\`Z_k\ijkdXc^Xie`Z_kjZ_c\Z_k# ld\`e\Xe[\i\J`Z_kXl][`\j\\_\ile^\n_ec`Z_\;\j`^egiXo`jql^\n`e$ e\e%8cc\i[`e^jXlZ_e`Z_k^XeqlegifYc\dXk`jZ_#n\ee[\iLd^Xe^d`k Y\jX^k\eK_\d\e`d;\j`^ee`Z_k[`³\i\eq`\ik\in`i[%;\i>\e\iXc`jdlj `jkaXXlZ_GXgXe\b]XjkqldM\i_€e^e`j^\nfi[\e%;Xd`kq\`^kj`Z_XlZ_# [Xjj\j^Xie`Z_kjf\`e]XZ_`jk#]\jkqlc\^\e#nXj;\j`^e]•i[`\½i\Xc\N\ck¾ •Y\i_Xlgk`jk%\jle[_\`k#NXjj\ile[ 8ljY`c[le^8iY\`k\emfi^\jk\cckn\i[\e#[`\]•i\`eqle\_d\e[\jjfq`Xc\j

411 VICTOR PAPANEK WIEDERGELESEN le[bfcf^`jZ_\ji•e\j¾;\j`^e]\jkqlc\^\e#n\`c[XjeliY\jk€k`^k#[Xjj[Xe\Y\e\`e\ D\e^\NXi\ef_e\I•Zbj`Z_kXl]D\ejZ_le[Ldn\ck\eknfi]\e#gif[l$ q`\ikle[^\_Xe[\ckn\i[\ebee\e%<`e\;\j`^ebXk\^fi`\Xcjf#[`\[`\ Xe[\i\ee\lkiXc`j`\i\ejfcc6

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412 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD  M`ZkfiGXgXe\b(0)*Æ(00/1

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413 [\d\YlikjcXe[{jk\ii\`Z_%E\Y\ecXe^a€_i`^\eBfekXbk\eql=i\le[\ele[ Bfcc\^@ee\eXlj;\j`^ele[8iZ_`k\bklijfn`\<`ecX[le^\eqlNfibj_fgj le[>Xjkmfiki€^\el%X%Xe[`\Le`m\ij`k€k]•iXe^\nXe[k\Blejk4YiXZ_k\e `_eXlZ_GlYc`bXk`fejY\`ki€^\`dd\in`\[\i`eM\iY`e[le^d`kN`\e%5;\i NlejZ_\`e\iGif]\jjliXe\`e\ijk\ii\`Z_`jZ_\eLe`m\ij`k€kle[;\j`^e$ XljY`c[le^jjk€kk\Yc`\Yle\i]•cck%  M`ZkfiGXgXe\bnli[\Xd))%Efm\dY\i(0)*Xcj\`eq`^\jB`e[mfe ?\c\e\le[I`Z_Xi[GXgXe\b`eN`\e^\Yfi\e%6|Y\i[\e]Xd`c`€i\e?`ek\i$ ^ile[`jkY`j_\iefZ_n\e`^Y\bXeek%8lj[\iM\id^\ejXed\c[le^#[`\ eXZ_[\d8ejZ_cljj{jk\ii\`Z_jXe[Xj;\lkjZ_\I\`Z_mfe?\c\e\GXgXe\b Xljql]•cc\enXi#^\_k_\imfi#[Xjj[`\\jZ_€]kj#jf^Xid`kk\ccfjnXi%8  @dD€iq(0*0ՕZ_k\k\e[\i(,$a€_i`^\M`Zkfile[j\`e\Dlkk\id`k ?`c]\\`e\j8»[Xm`kjle[ÔeXeq`\cc\iLek\ijk•kqle^[liZ_M\inXe[k\Xlj E\nPfibXl][\i½J%J%G\eecXe[¾•Y\i[\e_fcc€e[`jZ_\e?X]\eMc`jj`e^\e Xlji\\en`Z_M`ccX^\%8lZ_KfZ_k\iE`Zfc\kk\#[`\efZ_d`k[\i>if$ dlkk\iqljXdd\ec\Yk\#\i`ee\ikj`Z_Xe[`\j\

414 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD ;\ie€Z_jk\eXZ_n\`jYXi\C\Y\ejXYjZ_e`kkY\ki`³k[\e;`\ejk`e[\i lj$8idp#[\i]•iM`ZkfiGXgXe\b#n`\]•im`\c\ale^\D€ee\i`e[\iXl[\ej8nXi[`e8iZ_`k\bkli]•i½FlkjkXe[`e^Gif]\jj`feXc8Z_`m\$ d\ek`e8iZ_`k\Zkli\YpXe8cldelj¾Xlj^\q\`Z_e\k%15  @e[\ejg€k\e(0+'\iAX_i\eY\^XYj`Z_M`ZkfiGXgXe\b`e[`\C\_i\ Y\`=iXebCcfp[Ni`^_k`eKXc`\j`ele[KXc`\j`eN\jk%GXgXe\bj\cYjkY\i`Z_$ k\k\`e\c€e[\mfeNi`^_kjJkl[`f`eJgi`e^>i\\e#N`jZfej`e#b\ee\e% MfdD\`jk\i\ikXggk#nli[\\ieXZ_\`e\dbliq\eQn`\^\jgi€Z_`eKXc`\j`e Xl]^\efdd\e#jfGXgXe\b`ej\`e\e\jkXck\i% J\`e\Mfic`\Y\e]•i?\oX^fe\#[`\=XiYbfdY`eXk`femfejZ_nXiq$n\`$ifk le[[Xj@ek\i\jj\]•i[`\dXk\i`\cc\Blckli[\j=\ie\eFjk\ejÔe[\ej`Z_`e GXgXe\bj8iY\`kn`\[\i%C\kqk\e[c`Z_]fidk\j`Z_`e[\i8lj\`eXe[\ij\kqle^ d`kNi`^_kXlZ_j\`eM\ijk€e[e`jmfeDf[\ie\le[`_i\dM\i_€cke`jql EXklile[Ldn\ckd`k%   (0,+le[(0,,Y\jlZ_k\GXgXe\bC\_i^€e^\]•i½:i\Xk`m\

415 VICTOR PAPANEK 1923–1998 Qn`jZ_\e[\eC\_iaX_i\eY\`Ni`^_kle[[\eJkl[`\eXdd`kc`\^\eefZ_ le\i]fijZ_k\AX_i\Xcj;\j`^e\i#d`kf[\if_e\8ejk\ccle^jm\i_€cke`j%8lj [`\j\iQ\`kÔe[\ej`Z_`d8iZ_`m[\j;\j`^e\ij\fi^\ E\cjfe#a\[fZ_jk`c`jk`jZ_cfj^\cjk\i%\jkXckle^j]iX^\ele[_fYj`\jfd`kXlj\`e\d\c`k€i\e;`jblij%Ld ;\j`^eXcjK\`c[\i8cckX^jblckli\`e\dd^c`Z_jkYi\`k\eGlYc`bldql^€e^$ c`Z_qldXZ_\e#^i`³[\i½;\j`^ebfdd\ekXkfi¾#n`\\ij`Z_j\cYjkeXeek\# `e[\i=fc^\`dd\in`\[\iXl][`\D\[`\e=\iej\_\ele[IX[`fqli•Zb%21  8e]Xe^[\i(0-'\iAX_i\]fc^k\[\iN\Z_j\cXe[`\Efik_:Xifc`eX JkXk\:fcc\^\JZ_ffcf];\j`^e#[\i?Xe[`e?Xe[d`k[\e\ijk\e8iY\`k\e `d8l]kiX^[\ile\jZf^`e^#n`\j`Z_XlZ_Xlj9\`jg`\c\e`e[`\j\d9lZ_ jZ_c`\\ec€jjk%;Xilek\i[Xjm`\cY\jgifZ_\e\K`e$:XeIX[`f%22\idXep#;\edXibXe[k_\lbn\i\jk`cc`e]lccjn`e^¾%Le[]€_ik]fik1 ½K_\p_X[aljk]fid\[XYiXeZ_ZXcc\[k_\@ek\ieXk`feXcK\Z_e`ZXc

416 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD [\i8iY\`kd`k[\ile\jZf^\gi€^k%?`\i\ekjkXe[`eQljXdd\eXiY\`kd`k [\d>iXÔb[\j`^e\ile[=i\le[8c>fnXe[\ilcc`Z_j\e28jk\cck\[\d8lkfile[j\`e\i=iXl?XicXee\`d Jfdd\i(0-0\`ebc\`e\j?XljXe[\iefi[jZ_n\[`jZ_\eB•jk\`eM`b\e qliM\i]•^le^#nf\`e`^\BXg`k\cmfe;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[\ekjkXe[\e% ;Xql\i`ee\ikj`Z_?XicXee\IfY\ikj mfidXcjGXgXe\b 1½N\nflc[dXb\ Zfdd\ekjYXZbXe[]fik_%=fi`ejkXeZ\#@d`^_kjl^^\jkXY\kk\ig_iXj\fi k\cc_`d_\_X[jX`[k_XkXci\X[p%N\n\i\k_\i\]fiknfdfek_j%¾29;\i ;\j`^e\iFcf]Af_Xejjfe#[\eGXgXe\b[liZ_[`\GXe$JZXe[`eXm`XeJkl[\ek ;\j`^e8jjfZ`Xk`feb\ee\ele[jZ_€kq\ec\iek\#nXi\j#[\i`_ed`k[\d JkfZb_fcd\iM\ic\^\i8cY\ik9fee`\iqljXdd\eYiXZ_k\le[jfdX^\Yc`Z_ Xe[\iXjkgif]\jjli\ele[=fijZ_le^jjk`g\e[`\en`\Xe[\iIfpXc;Xe`j_8ZX[\$ dpf]=`e\8ikjJZ_ffcf]8iZ_`k\Zkli\le[[Xj=i`kqJZ_ldXZ_\i:fcc\^\ `e;\mfe`e

417 VICTOR PAPANEK 1923–1998 9\ic`e%<`e\Gi€j\ekXk`fej\`e\i8iY\`k\elek\i[\dK`k\cGXgXe\b1Nfib K_\fi`\j`e[`\>Xc\i`\>iX[XQX^i\Y`d\_\dXc`^\eAl^fjcXn`\e]fc^k\% 9\`[\8ljjk\ccle^\e#[`\^if\GlYc`bldji\jfeXeqd`kj`Z_YiXZ_k\e#j`e[ Xlj[\j`^e_`jkfi`jZ_\iJ`Z_klek\ijlZ_\ejn\ik\Gifa\bk\#Xe_Xe[[\i\ij`Z_ [XjM\ijk€e[e`jmfe9•i^\i@ee\e$GXik`q`gXk`fe`e[\iLdn\ck^\jkXckle^mfi [\d?`ek\i^ile[lek\ijZ_`\[c`Z_\igfc`k`jZ_\ile[bfefd`jZ_\iJpjk\d\ [`jblk`\i\ec€jjk%32  (0.-•Y\ij`\[\ck\[`\=Xd`c`\n`\[\i`e[`\ljXle[GXgXe\bnli[\ MfijkXe[[\i;\j`^eXYk\`cle^XdBXejXj:`kp8ik@ejk`klk\%;`\9\n\^^i•e$ [\[X]•ij`e[efZ_lebcXi%8l³Xcc\e[`jk#[XjjGXgXe\bXYD`kk\[\i(0.'\i AX_i\\efidm`\c\I\`j\elek\ie`ddk%8lj\`e\ild]Xe^i\`Z_\eC`jk\mfe I\`j\jk`g\e[`\ec€jjkj`Z_jZ_c`\\e#[Xjj\iqn`jZ_\e(0.+le[(0/(qX_c$ i\`Z_\=fijZ_le^ji\`j\ele[MfikiX^jk€k`^b\`k\eeXZ_N\jkX]i`bX#J•[fjk$ Xj`\ele[J•[Xd\i`bXlek\ieX_d%33;`\;\j`^egiXo`j[\jJXdd\cejle[ 9\fYXZ_k\ejYi`e^k\`e\`ek\ej`m\]fkf^iXÔjZ_\8lj\`eXe[\ij\kqle^d`k [\iY\i\`jk\eLd^\Yle^d`kj`Z_le[c€jjk`dCXl]\j\`e\jC\Y\ej\`e\ld$ ]Xe^i\`Z_\JXddcle^Xe8ik\]Xbk\ele[\`e9`c[XiZ_`m\ekjk\_\e#qn\`k\i\j nlZ_jXl]•Y\i)'%''';`XjXe%J\`e?XljY\jZ_i\`Yk8c>fnXed`k[\e Nfik\e½dfi\c`b\XkXjk\]lcXek_ifgfcf^p^Xcc\ipk_XeX_fd\¾34%8lZ_ GXgXe\bjld]Xe^i\`Z_\9`Yc`fk_\bd`kC`k\iXkliXlj[\eJfq`Xc$le[?ldXe$ n`jj\ejZ_X]k\eq\l^kmfej\`e\i8lj\`eXe[\ij\kqle^d`k[\ei\\[ 35#[Xj`e_Xckc`Z_\`e\9i•Zb\ qn`jZ_\e;\j`^e]fik_\I\XcNfic[le[K_\>i\\e@dg\iXk`m\ (00, #[\d c\kqk\em\i³\ekc`Z_k\e9lZ_GXgXe\bj#jZ_c€^k%  E\Y\em`\c\e`ek\ieXk`feXc\e=fijZ_le^j$le[C\_iXl]\ek_Xck\e Yc\`YkXlj_\lk`^\iJ`Z_k[`\giXbk`jZ_\;\j`^ek€k`^b\`kn`\qld9\`jg`\c ]•imfcmf`eJZ_n\[\e#]•i;Xik`e^kfe@e[ljki`\jCk[%`e

418 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD @eBXejXjm\iYiXZ_k\M`ZkfiGXgXe\bXlZ_[`\c\kqk\eAX_i\j\`e\jC\Y\ej%

1 Ein tabellarischer Curriculum Vitae Victor Papaneks von 1997 befindet sich im Archiv der Kenneth Spencer Research Libraries, University of Kansas. Eine sehr persönliche Sicht auf Papaneks Leben bietet der Nachruf von Al Gowan, «Design’s Gadfly», PRINT magazine, Mai/Juni 1998, S. 33. Darüber hinaus finden sich verschiedene Kurzbiografien im Internet mit variierenden Lebensdaten, u.a. eine mehrseitige auf Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papanek (15. September 2008). 2 Interview mit Nicolette Papanek, Wichita/Kansas, 12. Februar 2007, geführt von Martina Fineder und Thomas Geisler; Aufzeichnung im Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien. 3 Erste englischsprachige Ausgabe: Design for the Real World, New York: Pantheon Books, 1971. Erste und bislang einzige deutschsprachige Ausgabe: Das Papanek Konzept. Design für eine Umwelt des Überlebens, München: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung, 1972. Erstmals wurde das Buch in schwedischer Übersetzung mit dem Titel Miljön och Miljonerna, Stockholm: Albert Bonniers Förlag, 1970 publiziert.

419 VICTOR PAPANEK 1923–1998 4 Curriculum Vitae, überarbeitet von Victor Papanek am 1. Juni 1997, Morgue File, Kenneth Spencer Research Libraries, University of Kansas. 5 In Papaneks Curriculum Vitae findet sich zwischen 1983 bis 1985 eine Reihe von Reisestipendien des Österreichischen Kulturinstituts. Er war u.a. auch Gast- redner am Österreichischen Institut für Formgebung (ÖIF), wie aus einem Brief an Wolfgang Swoboda, Österreichisches Institut für Formgebung, 3. September 1985, zu entnehmen ist. PP/389 September 1985, Correspondence, Kenneth Spencer Research Libraries, University of Kansas. Beispiele für Beiträge in Österreichischen Publikationen sind: «Die Aussicht von Heute» in Design ist unsichtbar, Wien: Löcker Verlag, 1981; «Environmental & Ecological Design – Umwelt- und Ökodesign» in Design Austria (Fachverband der österreichischen Grafik- und ProduktdesignerIn- nen), Jahresbericht, Oktober 1992; «Die neue Ästhetik» in Design Austria, Nr. 23, Wien, November 1996. 6 Laut «Reisepass Deutsches Reich», ausgestellt auf Viktor Josef Papanek am 7. Februar 1938, Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien. 7 «Verzeichnis über das Vermögen von Juden nach dem Stand vom 27. April 1938», Österreichisches Staatsarchiv/Archiv der Republik, Vermögensanmeldung Helene Papanek Zahl 2308.* 8 «Fragebogen der Führsorge Zentrale der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien», Auswanderungsabteilung No. 5/284, statistisch erfasst am 14. März 1939, Archiv der Anlaufstelle der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien für jüdische NS-Verfolgte in und aus Österreich.* 9 «List or Manifest of Alien Passengers», April 1939, Ellis Island Passenger Arrival Records & Shiplists, Ellis Island Museum and Archives. 10 Interview mit Nicolette Papanek, Wichita/Kansas, 12. Februar 2007 und am 1. September in Atlanta, Georgia. 11 Entlassungsschein der US-Army, Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien. 12 Interview mit Harlanne Roberts (vormals Papanek), Lawrence/Kansas, 14. Februar 2007, geführt von Martina Fineder und Thomas Geisler; Aufzeichnung im Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien. 13 Eintrag im StudentInnenregister der Cooper Union in New York, 18. November 1946, S. 45: «Papanek, Victor J., A [Art], 1-Ev [1st Year, Evening]; Eintrag im StudentInnenregister der Cooper Union in New York, 21. November 1947, S. 48: «Papanek, Victor J., Arch [Architecture], 2-Ev [2nd Year, Evening]». 14 Das schließen wir u.a. aus Visitenkarten, die dieselbe Adresse aufweisen, mit der er an der Cooper Union in New York eingeschrieben war. 15 www.cualumni.com/olc/pub/CPN/cpages/about/augustus_award.jsp. (Stand 15.September 2008). 16 Vgl. Victor Papanek, «Mit Bleistift und Pflugschar. Erinnerungen und Anekdotisches zu FLW», Architektur & Bau Forum, Nr. 147/1991, S. 46–48. 17 Kursunterlagen «Creative Engineering & Product Design MIT 1954 Seminars» und «Creative Engineering & Product Design MIT 1955 Seminars», Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien. 18 Von Richard Buckminster Fuller stammt auch das Vorwort zur englischen Erstausgabe von Design for the Real World, New York: Pantheon Books, 1971. Ein handschriftlicher Beleg für die freundschaftliche Verbindung der beiden Visionäre findet sich in einer persönlichen Widmung Fullers vom 23. März 1965 in: Nine Chains to the Moon, New York: Lippingcott, 1838. Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien.

420 DESIGN FOR THE REAL WORLD 19 Wahrscheinlich zufällige Namensgleichheit mit George Nelson. Tochter Nicolette ist 1951 geboren. 20 Curriculum Vitae, Morgue File, Kenneth Spencer Research Libraries, University of Kansas. 21 Weitere Sendereihen waren: Pop Culture: Aspects in Massmedia in American Culture, WUNC-TV, Raleigh, North Carolina, 1963; By Accident or Design?, ein wöchentlicher Kommentar im öffentlichen Sender KCUR-FM, ca. 1978–88. 22 Papanek selbst datiert seine Zeit in North Carolina auf 1962–64. Siehe Curriculum Vitae, Morgue File, Kenneth Spencer Research Libraries, University of Kansas. 23 Brief vom 17. September 1985, PP/389 September 1985, Correspondence, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas. 24 Siehe «Noted Designer To Head New Purdue Department», 8. August 1964, Archives and Special Collections, Purdue University Libraries. 25 Interview mit Harlanne Roberts (vormals Papanek), Lawrence/Kansas, 14. Februar 2007. 26 Der 6-minütige Experimental- und Lehrfilm dokumentiert Papaneks Auseinandersetzung mit Bionik im Design und wurde 1968 mit der Artdirectors Club of America Medaille ausgezeichnet. 27 Interview mit Harlanne Roberts, Lawrence/Kansas, 14. Februar 2007. 28 Die Gullichsens sind als Begründer der Möbelfirma Artec und Partner von Alvar Alto untrennbar mit der Skandinavischen Designgeschichte verbunden. 29 Interview mit Harlanne Roberts, Lawrence/Kansas, 14. Februar 2007. 30 Siehe Studienpläne der Jahre 1970, 1971 und 1972 aus dem Archiv des California Institutes of the Arts, Valencia, Kalifornien. 31 Siehe u.a. Mobilia (Denmark): 180/1970, 182/1970, 193/1971, 210/1973, 219 und 220/1973, 296/297/1980, 307/1982; form (Schweden): 1 und 2 1970, 5/1980; form (Deutschland): 127/1989; modo (Italien): 1/1977, 7/1978, 27/1980, 36-37-39-45 und 48/1981; domus (Italien): Januar/1980, Oktober/1981; Industrial Design (New York); June/1970, Juli/August 1975, März/April 1984; Mimar (Singapur): 12/1984, 29/1989. 32 Siehe Jahresbericht des Internationalen Design Zentrums Berlin von 1974, German Design Council, Frankfurt. 33 Curriculum Vitae, Morgue File, Kenneth Spencer Research Libraries, University of Kansas. 34 Al Gowan, «Design’s Gadfly», PRINT magazine, Mai/Juni 1998, S. 33. 35 Victor Papanek Archive and Library, Universität für angewandte Kunst Wien. 36 Beispiele dafür finden sich in diesem Buch u.a. im Textbeitrag Über diese Neuausgabe, S. 388 ff.

* Für die Hinweise auf diese Quellen danken wir Eva Blimlinger

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