The Future of Vertical Flight: How Do We Get There?
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Future Battlefield Rotorcraft Capability (FBRC) – Anno 2035 and Beyond
November 2018 Future Battle eld Rotorcraft Capability Anno 2035 and Beyond Joint Air Power Competence Centre Cover picture © Airbus © This work is copyrighted. No part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission. Inquiries should be made to: The Editor, Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC), [email protected] Disclaimer This document is a product of the Joint Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC). It does not represent the opinions or policies of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and is designed to provide an independent overview, analysis and food for thought regarding possible ways ahead on this subject. Comments and queries on this document should be directed to the Air Operations Support Branch, JAPCC, von-Seydlitz-Kaserne, Römerstraße 140, D-47546 Kalkar. Please visit our website www.japcc.org for the latest information on JAPCC, or e-mail us at [email protected]. Author Cdr Maurizio Modesto (ITA Navy) Release This paper is releasable to the Public. Portions of the document may be quoted without permission, provided a standard source credit is included. Published and distributed by The Joint Air Power Competence Centre von-Seydlitz-Kaserne Römerstraße 140 47546 Kalkar Germany Telephone: +49 (0) 2824 90 2201 Facsimile: +49 (0) 2824 90 2208 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: www.japcc.org Denotes images digitally manipulated JAPCC |Future BattlefieldRotorcraft Capability and – AnnoBeyond 2035 | November 2018 Executive Director, JAPCC Director, Executive DEUAF General, Lieutenant Klaus Habersetzer port Branchviae-mail [email protected]. AirOperationsSup contact to theJAPCC’s free feel thisdocument.Please to withregard have you may comments welcome any We thisstudy. -
Effectiveness of the Compound Helicopter Configuration in Rotorcraft Performance Increase
transactions on aerospace research 4(261) 2020, pp.81-106 DOI: 10.2478/tar-2020-0023 eISSN 2545-2835 effectiveness of the compound helicopter configuration in rotorcraft performance increase Jarosław stanisławski Retired doctor of technical sciences [email protected] • ORCID: 0000-0003-1629-4632 abstract The article presents the results of calculations applied to compare flight envelopes of varying helicopter configurations. Performance of conventional helicopter with the main and tail rotors, in the case of compound helicopter, can be improved by applying wings and pusher propellers which generate an additional lift and horizontal thrust. The simplified model of a helicopter structure, consisting of a stiff fuselage and the main rotor treated as a stiff disk, is applied for evaluation of the rotorcraft performance and the required range of control system deflections. The more detailed model of deformable main rotor blades, applying the Galerkin method, is used to calculate rotor loads and blade deformations in defined flight states. The calculations of simulated flight states are performed considering data of a hypothetical medium class helicopter with the take-off mass of 6,000kg. In the case of both of the helicopter configurations, the articulated main rotor hub is taken under consideration. According to the Galerkin method, the elastic blade model allows to compute blade deformations as a combination of the blade bending and torsional eigen modes. Introduction of additional wing and pusher propellers allows to increase the range of operational speed over 300 km/h. Results of the simulation are presented as time- runs of rotor loads and blade deformations and in a form of disk distribution plots of rotor parameters. -
Abstract Effect of Interactional
ABSTRACT Title of thesis: EFFECT OF INTERACTIONAL AERODYNAMICS ON COMPUTATIONAL AEROACOUSTICS OF SIKORSKY'S NOTIONAL X2 PLATFORM Ian Kevin Bahr Master of Science in Aerospace Engineering, 2020 Thesis directed by: Professor James Baeder A. James Clark School of Engineering Department of Aerospace Engineering An in-house acoustics code, ACUM, was used in conjunction with full vehicle CFD/CSD coupling to create a computational aeroacoustic framework to investigate the effect of aerodynamic interactions on the acoustic prediction of a compound coaxial helicopter. The full vehicle CFD/CSD was accomplished by using a high- fidelity computational fluid dynamics framework, HPCMP CREATETM-AV Helios, combined with an in-house computational structural dynamics solver to simulate the helicopter in steady forward flight. A notional X2TD helicopter consisting of a coaxial rotor, airframe and pusher propeller was used and split into three simulation cases: isolated coaxial and propeller, airframe and full helicopter configuration to investigate each component's affect on the others noise as well as the total noise. The primary impact on the acoustic prediction was the inclusion of the airframe in the CFD simulation as it affected both coaxial rotors as well as the propeller. It was found that the propeller and coaxial rotors had negligible impact on each other. EFFECT OF INTERACTIONAL AERODYNAMICS ON COMPUTATIONAL AEROACOUSTICS OF SIKORSKY'S NOTIONAL X2 PLATFORM by Ian Kevin Bahr Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science 2020 Advisory Committee: Dr. James Baeder, Chair/Advisor Dr. -
AHS -- Future of Vertical Flight
The Future of Vertical Flight www.tinyurl.com/VFS-Heli-Expo-2020 Mike Hirschberg, Executive Director The Vertical Flight Society www.vtol.org • [email protected] © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 www.vtol.org ▪ The international professional society for those working to advance vertical flight – Founded in 1943 as the American Helicopter Society (AHS) – Everything from VTOL MAVs/UAS to helicopters, eVTOL, etc. ▪ Expands knowledge about vertical flight technology and promotes its application around the world CFD of Joby S4, Aug 2015 ▪ Advances safety and acceptability ▪ Advocates for vertical flight R&D funding ▪ Helps educate and support today’s and tomorrow’s vertical flight engineers and leaders ▪ Brings together the community — industry, academia and government agencies — to tackle the toughest challenges Join us today: www.vtol.org VFF Scholarship Winners at Forum 71, May 2015 © Vertical Flight Society: CC-BY-SA 4.0 2 www.vtol.org ▪ VFS has a long history of advocacy and leadership – Helped establish NASA-Army Joint Office, Nat’l Rotorcraft Technology Center (NRTC), Centers of Excellence, RITA/VLC – Worked with NASA and DoD to save the NFAC wind tunnel ▪ Provided major support to transformative initiatives NFAC 40 ft x 80 ft wind tunnel Courtesy of NASA – Joint Strike Fighter/F-35B STOVL Lightning II – V-22 Osprey tiltrotor ▪ Providing major foundational support to new transformative initiatives – Future Vertical Lift (FVL)/Joint Multi-Role (JMR) – Electric and hybrid-electric VTOL (eVTOL) Future Vertical Lift (FVL) VFS Works -
Design and Performance of Lift-Offset Rotorcraft for Short-Haul Missions
Design and Performance of Lift-Offset Rotorcraft for Short-Haul Missions Wayne Johnson Aeromechanics Branch National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California [email protected] Alex M. Moodie and Hyeonsoo Yeo Aeroflightdynamics Directorate (AMRDEC) U.S. Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The design and performance of compound helicopters utilizing lift-offset rotors are examined, in the context of short-haul, medium-size civil and military missions. The analysis tools used are the comprehensive analysis CAMRAD II and the sizing code NDARC. Following correlation of the comprehensive analysis with existing lift-offset aircraft flight test data, the rotor performance model for the sizing code was developed, and an initial estimate was made of the rotor size and key hover and cruise flight conditions. The rotor planform and twist were optimized for those conditions, and the sizing code rotor performance model updated. Two models for estimating the blade and hub weight of lift-offset rotors are discussed. The civil and military missions are described, along with the aircraft design assumptions. The aircraft are sized for 30 passengers or 6600 lb payload, with a range of 300 nm. Civil and military aircraft designs are described for each of the rotor weight models. Disk loading and blade loading were varied to optimize the designs, based on gross weight and fuel burn. The influence of technology is shown, in terms of rotor hub drag and rotor weight. and the rotor efficiency and lift capability steadily INTRODUCTION. -
Over Thirty Years After the Wright Brothers
ver thirty years after the Wright Brothers absolutely right in terms of a so-called “pure” helicop- attained powered, heavier-than-air, fixed-wing ter. However, the quest for speed in rotary-wing flight Oflight in the United States, Germany astounded drove designers to consider another option: the com- the world in 1936 with demonstrations of the vertical pound helicopter. flight capabilities of the side-by-side rotor Focke Fw 61, The definition of a “compound helicopter” is open to which eclipsed all previous attempts at controlled verti- debate (see sidebar). Although many contend that aug- cal flight. However, even its overall performance was mented forward propulsion is all that is necessary to modest, particularly with regards to forward speed. Even place a helicopter in the “compound” category, others after Igor Sikorsky perfected the now-classic configura- insist that it need only possess some form of augment- tion of a large single main rotor and a smaller anti- ed lift, or that it must have both. Focusing on what torque tail rotor a few years later, speed was still limited could be called “propulsive compounds,” the following in comparison to that of the helicopter’s fixed-wing pages provide a broad overview of the different helicop- brethren. Although Sikorsky’s basic design withstood ters that have been flown over the years with some sort the test of time and became the dominant helicopter of auxiliary propulsion unit: one or more propellers or configuration worldwide (approximately 95% today), jet engines. This survey also gives a brief look at the all helicopters currently in service suffer from one pri- ways in which different manufacturers have chosen to mary limitation: the inability to achieve forward speeds approach the problem of increased forward speed while much greater than 200 kt (230 mph). -
Future Vertical Lift Gets Closer
The Sikorsky-Boeing Defiant X (Sikorsky-Boeing image) The Sikorsky-Boeing team has continued flying its SB>1 Defiant JMR demonstrator. According to a FlightGlobal article on Jan. 25, Future Vertical the aircraft had made 31 flights for a total of 26 flight hours since its first flight on March 21, 2019. The team had also logged 135 hours on its Propulsion Systems Testbed in West Palm Beach, Lift Gets Closer Florida. Sikorsky-Boeing plans to return to the US Air Force’s National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex (NFAC), located at By VFS Staff Moffett Field in Mountain View, California, in March for additional wind tunnel testing of its one-fifth-scale Defiant model. he Future Vertical Lift (FVL) program continues to move forward on multiple fronts for the US Army and US Navy. In January, the Sikorsky-Boeing team unveiled their “Defiant T Initiated by Congressional direction in 2008, FVL is expected X” concept to meet the FLRAA requirements as stated in the to set the capabilities for the rotary-wing fleet of the United States RFP, leveraging their Defiant JMR demonstrator — which was (and its allies) for the rest of the 21st century. More information based on the Army’s 2013 model performance specification. and links to past articles from each issue of Vertiflite can be found Though not specifically stated, the Defiant X is believed to be at www.vtol.org/FVL. slightly larger than the JMR demonstrator to meet the FLRAA range and payload requirements, and to have growth capability US Army’s FLRAA & FARA for future needs. -
Aviation Week & Space Technology Student Edition
$14.95 JULY 27-AUGUST 16, 2020 FLIGHT PATHS FORWARD CLIMBING OUT OF COVID-19 CEO Interviews Airbus, Boeing and L3Harris U.S. Army’s FVL Plan A Heavy Lift for Industry Pandemic Tests Aviation Week Smallsat Industry Workforce Initiative Supported by: The Wings Club Digital Edition Copyright Notice The content contained in this digital edition (“Digital Material”), as well as its selection and arrangement, is owned by Informa. and its affiliated companies, licensors, and suppliers, and is protected by their respective copyright, trademark and other proprietary rights. Upon payment of the subscription price, if applicable, you are hereby authorized to view, download, copy, and print Digital Material solely for your own personal, non-commercial use, provided that by doing any of the foregoing, you acknowledge that (i) you do not and will not acquire any ownership rights of any kind in the Digital Material or any portion thereof, (ii) you must preserve all copyright and other proprietary notices included in any downloaded Digital Material, and (iii) you must comply in all respects with the use restrictions set forth below and in the Informa Privacy Policy and the Informa Terms of Use (the “Use Restrictions”), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Any use not in accordance with, and any failure to comply fully with, the Use Restrictions is expressly prohibited by law, and may result in severe civil and criminal penalties. Violators will be prosecuted to the maximum possible extent. You may not modify, publish, license, transmit (including by way of email, facsimile or other electronic means), transfer, sell, reproduce (including by copying or posting on any network computer), create derivative works from, display, store, or in any way exploit, broadcast, disseminate or distribute, in any format or media of any kind, any of the Digital Material, in whole or in part, without the express prior written consent of Informa. -
2019 Fact Book 1 38% Textron Aviation’S Share of Textron 2019 Revenues TEXTRON AVIATION Cessna Denalitm Cessna Longitude®
2 019 FACT BOOK ww Textron Inc. is a $13.6 billion multi-industry company with approximately 35,000 TOTAL REVENUE TOTAL REVENUE TOTAL REVENUE employees. The Company leverages its global network of aircraft, defense, BY SEGMENT BY TYPE BY REGION industrial, and finance businesses to provide customers with innovative products and services. Textron is known around the world for its powerful brands such as Bell, Cessna, Beechcraft, Hawker, Jacobsen, Kautex, Lycoming, E-Z-GO, Arctic Cat, Textron Systems, and TRU Simulation + Training. Financial Highlights Dollars in millions, except per share data 2019 2018 Change Revenues $13,630 $13,972 (2)% Textron Commercial 76% U.S. 66% Aviation 38% International revenues % 34% 38% U.S. Government 24% Europe 14% Segment profit1 $ 1,270 $ 1,267 0% Industrial 28% Finance <1% Asia and Income from continuing operations—GAAP $ 815 $ 1,222 (33)% Bell 24% Australia 8% Adjusted income from continuing operations—Non-GAAP2 $ 870 $ 845 3% Textron Other 12% Manufacturing Group debt3 $ 3,124 $ 3,066 2% Systems 10% Shareholders’ equity $ 5,518 $ 5,192 6% Finance <1% Manufacturing Group debt-to-capital (net of cash)2 26% 29% Common Share Data Diluted EPS from continuing operations—GAAP $ 3.50 $ 4.83 (28)% Adjusted diluted EPS from continuing TOTAL REVENUE TOTAL REVENUE TOTAL REVENUE operations—Non-GAAP2 $ 3.74 BY$ SEGMENT3.34 12% BY TYPE BY REGION Dividends per share $ 0.08 $ 0.08 — Diluted average shares outstanding (in thousands) 232,709 253,237 (8)% Key Performance Metrics ROIC4 13.3% 13.0% Net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations—Manufacturing Group—GAAP5 $ 960 $ 1,127 (15)% Manufacturing cash flow before pension contributions— Non-GAAP3, 5 $ 642 $ 784 (18)% Manufacturing pension contributions $ 51 $ Textron 52 (2)% Commercial 76% U.S. -
Future Vertical Lift Takes Off
National Aeronautics Museum of Argentina Future Vertical Lift Takes Off The Sikorsky-Boeing SB>1 Defiant made its first flight on March 21. (Sikorsky-Boeing photo) With FARA underway, the Defiant taking flight, the release of the Pentagon’s FVL budget and a request for information for joint-service FLRAA missions, FVL is accelerating to full speed. By Alan Graham he Sikorsky-Boeing SB>1 Defiant high-speed compound Congress added $75M to the fiscal 2019 budget to kick off the helicopter demonstrator flew for the first time on March FARA program. It also added $20M for the JMR program (as a result T21, just days before the US Army released a request for of lobbying by VFS), a portion of which will be used to expand information (referred to here as a “Sources Sought Notice”) on the flight envelopes of the two demonstrators. The Army expects the Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft (FLRAA). shortly to put the teams under contract for the additional flying. Originally expected by the end of 2017 but delayed by Meanwhile, the Army has added just over $10M to its fiscal 2020 manufacturing challenges and ground-test glitches, the Defiant’s budget request to accelerate FLRAA. Because it is a joint program, 30-minute first flight also came just weeks after the Army released the service will have to seek approval from the Office of the its fiscal 2020 budget request that seeks increased funding for Secretary of Defense to accelerate the program schedule. the medium-utility FLRAA and the armed-scout Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA). -
New Rotary Wing Technologies Dr Carlo Kopp
New rotary wing technologies Dr Carlo Kopp Rotary wing technology like most aerospace technologies has evolved slowly since the end of the Cold War. Without the imperative of a well identified threat there has been little political or bureaucratic interest in maintaining the technological advantage the West held over all nations in 1991. heli & uv pacific 2010 At the end of the Cold War, the United States held a commanding advantage in most conventional rotary wing areas, with the Europeans lagging but closely behind, and the Soviets behind in all areas other than heavy lift helicopters. At that time the US had two new programs in development, the V-22 Osprey, which was to herald a generation of new tiltrotor technology designs, and the RAH-66 Comanche Scout helicopter which was to have been the vehicle for new rotor technologies, and a very low signature or ‘stealth’ design. Two decades later the Comanche is ‘dead’ and the V-22, after a very painful and protracted development cycle, is only now achieving credible operational maturity. Most of the military helicopter types remaining in production in the US are derivatives or variants of Cold War era designs. Europe is faring better, as it has a generation of new rotary wing designs now in production, using composite structural materials extensively, but these vehicles are in aerodynamic and propulsion Sikorsky X2. terms just as conventional as their trans-atlantic siblings. Much the same can be said of the latest The principal impediment to faster helicopters has designs in Asia. been the retreating blade stall effect, inherent in In terms of mainstream production helicopter single rotor designs, and often the reason why designs it would be fair to describe the area as fast helicopters are also equipped with short span largely stagnant. -
Aviation Week & Space Technology
STARTS AFTER PAGE 36 20 Twenties Aerospace’s Has Aircraft Leasing Class of 2020 Perfect Storm Gone Too Far? ™ $14.95 MARCH 9-22, 2020 BOEING’S ATTACK CONTENDER Digital Edition Copyright Notice The content contained in this digital edition (“Digital Material”), as well as its selection and arrangement, is owned by Informa. and its affiliated companies, licensors, and suppliers, and is protected by their respective copyright, trademark and other proprietary rights. Upon payment of the subscription price, if applicable, you are hereby authorized to view, download, copy, and print Digital Material solely for your own personal, non-commercial use, provided that by doing any of the foregoing, you acknowledge that (i) you do not and will not acquire any ownership rights of any kind in the Digital Material or any portion thereof, (ii) you must preserve all copyright and other proprietary notices included in any downloaded Digital Material, and (iii) you must comply in all respects with the use restrictions set forth below and in the Informa Privacy Policy and the Informa Terms of Use (the “Use Restrictions”), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Any use not in accordance with, and any failure to comply fully with, the Use Restrictions is expressly prohibited by law, and may result in severe civil and criminal penalties. Violators will be prosecuted to the maximum possible extent. You may not modify, publish, license, transmit (including by way of email, facsimile or other electronic means), transfer, sell, reproduce (including by copying or posting on any network computer), create derivative works from, display, store, or in any way exploit, broadcast, disseminate or distribute, in any format or media of any kind, any of the Digital Material, in whole or in part, without the express prior written consent of Informa.